第六品·瞿低迦等四位长老偈颂的注释
1. 一集义注 · 214 段
瞿低迦等四位长老偈颂的注释
1. Godhikādicatuttheragāthāvaṇṇanā
“天降雨”等四首偈颂,是瞿低迦、须婆呼、婆离耶、郁提耶这四位长老的偈颂。它们的由来是什么呢?这几位长老在过去诸佛在世时就已经积下了善行,在一次次投生中不断积累福德。九十四劫以前,悉达多世尊住世的时候,他们出生在好人家,长大后彼此成为朋友,一起四处游历。其中一人看见悉达多世尊在托钵乞食,就供养了一匙饭食。第二个人心生净信,以五体投地的方式顶礼,又合掌致敬。第三个人也心生净信,用一只手捧花供养世尊。第四个人则用素馨花(茉莉花)作了供养。他们就这样对导师生起净信,凭着这些善业,死后转生到天界,之后又不断行善,在天界和人间辗转轮回。到了迦叶世尊住世的时候,他们又出生在好人家,再次成为朋友,在佛陀的教法中出家,修行沙门之法。到了我们的世尊住世时,他们出生在波婆城,成为四位末罗王的儿子,分别取名为瞿低迦、须婆呼、婆离耶、郁提耶。他们彼此是相亲相爱的好友。后来,他们因为某件事前往迦毗罗卫城。那时,世尊也去了迦毗罗卫城,住在榕树园,示现双神变,调伏了以净饭王为首的释迦王族。当时,这四位末罗王子看到神变后生起净信,于是出家修行观禅,不久就与无碍解一同证得阿拉汉果。因此,在《譬喻经》中(长老譬喻 1.11.1-23)这样说:
Vassatidevotiādikā catasso – godhiko, subāhu, valliyo, uttiyoti imesaṃ catunnaṃ therānaṃ gāthā. Kā uppatti? Imepi purimabuddhesu katādhikārā tattha tattha bhave puññāni upacinantā ito catunavute kappe siddhatthassa bhagavato kāle kulagehe nibbattitvā viññutaṃ patvā aññamaññaṃ sahāyā hutvā vicariṃsu. Tesu eko siddhatthaṃ bhagavantaṃ piṇḍāya carantaṃ disvā kaṭacchubhikkhaṃ adāsi. Dutiyo pasannacitto hutvā pañcapatiṭṭhitena vanditvā añjaliṃ paggaṇhi. Tatiyo pasannacitto ekena pupphahatthena bhagavantaṃ pūjesi. Catuttho sumanapupphehi pūjamakāsi. Evaṃ te satthari cittaṃ pasādetvā pasutena tena puññakammena devaloke nibbattitvā puna aparāparaṃ puññāni katvā devamanussesu saṃsaranto kassapassa bhagavato kāle kulagehe nibbattitvā sahāyakā hutvā sāsane pabbajitvā samaṇadhammaṃ katvā amhākaṃ bhagavato kāle pāvāyaṃ catunnaṃ mallarājānaṃ puttā hutvā nibbattiṃsu. Tesaṃ godhiko, subāhu, valliyo, uttiyoti nāmāni akaṃsu. Aññamaññaṃ piyasahāyā ahesuṃ. Te kenacideva karaṇīyena kapilavatthuṃ agamaṃsu. Tasmiñca samaye satthā kapilavatthuṃ gantvā nigrodhārāme vasanto yamakapāṭihāriyaṃ dassetvā suddhodanappamukhe sakyarājāno damesi. Tadā tepi cattāro mallarājaputtā pāṭihāriyaṃ disvā laddhappasādā pabbajitvā vipassanākammaṃ karontā nacirasseva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu. Tena vuttaṃ apadāne (apa. thera 1.11.1-23) –
身色如金的圆满觉悟者,是远方供养的堪受者;
最殊胜者已出离,从林野抵达涅槃。
我曾用一勺饭食供养了那位大仙人悉达多;
以智慧而寂静的大雄,如如不动者。
以一步步的引导,让大众止息下来;
我对太阳族的佛陀,生起了殊胜的欢喜。
九十四劫之前,那时我所作的布施;
我不记得自己曾堕入恶趣,这就是布施食物的果报。
八十七劫之前,有七位转轮圣王,同名大雷努,
悉具七宝。
“我的烦恼已烧尽……(中略)……佛陀之教已奉行。”
‘‘Suvaṇṇavaṇṇaṃ sambuddhaṃ, āhutīnaṃ paṭiggahaṃ; Pavarā abhinikkhantaṃ, vanā nibbanamāgataṃ. ‘‘Kaṭacchubhikkhaṃ pādāsiṃ, siddhatthassa mahesino; Paññāya upasantassa, mahāvīrassa tādino. ‘‘Padenānupadāyantaṃ, nibbāpente mahājanaṃ; Uḷārā vitti me jātā, buddhe ādiccabandhune. ‘‘Catunnavutito kappe, yaṃ dānamadadiṃ tadā; Duggatiṃ nābhijānāmi, bhikkhādānassidaṃ phalaṃ. ‘‘Sattāsītimhito kappe, mahāreṇusanāmakā; Sattaratanasampannā, sattete cakkavattino. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
正自觉者色如金,犹如良种之牛王;
三处流液之龙象,大仙亦如彼象王。
“照耀一切方所,犹如圆满的月王;
我未见世间至尊行于大道。
让心对智慧生起净信,举起合掌致敬;
我怀着清净的信心和欢喜的心,向悉达多佛致敬礼拜。
九十四劫前,那时我所作的业;
我不知道自己曾去过恶趣,这就是以智为想的果报。
在七十三劫之前,曾有十六位人中最胜者;
具足七宝、有大威力的转轮王。
“我的烦恼已烧尽……(中略)……佛陀之教已奉行。”
‘‘Suvaṇṇavaṇṇaṃ sambuddhaṃ, nisabhājāniyaṃ yathā; Tidhāpabhinnaṃ mātaṅgaṃ, kuñjaraṃva mahesinaṃ. ‘‘Obhāsentaṃ disā sabbā, uḷurājaṃva pūritaṃ; Rathiyaṃ paṭipajjantaṃ, lokajeṭṭhaṃ apassahaṃ. ‘‘Ñāṇe cittaṃ pasādetvā, paggahetvāna añjaliṃ; Pasannacitto sumano, siddhatthamabhivādayiṃ. ‘‘Catunnavutito kappe, yaṃ kammamakariṃ tadā; Duggatiṃ nābhijānāmi, ñāṇasaññāyidaṃ phalaṃ. ‘‘Tesattatimhito kappe, soḷasāsuṃ naruttamā; Sattaratanasampannā, cakkavattī mahabbalā. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
我曾住在提瓦拉城,那时是个卖花人。
我见到了远离尘垢的佛陀,那位名叫悉达多、受世间敬奉的觉者。
我怀着清净的信心和欢喜的心,以持花之手施与。
无论我投生到哪里,都是靠那业力的推动。
我享受到所想要的果报,是因为过去自己造下的善业。
被美妙的花环绕着,这就是供花的果报。
在九十四劫之前,我供养了那朵花;
我从来不知道恶趣,这就是供花的果报。
从九十四劫以来,除了现在这一世;
在那里,有五百位国王,名字都叫“河等”。
“我的烦恼已烧尽……(中略)……佛陀之教已奉行。”
‘‘Tivarāyaṃ nivāsīhaṃ, ahosiṃ māliko tadā; Addasaṃ virajaṃ buddhaṃ, siddhatthaṃ lokapūjitaṃ. ‘‘Pasannacitto sumano, pupphahatthamadāsahaṃ; Yattha yatthupapajjāmi, tassa kammassa vāhasā. ‘‘Anubhomi phalaṃ iṭṭhaṃ, pubbe sukatamattano; Parikkhitto sumallehi, pupphadānassidaṃ phalaṃ. ‘‘Catunnavutito kappe, yaṃ pupphamabhiropayiṃ; Duggatiṃ nābhijānāmi, pupphapūjāyidaṃ phalaṃ. ‘‘Catunnavutupādāya , ṭhapetvā vattamānakaṃ; Pañcarājasatā tattha, najjasamasanāmakā. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
我曾用素馨花供养悉达多世尊,
我把七朵花欢喜地撒在了他的脚上。
依靠这个业,我今天胜过人与天众;
我于正自觉者的教法中,持此最后身。
在九十四劫之前,我献上了那朵花;
我不认识恶趣,这是供花的果报。
昔有十三转轮王,同名遍香;
从此第五劫中,皆为四洲人主。
“我的烦恼已经烧尽……佛陀的教法,我已经修完了。”
‘‘Siddhatthassa bhagavato, jātipupphamadāsahaṃ; Pādesu satta pupphāni, hāsenokiritāni me. ‘‘Tena kammenahaṃ ajja, abhibhomi narāmare; Dhāremi antimaṃ dehaṃ, sammāsambuddhasāsane. ‘‘Catunnavutito kappe, yaṃ pupphamabhiropayiṃ; Duggatiṃ nābhijānāmi, pupphapūjāyidaṃ phalaṃ. ‘‘Samantagandhanāmāsuṃ, terasa cakkavattino; Ito pañcamake kappe, cāturantā janādhipā. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti. (apa. thera 1.11.1-23);
四位长老证得阿拉汉果后,在世间名声显扬,为国王和大臣们所恭敬、尊重,一起住在森林里。后来有一天,四位长老来到王舍城,频婆娑罗王前去拜见,向他们顶礼,邀请他们安居三个月。国王为他们每人各建了一座小舍,却因为一时忘记,没有给屋顶盖顶。长老们就住在没有屋顶的小舍里。到了雨季,天不下雨。国王心想:“到底是什么原因天不下雨?”弄清原因后,便命人给那些小舍盖上屋顶,又做了涂泥和彩绘。在小舍落成庆典上,国王向广大的比丘僧团作了大布施。长老们出于对国王的慈悯,进入小舍后,入于慈心定。这时,从东北方涌起大云,恰好在长老们出定的那一刻开始下雨。其中,瞿低迦长老从定中出来,伴随着雷声,说了这样的话——
Arahattaṃ pana patvā ime cattāropi therā loke pākaṭā paññātā rājarājamahāmattehi sakkatā garukatā hutvā araññe saheva viharanti. Athekadā rājā bimbisāro te cattāro there rājagahaṃ upagate upasaṅkamitvā vanditvā temāsaṃ vassāvāsatthāya nimantetvā tesaṃ pāṭiyekkaṃ kuṭikāyo kāretvā satisammosena na chādesi. Therā acchannāsu kuṭikāsu viharanti. Vassakāle devo na vassati. Rājā ‘‘kiṃ nu kho kāraṇaṃ devo na vassatī’’ti cintento, taṃ kāraṇaṃ ñatvā, tā kuṭikāyo chādāpetvā, mattikākammaṃ cittakammañca kārāpetvā, kuṭikāmahaṃ karonto mahato bhikkhusaṅghassa dānaṃ adāsi. Therā rañño anukampāya kuṭikāyo pavisitvā mettāsamāpattiyo samāpajjiṃsu. Athuttarapācīnadisato mahāmegho uṭṭhahitvā therānaṃ samāpattito vuṭṭhānakkhaṇeyeva vassituṃ ārabhi. Tesu godhikatthero samāpattito vuṭṭhāya saha meghagajjitena –
“天在下雨,就像一首动听的歌;我的小屋盖得严实,住着安乐,不受风吹。
我的心已经很好地入定了,如果你愿意,那就下雨吧,天啊。”
‘‘Vassati devo yathā sugītaṃ, channā me kuṭikā sukhā nivātā; Cittaṃ susamāhitañca mayhaṃ, atha ce patthayasi pavassa devā’’ti. –
他说了这首偈颂。
Imaṃ gāthaṃ abhāsi.
