15. 摩卡拉迦童子所问释义巴利 15. Mogharājamāṇavapucchāniddeso
小义释 · 75 段
那位婆罗门两度向佛陀、世尊请问。世尊被问后并未回答,心知:“在此期间,这位婆罗门的根器将会成熟。” 释迦——世尊从释迦族出家,故称释迦;也指富有、大富、具足财富者,即具信财、戒财、惭财、愧财、闻财、舍财、慧财、念处财、正勤财、神足财、根财、力财、觉支财、道财、果财、涅槃财。以如此种种财宝之财而丰足者,故称释迦。又,释迦意为能干、精通、自足、勇猛、英勇、无畏、不怯惧、不退避,已舍弃惊怖、战栗,远离毛发竖立者,故亦名释迦。“我将向释迦两度请问、两度请求、两度邀请,令其生净信”,即是我当向释迦两度请问。巴利
Dvāhaṃ sakkaṃ apucchissa nti so brāhmaṇo dvikkhattuṃ buddhaṃ bhagavantaṃ pañhaṃ apucchi. Tassa bhagavā pañhaṃ puṭṭho na byākāsi – ‘‘tadantarā imassa brāhmaṇassa indriyaparipāko bhavissatī’’ti. Sakka nti sakko. Bhagavā sakyakulā pabbajitotipi sakko. Atha vā, aḍḍho mahaddhano dhanavātipi sakko. Tassimāni dhanāni, seyyathidaṃ – saddhādhanaṃ sīladhanaṃ hiridhanaṃ ottappadhanaṃ sutadhanaṃ cāgadhanaṃ paññādhanaṃ satipaṭṭhānadhanaṃ sammappadhānadhanaṃ iddhipādadhanaṃ indriyadhanaṃ baladhanaṃ bojjhaṅgadhanaṃ maggadhanaṃ phaladhanaṃ nibbānadhanaṃ. Imehi anekavidhehi dhanaratanehi aḍḍho mahaddhano dhanavātipi sakko. Atha vā, sakko pahu visavī alamatto sūro vīro vikkanto abhīrū acchambhī anutrāsī apalāyī pahīnabhayabheravo vigatalomahaṃsotipi sakko. Dvāhaṃ sakkaṃ apucchissa nti dvāhaṃ sakkaṃ apucchissaṃ ayācissaṃ ajjhesissaṃ pasādayissanti – dvāhaṃ sakkaṃ apucchissaṃ.
“Iccā”——这是词语的连接……(中略)……“Āyasmā”——这是亲切语……(中略)……“Mogharājā”——这是那位婆罗门的名字……(中略)……这是他的称呼——具寿摩卡拉迦(Mogharāja) 如是说。巴利
Iccāyasmā mogharājā ti. Iccā ti padasandhi…pe… āyasmā ti piyavacanaṃ…pe… mogharājā ti tassa brāhmaṇassa nāmaṃ…pe… abhilāpoti – iccāyasmā mogharājā.
“具眼者并未为我解说”这个说法,世尊并未为我解说,未告诉我,未教导,未令我了知,未确立,未开显,未分别,未阐明,未宣说。世尊以五种眼而为具眼者——以肉眼为具眼者,以天眼为具眼者,以慧眼为具眼者,以佛眼为具眼者,以普眼为具眼者。巴利
Na me byākāsi cakkhumā ti. Na me byākāsī ti na me byākāsi na ācikkhi na desesi na paññapesi na paṭṭhapesi na vivari na vibhaji na uttānīakāsi na pakāsesi. Cakkhumā ti bhagavā pañcahi cakkhūhi cakkhumā – maṃsacakkhunāpi cakkhumā, dibbacakkhunāpi cakkhumā, paññācakkhunāpi cakkhumā, buddhacakkhunāpi cakkhumā, samantacakkhunāpi cakkhumā.
世尊如何以肉眼而为具眼者呢?在世尊的肉眼之中,具足五种颜色:蓝色、黄色、红色、黑色与白色。睫毛安立之处,呈蓝色,极湛蓝,清净悦目,如同亚麻花;其外围是黄色,呈极金黄色,现黄金色,清净悦目,如同迦尼迦罗花;世尊双眼的眼角呈红色,极赤红,清净悦目,如同红色小虫;眼睛正中央呈黑色,极漆黑,不粗糙,润泽,清净悦目,如同黑加仑果;再外围是白色,极洁白,明亮、洁净,清净悦目,如同晓明星。世尊凭借这属于身体、由过去善业所生、与生俱来的普通肉眼,能于一由旬方圆内昼夜洞见。当四种条件齐备的黑暗发生时——太阳已落,正值黑半月的伍波萨他日,又处茂密丛林,且有大片乌黑的雷雨云涌起——即使在如此四相齐备的黑暗中,世尊仍能看见方圆一由旬内的事物。没有任何墙壁、门、城墙、山、灌木丛或藤蔓能够障碍他见到种种色相。若有人以一粒芝麻为标记,投进满车芝麻之中,他能准确无误地将它取出。世尊与生俱来的普通肉眼便是如此清净。世尊正是如此以肉眼而为具眼者。巴利
Kathaṃ bhagavā maṃsacakkhunāpi cakkhumā? Maṃsacakkhumhi bhagavato pañca vaṇṇā saṃvijjanti – nīlo ca vaṇṇo, pītako ca vaṇṇo, lohitako ca vaṇṇo, kaṇho ca vaṇṇo, odāto ca vaṇṇo. Yattha ca akkhilomāni patiṭṭhitāni taṃ nīlaṃ hoti sunīlaṃ pāsādikaṃ dassaneyyaṃ umāpupphasamānaṃ . Tassa parato pītakaṃ hoti supītakaṃ suvaṇṇavaṇṇaṃ pāsādikaṃ dassaneyyaṃ kaṇikārapupphasamānaṃ. Ubhato ca akkhikūṭāni bhagavato lohitakāni honti sulohitakāni pāsādikāni dassaneyyāni indagopakasamānāni. Majjhe kaṇhaṃ hoti sukaṇhaṃ alūkhaṃ siniddhaṃ pāsādikaṃ dassaneyyaṃ addāriṭṭhakasamānaṃ . Tassa parato odātaṃ hoti suodātaṃ setaṃ paṇḍaraṃ pāsādikaṃ dassaneyyaṃ osadhitārakasamānaṃ. Tena bhagavā pākatikena maṃsacakkhunā attabhāvapariyāpannena purimasucaritakammābhinibbattena samantā yojanaṃ passati divā ceva rattiñca . Yadā hi caturaṅgasamannāgato andhakāro hoti sūriyo ca atthaṅgato hoti; kāḷapakkho ca uposatho hoti, tibbo ca vanasaṇḍo hoti, mahā ca kāḷamegho abbhuṭṭhito hoti. Evarūpe caturaṅgasamannāgate andhakāre samantā yojanaṃ passati. Natthi so kuṭṭo vā kavāṭaṃ vā pākāro vā pabbato vā gaccho vā latā vā āvaraṇaṃ rūpānaṃ dassanāya. Ekaṃ ce tilaphalaṃ nimittaṃ katvā tilavāhe pakkhipeyya, taṃyeva tilaphalaṃ uddhareyya. Evaṃ parisuddhaṃ bhagavato pākatikaṃ maṃsacakkhu. Evaṃ bhagavā maṃsacakkhunāpi cakkhumā.
世尊如何以天眼而为具眼者?世尊以那清净、超越常人的天眼,看见有情的死亡与再生,了知他们是低劣或殊胜,是美丽或丑陋,是生于善趣还是恶趣;他了知有情随其业行而投生:“唉,这些尊者们,具足身恶行、语恶行、意恶行,诽谤圣者,持有邪见,造作邪见所主导之业;他们在身体坏灭、命终之后,投生于苦界、恶趣、堕落处、地狱。而这些尊者们,具足身善行、语善行、意善行,不诽谤圣者,持有正见,造作正见所主导之业;他们在身体坏灭、命终之后,投生于善趣、天界。”就这样,他以那清净、超越常人的天眼,看见有情的死亡与再生,了知他们是低劣或殊胜,是美丽或丑陋,是生于善趣还是恶趣;他了知有情随其业行而投生。只要世尊愿意,他可以看见一个世界,可以看见两个世界,可以看见三个世界,可以看见四个世界,可以看见五个世界,可以看见十个世界,可以看见二十个世界,可以看见三十个世界,可以看见四十个世界,可以看见五十个世界,可以看见一百个世界,可以看见一千小千世界,可以看见二千中千世界,可以看见三千世界,可以看见大千世界,乃至凡是他愿意看见的范围,他都能看见。世尊的天眼便是如此清净。世尊正是这样以天眼而为具眼者。巴利
Kathaṃ bhagavā dibbena cakkhunāpi cakkhumā? Bhagavā dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passati cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe; sugate duggate yathākammūpage satte pajānāti – ‘‘ime vata bhonto sattā kāyaduccaritena samannāgatā vacīduccaritena samannāgatā manoduccaritena samannāgatā ariyānaṃ upavādakā micchādiṭṭhikā micchādiṭṭhikammasamādānā, te kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapannā; ime vā pana bhonto sattā kāyasucaritena samannāgatā vacīsucaritena samannāgatā manosucaritena samannāgatā ariyānaṃ anupavādakā sammādiṭṭhikā sammādiṭṭhikammasamādānā, te kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapannā’’ti. Iti dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passati cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate, yathākammūpage satte pajānāti. Ākaṅkhamāno ca bhagavā ekampi lokadhātuṃ passeyya, dvepi lokadhātuyo passeyya, tissopi lokadhātuyo passeyya, catassopi lokadhātuyo passeyya, pañcapi lokadhātuyo passeyya, dasapi lokadhātuyo passeyya, vīsampi lokadhātuyo passeyya, tiṃsampi lokadhātuyo passeyya, cattālīsampi lokadhātuyo passeyya, paññāsampi lokadhātuyo passeyya, satampi lokadhātuyo passeyya, sahassimpi cūḷanikaṃ lokadhātuṃ passeyya, dvisahassimpi majjhimikaṃ lokadhātuṃ passeyya, tisahassimpi lokadhātuṃ passeyya, mahāsahassimpi lokadhātuṃ passeyya, yāvatakaṃ vā pana ākaṅkheyya tāvatakaṃ passeyya. Evaṃ parisuddhaṃ bhagavato dibbacakkhu. Evaṃ bhagavā dibbena cakkhunāpi cakkhumā.
世尊如何以慧眼而为具眼者?世尊具大智慧、广博智慧、迅捷智慧、欢喜智慧、锐利智慧、穿透智慧,善巧于分别智慧,圆满分别智,证得四无碍解,成就四无畏,持十种力,是人中至尊、人中狮子、人中龙象、人中良骏、人中调御师,具无边智、无边威光、无边声誉,是富足者、大财富者、拥有智慧财富者。他是导引者、调御师、令众观察者,是令知者、令审思者、令见者、令生净信者。世尊是未生之道的创始者,未生之道的制造者,未宣说之道的宣说者。他是知路者、识路者、通达道者;今其弟子众等,亦随顺于道,具足而安住。巴利
Kathaṃ bhagavā paññācakkhunāpi cakkhumā? Bhagavā mahāpañño puthupañño javanapañño hāsapañño tikkhapañño nibbedhikapañño paññāpabhedakusalo pabhinnañāṇo adhigatapaṭisambhidappatto catuvesārajjappatto dasabaladhārī purisāsabho purisasīho purisanāgo purisājañño purisadhorayho anantañāṇo anantatejo anantayaso aḍḍho mahaddhano dhanavā netā vinetā anunetā paññāpetā nijjhāpetā pekkhetā pasādetā. So hi bhagavā anuppannassa maggassa uppādetā asañjātassa maggassa sañjanetā anakkhātassa maggassa akkhātā, maggaññū maggavidū maggakovido maggānugā ca pana etarahi sāvakā viharanti pacchā samannāgatā.
世尊实以了知而了知,以照见而照见。他已是眼本身,已是智慧本身,已是法本身,已是梵本身。他是法的宣说者与推行者,是目标的导引者,是不死甘露的施予者,是法主,是如来。于彼世尊,没有任何事物是未知、未见、未了悟、未亲证、未以智慧所触及的。无论过去、未来还是现在,一切法于一切层面,完全显现在佛陀世尊的智慧之门前。凡是被称为“应知”、可被认知的——无论是关乎自己的利益、他人的利益,还是两者的利益;无论是现世的利益,还是来世的利益;无论是浅显的意义,还是深刻的意义;无论是隐藏的意义,还是掩盖的意义;无论是需加引导的意义,还是已得引导的意义;无论是无过失的意义、无烦恼的意义,还是清净的意义、究竟的意义——所有这些,皆在佛陀世尊的智慧中运转。巴利
So hi bhagavā jānaṃ jānāti, passaṃ passati, cakkhubhūto ñāṇabhūto dhammabhūto brahmabhūto vattā pavattā atthassa ninnetā amatassa dātā dhammassāmī tathāgato. Natthi tassa bhagavato aññātaṃ adiṭṭhaṃ aviditaṃ asacchikataṃ aphassitaṃ paññāya. Atītaṃ anāgataṃ paccuppannaṃ upādāya sabbe dhammā sabbākārena buddhassa bhagavato ñāṇamukhe āpāthaṃ āgacchanti. Yaṃ kiñci neyyaṃ nāma atthi jānitabbaṃ attattho vā parattho vā ubhayattho vā diṭṭhadhammiko vā attho samparāyiko vā attho uttāno vā attho gambhīro vā attho gūḷho vā attho paṭicchanno vā attho neyyo vā attho nīto vā attho anavajjo vā attho nikkileso vā attho vodāno vā attho paramattho vā , sabbaṃ taṃ anto buddhañāṇe parivattati.
佛陀世尊的一切身业,皆随智慧而转;一切语业,皆随智慧而转;一切意业,皆随智慧而转。于过去,佛陀世尊的智慧无有障碍;于未来,智慧无有障碍;于现在,智慧无有障碍。凡有所应了知的范畴,即有与其等量的智慧;凡有智慧,即有与其等量的应了知范畴。智慧以应了知的范畴为边际,应了知的范畴以智慧为边际。智慧不超越应了知的范畴而运作,应了知之道亦不超越智慧而存在。此二法互相以对方为边际而安住。犹如两个严密扣合的匣盖,下方的匣盖不超越上方,上方的匣盖亦不超越下方,彼此互相以对方为边际而安住。正是如此,佛陀世尊的应了知范畴与智慧,亦是互相以对方为边际而安住:凡有所应了知的范畴,即有与其等量的智慧;凡有智慧,即有与其等量的应了知范畴。智慧以应了知的范畴为边际,应了知的范畴以智慧为边际。智慧不超越应了知的范畴而运作,应了知之道亦不超越智慧而存在。此二法互相以对方为边际而安住。巴利
Sabbaṃ kāyakammaṃ buddhassa bhagavato ñāṇānuparivatti, sabbaṃ vacīkammaṃ ñāṇānuparivatti, sabbaṃ manokammaṃ ñāṇānuparivatti. Atīte buddhassa bhagavato appaṭihataṃ ñāṇaṃ, anāgate appaṭihataṃ ñāṇaṃ, paccuppanne appaṭihataṃ ñāṇaṃ, yāvatakaṃ neyyaṃ tāvatakaṃ ñāṇaṃ, yāvatakaṃ ñāṇaṃ tāvatakaṃ neyyaṃ. Neyyapariyantikaṃ ñāṇaṃ, ñāṇapariyantikaṃ neyyaṃ, neyyaṃ atikkamitvā ñāṇaṃ nappavattati, ñāṇaṃ atikkamitvā neyyapatho natthi. Aññamaññapariyantaṭṭhāyino te dhammā. Yathā dvinnaṃ samuggapaṭalānaṃ sammāphusitānaṃ heṭṭhimaṃ samuggapaṭalaṃ uparimaṃ nātivattati, uparimaṃ samuggapaṭalaṃ heṭṭhimaṃ nātivattati, aññamaññapariyantaṭṭhāyino; evameva buddhassa bhagavato neyyañca ñāṇañca aññamaññapariyantaṭṭhāyino. Yāvatakaṃ neyyaṃ tāvatakaṃ ñāṇaṃ, yāvatakaṃ ñāṇaṃ tāvatakaṃ neyyaṃ, neyyapariyantikaṃ ñāṇaṃ, ñāṇapariyantikaṃ neyyaṃ. Neyyaṃ atikkamitvā ñāṇaṃ nappavattati, ñāṇaṃ atikkamitvā neyyapatho natthi. Aññamaññapariyantaṭṭhāyino te dhammā.