这里,“下雨”的意思是洒水、放出雨流。“天”指的是云。“像唱得好”的意思是,像美妙的歌声一样轰鸣。因为云在降雨的时候,会涌起百层千层的云,一边打雷一边放出闪电,显得非常壮观,而不只是单一的样子。因此,这是在说明:声音润泽、甜美、深沉的天正在下雨。由此,不受声音的压迫,他说“我的小屋盖好了,安稳快乐,没有风吹进来”。就像天没有下雨那样,这座小屋被草等覆盖着,因此不会被雨水压迫,他这样说。由于受用的快乐和适宜季节的舒适都真实存在,所以说是“快乐”。因为用门闩关好了窗户,所以没有风的危险。从这两方面,由于住所适宜,他说没有受到压迫。“我的心也很好地入定了”:我的心也借着无上定,在涅槃这个所缘上很好地安住。这一句显示出内在没有危险,因此没有忧虑。“如果你愿意”:现在如果你愿意,如果你想。“下雨吧”:洒水,让水流下,放出雨流。“天啊”是在呼唤云。
Tattha vassatīti siñcati vuṭṭhidhāraṃ pavecchati. Devoti megho. Yathā sugītanti sundaragītaṃ viya gajjantoti adhippāyo. Megho hi vassanakāle satapaṭalasahassapaṭalo uṭṭhahitvā thanayanto vijjutā nicchārentova sobhati, na kevalo. Tasmā siniddhamadhuragambhīranigghoso vassati devoti dasseti. Tena saddato anupapīḷitaṃ āha ‘‘channā me kuṭikā sukhā nivātā’’ti. Yathā na devo vassati, evaṃ tiṇādīhi chāditā ayaṃ me kuṭikā, tena vuṭṭhivassena anupapīḷitaṃ āha. Paribhogasukhassa utusappāyautusukhassa ca sabbhāvato sukhā. Phusitaggaḷapihitavātapānatāhi vātaparissayarahitā. Ubhayenapi āvāsasappāyavasena anupapīḷitaṃ āha. Cittaṃ susamāhitañca mayhanti cittañca mama suṭṭhu samāhitaṃ anuttarasamādhinā nibbānārammaṇe suṭṭhu appitaṃ, etena abbhantaraparissayābhāvato appossukkataṃ dasseti. Atha ce patthayasīti atha idāni patthayasi ce, yadi icchasi. Pavassāti siñca udakaṃ pagghara vuṭṭhidhāraṃ paveccha. Devāti meghaṃ ālapati.
2. 善臂长老偈颂注释
2. Subāhuttheragāthāvaṇṇanā
52在其他长老所说的偈颂里,只有第三句不同。其中,善臂长老所说的偈颂是“我的心在身体中善得安定”。意思是:我的心,通过修习身至念,在这个由业所生的身体中,已经很好地安定下来,完全地安住其中。这位长老以修习身至念所获得的禅那作为基础,进一步增长观,证得了阿拉汉果。他就是针对这一点而说“我的心在身体中善得安定”。
52. Itarehi vuttagāthāsu tatiyapade eva viseso. Tattha subāhunā vuttagāthāyaṃ cittaṃ susamāhitañca kāyeti mama cittaṃ karajakāye kāyagatāsatibhāvanāvasena suṭṭhu samāhitaṃ sammadeva appitaṃ. Ayañhi thero kāyagatāsatibhāvanāvasena paṭiladdhajhānaṃ pādakaṃ katvā vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Taṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘cittaṃ susamāhitañca kāye’’ti.
瓦利亚长老偈颂注释
3. Valliyattheragāthāvaṇṇanā
53在《瓦利亚长老偈》中,“我住于彼处,不放逸”这句话的意思是:因为在那间小屋里,不放逸的修行已经达到了顶点,所以我不放逸;我以与圣者住、天住等相应的行住坐卧而住,维持着这个身体,这就是这句话所要表达的意思。
53. Valliyattheragāthāyaṃ tassaṃ viharāmi appamattoti tassaṃ kuṭikāyaṃ appamādapaṭipattiyā matthakaṃ pāpitattā appamatto ariyavihārūpasaṃhitena dibbavihārādisaṃhitena ca iriyāpathavihārena viharāmi, attabhāvaṃ pavattemīti vuttaṃ hoti.