于一切法,佛陀、世尊的智慧皆在运转。一切法,对佛陀、世尊而言,皆系于他的转向、系于他的希求、系于他的作意、系于他的心念生起。于一切众生,佛陀、世尊的智慧皆在运转。对于一切众生,世尊悉知他们的习性,悉知他们的随眠,悉知他们的行迹,悉知他们的志向;他了知尘垢少的与尘垢多的众生,了知根器利的与根器钝的众生,了知资质优良的与资质低劣的众生,了知容易教导的与难以教导的众生,了知具备能力的与缺乏能力的众生。含摄天界、魔界、梵界的世间,以及含摄沙门、婆罗门、天、人的众生,这一切皆在佛陀智慧的范围内运转。巴利
Sabbadhammesu buddhassa bhagavato ñāṇaṃ pavattati. Sabbe dhammā buddhassa bhagavato āvajjanapaṭibaddhā ākaṅkhapaṭibaddhā manasikārapaṭibaddhā cittuppādapaṭibaddhā. Sabbasattesu buddhassa bhagavato ñāṇaṃ pavattati. Sabbesañca sattānaṃ bhagavā āsayaṃ jānāti, anusayaṃ jānāti, caritaṃ jānāti, adhimuttiṃ jānāti, apparajakkhe mahārajakkhe tikkhindriye mudindriye svākāre dvākāre suviññāpaye duviññāpaye bhabbābhabbe satte jānāti. Sadevako loko samārako sabrahmako sassamaṇabrāhmaṇī pajā sadevamanussā antobuddhañāṇe parivattati.
正如所有鱼类、龟鳖,乃至大大小小的水族,都在大海的范围内游弋,同样地,含摄天界、魔界、梵界的世间,与沙门、婆罗门、天、人众等一切众生,也尽在佛陀智慧的范围内运转。正如所有飞鸟,乃至金翅鸟、广翼鸟,都只在虚空的一隅翱翔,同样地,那些如舍利弗(Sāriputta) 等具足智慧者,也只活动在佛陀智慧的一隅;佛陀的智慧遍覆一切天、人的智慧,巍然安立,超越一切。巴利
Yathā ye keci macchakacchapā antamaso timitimiṅgalaṃ upādāya antomahāsamudde parivattanti, evameva sadevako loko samārako loko sabrahmako loko sassamaṇabrāhmaṇī pajā sadevamanussā antobuddhañāṇe parivattati. Yathā ye keci pakkhī antamaso garuḷaṃ venateyyaṃ upādāya ākāsassa padese parivattanti, evameva yepi te sāriputtasamā paññāya samannāgatā tepi buddhañāṇassa padese parivattanti; buddhañāṇaṃ devamanussānaṃ paññaṃ pharitvā abhibhavitvā tiṭṭhati.
那些刹帝利智者、婆罗门智者、居士智者与沙门智者,敏锐精明,善能破斥他论,犹如能射穿毫毛的射手,仿佛要摧破一切般,以智慧摧破种种邪见。他们反复构思问题,然后来到如来面前,询问那些深密、幽微的法义。对于这些问题,世尊已为他们解说、辨析分明,并指出其因由。他们所设的难题,到了世尊这里都迎刃而解。此时,世尊在这些事上便显得格外超胜——正是以智慧而显胜。如此,世尊是以智慧眼而成为具眼者。巴利
Yepi te khattiyapaṇḍitā brāhmaṇapaṇḍitā gahapatipaṇḍitā samaṇapaṇḍitā nipuṇā kataparappavādā vālavedhirūpā vobhindantā maññe caranti paññāgatena diṭṭhigatāni, te pañhe abhisaṅkharitvā abhisaṅkharitvā tathāgataṃ upasaṅkamitvā pucchanti gūḷhāni ca paṭicchannāni. Kathitā visajjitā ca te pañhā bhagavatā honti niddiṭṭhakāraṇā. Upakkhittakā ca te bhagavato sampajjanti. Atha kho bhagavāva tattha atirocati – yadidaṃ paññāyāti. Evaṃ bhagavā paññācakkhunāpi cakkhumā.
为何说世尊亦具足佛陀之眼?世尊以佛陀之眼观察世间时,见诸众生:有尘垢寡少者,有尘垢众多者;有根器敏锐者,有根器迟钝者;有资质优良者,有资质下劣者;有易受教导者,有难受教导者;另有一类众生,则安住于观见他世之过患与怖畏。犹如在青莲花池、红莲花池或白莲花池里,有些莲花生于水中,长于水中,依水滋长,常没于水下;有些莲花生于水中,长于水中,与水面平齐;有些莲花生于水中,长于水中,涌出水面,亭亭挺立,不为水所沾。同样,世尊以佛陀之眼观察世间时,见诸众生:有尘垢寡少者,有尘垢众多者;有根器敏锐者,有根器迟钝者;有资质优良者,有资质下劣者;有易受教导者,有难受教导者;另有一类众生,则安住于观见他世之过患与怖畏。世尊了知:“此为贪行者,此为嗔行者,此为痴行者,此为寻思行者,此为信行者,此为智行者。”对于贪行者,世尊为其开示不净之教法;对于嗔行者,世尊为其教导慈心之修习;对于痴行者,世尊以教授、提问、适时闻法、适时论义、亲近善知识而引导之;对于寻思行者,世尊为其教导入出息念;对于信行者,世尊为其指示能激发净信之所缘——佛陀之圆满觉悟、法之善妙法性、僧团之善妙行道,以及戒律;对于智行者,世尊为其教导观照之所缘——无常相、苦相、无我相。巴利
Kathaṃ bhagavā buddhacakkhunāpi cakkhumā? Bhagavā buddhacakkhunā lokaṃ volokento addasa satte apparajakkhe mahārajakkhe tikkhindriye mudindriye svākāre dvākāre suviññāpaye duviññāpaye appekacce paralokavajjabhayadassāvino viharante. Seyyathāpi nāma uppaliniyaṃ vā paduminiyaṃ vā puṇḍarīkiniyaṃ vā appekaccāni uppalāni vā padumāni vā puṇḍarīkāni vā udake jātāni udake saṃvaḍḍhāni udakānuggatāni antonimuggaposīni , appekaccāni uppalāni vā padumāni vā puṇḍarīkāni vā udake jātāni udake saṃvaḍḍhāni samodakaṃ ṭhitāni, appekaccāni uppalāni vā padumāni vā puṇḍarīkāni vā udake jātāni udake saṃvaḍḍhāni udakā accuggamma tiṭṭhanti anupalittāni udakena; evamevaṃ bhagavā buddhacakkhunā lokaṃ volokento addasa satte apparajakkhe mahārajakkhe tikkhindriye mudindriye svākāre dvākāre suviññāpaye duviññāpaye appekacce paralokavajjabhayadassāvino viharante. Jānāti bhagavā – ‘‘ayaṃ puggalo rāgacarito, ayaṃ dosacarito, ayaṃ mohacarito, ayaṃ vitakkacarito, ayaṃ saddhācarito, ayaṃ ñāṇacarito’’ti. Rāgacaritassa bhagavā puggalassa asubhakathaṃ katheti; dosacaritassa bhagavā puggalassa mettābhāvanaṃ ācikkhati; mohacaritassa bhagavā puggalassa uddese paripucchāya kālena dhammassavane kālena dhammasākacchāya garusaṃvāse niveseti; vitakkacaritassa bhagavā puggalassa ānāpānassatiṃ ācikkhati; saddhācaritassa bhagavā puggalassa pasādanīyaṃ nimittaṃ ācikkhati buddhasubodhiṃ dhammasudhammataṃ saṅghasuppaṭipattiṃ sīlāni ca; attano ñāṇacaritassa bhagavā puggalassa vipassanānimittaṃ ācikkhati aniccākāraṃ dukkhākāraṃ anattākāraṃ.
“ 犹如人立山巅岩石之上,遍观四方众人;
贤者!正如譬喻所示,你登上这座以法筑成的楼阁,便成为具足一切眼者;
您已远离忧愁,请看看那些陷溺于忧、被生老所制伏的人们吧。”巴利
‘‘Sele yathā pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito, yathāpi passe janataṃ samantato; Tathūpamaṃ dhammamayaṃ sumedha, pāsādamāruyha samantacakkhu; Sokāvatiṇṇaṃ janatamapetasoko, avekkhassu jātijarābhibhūta’’nti.
就这样,世尊以佛眼而成为具眼者。巴利
Evaṃ bhagavā buddhacakkhunāpi cakkhumā.