10. 优低耶长老偈颂的注疏
4. Uttiyattheragāthāvaṇṇanā
54在优低耶长老所说的偈颂中,“无伴”就是没有同伴,意思是远离了烦恼的群聚和世俗社交的群聚。
54. Uttiyattherena vuttagāthāyaṃ adutiyoti asahāyo, kilesasaṅgaṇikāya gaṇasaṅgaṇikāya ca virahitoti attho.
5. 安阇那林长老偈的注释
5. Añjanavaniyattheragāthāvaṇṇanā
把床架做成小屋:这是具寿安阇那林长老的偈颂。他是怎么来的呢?据说,在莲华上佛的时代,他是一位名叫善见的花鬘师,用素馨花供养了世尊,又在各处做了许多功德,在天界和人间流转。到了迦叶世尊的教法时期,他出家修习沙门法。后来在这个佛陀出世的时代,他投生在毗舍离的跋耆王族家中。到他成年的时候,跋耆国出现了三种怖畏:干旱的怖畏、疾病的怖畏、非人的怖畏。这些应当依照《宝经注》中所说的方式来理解。世尊进入毗舍离城后,那些怖畏都平息了。由于世尊说法,众多天人和人类证悟了法,这位王子亲眼见到佛陀的威德之力,生起净信,就出家了。接下来要说的四个人也是如此。他们也是这位王子的同伴,都是离车族的王子,同样因为这样的因缘而出家。在迦叶正觉佛的时代,他们也是同伴,和这位一起出家,修习沙门法;在莲华上佛的时代,他们也在世尊的足下种下善业之种等。其中,这位已经积下功德的修行者,住在沙祇(娑枳多)安阇那林的坟场里。临近入雨安居时,他从人们丢弃的旧床架中得到一张床,把它架在四块石头上,上面和横侧用草等盖好,装上门户,就进入了雨安居。就在第一个月里,他精勤努力,证得了阿拉汉果。因此,在《譬喻经》中这样说:
Āsandiṃkuṭikaṃ katvāti āyasmato añjanavaniyattherassa gāthā. Kā uppatti? So kira padumuttarassa bhagavato kāle sudassano nāma mālākāro hutvā sumanapupphehi bhagavantaṃ pūjetvā aññampi tattha tattha bahuṃ puññaṃ katvā devamanussesu saṃsaranto kassapassa bhagavato sāsane pabbajitvā samaṇadhammaṃ akāsi. Atha imasmiṃ buddhuppāde vesāliyaṃ vajjirājakule nibbattitvā tassa vayappattakāle vajjiraṭṭhe avuṭṭhibhayaṃ byādhibhayaṃ amanussabhayanti tīṇi bhayāni uppajjiṃsu . Taṃ sabbaṃ ratanasuttavaṇṇanāyaṃ (khu. pā. aṭṭha. ratanasuttavaṇṇanā; su. ni. aṭṭha. 1.ratanasuttavaṇṇanā) vuttanayena veditabbaṃ. Bhagavati pana vesāliṃ paviṭṭhe bhayesu ca vūpasantesu satthu dhammadesanāya sambahulānaṃ devamanussānaṃ dhammābhisamaye ca jāte ayaṃ rājakumāro buddhānubhāvaṃ disvā paṭiladdhasaddho pabbaji. Yathā cāyaṃ evaṃ anantaraṃ vuccamānā cattāropi janā. Tepi hi imassa sahāyabhūtā licchavirājakumārā evaṃ imināva nīhārena pabbajiṃsu. Kassapasambuddhakālepi sahāyā hutvā iminā saheva pabbajitvā samaṇadhammaṃ akaṃsu, padumuttarassapi bhagavato pādamūle kusalabījaropanādiṃ akaṃsūti. Tatthāyaṃ katapubbakicco sākete añjanavane susānaṭṭhāne vasanto upakaṭṭhāya vassūpanāyikāya manussehi chaḍḍitaṃ jiṇṇakaṃ āsandiṃ labhitvā taṃ catūsu pāsāṇesu ṭhapetvā upari tiriyañca tiṇādīhi chādetvā dvāraṃ yojetvā vassaṃ upagato. Paṭhamamāseyeva ghaṭento vāyamanto arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tena vuttaṃ apadāne (apa. thera 1.11.24-28) –
那时我叫善见,是个做花环的花匠。
我见到了远离尘垢的佛陀,世间最胜的人中牛王。
我拿着素馨花,供养了莲华上佛。
我以清净的眼和欢喜的心,证得了天眼。
以此花供,以及以心之诸愿,
于十万劫中,我不曾堕入恶趣。
曾有十六位国王,都名叫“天胜”。
从此劫起第三十六劫,大威力的转轮王。
“我的烦恼已烧尽……(中略)……佛陀之教已奉行。”
‘‘Sudassanoti nāmena, mālākāro ahaṃ tadā; Addasaṃ virajaṃ buddhaṃ, lokajeṭṭhaṃ narāsabhaṃ. ‘‘Jātipupphaṃ gahetvāna, pūjayiṃ padumuttaraṃ; Visuddhacakkhu sumano, dibbacakkhuṃ samajjhagaṃ. ‘‘Etissā pupphapūjāya, cittassa paṇidhīhi ca; Kappānaṃ satasahassaṃ, duggatiṃ nupapajjahaṃ. ‘‘Soḷasāsiṃsu rājāno, devuttarasanāmakā; Chattiṃsamhi ito kappe, cakkavattī mahabbalā. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
证得阿拉汉果之后,他体验着解脱的快乐,从定中出来,回顾自己所得的成就,被喜悦的洪流推动,说出感叹语,诵出了“把长椅做成小屋”这首偈颂。
Arahattaṃ pana patvā vimuttisukhaṃ paṭisaṃvedento samāpattito vuṭṭhāya yathāladdhaṃ sampattiṃ paccavekkhitvā pītivegena udānento ‘‘āsandiṃ kuṭikaṃ katvā’’ti gāthaṃ abhāsi .
5555. 其中,“把卧床做成小屋”是指:所谓“卧床”,是一种长脚的方形坐具,也有纵长的方形坐具,只能坐在上面,不能躺下。他把这样的卧床做成小屋,作为居住的地方,按照下文所说的方法做成小屋,这样坐在里面,不会受到季节困扰的侵害,能安乐地修习沙门法。他这样造小屋,显示出自己在住处方面达到了极致的少欲和知足。关于这一点,法将也曾说过:
55. Tattha āsandiṃ kuṭikaṃ katvāti āsandī nāma dīghapādakaṃ caturassapīṭhaṃ, āyataṃ caturassampi atthiyeva, yattha nisīditumeva sakkā, na nipajjituṃ taṃ āsandiṃ kuṭikaṃ katvā vāsatthāya heṭṭhā vuttanayena kuṭikaṃ katvā yathā tattha nisinnassa utuparissayābhāvena sukhena samaṇadhammaṃ kātuṃ sakkā, evaṃ kuṭikaṃ katvā. Etena paramukkaṃsagataṃ senāsane attano appicchataṃ santuṭṭhiñca dasseti. Vuttampi cetaṃ dhammasenāpatinā –
“结跏趺坐而坐时,雨水淋到膝盖上;
这足以让一位心志坚定的比丘住得安稳舒适。”
‘‘Pallaṅkena nisinnassa, jaṇṇukenābhivassati; Alaṃ phāsuvihārāya, pahitattassa bhikkhuno’’ti. (theragā. 985; mi. pa. 6.1.1);
另有一些人读作“卧床小屋”,解释说意思是“造了一座和卧床一样大小的小屋”。还有一些人则解释说:“所谓卧床,是指为那些坐着、躺着等的人,在床上方搭起的小屋;他就是把这样的卧床做成小屋。”进入,就是深入、走进。安阇那林,是一片叫这个名字的树林。因为有一种藤蔓的花色像青黑色的眼药,所以这些藤蔓就叫安阇那;由于这种藤蔓很多,那片树林就得名“安阇那林”。另一些人则说:“安阇那是一种大灌木。”他进入那片安阇那林,把卧床做成小屋,证得了三明,成办了佛陀的教法,就这样安住——应当用这剩余的话来连接。这就是那位长老的证悟宣言。
Apare ‘‘āsandikuṭika’’nti pāṭhaṃ vatvā ‘‘āsandippamāṇaṃ kuṭikaṃ katvā’’ti atthaṃ vadanti. Aññe pana ‘‘āsananisajjādigate manusse uddissa mañcakassa upari katakuṭikā āsandī nāma, taṃ āsandiṃ kuṭikaṃ katvā’’ti atthaṃ vadanti. Oggayhāti ogāhetvā anupavisitvā. Añjanaṃ vananti evaṃnāmakaṃ vanaṃ, añjanavaṇṇapupphabhāvato hi añjanā vuccanti valliyo, tabbahulatāya taṃ vanaṃ ‘‘añjanavana’’nti nāmaṃ labhi. Apare pana ‘‘añjanā nāma mahāgacchā’’ti vadanti, taṃ añjanavanaṃ oggayha āsandikaṃ kuṭikaṃ katvā tisso vijjā anuppattā, kataṃ buddhassa sāsananti viharatā mayāti vacanaseseneva yojanā. Idameva ca therassa aññābyākaraṇaṃ ahosīti.
6. 住庵者长老偈颂注释
6. Kuṭivihārittheragāthāvaṇṇanā
“住在小屋里”是住庵者长老的偈颂。它的起因是什么呢?据说,这位长老前世在莲华上佛世尊在空中行走时,心想“我要供养水”,就取了清凉的水,满心欢喜,仰头向空中洒去。导师知道他的心意,为了让他的净信增长,就停在空中接受了。他因此感受到极大的欢喜。其余部分和安阇那林长老的故事里说的一样。不过这里有一点不同:据说他按前面说的方式出家后,先做完了该做的准备工作,就专心修观。一天傍晚,他走到田边,天正下着细雨,看见守田人福德所感的一间草屋,就走进去,在草铺上坐下。刚一坐下,就觉得气候舒适,于是加紧修观,证得了阿拉汉果。因此他在《譬喻经》中这样说:
Kokuṭikāyanti āyasmato kuṭivihārittherassa gāthā. Kā uppatti? So kira padumuttarassa bhagavato ākāsena gacchantassa ‘‘udakadānaṃ dassāmī’’ti sītalaṃ udakaṃ gahetvā pītisomanassajāto uddhammukho hutvā ukkhipi. Satthā tassa ajjhāsayaṃ ñatvā pasādasaṃvaḍḍhanatthaṃ ākāse ṭhitova sampaṭicchi. So tena anappakaṃ pītisomanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedesi. Sesaṃ añjanavaniyattherassa vatthumhi vuttasadisameva. Ayaṃ pana viseso – ayaṃ kira vuttanayena pabbajitvā katapubbakicco vipassanaṃ anuyuñjanto sāyaṃ khettasamīpena gacchanto deve phusāyante khettapālakassa puññaṃ tiṇakuṭiṃ disvā pavisitvā tattha tiṇasanthārake nisīdi . Nisinnamattova utusappāyaṃ labhitvā vipassanaṃ ussukkāpetvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tena vuttaṃ apadāne (apa. thera 1.11.29-35) –
身色如金的正觉者,正行走在风行的虚空中;
犹如炽燃的酥油火,犹如炽燃的祭火。
我以手掬水,扬向空中;
大雄、佛陀、具悲悯的仙人,接受了下来。
名为莲华上的导师,站在虚空中。
他知道了我的心意,就说了这些偈颂。
“以此布施水,与由此生起的喜悦;”
哪怕经过百千劫那么长的时间,也不会堕入恶趣。
“以彼业,两足尊、世间最胜者、人中牛王,
我已经到达了不动摇的境界,舍弃了胜与败。
名为千王的三位转轮王。
于六千五百劫中,为统御四方之人主。
“我的烦恼已烧尽……(中略)……佛陀之教已奉行。”
‘‘Suvaṇṇavaṇṇaṃ sambuddhaṃ, gacchantaṃ anilañjase; Ghatāsanaṃva jalitaṃ, ādittaṃva hutāsanaṃ. ‘‘Pāṇinā udakaṃ gayha, ākāse ukkhipiṃ ahaṃ; Sampaṭicchi mahāvīro, buddho kāruṇiko isi. ‘‘Antalikkhe ṭhito satthā, padumuttaranāmako; Mama saṅkappamaññāya, imā gāthā abhāsatha. ‘‘Iminā dakadānena, pītiuppādanena ca; Kappasatasahassampi, duggatiṃ nupapajjati. ‘‘Tena kammena dvipadinda, lokajeṭṭha narāsabha; Pattomhi acalaṃ ṭhānaṃ, hitvā jayaparājayaṃ. ‘‘Sahassarājanāmena, tayo te cakkavattino; Pañcasaṭṭhikappasate, cāturantā janādhipā. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
这位长老证得阿拉汉果后,坐在那里时,一个守田人走过来问:“谁在小屋里?”长老听到这话,就说:“比丘在小屋里”等等。把守田人和长老的这番话合在一起——
Arahattaṃ pana patvā there tattha nisinne khettapālako āgantvā ‘‘ko kuṭikāya’’nti āha. Taṃ sutvā thero ‘‘bhikkhu kuṭikāya’’ntiādimāha. Tayidaṃ khettapālassa therassa ca vacanaṃ ekajjhaṃ katvā –
“谁在小屋里?比丘在小屋里,他已离贪,心很好地安定下来。
贤友,你要这样知道:你建的小屋没有白建。”
‘‘Ko kuṭikāyaṃ bhikkhu kuṭikāyaṃ, vītarāgo susamāhitacitto; Evaṃ jānāhi āvuso, amoghā te kuṭikā katā’’ti. –
以这样的形式被收入了结集。
Tathārūpena saṅgītiṃ āropitaṃ.
在这段话里,“谁在小屋里?”是守田人问的话,意思是“谁坐在这间小屋里?”回答“比丘在小屋里”的,是长老。然后,因为长老本身是无上的应供者,为了让守田人随喜那间小屋的受用,并让他把这殊胜的功德牢牢建立起来,就说了“离欲者”等话。它的意思是:有一位已经断除烦恼的比丘坐在你的小屋里,他正是依靠最上之道彻底断尽了贪欲,所以是“离欲者”;又依靠无上定,以涅槃为所缘,心得善安住,所以是“善定心者”。贤友守田人,像我所说的这个道理,你应当这样了知、深信、决意。你造的小屋没有白费,不会落空,有果报,有利益,因为它已经被阿拉汉、诸漏尽者所受用了。如果你随喜,那将在长夜中为你带来利益和安乐。
Tattha ko kuṭikāyanti, ‘‘imissaṃ kuṭikāyaṃ ko nisinno’’ti khettapālassa pucchāvacanaṃ. Tassa bhikkhu kuṭikāyanti therassa paṭivacanadānaṃ. Atha naṃ attano anuttaradakkhiṇeyyabhāvato taṃ kuṭiparibhogaṃ anumodāpetvā uḷāraṃ tameva puññaṃ patiṭṭhāpetuṃ ‘‘vītarāgo’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tassattho – eko bhinnakileso bhikkhu te kuṭikāyaṃ nisinno, tato eva so aggamaggena sabbaso samucchinnarāgatāya vītarāgo anuttarasamādhinā nibbānaṃ ārammaṇaṃ katvā suṭṭhu samāhitacittatāya susamāhitacitto, imañca atthaṃ, āvuso khettapāla, yathāhaṃ vadāmi, evaṃ jānāhi saddaha adhimuccassu. Amoghāte kuṭikā katā tayā katā kuṭikā amoghā avañjhā saphalā saudrayā, yasmā arahatā khīṇāsavena paribhuttā. Sace tvaṃ anumodasi, taṃ te bhavissati dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāyāti.
守田人听了这话,心里想:“我真是有福气,真是得了大好处!这样一位圣者竟然走进我的小屋,坐在里面。”他满心欢喜,生起清净的信心,就站在那里随喜。世尊用天耳听到了他们这番交谈,也知道了他心中的随喜,为了说明由此而来的成就,就用这些偈颂对守田人说:
Taṃ sutvā khettapālo ‘‘lābhā vata me, suladdhaṃ vata me, yassa me kuṭikāyaṃ ediso ayyo pavisitvā nisīdatī’’ti pasannacitto anumodanto aṭṭhāsi. Imaṃ pana tesaṃ kathāsallāpaṃ bhagavā dibbāya sotadhātuyā sutvā anumodanañcassa ñatvā tambhāviniṃ sampattiṃ vibhāvento khettapālaṃ imāhi gāthāhi ajjhabhāsi –
比丘住在小屋里,内心寂静,没有烦恼漏。
因为那个业报,你会成为天王。
“你将三十六次成为天王,统治天界;
你将三十四次成为转轮王,在国中做国王;
你将成为一个名叫‘宝屋’的独觉佛,一个离欲的人。”
‘‘Vihāsi kuṭiyaṃ bhikkhu, santacitto anāsavo; Tena kammavipākena, devindo tvaṃ bhavissasi. ‘‘Chattiṃsakkhattuṃ devindo, devarajjaṃ karissasi; Catuttiṃsakkhattuṃ cakkavattī, rājā raṭṭhe bhavissasi; Ratanakuṭi nāma paccekabuddho, vītarāgo bhavissasī’’ti.
这位长老因为在那间小屋里获得了殊胜的成就,所以从那时起,大家就称他为“住小屋者”。而这首偈颂,也正是这位长老的证悟宣言偈。
Kuṭikāyaṃ laddhavisesattā pana therassa tato pabhuti kuṭivihārītveva samaññā udapādi. Ayameva ca therassa aññābyākaraṇagāthāpi ahosīti.
7. 第二住庵者长老偈的注释
7. Dutiyakuṭivihārittheragāthāvaṇṇanā
这是尊者住庵者长老的偈颂。它的缘起是怎样的呢?据说,他对莲华上佛世尊生起了清净的信心,在炎热的时节,用芦苇篾片编成一把扇子供养。世尊便以一首随喜偈令他欢喜。其余应说的内容,与安阇那林长老的故事大体相同。不过有一点不同:据说这位尊者依前所述方式出家后,住在一间旧小屋里,并未思惟沙门法,反而心想:“这间小屋太破旧了,应当另造一间新屋。”由此生起了建造新屋的念头。一位想利益他的天神,为了令他生起悚惧心,便宣说了这首表面浅显而义理甚深的偈颂——
Ayamāhupurāṇiyāti āyasmato kuṭivihārittherassa gāthā. Kā uppatti? So kira padumuttarassa bhagavato pasannamānaso pariḷāhakāle naḷavilīvehi viracitaṃ bījaniṃ adāsi. Taṃ satthā anumodanagāthāya sampahaṃsesi. Sesaṃ yadettha vattabbaṃ, taṃ añjanavaniyattheravatthumhi vuttasadisameva. Ayaṃ pana viseso – ayaṃ kira vuttanayena pabbajitvā aññatarāya purāṇakuṭikāya viharanto samaṇadhammaṃ acintetvā, ‘‘ayaṃ kuṭikā jiṇṇā, aññaṃ kuṭikaṃ kātuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti navakammavasena cittaṃ uppādesi. Tassa atthakāmā devatā saṃvegajananatthaṃ imaṃ uttānobhāsaṃ gambhīratthaṃ ‘‘ayamāhu’’ti gāthamāha.