世尊如何以一切眼而为具眼者?所谓一切眼,即是一切知智。世尊于此一切知智,已拥有、已具足、已到达、已成就、已生起、已圆满具备。巴利
Kathaṃ bhagavā samantacakkhunāpi cakkhumā? Samantacakkhu vuccati sabbaññutañāṇaṃ. Bhagavā sabbaññutañāṇena upeto samupeto upāgato samupāgato upapanno samupapanno samannāgato.
“ 于彼,世间无有任何未见之物,亦无任何未知或不可知之事;
如来已遍知一切应知应导之法,因此,他被称为全眼者。”
正是如此,世尊以一切眼而成为具眼者——“那位具眼者并未回答我。”巴利
‘‘Na tassa addiṭṭhamidhatthi kiñci, atho aviññātamajānitabbaṃ; Sabbaṃ abhiññāsi yadatthi neyyaṃ, tathāgato tena samantacakkhū’’ti. Evaṃ bhagavā samantacakkhunāpi cakkhumāti – na me byākāsi cakkhumā.
“天仙啊,我听闻:乃至第三次,世尊被问及与法相应的问题时才作解答而不回避——这是我如此领受、如此掌握、如此察见的。‘天仙’一词,意指世尊既是天又是仙人。正如刹帝利出家人称为‘王仙’,婆罗门出家人称为‘婆罗门仙’,同样,世尊既是天又是仙人,故称‘天仙’。巴利
Yāvatatiyañca devīsi, byākarotīti me suta nti yāvatatiyaṃ buddho sahadhammikaṃ pañhaṃ puṭṭho byākaroti no saṃsāretīti – evaṃ mayā uggahitaṃ, evaṃ mayā upadhāritaṃ, evaṃ mayā upalakkhitaṃ. Devīsī ti bhagavā ceva isi cāti – devīsi. Yathā rājā pabbajitā vuccanti rājisayo, brāhmaṇā pabbajitā vuccanti brāhmaṇisayo, evameva bhagavā devo ceva isi cāti – devīsi.
再者,世尊以出家之身,亦是仙人。他探寻、求索、遍求广大的戒蕴,故为仙人;他探寻、求索、遍求广大的定蕴、广大的慧蕴、广大的解脱蕴、广大的解脱智见蕴,故为仙人;他探寻、求索、遍求破除大暗聚,故为仙人;他探寻、求索、遍求摧破大颠倒、拔除大渴爱之箭、拆解大邪见缠结、推倒大慢幢、平息大造作、渡越大瀑流、卸下大重担、切断大轮回轮、熄灭大热苦、清凉大焦灼、竖立大法幢,故为仙人;他探寻、求索、遍求广大的念住、广大的正勤、广大的根、广大的力、广大的觉支、广大的圣八支道、广大的第一义、不死、涅槃,故为仙人。又或者,他被有大威德的众生们探寻、求索、遍求——‘佛陀在哪里?世尊在哪里?天中天在哪里?人牛王在哪里?’——故为仙人。此即我所听闻:天仙乃至第三次作了解答。因此那位婆罗门说道:巴利
Atha vā, bhagavā pabbajitotipi isi. Mahantaṃ sīlakkhandhaṃ esī gavesī pariyesītipi isi. Mahantaṃ samādhikkhandhaṃ…pe… mahantaṃ paññākkhandhaṃ… mahantaṃ vimuttikkhandhaṃ… mahantaṃ vimuttiñāṇadassanakkhandhaṃ esī gavesī pariyesītipi isi. Mahato tamokāyassa padālanaṃ esī gavesī pariyesītipi isi. Mahato vipallāsassa pabhedanaṃ esī gavesī pariyesītipi isi. Mahato taṇhāsallassa abbahanaṃ… mahato diṭṭhisaṅghāṭassa viniveṭhanaṃ… mahato mānaddhajassa papātanaṃ… mahato abhisaṅkhārassa vūpasamaṃ… mahato oghassa nittharaṇaṃ… mahato bhārassa nikkhepanaṃ… mahato saṃsāravaṭṭassa upacchedaṃ… mahato santāpassa nibbāpanaṃ… mahato pariḷāhassa paṭippassaddhiṃ… mahato dhammaddhajassa ussāpanaṃ esī gavesī pariyesītipi isi. Mahante satipaṭṭhāne… mahante sammappadhāne… mahantāni indriyāni… mahantāni balāni… mahante bojjhaṅge… mahantaṃ ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ… mahantaṃ paramatthaṃ amataṃ nibbānaṃ esī gavesī pariyesītipi isi. Mahesakkhehi vā sattehi esito gavesito pariyesito – ‘‘kahaṃ buddho, kahaṃ bhagavā, kahaṃ devadevo, kahaṃ narāsabho’’tipi isīti – yāvatatiyañca devīsi byākarotīti me sutaṃ. Tenāha so brāhmaṇo –
85 “ 我曾两次请问释迦,”
具眼者却未曾回答我;
我听闻,那位天仙直到第三次方才给予解答。
“ 此世”即人间之世。“他世”即人间世以外的所有其他世间。这便是此世与他世。巴利 注疏 1
‘‘Dvāhaṃ sakkaṃ apucchissaṃ, [iccāyasmā mogharājā] Na me byākāsi cakkhumā; Yāvatatiyañca devīsi, byākarotīti me suta’’nti. Ayaṃ loko paro loko ti. Ayaṃ loko ti manussaloko. Paro loko ti manussalokaṃ ṭhapetvā sabbo paro lokoti – ayaṃ loko paro loko.
所谓“含摄天、魔、梵的世间,连同沙门婆罗门众、天与人众”,即是说:梵天界同样含摄天众。巴利
Brahmaloko sadevako ti sadevako loko samārako sabrahmako sassamaṇabrāhmaṇī pajā sadevamanussāti – brahmaloko sadevako.
“世间不了知你的见解、认可、喜好、所持、意乐、志趣”——即是说,世间不知道“此人具有这样的见解、这样的认可、这样的喜好、这样的所持、这样的意乐、这样的志趣”,不知、不见、不会见、不能通达、不能发现、不能获得——他们不了知你的见解。巴利
Diṭṭhiṃ te nābhijānātī ti tuyhaṃ diṭṭhiṃ khantiṃ ruciṃ laddhiṃ ajjhāsayaṃ adhippāyaṃ loko na jānāti – ‘‘ayaṃ evaṃdiṭṭhiko evaṃkhantiko evaṃruciko evaṃladdhiko evaṃajjhāsayo evaṃadhippāyo’’ti na jānāti na passati na dakkhati nādhigacchati na vindati na paṭilabhatīti – diṭṭhiṃ te nābhijānāti.
“有声誉者”——世尊已得声誉,故称有声誉。再者,世尊为众人所恭敬、尊重、崇敬、供养、尊崇,又是衣、食、住处、医药资具的获得者,故亦是有声誉者——乔达摩(Gotama) 具足声誉。于是那位婆罗门说:巴利
Gotamassa yasassino ti bhagavā yasappattoti yasassī. Atha vā, bhagavā sakkato garukato mānito pūjito apacito lābhī cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānapaccayabhesajjaparikkhārānantipi yasassīti – gotamassa yassino. Tenāha so brāhmaṇo –
86 “ 此世间、他世间,连同诸天神的梵天世间;
他不知具足声誉的乔达摩的见解。”
这就是“殊胜见者、无上见者、最上见者、卓越见者、为首见者、最高见者、究竟见者”——如此殊胜的见者。
我是带着问题来的……“这是你的负担”——这话正是说:我是带着问题而来。
如何看待世间——意思是以何种方式观察、审察、衡量、判断、辨明、清晰地看待世间?巴利 注疏 1
‘‘Ayaṃ loko paro loko, brahmaloko sadevako; Diṭṭhiṃ te nābhijānāti, gotamassa yasassino’’ti. Evaṃ abhikkantadassāvi nti evaṃ abhikkantadassāviṃ aggadassāviṃ seṭṭhadassāviṃ viseṭṭhadassāviṃ pāmokkhadassāviṃ uttamadassāviṃ paramadassāvinti – evaṃ abhikkantadassāviṃ. Atthi pañhena āgama nti pañhena atthiko āgatomhi…pe… vahassetaṃ bhāranti, evampi atthi pañhena āgamaṃ. Kathaṃ lokaṃ avekkhanta nti kathaṃ lokaṃ avekkhantaṃ paccavekkhantaṃ tulayantaṃ tīrayantaṃ vibhāvayantaṃ vibhūtaṃ karontanti – kathaṃ lokaṃ avekkhantaṃ.