57这里,“ayaṃ”(这个)是表示近在眼前、当面指陈的说法。“āhu”的意思是“曾经是”。这是为了偈颂读起来顺畅而把音节拉长了。“purāṇiyā”是指旧的、经历了漫长岁月的。“你另求一间新屋”:因为这间屋子已经老旧破败,你就想要、期盼、渴望在如今另得一间应当新造的新屋。然而,对于屋子的一切期望,你都应当彻底放下:就像对旧屋那样,对新屋的期望、渴爱、期盼也要放下,对那里完全离染。为什么呢?因为新屋本身就是苦,比丘。比丘,如今正在新造的新屋是苦的,因为它带来苦。所以,不要再制造新的苦,你就安住在已经造好的这间旧屋里,做你自己该做的事吧。这里真正的意思是:比丘,你想着“这间旧草屋已经破旧了”,就想另造一间新草屋,而不是修习沙门法。若这样想,就因为不致力于修行,不能超越后有再生,所以未来也会期盼再有身体这座屋子,这就等于是在想造新屋。而那新屋就像新草屋一样,因建造的辛劳而苦,更何况它还与老、死、愁、悲、哀叹等苦交织在一起,所以更苦。因此,就像对草屋那样,对身体这座屋子的期望和期盼,你都要放下,对那里完全离染,这样你才不会再有轮回之苦。天神说完这番话后,长老生起了悚惧心,开始修观,精勤努力,不久便证得阿拉汉果。因此,在《譬喻经》中说:
57. Tattha ayanti āsannapaccakkhavacanaṃ. Āhūti ahosīti attho. Gāthāsukhatthañhi dīghaṃ katvā vuttaṃ. Purāṇiyāti purātanī addhagatā. Aññaṃ patthayase navaṃ kuṭinti imissā kuṭiyā purāṇabhāvena jiṇṇatāya ito aññaṃ idāni nibbattanīyatāya navaṃ kuṭiṃ patthayase patthesi āsīsasi. Sabbena sabbaṃ pana āsaṃ kuṭiyā virājaya purāṇiyaṃ viya navāyampi kuṭiyaṃ āsaṃ taṇhaṃ apekkhaṃ virājehi, sabbaso tattha virattacitto hohi. Kasmā? Yasmā dukkhā bhikkhu puna navā nāma kuṭi bhikkhu puna idāni nibbattiyamānā dukkhāvahattā dukkhā, tasmā aññaṃ navaṃ dukkhaṃ anuppādento yathānibbattāyaṃ purāṇiyaṃyeva kuṭiyaṃ ṭhatvā attanā katabbaṃ karohīti. Ayañhettha adhippāyo – tvaṃ, bhikkhu, ‘‘ayaṃ purāṇī tiṇakuṭikā jiṇṇā’’ti aññaṃ navaṃ tiṇakuṭikaṃ kātuṃ icchasi, na samaṇadhammaṃ, evaṃ icchanto pana bhāvanāya ananuyuñjanena punabbhavābhinibbattiyā anativattanato āyatiṃ attabhāvakuṭimpi patthento kātuṃ icchantoyeva nāma hoti. Sā pana navā tiṇakuṭi viya karaṇadukkhena tato bhiyyopi jarāmaraṇasokaparidevādidukkhasaṃsaṭṭhatāya dukkhā, tasmā tiṇakuṭiyaṃ viya attabhāvakuṭiyaṃ āsaṃ apekkhaṃ virājaya sabbaso tattha virattacitto hohi, evaṃ te vaṭṭadukkhaṃ na bhavissatīti. Devatāya ca vacanaṃ sutvā thero saṃvegajāto vipassanaṃ paṭṭhapetvā ghaṭento vāyamanto nacirasseva arahatte patiṭṭhāsi. Tena vuttaṃ apadāne (apa. thera 1.11.36-46) –
对莲华上佛陀,那位世间最上者、如如不动者;
坐在草垫上的那位寂静者,如是者。
我拿起芦苇花编的花环,把它扎成了一把扇子。
我把扇子献给了佛陀,那位两足尊、如如不动者。
一切知者、世间导师接过扇子后,
了知我的心意后,宣说此偈:
就像我的身体清凉下来,灼热不再存在;
同样地,愿你的心从三种火中解脱。
凡居林野诸天神众,一切齐来共聚集;
我等当闻佛圣教,斯法能令施主喜。
世尊就坐在那里,被天众围绕在前。
为了让布施者心生欢喜,他宣说了这些偈颂。
靠着这个种子因缘,以及心的种种愿求,
有个叫须婆德的人,将来会成为转轮王。
由于那残余的业,被清净的善根所推动;
有个叫摩卢多的人,将来会成为转轮王。
凭着这个种子之因,以及广大而丰盛的恭敬,
就算经历十万劫,也不会堕入恶趣。
在三万劫里,有三十八位持善戒者。
在两万九千劫中,有八位名叫“摩卢多”的。
“我的烦恼已烧尽……(中略)……佛陀之教已奉行。”
‘‘Padumuttarabuddhassa , lokajeṭṭhassa tādino; Tiṇatthare nisinnassa, upasantassa tādino. ‘‘Naḷamālaṃ gahetvāna, bandhitvā bījaniṃ ahaṃ; Buddhassa upanāmesiṃ, dvipadindassa tādino. ‘‘Paṭiggahetvā sabbaññū, bījaniṃ lokanāyako; Mama saṅkappamaññāya, imaṃ gāthaṃ abhāsatha. ‘‘Yathā me kāyo nibbāti, pariḷāho na vijjati; Tatheva tividhaggīhi, cittaṃ tava vimuccatu. ‘‘Sabbe devā samāgacchuṃ, ye keci vananissitā; Sossāma buddhavacanaṃ, hāsayantañca dāyakaṃ. ‘‘Nisinno bhagavā tattha, devasaṅghapurakkhato; Dāyakaṃ sampahaṃsento, imā gāthā abhāsatha. ‘‘Iminā bījanidānena, cittassa paṇidhīhi ca; Subbato nāma nāmena, cakkavattī bhavissati. ‘‘Tena kammāvasesena, sukkamūlena codito; Māluto nāma nāmena, cakkavattī bhavissati. ‘‘Iminā bījanidānena, sammānavipulena ca; Kappasatasahassampi, duggatiṃ nupapajjati. ‘‘Tiṃsakappasahassamhi, subbatā aṭṭhatiṃsa te; Ekūnatiṃsasahasse, aṭṭha mālutanāmakā. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
当他安住在阿拉汉果时,他说:“这首偈颂就是激励我证得阿拉汉果的钩子。”于是又诵出了那首偈颂。这首偈颂也就成了这位长老的证悟偈颂。因为他通过小屋教诫获得了殊胜的成就,所以就被称为“住小屋者”。
Arahatte pana patiṭṭhito ‘‘ayaṃ me arahattappattiyā aṅkusabhūtā’’ti tameva gāthaṃ paccudāhāsi. Sāyeva ca therassa aññābyākaraṇagāthā ahosi. Kuṭiovādena laddhavisesattā cassa kuṭivihārītveva samaññā ahosīti.
8. 喜人小屋长老偈的注释
8. Ramaṇīyakuṭikattheragāthāvaṇṇanā
“喜人的小屋”——这是喜人小屋长老的偈颂。他是怎么来的呢?据说,这位长老也是在莲华上佛世尊的时代种下善根,在天界和人间流转,到了距今十八百劫之前,在见义佛世尊的时代出生在一户人家。长大后,他把一个适合佛陀坐的座位供养给世尊,又用花供养世尊,五体投地礼拜,右绕之后离开。其余的事和安阇那林长老的故事里说的一样。不过有一点不同:据说他按前面说的方式出家,做完该做的准备工作后,住在跋耆国某个村子的住处,在一间小屋里。那间小屋非常美丽、悦目、庄严,墙壁和地面都修得很好,还有园林、池塘等宜人的景致,地面上铺着像珍珠网一样的细沙;又因为长老戒行圆满,庭院等地打扫得干干净净,就显得更加喜人了。他住在那里修观,不久就证得了阿拉汉果。因此,在《譬喻经》中这样说:
Ramaṇīyāme kuṭikāti āyasmato ramaṇīyakuṭikattherassa gāthā. Kā uppatti? Sopi kira padumuttarassa bhagavato kāle kusalabījaropanaṃ katvā devamanussesu saṃsaranto ito aṭṭhārasakappasatamatthake atthadassissa bhagavato kāle kulagehe nibbattitvā viññutaṃ patto buddhārahaṃ āsanaṃ bhagavato adāsi. Pupphehi ca bhagavantaṃ pūjetvā pañcapatiṭṭhitena vanditvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā pakkāmi. Sesaṃ añjanavaniyattherassa vatthumhi vuttasadisameva. Ayaṃ pana viseso – ayaṃ kira vuttanayena pabbajitvā katapubbakicco vajjiraṭṭhe aññatarasmiṃ gāmakāvāse kuṭikāyaṃ viharati, sā hoti kuṭikā abhirūpā dassanīyā pāsādikā suparikammakatabhittibhūmikā ārāmapokkharaṇirāmaṇeyyādisampannā muttājālasadisavālikākiṇṇabhūmibhāgā therassa ca vattasampannatāya susammaṭṭhaṅgaṇatādinā bhiyyosomattāya ramaṇīyatarā hutvā tiṭṭhati. So tattha viharanto vipassanaṃ paṭṭhapetvā nacirasseva arahatte patiṭṭhāsi. Tena vuttaṃ apadāne (apa. thera 1.11.47-52) –
走进森林和树林,那里声音很少,没有干扰。
我把狮子座布施给了那位见义者、如如者。
我拿起花环,向右绕行他之后;
我侍奉了导师之后,就朝北离开了。
“以彼业,两足尊、世间最胜者、人中牛王,
我让自己彻底寂止,一切“有”都已连根拔除。
那时,在十八百劫里,我所做的布施;
我不曾经历恶趣,此即狮子座之果报。
从今上溯七百劫,我乃证得寂灭之刹帝利;
具足七宝,具大威力的转轮王。
“我的烦恼已烧尽……(中略)……佛陀之教已奉行。”
‘‘Kānanaṃ vanamoggayha, appasaddaṃ nirākulaṃ; Sīhāsanaṃ mayā dinnaṃ, atthadassissa tādino. ‘‘Mālāhatthaṃ gahetvāna, katvā ca naṃ padakkhiṇaṃ; Satthāraṃ payirupāsitvā, pakkāmiṃ uttarāmukho. ‘‘Tena kammena dvipadinda, lokajeṭṭha narāsabha; Sannibbāpemi attānaṃ, bhavā sabbe samūhatā. ‘‘Aṭṭhārasakappasate, yaṃ dānamadadiṃ tadā; Duggatiṃ nābhijānāmi, sīhāsanassidaṃ phalaṃ. ‘‘Ito sattakappasate, sannibbāpakakhattiyo; Sattaratanasampanno, cakkavattī mahabbalo. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
长老证得阿拉汉果之后,仍然住在那里。因为那间小屋实在可爱,想参观精舍的人从各处赶来,就为了看看这间小屋。有一天,几个生性轻浮放荡的女人到了那里,看见小屋那么可爱,心里就打起了主意:“住在这儿的这位沙门,说不定能被我们勾引过来。”她们抱着这个目的说道:“尊者,您住的地方真可爱。我们也是容貌姣好,正处在青春年华呢。”说完就开始做出种种女人的媚态来引诱他。长老为了表明自己已经彻底离贪,说了这样一首偈颂:“我的小屋可爱,是信众以净信布施的,令人愉悦。”
Arahattaṃ pana patvā there tattha viharante kuṭikāya ramaṇīyabhāvato vihārapekkhakā manussā tato tato āgantvā kuṭiṃ passanti . Athekadivasaṃ katipayā dhuttajātikā itthiyo tattha gatā kuṭikāya ramaṇīyabhāvaṃ disvā, ‘‘ettha vasanto ayaṃ samaṇo siyā amhehi ākaḍḍhanīyahadayo’’ti adhippāyena – ‘‘ramaṇīyaṃ vo, bhante, vasanaṭṭhānaṃ. Mayampi ramaṇīyarūpā paṭhamayobbane ṭhitā’’ti vatvā itthikuttādīni dassetuṃ ārabhiṃsu. Thero attano vītarāgabhāvaṃ pakāsento ‘‘ramaṇīyā me kuṭikā, saddhādeyyā manoramā’’ti gāthaṃ abhāsi.