“死亡之王看不见”,意为:死亡之王不能看见,不能观察,不能寻得,不能触及,不能获得。因此那位婆罗门说:巴利
Maccurājā na passatī ti maccurājā na passati na dakkhati nādhigacchati na vindati na paṭilabhatīti – maccurājā na passati. Tenāha so brāhmaṇo –
87 “ 如此,我带着一个问题,前来拜见这位殊胜远见者;
如何看待世间,死亡之王便看不见他?”巴利 注疏 1
‘‘Evaṃ abhikkantadassāviṃ, atthi pañhena āgamaṃ; Kathaṃ lokaṃ avekkhantaṃ, maccurājā na passatī’’ti.
“当以空观照世间”:所谓“世间”,是指:地狱世间、畜生世间、饿鬼世间、人世间、天世间、蕴世间、界世间、处世间,此世、他世、梵天世界,乃至有诸天神的世间。曾有一位比丘问世尊:“尊者,人们常说‘世间、世间’,要怎样才称得上‘世间’呢?”
“比丘,因为毁坏,所以称为‘世间’。什么在毁坏呢?比丘,眼在毁坏,色在毁坏,眼识在毁坏,眼触在毁坏,由眼触为缘而生起的乐受、苦受或不苦不乐受,这一切也在毁坏。耳在毁坏……声在毁坏……鼻在毁坏……香在毁坏……舌在毁坏……味在毁坏……身在毁坏,触在毁坏;意在毁坏,法在毁坏,意识在毁坏,意触在毁坏,由意触为缘而生起的乐受、苦受或不苦不乐受,这一切也在毁坏。比丘,正因为如此毁坏,所以才称为‘世间’。”巴利
Suññato lokaṃ avekkhassū ti. Loko ti nirayaloko tiracchānaloko pettivisayaloko manussaloko devaloko khandhaloko dhātuloko āyatanaloko ayaṃ loko paro loko brahmaloko sadevako . Aññataro bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘loko lokoti, bhante, vuccati. Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, lokoti vuccatī’’ti? ‘‘Lujjatīti kho, bhikkhu, tasmā lokoti vuccati. Kiñca lujjati? Cakkhu kho bhikkhu lujjati, rūpā lujjanti, cakkhuviñāṇaṃ lujjati, cakkhusamphasso lujjati, yampidaṃ cakkhusamphassapaccayā uppajjati vedayitaṃ sukhaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vā tampi lujjati; sotaṃ lujjati, gandhā lujjanti…pe… kāyo lujjati , phoṭṭhabbā lujjanti; mano lujjati, dhammā lujjanti, manoviññāṇaṃ lujjati, manosamphasso lujjati; yampidaṃ manosamphassapaccayā uppajjati vedayitaṃ sukhaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vā tampi lujjati. Lujjatīti kho, bhikkhu, tasmā lokoti vuccati’’.
他以两种理由观察世间为空:或以不自主的运作来观察,或以观照诸行为空无实的方式来观察。如何以不自主的运作来观察世间为空呢?于色,无法得到主宰;于受,无法得到主宰;于想,无法得到主宰;于诸行,无法得到主宰;于识,无法得到主宰。正如世尊所说:“比丘们,色是无我。比丘们,如果此色是我,那么此色便不会导致疾病,而且于色就可以这样去操控:‘让我的色成为这样,让我的色不要成为那样’。然而,比丘们,正因为色是无我,所以色才会导致疾病,并且于色无法这样去操控:‘让我的色成为这样,让我的色不要成为那样’。”巴利
Suññato lokaṃ avekkhassū ti dvīhi kāraṇehi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati – avasiyapavattasallakkhaṇavasena vā tucchasaṅkhārasamanupassanāvasena vā. Kathaṃ avasiyapavattasallakkhaṇavasena suññato lokaṃ avekkhati? Rūpe vaso na labbhati, vedanāya vaso na labbhati, saññāya vaso na labbhati, saṅkhāresu vaso na labbhati, viññāṇe vaso na labbhati. Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā – ‘‘rūpaṃ, bhikkhave, anattā. Rūpañca hidaṃ, bhikkhave, attā abhavissa, nayidaṃ rūpaṃ ābādhāya saṃvatteyya; labbhetha ca rūpe – ‘evaṃ me rūpaṃ hotu, evaṃ me rūpaṃ mā ahosī’ti. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, rūpaṃ anattā, tasmā rūpaṃ ābādhāya saṃvattati na ca labbhati rūpe – ‘evaṃ me rūpaṃ hotu, evaṃ me rūpaṃ mā ahosī’ti.
“‘受是无我。比丘们,如果此受是我,那么此受便不会导致疾病,而且于受就可以这样去操控:“让我的受成为这样,让我的受不要成为那样”。然而,比丘们,正因为受是无我,所以受才会导致疾病,并且于受无法这样去操控:“让我的受成为这样,让我的受不要成为那样”。’”巴利
‘‘Vedanā anattā. Vedanā ca hidaṃ, bhikkhave, attā abhavissa, nayidaṃ vedanā ābādhāya saṃvatteyya; labbhetha ca vedanāya – ‘evaṃ me vedanā hotu, evaṃ me vedanā mā ahosī’ti. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, vedanā anattā, tasmā vedanā ābādhāya saṃvattati, na ca labbhati vedanāya – ‘evaṃ me vedanā hotu, evaṃ me vedanā mā ahosī’ti.
“想是无我。诸比丘,如果此想是我,那么此想便不会导致疾病,对于想也就可以这样支配:“愿我的想成为这样,愿我的想不要成为那样”。然而,诸比丘,正因为想是无我,所以想才会导致疾病,对于想也无法这样支配:“愿我的想成为这样,愿我的想不要成为那样”。”巴利
‘‘Saññā anattā. Saññā ca hidaṃ, bhikkhave, attā abhavissa, nayidaṃ saññā ābādhāya saṃvatteyya; labbhetha ca saññāya – ‘evaṃ me saññā hotu, evaṃ me saññā mā ahosī’ti. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, saññā anattā, tasmā saññā ābādhāya saṃvattati, na ca labbhati saññāya – ‘evaṃ me saññā hotu, evaṃ me saññā mā ahosī’ti.
“诸行是无我。诸比丘,如果这些诸行是我,那么这些诸行便不会导致疾病,对于诸行也就可以这样支配:“愿我的诸行成为这样,愿我的诸行不要成为那样”。然而,诸比丘,正因为诸行是无我,所以诸行才会导致疾病,对于诸行也无法这样支配:“愿我的诸行成为这样,愿我的诸行不要成为那样”。巴利
‘‘Saṅkhārā anattā. Saṅkhārā ca hidaṃ, bhikkhave, attā abhavissaṃsu, nayidaṃ saṅkhārā ābādhāya saṃvatteyyuṃ; labbhetha ca saṅkhāresu – ‘evaṃ me saṅkhārā hontu, evaṃ me saṅkhārā mā ahesu’nti. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave , saṅkhārā anattā, tasmā saṅkhārā ābādhāya saṃvattanti, na ca labbhati saṅkhāresu – ‘evaṃ me saṅkhārā hontu, evaṃ me saṅkhārā mā ahesu’nti.
“识是无我。诸比丘,如果此识是我,那么此识便不会导致疾病,对于识也就可以这样支配:“愿我的识成为这样,愿我的识不要成为那样”。然而,诸比丘,正因为识是无我,所以识才会导致疾病,对于识也无法这样支配:“愿我的识成为这样,愿我的识不要成为那样”。”巴利
‘‘Viññāṇaṃ anattā. Viññāṇañca hidaṃ, bhikkhave, attā abhavissa, nayidaṃ viññāṇaṃ ābādhāya saṃvatteyya; labbhetha ca viññāṇe – ‘evaṃ me viññāṇaṃ hotu, evaṃ me viññāṇaṃ mā ahosī’ti. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, viññāṇaṃ anattā, tasmā viññāṇaṃ ābādhāya saṃvattati, na ca labbhati viññāṇe – ‘evaṃ me viññāṇaṃ hotu, evaṃ me viññāṇaṃ mā ahosī’’’ti.
世尊曾这般说:“诸比丘,这个身体既不属于你们自己,也不属于他人。诸比丘,应当将它视作旧业,是已造作、已思量、能被感受之物。在此,诸比丘,多闻的圣弟子如理、善巧地唯独作意缘起本身:‘当此存在时,彼便存在;由此生起,彼便生起。当此不存在时,彼便不存在;由此息灭,彼便息灭。这就是:以无明为缘而有诸行,以诸行为缘而有识,以识为缘而有名色,以名色为缘而有六处,以六处为缘而有触,以触为缘而有受,以受为缘而有渴爱,以渴爱为缘而有执取,以执取为缘而有有,以有为缘而有生,以生为缘,老、死、愁、悲、苦、忧、恼便一同生起——如此,这整个苦蕴的集起便生起了。’”巴利
Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā – ‘‘nāyaṃ, bhikkhave, kāyo tumhākaṃ, napi aññesaṃ . Purāṇamidaṃ, bhikkhave, kammaṃ abhisaṅkhataṃ abhisañcetayitaṃ vedaniyaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Tatra kho, bhikkhave, sutavā ariyasāvako paṭiccasamuppādaṃyeva sādhukaṃ yoniso manasi karoti – ‘iti imasmiṃ sati idaṃ hoti, imassuppādā idaṃ uppajjati; imasmiṃ asati idaṃ na hoti, imassa nirodhā idaṃ nirujjhati, yadidaṃ – avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārā, saṅkhārapaccayā viññāṇaṃ, viññāṇapaccayā nāmarūpaṃ, nāmarūpapaccayā saḷāyatanaṃ, saḷāyatanapaccayā phasso, phassapaccayā vedanā, vedanāpaccayā taṇhā, taṇhāpaccayā upādānaṃ, upādānapaccayā bhavo, bhavapaccayā jāti, jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇaṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā sambhavanti – evametassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa samudayo hoti’’’.
“然而,以无明的无余离染、灭尽故,行灭;行灭故识灭……(中略)……生灭故,老、死、忧、悲、苦、忧恼灭。如是,整个苦蕴便灭尽。他以如是观察诸行无自主转起的状态,而见世间为空。”巴利
‘‘Avijjāya tveva asesavirāganirodhā saṅkhāranirodho, saṅkhāranirodhā viññāṇanirodho …pe… jātinirodhā jarāmaraṇaṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā nirujjhanti , evametassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa nirodho hotī’’ti. Evaṃ avasiyapavattasallakkhaṇavasena suññato lokaṃ avekkhati.
云何由观诸行空虚无实而见世间为空?于色中不得坚实,于受中不得坚实,于想中不得坚实,于行中不得坚实,于识中不得坚实。色者,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实,于常之坚实、乐之坚实、我之坚实皆已远离,非常、不恒、非永恒、非不变化法。受者,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实……(中略)……想者,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实……诸行者,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实……识者,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实,于常之坚实、乐之坚实、我之坚实皆已远离,非常、不恒、非永恒、非不变化法。犹如芦苇,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实;犹如蓖麻……(中略)……犹如无花果,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实;犹如白花树,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实;犹如铜绿变色树,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实;犹如聚沫,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实;犹如水泡,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实;犹如阳焰,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实;犹如芭蕉树干,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实;犹如幻象,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实——同样地,色,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实,于常之坚实、乐之坚实、我之坚实皆已远离,非常、不恒、非永恒、非不变化法。受,无坚实……(中略)……想……诸行……识,无坚实、无核心、远离坚实,于常之坚实、乐之坚实、我之坚实皆已远离,非常、不恒、非永恒、非不变化法。如是由观诸行空虚无实而见世间为空。以此二因,而见世间为空。巴利
Kathaṃ tucchasaṅkhārasamanupassanāvasena suññato lokaṃ avekkhati? Rūpe sāro na labbhati, vedanāya sāro na labbhati, saññāya sāro na labbhati, saṅkhāresu sāro na labbhati, viññāṇe sāro na labbhati; rūpaṃ assāraṃ nissāraṃ sārāpagataṃ niccasārasārena vā sukhasārasārena vā attasārasārena vā niccena vā dhuvena vā sassatena vā avipariṇāmadhammena vā. Vedanā assārā nissārā sārāpagatā…pe… saññā assārā nissārā sārāpagatā… saṅkhārā assārā nissārā sārāpagatā… viññāṇaṃ assāraṃ nissāraṃ sārāpagataṃ niccasārasārena vā sukhasārasārena vā attasārasārena vā niccena vā dhuvena vā sassatena vā avipariṇāmadhammena vā. Yathā naḷo assāro nissāro sārāpagato, yathā ca eraṇḍo…pe… yathā ca udumbaro assāro nissāro sārāpagato, yathā ca setagaccho assāro nissāro sārāpagato, yathā ca pālibhaddako assāro nissāro sārāpagato, yathā ca pheṇapiṇḍo assāro nissāro sārāpagato, yathā ca udakapubbuḷaṃ assāraṃ nissāraṃ sārāpagataṃ, yathā ca marīci assārā nissārā sārāpagatā, yathā kadalikkhandho assāro nissāro sārāpagato, yathā māyā assārā nissārā sārāpagatā – evameva rūpaṃ assāraṃ nissāraṃ sārāpagataṃ niccasārasārena vā sukhasārasārena vā attasārasārena vā niccena vā dhuvena vā sassatena vā avipariṇāmadhammena vā. Vedanā assārā nissārā sārāpagatā…pe… saññā assārā nissārā sārāpagatā… saṅkhārā assārā nissārā sārāpagatā… viññāṇaṃ assāraṃ nissāraṃ sārāpagataṃ niccasārasārena vā sukhasārasārena vā attasārasārena vā niccena vā dhuvena vā sassatena vā avipariṇāmadhammena vā. Evaṃ tucchasaṅkhārasamanupassanāvasena suññato lokaṃ avekkhati. Imehi dvīhi kāraṇehi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati.
再者,以六种方式观察世间为空:眼空——无我、无我所,非常、非恒、非永远、非不变化法;耳空……乃至……鼻空、舌空、身空、意空——无我、无我所,非常、非恒、非永远、非不变化法。色空……乃至……声空、香空、味空、触空、法空……眼识空……乃至……意识空……眼触空……乃至……意触空……眼触所生受空……乃至……意触所生受空……色想空……乃至……法想空……色思空……乃至……法思空……色渴爱空……乃至……法渴爱空……色寻空……乃至……法寻空……色伺空……乃至……法伺空——皆无我、无我所,非常、非恒、非永远、非不变化法。这就是以六种方式观察世间为空。巴利
Api ca, chahākārehi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati. Cakkhu suññaṃ attena vā attaniyena vā niccena vā dhuvena vā sassatena vā avipariṇāmadhammena vā, sotaṃ suññaṃ…pe… ghānaṃ suññaṃ… jivhā suññā… kāyo suñño… mano suñño attena vā attaniyena vā niccena vā dhuvena vā sassatena vā avipariṇāmadhammena vā. Rūpā suññā…pe… saddā suññā… gandhā suññā… rasā suññā… phoṭṭhabbā suññā… dhammā suññā attena vā attaniyena vā niccena vā dhuvena vā sassatena vā avipariṇāmadhammena vā . Cakkhuviññāṇaṃ suññaṃ…pe… manoviññāṇaṃ suññaṃ… cakkhusamphasso suñño … manosamphasso suñño… cakkhusamphassajā vedanā suññā… manosamphassajā vedanā suññā… rūpasaññā suññā… dhammasaññā suññā… rūpasañcetanā suññā… dhammasañcetanā suññā… rūpataṇhā suññā… rūpavitakko suñño… rūpavicāro suñño… dhammavicāro suñño attena vā attaniyena vā niccena vā dhuvena vā sassatena vā avipariṇāmadhammena vā. Evaṃ chahākārehi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati.
再者,以十种方式观察世间为空:色——空无、空洞、空、无我、无坚实、杀者、坏灭、苦根、有漏、有为;受……(中略)……想……诸行……识……死……生……结生……有……轮回流转——空无、空洞、空、无我、无坚实、杀者、坏灭、苦根、有漏、有为。这就是以十种方式观察世间为空。巴利
Api ca, dasahākārehi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati. Rūpaṃ rittato tucchato suññato anattato asārakato vadhakato vibhavato aghamūlato sāsavato saṅkhatato; vedanaṃ…pe… saññaṃ… saṅkhāre… viññāṇaṃ… cutiṃ… upapattiṃ… paṭisandhiṃ… bhavaṃ… saṃsāravaṭṭaṃ rittato tucchato suññato anattato asārakato vadhakato vibhavato aghamūlato sāsavato saṅkhatato. Evaṃ dasahākārehi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati.