5858. 其中,“我的小屋可爱”:你们说“尊者,您的小屋可爱”,这是真的。我住的这间小屋可爱,样子让人喜欢。而它确实是信施——因为人们深信“把这样令人欢喜的东西布施给出家人,会得到这样的果报”,所以以信心和求法之心来布施,因此是信施,不是用钱财造出来的。凡是见到并受用这样布施的信施的人,心里都会欢喜,所以叫“令人愉悦”。正因为是信施,所以才令人愉悦。有信仰的人恭敬地备办好应施之物才布施;受用信施的善士,为了不辜负施主,也会具足正确的动机和意乐,不像你们想的那样动机和意乐败坏——这就是要表达的意思。“我对少女没有需求”:因为我对一切欲乐都已彻底转离了心,所以我对少女没有需求。就算是为了做净地之类的杂务,像我这样的人也用不着跟女人打交道,更不用说出于贪欲了,所以说“我对少女没有需求”。这里举“少女”为例,应当理解为泛指女人。对我这样的人,你们这样做是不合适的,你们已经犯了大错。为了说明“跟你们志同道合的人面前,这种行为才合适”,长老说:“你们这些女人,谁有需要就到那里去吧。”其中“谁”指对欲乐还没有离贪的人;“需要”指目的;“那里”指他们那里;“女人”是称呼语。听了这话,女人们羞愧难当,垂头丧气,沿着原路回去了。这里应当知道:长老用“我对少女没有需求”这句话,表明自己对欲乐无所需,从而宣告了阿拉汉果。
58. Tattha ramaṇīyā me kuṭikāti ‘‘ramaṇīyā te, bhante, kuṭikā’’ti yaṃ tumhehi vuttaṃ, taṃ saccaṃ. Ayaṃ mama vasanakuṭikā ramaṇīyā manuññarūpā, sā ca kho saddhādeyyā, ‘‘evarūpāya manāpaṃ katvā pabbajitānaṃ dinnāya idaṃ nāma phalaṃ hotī’’ti kammaphalāni saddahitvā saddhāya dhammacchandena dātabbattā saddhādeyyā, na dhanena nibbattitā. Sayañca tathādinnāni saddhādeyyāni passantānaṃ paribhuñjantānañca mano rametīti manoramā. Saddhādeyyattā eva hi manoramā, saddhādīhi deyyadhammaṃ sakkaccaṃ abhisaṅkharitvā denti, saddhādeyyañca paribhuñjantā sappurisā dāyakassa avisaṃvādanatthampi payogāsayasampannā honti, na tumhehi cintitākārena payogāsayavipannāti adhippāyo. Na me attho kumārīhīti yasmā sabbaso kāmehi vinivattitamānaso ahaṃ, tasmā na me attho kumārīhi. Kappiyakārakakammavasenapi hi mādisānaṃ itthīhi payojanaṃ nāma natthi, pageva rāgavasena, tasmā na me attho kumārīhīti. Kumāriggahaṇañcettha upalakkhaṇaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Mādisassa nāma santike evaṃ paṭipajjāhīti ayuttakārinīhi yāva aparaddhañca tumhehi samānajjhāsayānaṃ purato ayaṃ kiriyā sobheyyāti dassento āha ‘‘yesaṃ attho tahiṃ gacchatha nāriyo’’ti. Tattha yesanti kāmesu avītarāgānaṃ. Atthoti payojanaṃ. Tahinti tattha tesaṃ santikaṃ. Nāriyoti ālapanaṃ. Taṃ sutvā itthiyo maṅkubhūtā pattakkhandhā āgatamaggeneva gatā. Ettha ca ‘‘na me attho kumārīhī’’ti kāmehi anatthikabhāvavacaneneva therena arahattaṃ byākatanti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
9. 憍萨罗住长老偈颂注释
9. Kosalavihārittheragāthāvaṇṇanā
“我因为信心而出家”——这是憍萨罗住长老的偈颂。这件事的由来是什么?据说,这位长老在莲华上佛的时代就种下了善根,做了种种福德善业。其余部分和安阇那林长老的故事一样。但有一点不同:这位长老按前面说的方式出家,做完该做的准备工作后,在憍萨罗国的某个村子里,依靠一户男居士家,住在林中。那位男居士看见他住在树下,就为他建了一座小屋,供养给他。长老住在小屋里,因为住处合适而得到定,精勤修观,不久就证得了阿拉汉果。因此,在《譬喻》中这样说——
Saddhāyāhaṃpabbajitoti āyasmato kosalavihārittherassa gāthā. Kā uppatti? Ayampi kira padumuttarassa bhagavato kāle kusalabījaṃ ropetvā taṃ taṃ puññaṃ akāsi. Sesaṃ añjanavaniyattheravatthusadisameva. Ayaṃ pana viseso – ayaṃ kira vuttanayena pabbajitvā katapubbakicco kosalaraṭṭhe aññatarasmiṃ gāme ekaṃ upāsakakulaṃ nissāya araññe viharati, taṃ so upāsako rukkhamūle vasantaṃ disvā kuṭikaṃ kāretvā adāsi. Thero kuṭikāyaṃ viharanto āvāsasappāyena samādhānaṃ labhitvā vipassanaṃ ussukkāpetvā nacirasseva arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tena vuttaṃ apadāne (apa. thera 1.11.53-61) –
我住在离雪山不远的地方,住在树叶铺成的住处。
那时我贪著于物质供养,又习惯躺卧。
掘取薯蓣与嫩芦,以及毕拉利、塔迦罗;
野枣、婆勒娑迦果、木苹果,采来整治停当。
“莲华上佛,世间解,诸供养之受纳者;
他知道了我的心思,就来到我面前。
已经来到的大龙象,是天中之天,人中最尊贵者;
我拿起慈菇,放进钵里。
那位大雄勇者当时享用了它,让我满心欢喜。
享用完之后,那位全知者说出了这首偈颂:
你净化了自己的心,把芋头施给了我。
在十万劫里,你都不会投生到恶趣。
我这是最后一次受生,一切“有”都已被彻底铲除。
我在这正自觉者的教法里,保持着这最后的身躯。
在第五十四劫时,有一位名叫苏梅卡利亚的人;
具足七宝,具大威力的转轮王。
“我的烦恼已烧尽……(中略)……佛陀之教已奉行。”
‘‘Himavantassāvidūre, vasāmi paṇṇasanthare; Ghāsesu gedhamāpanno, seyyasīlo cahaṃ tadā. ‘‘Khaṇantālukalambāni , biḷālitakkalāni ca; Kolaṃ bhallātakaṃ billaṃ, āhatvā paṭiyāditaṃ. ‘‘Padumuttaro lokavidū, āhutīnaṃ paṭiggaho; Mama saṅkappamaññāya, āgacchi mama santikaṃ. ‘‘Upāgataṃ mahānāgaṃ, devadevaṃ narāsabhaṃ; Biḷāliṃ paggahetvāna, pattamhi okiriṃ ahaṃ. ‘‘Paribhuñji mahāvīro, tosayanto mamaṃ tadā; Paribhuñjitvāna sabbaññū, imaṃ gāthaṃ abhāsatha. ‘‘Sakaṃ cittaṃ pasādetvā, biḷāliṃ me adā tuvaṃ; Kappānaṃ satasahassaṃ, duggatiṃ nupapajjasi. ‘‘Carimaṃ vattate mayhaṃ, bhavā sabbe samūhatā; Dhāremi antimaṃ dehaṃ, sammāsambuddhasāsane. ‘‘Catupaññāsito kappe, sumekhaliya savhayo; Sattaratanasampanno, cakkavattī mahabbalo. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
证得阿拉汉果之后,他因体验解脱之乐而生起强烈的喜悦,于是发出感叹,诵出“我因信心而出家”这首偈颂。
Arahattaṃ pana patvā vimuttisukhappaṭisaṃvedanena uppannapītivegena udānento ‘‘saddhāyāhaṃ pabbajito’’ti gāthaṃ abhāsi.