再者,以十二种方式观察世间为空:色,非众生、非命者、非人、非青年、非女人、非男子、非我、非我所、非“我”、非“我的”、非任何人、非任何人的;受……(中略)……想……诸行……识,非众生、非命者、非人、非青年、非女人、非男子、非我、非我所、非“我”、非“我的”、非任何人、非任何人的。这就是以十二种方式观察世间为空。巴利
Api ca, dvādasahākārehi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati. Rūpaṃ na satto na jīvo na naro na māṇavo na itthī na puriso na attā na attaniyaṃ nāhaṃ na mama na koci na kassaci; vedanā…pe… saññā… saṅkhārā… viññāṇaṃ na satto na jīvo na naro na māṇavo na itthī na puriso na attā na attaniyaṃ nāhaṃ na mama na koci na kassaci. Evaṃ dvādasahākārehi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati.
世尊曾这样说:“诸比丘,凡是你们所没有的,应当舍断。舍断之后,它将为你们带来长远的利益与安乐。诸比丘,什么是你们所没有的?诸比丘,色是你们所没有的,应当舍断。舍断之后,它将为你们带来长远的利益与安乐。受是你们所没有的,应当舍断。舍断之后,它将为你们带来长远的利益与安乐。想是你们所没有的,应当舍断。舍断之后,它将为你们带来长远的利益与安乐。诸行是你们所没有的,应当舍断。舍断之后,它们将为你们带来长远的利益与安乐。识是你们所没有的,应当舍断。舍断之后,它将为你们带来长远的利益与安乐。诸比丘,譬如有人将这祇园(Jetavana) 里的草、木、枝、叶,拿走、烧掉或随意处理。你们会这样想吗:‘那人把我们的东西拿走了、烧掉了或随意处理了’?”
“不会,尊者。”
“为什么呢?”
“因为,尊者,那些既不是我们,也不属于我们。”
“正是如此,诸比丘,凡是你们所没有的,应当舍断。舍断之后,它将为你们带来长远的利益与安乐。诸比丘,什么是你们所没有的?诸比丘,色是你们所没有的,应当舍断。舍断之后,它将为你们带来长远的利益与安乐。受……(中略)……想……诸行……识是你们所没有的,应当舍断。舍断之后,它将为你们带来长远的利益与安乐。”他通过这样的方式,也观察世间为空。巴利
Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā – ‘‘yaṃ, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ taṃ pajahatha. Taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Kiñca, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ? Rūpaṃ, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ; taṃ pajahatha. Taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Vedanā, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ; taṃ pajahatha. Sā vo pahīnā dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Saññā, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ; taṃ pajahatha. Sā vo pahīnā dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Saṅkhārā, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ; te pajahatha. Te vo pahīnā dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissanti. Viññāṇaṃ, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ; taṃ pajahatha. Taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Seyyathāpi , bhikkhave, yaṃ imasmiṃ jetavane tiṇakaṭṭhasākhāpalāsaṃ taṃ jano hareyya vā ḍaheyya vā yathāpaccayaṃ vā kareyya. Api nu tumhākaṃ evamassa – ‘amhe jano harati vā ḍahati vā yathāpaccayaṃ vā karotī’ti? ‘No hetaṃ, bhante’. ‘Taṃ kissa hetu’? ‘Na hi no etaṃ, bhante, attā vā attaniyaṃ vā’ti. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, yaṃ na tumhākaṃ taṃ pajahatha; taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Kiñca, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ? Rūpaṃ, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ; taṃ pajahatha. Taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Vedanā…pe… saññā… saṅkhārā… viññāṇaṃ, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ; taṃ pajahatha. Taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissatī’’ti. Evampi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati.
阿难尊者(Ānanda) 对世尊说:“尊者,人们常说‘世间空,世间空’。尊者,从何种意义上,才称为世间空呢?”
“阿难,正由于从‘我’与‘我所’的意义上是空的,因此称为世间空。阿难,什么是从‘我’与‘我所’的意义上是空的呢?眼,阿难,从‘我’与‘我所’的意义上是空的。色是空的……眼识是空的……眼触是空的……缘眼触所生的受——乐、苦或不苦不乐,那也是从‘我’与‘我所’的意义上是空的。耳是空的……声是空的……鼻是空的……香是空的……舌是空的……味是空的……身是空的……触是空的……意是空的……法是空的……意识是空的……意触是空的……缘意触所生的受——乐、苦或不苦不乐,那也是从‘我’与‘我所’的意义上是空的。阿难,正因为从‘我’与‘我所’的意义上是空的,因此称为世间空。”他如此观察世间为空。巴利
Āyasmā ānando bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘‘suñño loko, suñño loko’ti, bhante, vuccati. Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, suñño lokoti vuccatī’’ti? ‘‘Yasmā ca kho, ānanda, suññaṃ attena vā attaniyena vā, tasmā suñño lokoti vuccati. Kiñcānanda, suññaṃ attena vā attaniyena vā? Cakkhu kho, ānanda, suññaṃ attena vā attaniyena vā. Rūpā suññā…pe… cakkhuviññāṇaṃ suññaṃ… cakkhusamphasso suñño… yampidaṃ cakkhusamphassapaccayā uppajjati vedayitaṃ sukhaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vā tampi suññaṃ attena vā attaniyena vā. Sotaṃ suññaṃ… saddā suññā… ghānaṃ suññaṃ… gandhā suññā… jivhā suññā… rasā suññā… kāyo suñño … phoṭṭhabbā suññā… mano suñño… dhammā suññā… manoviññāṇaṃ suññaṃ… manosamphasso suñño… yampidaṃ suññaṃ manosamphassapaccayā uppajjati vedayitaṃ sukhaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vā tampi suññaṃ attena vā attaniyena vā. Yasmā ca kho, ānanda, suññaṃ attena vā attaniyena vā, tasmā suñño lokoti vuccatī’’ti. Evampi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati.
“ 纯粹是诸法的缘生,纯粹是诸行的相续;
于如实见者,村长(Gāmaṇi) ,便无恐惧。
“ 当他以智慧见世间如同草木时;
他别无所求,唯愿不再结生。”
他同样以这样的方式观察世间为空。巴利
‘‘Suddhaṃ dhammasamuppādaṃ, suddhasaṅkhārasantatiṃ; Passantassa yathābhūtaṃ, na bhayaṃ hoti gāmaṇi. ‘‘Tiṇakaṭṭhasamaṃ lokaṃ, yadā paññāya passati; Nāññaṃ patthayate kiñci, aññatrappaṭisandhiyā’’ti. Evampi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati.
世尊曾这样说:“诸比丘,比丘正是这样遍观色,乃至色的去处;遍观受,乃至受的去处;遍观想,乃至想的去处;遍观诸行,乃至诸行的去处;遍观识,乃至识的去处。当他遍观色,乃至色的去处;遍观受,乃至受的去处;遍观想,乃至想的去处;遍观诸行,乃至诸行的去处;遍观识,乃至识的去处时,凡是他有‘这是我’、‘这是我的’、‘我是’之想,于他这些都不存在了。”如此,他也观世间为空。巴利
Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā – ‘‘evameva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu rūpaṃ samannesati yāvatā rūpassa gati, vedanaṃ samannesati yāvatā vedanāya gati, saññaṃ samannesati yāvatā saññāya gati, saṅkhāre samannesati yāvatā saṅkhārānaṃ gati, viññāṇaṃ samannesati yāvatā viññāṇassa gati . Tassa rūpaṃ samannesato yāvatā rūpassa gati, vedanaṃ…pe… saññaṃ… saṅkhāre… viññāṇaṃ samannesato yāvatā viññāṇassa gati, yampissa taṃ hoti ahanti vā mamanti vā asmīti vā, tampi tassa na hotī’’ti. Evampi suññato lokaṃ avekkhati.
你观世间为空——你观察、审察、看见、衡量、判别、辨明、令其空寂,即观世间为空。巴利
Suññato lokaṃ avekkhassū ti suññato lokaṃ avekkhassu paccavekkhassu dakkhassu tulehi tīrehi vibhāvehi vibhūtaṃ karohīti – suññato lokaṃ avekkhassu.
这是指世尊以名字称唤那位婆罗门。这是指于一切时……乃至生命的最后阶段。这是指由四种原因而成为有念者:修习身随观念处而安住于念……他被称为“有念者”。莫嘎拉佳,你要恒时保持正念。巴利
Mogharāja sadā sato ti. Mogharājā ti bhagavā taṃ brāhmaṇaṃ nāmena ālapati. Sadā ti sabbakālaṃ…pe… pacchime vayokhandhe. Sato ti catūhi kāraṇehi sato – kāye kāyānupassanāsatipaṭṭhānaṃ bhāvento sato…pe… so vuccati satoti – mogharāja sadā sato.