59那时,他是因为见到世尊前往毗舍离时展现的威神力,生起了这样的信心:“这个教法必定是唯一能导向解脱的,因此,我依着这样的修行,一定能从老死中解脱。”就是由于这样生起的信心,他出家了,完成了出家。“我在林中搭了小屋”:这是说,按照出家的身份,住在林中的我搭了小屋;也就是说,他显示自己成了与出家相称的林居者,独自住在僻静处。因此他说“不放逸、热诚、正知、具念”。意思是:依靠住在林中获得的身远离,他努力保持觉醒;因为正念不丢失,所以不放逸;因为持续精进,所以热诚;由于圆满了前行阶段的正念与正知,使观智增长,又因为证得阿拉汉果,使智慧与正念达到圆满,所以究竟而言,他安住在正知与具念中。对他不放逸等功德的这种称扬,就成了他的无问自说。又因为他长期住在憍萨罗国,所以被称为“憍萨罗住者”。
59. Tattha saddhāyāti bhagavato vesāliṃ upagamane ānubhāvaṃ disvā, ‘‘ekantaniyyānikaṃ idaṃ sāsanaṃ, tasmā addhā imāya paṭipattiyā jarāmaraṇato muccissāmī’’ti uppannasaddhāvasena pabbajito pabbajjaṃ upagato. Araññe me kuṭikā katāti tassā pabbajjāya anurūpavasena araññe vasato me kuṭikā katā, pabbajjānurūpaṃ āraññako hutvā vūpakaṭṭho viharāmīti dasseti. Tenāha ‘‘appamatto ca ātāpī, sampajāno patissato’’ti. Araññavāsaladdhena kāyavivekena jāgariyaṃ anuyuñjanto tattha satiyā avippavāsena appamatto, āraddhavīriyatāya ātāpī, pubbabhāgiyasatisampajaññapāripūriyā vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā arahattādhigamena paññāsativepullappattiyā accantameva sampajāno patissato viharāmīti attho. Appamattabhāvādikittane cassa idameva aññābyākaraṇaṃ ahosi kosalaraṭṭhe ciranivāsibhāvena pana kosalavihārīti samaññā jātāti.
10. 希瓦利长老偈注疏
10. Sīvalittheragāthāvaṇṇanā
这些思愿都已实现——这是尊者希瓦利长老的偈颂。它的起因是什么呢?这位善男子在莲华上佛的时代,也像前面所说的那样,来到精舍,站在人群边上听法。他看到世尊把一位比丘安立为受利养第一的位置,就想:未来我也应该成为这样的比丘。于是他邀请具足十力的世尊,对世尊和比丘僧团作了七天大供养,然后发愿说:世尊,我以这善业功德,不求别的什么成就,只愿在未来某位佛陀的教法中,我也能像那位被您安立为第一的比丘一样,成为受利养第一的人。世尊看出这愿没有障碍,就授记说:你这个愿,未来会在乔达摩佛面前实现。说完就离开了。这位善男子终生行善,在天界和人间流转,后来在毘婆尸佛的时代,在槃头摩帝城附近的一个村子里投生。那时候,槃头摩帝城的居民和国王商量好,一起供养十力佛。有一天,大家聚在一起供养时,没有看见蜂蜜和糖酪,便想:我们的布施门径里是不是缺了什么?他们想:无论从哪里,我们都要取来。于是派了一个人守在从乡间进城的路上。那时,这位善男子从自己村里拿了一罐糖酪,想:我要取来点什么。他正想找个地方洗手洗脚再进城,四处张望时,看见一处有犁头那么大、干干净净没有苍蝇的野生蜂蜜,心想:这是我凭福德感得的。就取了它,进了城。城里派去的那个人看见他,就问:喂,朋友,你拿这个是要给谁的?他说:先生,不是给谁的,我是拿来卖的。那人说:那这样,你拿这一枚钱币,把这蜂蜜和糖酪给我吧。他心想:这东西不值多少钱,这人却一开口就给这么多,值得试探一下。于是对那人说:一枚钱币我不卖。那人说:那就拿两枚,给我吧。他说:两枚我也不卖。就这样一步步往上加,一直加到一千。
Teme ijjhiṃsu saṅkappāti āyasmato sīvalittherassa gāthā. Kā uppatti? Ayampi padumuttarassa bhagavato kāle heṭṭhā vuttanayena vihāraṃ gantvā parisapariyante ṭhito dhammaṃ suṇanto satthāraṃ ekaṃ bhikkhuṃ lābhīnaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā ‘‘mayāpi anāgate evarūpena bhavituṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti dasabalaṃ nimantetvā sattāhaṃ satthu bhikkhusaṅghassa ca mahādānaṃ datvā ‘‘bhagavā ahaṃ iminā adhikārakammena aññaṃ sampattiṃ na patthemi, anāgate pana ekabuddhassa sāsane ahampi tumhehi so etadagge ṭhapitabhikkhu viya lābhīnaṃ aggo bhaveyya’’nti patthanaṃ akāsi. Satthā anantarāyaṃ disvā – ‘‘ayaṃ te patthanā anāgate gotamabuddhassa santike samijjhissatī’’ti byākaritvā pakkāmi. Sopi kulaputto yāvajīvaṃ kusalaṃ katvā devamanussesu saṃsaranto vipassībuddhakāle bandhumatīnagarato avidūre ekasmiṃ gāmake paṭisandhiṃ gaṇhi. Tasmiṃ samaye bandhumatīnagaravāsino raññā saddhiṃ sākacchitvā dasabalassa dānaṃ denti. Te ekadivasaṃ sabbeva ekato hutvā dānaṃ dentā ‘‘kiṃ nu kho amhākaṃ dānamukhe natthī’’ti (a. ni. aṭṭha. 1.1.207) madhuñca guḷadadhiñca na addasaṃsu. Te ‘‘yato kutoci āharissāmā’’ti janapadato nagarapavisanamagge purisaṃ ṭhapesuṃ. Tadā esa kulaputto attano gāmato guḷadadhivārakaṃ gahetvā, ‘‘kiñcideva āharissāmī’’ti nagaraṃ gacchanto, ‘‘mukhaṃ dhovitvā dhotahatthapādo pavisissāmī’’ti phāsukaṭṭhānaṃ olokento naṅgalasīsamattaṃ nimmakkhikaṃ daṇḍakamadhuṃ disvā ‘‘puññena me idaṃ uppanna’’nti gahetvā nagaraṃ pāvisi. Nāgarehi ṭhapitapuriso taṃ disvā, ‘‘bho purisa, kassimaṃ āharasī’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Na kassaci, sāmi, vikkiṇituṃ pana me idaṃ ābhata’’nti. ‘‘Tena hi, bho, idaṃ kahāpaṇaṃ gahetvā etaṃ madhuñca guḷadadhiñca dehī’’ti. So cintesi – ‘‘idaṃ na bahumūlaṃ, ayañca ekappahāreneva bahuṃ deti, vīmaṃsituṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti. Tato naṃ ‘‘nāhaṃ ekena kahāpaṇena demī’’ti āha. ‘‘Yadi evaṃ dve gahetvā dehī’’ti. ‘‘Dvīhipi na demī’’ti. Etenupāyena vaḍḍhetvā sahassaṃ pāpuṇi.