“我见”是指具备二十种所依的有身见。于此,未曾听闻的凡夫,不见圣者,不巧熟圣法,未于圣法中得到调练;不见善人,不巧熟善人法,未于善人法中得到调练。他将色视作我,或视我拥有色,或视色在我中,或视我在色中;将受……将想……将诸行……将识视作我,或视我拥有识,或视识在我中,或视我在识中。凡是这类见解、见执、见之稠林、见之荒野、见之歪曲、见之动摇、见之结缚、执取、受持、固守、执着、邪路、邪道、邪性、外道依止处、颠倒取、倒置取、错乱取、邪取、于不真实中执取真实——所有这类六十二种见执,即是我见。“拔除我见”的意思是:拔除它、彻底拔除,抽出它、彻底抽出,连根拔除、彻底断根,舍弃它、驱散它、消灭它,令它归于无有。巴利
Attānudiṭṭhiṃ ūhaccā ti attānudiṭṭhi vuccati vīsativatthukā sakkāyadiṭṭhi. Idha assutavā puthujjano ariyānaṃ adassāvī ariyadhammassa akovido ariyadhamme avinīto sappurisānaṃ adassāvī sappurisadhammassa akovido sappurisadhamme avinīto rūpaṃ attato samanupassati rūpavantaṃ vā attānaṃ attani vā rūpaṃ rūpasmiṃ vā attānaṃ, vedanaṃ…pe… saññaṃ… saṅkhāre… viññāṇaṃ attato samanupassati viññāṇavantaṃ vā attānaṃ attani vā viññāṇaṃ viññāṇasmiṃ vā attānaṃ. Yā evarūpā diṭṭhi diṭṭhigataṃ diṭṭhigahanaṃ diṭṭhikantāro diṭṭhivisūkāyikaṃ diṭṭhivipphanditaṃ diṭṭhisaṃyojanaṃ gāho paṭiggāho abhiniveso parāmāso kummaggo micchāpatho micchattaṃ titthāyatanaṃ vipariyesaggāho viparītaggāho vipallāsaggāho micchāgāho ayāthāvakasmiṃ yāthāvakanti gāho yāvatā dvāsaṭṭhi diṭṭhigatāni, ayaṃ attānudiṭṭhi. Attānudiṭṭhiṃ ūhaccā ti attānudiṭṭhiṃ ūhacca samūhacca uddharitvā samuddharitvā uppāṭayitvā samuppāṭayitvā pajahitvā vinodetvā byantīkaritvā anabhāvaṃ gametvāti – attānudiṭṭhiṃ ūhacca.
如此,你便能超越死神,超越衰老,超越死亡,度越、渡过、跨过、彻底逾越、完全超越——这样,你便成为超越死神者。巴利
Evaṃ maccutaro siyā ti evaṃ maccupi tareyyāsi, jarāpi tareyyāsi, maraṇampi tareyyāsi uttareyyāsi patareyyāsi samatikkameyyāsi vītivatteyyāsīti – evaṃ maccutaro siyā.
——他这样观察世界,这样审视世界,这样衡量世界,这样判断世界,这样辨明世界,让世界显露空寂。巴利
Evaṃ lokaṃ avekkhanta nti evaṃ lokaṃ avekkhantaṃ paccavekkhantaṃ tulayantaṃ tīrayantaṃ vibhāvayantaṃ vibhūtaṃ karontanti – evaṃ lokaṃ avekkhantaṃ.
这里所说的“死神”,就是死亡,就是死神王;魔罗也是死神王,死亡本身亦称作死神王。所谓“不见”:死神王不见他、不能见他、不获见他、不知见他、不证得他。关于这一点,世尊曾这样说:“诸比丘,譬如一头山林中的鹿,在旷野与林中游行时,自在地走,自在地立,自在地坐,自在地卧。那是什么原因呢?诸比丘,因为它不在猎人的射程之内。同样地,诸比丘,一位比丘远离感官欲乐、远离不善法,有寻有伺,由远离而生起的喜与乐,进入并安住于初禅。诸比丘,这样的比丘便被称为:‘他弄瞎了魔罗的眼,毁坏了魔罗的视线,使那邪恶的魔罗看不见他。’”巴利
Maccurājā na passatī ti maccupi maccurājā, māropi maccurājā, maraṇampi maccurājā. Na passatī ti maccurājā na passatī na dakkhati nādhigacchati na vindati na paṭilabhati. Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā – ‘‘seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, āraññiko migo araññe pavane caramāno vissattho gacchati vissattho tiṭṭhati vissattho nisīdati vissattho seyyaṃ kappeti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Anāpāthagato , bhikkhave, luddassa. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, ‘bhikkhu andhamakāsi māraṃ, apadaṃ vadhitvā māracakkhuṃ adassanaṃ gato pāpimato’.
“再者,诸比丘,比丘止息了寻与伺,内心变得安稳,心意专一,无寻无伺,由定而生起的喜与乐,进入并安住于二禅……(中略)……三禅……四禅,安住其中。诸比丘,这样的比丘便被称为:‘他使魔罗盲目,毁坏了魔罗之眼的足迹,到达了邪恶者看不见之处。’巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā ajjhattaṃ sampasādanaṃ cetaso ekodibhāvaṃ avitakkaṃ avicāraṃ samādhijaṃ pītisukhaṃ dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ…pe… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ… catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, ‘bhikkhu andhamakāsi māraṃ, apadaṃ vadhitvā māracakkhuṃ adassanaṃ gato pāpimato’.
“再者,诸比丘,比丘完全超越色想,灭除有对想,不作意种种想,作意‘虚空无有边际’,进入并安住于空无边处。诸比丘,这样的比丘便被称为:‘他使魔罗变成盲目,摧破魔罗之眼的踪迹,去到了魔罗看不见的地方。’巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sabbaso rūpasaññānaṃ samatikkamā, paṭighasaññānaṃ atthaṅgamā, nānattasaññānaṃ amanasikārā, ananto ākāsoti ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, ‘bhikkhu andhamakāsi māraṃ, apadaṃ vadhitvā māracakkhuṃ adassanaṃ gato pāpimato’.
“再者,诸比丘,比丘完全超越空无边处,作意‘意识无有边际’,进入并安住于识无边处……(中略)……巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sabbaso ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma anantaṃ viññāṇanti viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati…pe….
“再者,诸比丘,比丘完全超越识无边处,作意‘无所有’,进入并安住于无所有处……(中略)……巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, sabbaso viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma natthi kiñcīti ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati…pe….
“再者,诸比丘,比丘完全超越无所有处之后,进入非想非非想处而安住其中……(中略)……巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, sabbaso ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati…pe….
“再者,诸比丘,比丘完全超越非想非非想处之后,证入想受灭定而安住;他以慧照见,诸漏灭尽。诸比丘,这便称为‘比丘令魔罗盲然,摧毁魔罗之足踪,到达邪恶者所不见之处,已渡越世间的渴爱。’他安稳而行,安稳而住,安稳而坐,安稳而卧。为什么呢?诸比丘,因为此比丘已不在邪恶者的领域之内——死神看不见他。因此,世尊这样说:”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, sabbaso nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma saññāvedayitanirodhaṃ upasampajja viharati; paññāya cassa disvā āsavā parikkhīṇā honti. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, ‘bhikkhu andhamakāsi māraṃ, apadaṃ vadhitvā māracakkhuṃ adassanaṃ gato pāpimato, tiṇṇo loke visattika’nti. So vissattho gacchati vissattho tiṭṭhati vissattho nisīdati vissattho seyyaṃ kappeti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Anāpāthagato bhikkhu pāpimato’’ti – maccurājā na passati. Tenāha bhagavā –
88 “ 摩卡拉迦,你当常持正念,观世间为空;
拔除我见,便能如是超越死亡。
如此观察世间者,死神王便不见他。”巴利 注疏 1
‘‘Suññato lokaṃ avekkhassu, mogharāja sadā sato; Attānudiṭṭhiṃ ūhacca, evaṃ maccutaro siyā; Evaṃ lokaṃ avekkhantaṃ, maccurājā na passatī’’ti.
偈颂终了时……(中略)……“尊者世尊是我导师,我是弟子。”巴利
Saha gāthāpariyosānā…pe… satthā me, bhante bhagavā, sāvakohamasmīti.
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