他心里想:不能再抬价了,先问问他要拿这东西做什么。于是问那个人:这东西值不了多少钱,你却出这么多,你拿它去做什么用?那人说:朋友,这城里的居民跟国王闹翻以后,正在给十力毗婆尸佛供斋,他们在供品里没看到蜜和糖酪这两样,正到处找。要是找不到这两样,城民们就会输掉,所以我凑到一千来买。他问:这东西只对城民有用吗?不能供养别人吗?那人说:不管是谁,都可以供养。他问:那有没有人能在城民供斋那天,一天之内布施一千?那人答:没有,先生。他又问:你知道这两样东西值一千吗?那人答:是的,我知道。于是他说:那你回去告诉城民们,有一个人不肯把这两样东西卖钱,情愿亲手供养,你们不用再为得到这两样东西发愁了。你要亲自为我作证,证明我在这供养中占首位。他自己用当作路费的钱买了五辛,磨成粉末,从酪里取出酸浆,把蜜块挤碎放进去,再拌上五辛粉末,放在一片莲花叶上整理好,拿着它来到离十力佛不远的地方坐下。他一边看着大众献供的盛况,一边盯着自己供养的时机。等到机会来了,他走到世尊跟前说:世尊,这是潦倒之人献上的一点薄礼,请您慈悯,为我接受。世尊出于慈悯,用四大天王所献的石钵接受了,并加持使这份供养即使分给六百八十万比丘也不会用完。这位善男子等斋事结束,礼敬世尊后站在一旁说:世尊,今天我看到槃头摩帝城的居民向您献供的盛况。愿我以此业的果报,在每一次投生之处,都能成为利养和恭敬最多的人。世尊说:愿如此,善男子。然后为他和城民们作了饭后随喜说法,就离开了。
So cintesi – ‘‘ativaḍḍhituṃ na vaṭṭati, hotu tāva iminā kattabbakiccaṃ pucchissāmī’’ti. Atha naṃ āha – ‘‘idaṃ na bahuṃ agghanakaṃ, tvañca bahuṃ desi, kena kammena idaṃ gaṇhāsī’’ti. ‘‘Idha, bho, nagaravāsino raññā saddhiṃ paṭivirujjhitvā vipassīdasabalassa dānaṃ dentā idaṃ dvayaṃ dānamukhe apassantā pariyesanti, sace idaṃ dvayaṃ na labhissanti, nāgarānaṃ parājayo bhavissati, tasmā sahassaṃ katvā gaṇhāmī’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ panetaṃ nāgarānameva vaṭṭati, aññesaṃ dātuṃ na vaṭṭatī’’ti. ‘‘Yassa kassaci dātuṃ avāritameta’’nti. ‘‘Atthi pana koci nāgarānaṃ dāne ekadivasaṃ sahassaṃ dātā’’ti? ‘‘Natthi, sammā’’ti. ‘‘Imesaṃ pana dvinnaṃ sahassagghanakabhāvaṃ jānāsī’’ti? ‘‘Āma, jānāmī’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi gaccha, nāgarānaṃ ācikkha ‘eko puriso imāni dve mūlena na deti sahattheneva dātukāmo, tumhe imesaṃ dvinnaṃ kāraṇā nibbitakkā hothā’ti, tvaṃ pana me imasmiṃ dānamukhe jeṭṭhakabhāvassa kāyasakkhī hohī’’ti. So paribbayatthaṃ gahitamāsakena pañcakaṭukaṃ gahetvā cuṇṇaṃ katvā dadhito kañjiyaṃ gahetvā tattha madhupaṭalaṃ pīḷetvā pañcakaṭukacuṇṇena yojetvā ekasmiṃ paduminipatte pakkhipitvā taṃ saṃvidahitvā ādāya dasabalassa avidūraṭṭhāne nisīdi mahājanena āhariyamānassa sakkārassa avidūre attano pattavāraṃ olokayamāno, so okāsaṃ ñatvā satthu santikaṃ gantvā bhagavā ayaṃ uppannaduggatapaṇṇākāro, imaṃ me anukampaṃ paṭicca paṭiggaṇhathāti. Satthā tassa anukampaṃ paṭicca catumahārājadattiyena selamayapattena taṃ paṭiggahetvā yathā aṭṭhasaṭṭhiyā bhikkhusatasahassassa diyyamānaṃ na khīyati, evaṃ adhiṭṭhāsi. So kulaputto niṭṭhitabhattakiccaṃ bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ ṭhito āha – ‘‘diṭṭho me, bhagavā, ajja bandhumatīnagaravāsikehi tumhākaṃ sakkāro āhariyamāno, ahampi imassa kammassa nissandena nibbattanibbattabhave lābhaggayasaggappatto bhaveyya’’nti (a. ni. aṭṭha. 1.1.207). Satthā, ‘‘evaṃ hotu, kulaputtā’’ti vatvā tassa ca nagaravāsīnañca bhattānumodanaṃ katvā pakkāmi.
这位良家子也是终生行善,在天界与人间流转,到了这尊佛出世的时候,投生在苏波瓦萨公主的胎中。从入胎那一刻起,每天早晚都有成百车的礼物用车子运到苏波瓦萨面前。为了检验她的福德,人们让她用手去碰种子篮,每一粒种子都能长出百株乃至千株;每一块粪肥田里能长出五十车、六十车那么多的庄稼。到了装满仓库的时候,人们让她用手碰仓库门,因为公主的福德,被取走的地方又会重新满起来。即使是一只已经盛满饭的碗,只要人们说“这是公主的福德”,再布施给任何人,并且不把碗撤走,饭就不会耗尽。孩子还在母胎里的时候,就已经过了七年。
Sopi kulaputto yāvajīvaṃ kusalaṃ katvā devamanussesu saṃsaranto imasmiṃ buddhuppāde suppavāsāya rājadhītāya kucchimhi paṭisandhiṃ gaṇhi. Paṭisandhiggahaṇato paṭṭhāya sāyaṃ pātañca paṇṇākārasatāni sakaṭenādāya suppavāsāya upanīyanti. Atha naṃ puññavīmaṃsanatthaṃ hatthena bījapacchiṃ phusāpenti. Ekekabījato salākasatampi salākasahassampi niggacchati. Ekekakarīsakhette paṇṇāsampi saṭṭhipi sakaṭappamāṇāni uppajjanti. Koṭṭhe pūraṇakālepi koṭṭhadvāraṃ hatthena phusāpenti. Rājadhītāya puññena gaṇhantānaṃ gahitagahitaṭṭhānaṃ puna pūrati. Paripuṇṇabhattabhājanatopi ‘‘rājadhītāya puñña’’nti vatvā yassa kassaci dentānaṃ yāva na ukkaḍḍhanti, na tāva bhattaṃ khīyati, dārake kucchigateyeva sattavassāni atikkamiṃsu.
苏波瓦萨在胎儿足月时,整整七天经受了巨大的痛苦。她叫来丈夫,对他说:“我想在死之前,趁还活着的时候做布施。”于是派他去导师那里,交代说:“你去把这件事禀告导师,并邀请导师。导师说的每一句话,你都要好好记住,回来告诉我。”他就去了,把她的口信禀告给世尊。导师说:“愿拘利族女苏波瓦萨快乐、无病,生下无病的儿子。”国王听了之后,礼敬世尊,便朝自己的村子出发。还没等他回来,胎儿就已经从苏波瓦萨的腹中出来了,就像水从水罐里倒出来一样顺畅。原本围坐在旁边、满脸泪水的人们,一下子笑了起来,满心欢喜的众人赶紧去给国王报信。
Gabbhe pana paripakke sattāhaṃ mahādukkhaṃ anubhosi. Sā sāmikaṃ āmantetvā, ‘‘pure maraṇā jīvamānāva dānaṃ dassāmī’’ti satthu santikaṃ pesesi – ‘‘gaccha, imaṃ pavattiṃ satthu ārocetvā satthāraṃ nimantehi, yañca satthā vadeti, taṃ sādhukaṃ upalakkhetvā āgantvā mayhaṃ kathehī’’ti. So gantvā tassā sāsanaṃ bhagavato ārocesi. Satthā, ‘‘sukhinī hotu suppavāsā koliyadhītā arogā, arogaṃ puttaṃ vijāyatū’’ti (udā. 18) āha. Rājā taṃ sutvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā attano gāmābhimukho pāyāsi. Tassa pure āgamanāyeva suppavāsāya kucchito dhamakaraṇā udakaṃ viya gabbho nikkhami, parivāretvā nisinnajano assumukhova hasituṃ āraddho tuṭṭhapahaṭṭho mahājano rañño sāsanaṃ ārocetuṃ agamāsi.
国王一看到他们走来,就心想:“看来十力所说的话将会实现。”他走过去,把世尊的指示禀告给王女。王女说:“你所邀请供养的那份活命饭食,就会成为吉祥饭食。去吧,去邀请十力接受七日供养。”国王照办了。连续七天,向以佛陀为首的僧团做了大布施。这孩子一出生,就平息了所有亲属焦灼的心,于是大家给他取名叫“希瓦利童子”。因为他在母胎里住了七年,从出生那天起就能胜任一切劳作。法将舍利弗尊者在第七天和他交谈。世尊也在《法句》中说了这首偈——
Rājā tesaṃ āgamanaṃ disvāva, ‘‘dasabalena kathitakathā nipphannā bhavissati maññe’’ti cintesi. So āgantvā satthu sāsanaṃ rājadhītāya ārocesi. Rājadhītā tayā nimantitaṃ jīvitabhattameva maṅgalabhattaṃ bhavissati, gaccha sattāhaṃ dasabalaṃ nimantehīti. Rājā tathā akāsi. Sattāhaṃ buddhappamukhassa saṅghassa mahādānaṃ pavattayiṃsu. Dārako sabbesaṃ ñātīnaṃ santattaṃ cittaṃ nibbāpento jātoti sīvalidārakotvevassa nāmaṃ akaṃsu. So sattavassāni gabbhe vasitattā jātakālato paṭṭhāya sabbakammakkhamo ahosi. Dhammasenāpati sāriputto sattame divase tena saddhiṃ kathāsallāpaṃ akāsi. Satthāpi dhammapade gāthaṃ abhāsi –
“他越过了这片泥沼、难行的险道、轮回和愚痴。
已渡越到彼岸的禅修者,没有摇动,没有疑惑。
不执取而寂灭的人,我说他就是婆罗门。”
‘‘Yomaṃ palipathaṃ duggaṃ, saṃsāraṃ mohamaccagā; Tiṇṇo pāraṅgato jhāyī, anejo akathaṃkathī; Anupādāya nibbuto, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇa’’nti. (dha. pa. 414);
这时,长老对他说:“你既然已经受了这样的苦堆,难道还不该出家吗?”他说:“尊者,如果能得到允许,我就出家。”苏波瓦萨看见儿子正在和长老谈话,心想:“我的儿子在和法将谈什么呢?”就走近长老问道:“尊者,我儿子和您谈什么?”长老说:“他讲了自己在胎里所受的苦,还说:‘只要你们同意,我就出家。’”她说:“善哉,尊者,请让他出家吧。”长老把他带到精舍,给了他“发、毛、爪、齿、皮”(以皮为第五)的业处,为他剃度时说:“希瓦利,你不需要别人再教什么了,只要回顾你七年里所受的苦就够了。”他说:“尊者,剃度本来就是你们的责任,至于我能做什么,我自己知道。”他在第一撮头发被剃落时,就证得了入流果;第二撮剃落时,证得一来果;第三撮剃落时,证得不来果;而在所有头发剃完的同时,他也证得了阿拉汉果,两者不分先后,同时完成。从他出家那天起,比丘僧团的四种资具就随其所需而出现。这件事的因缘故事就是这样发生的。
Atha naṃ thero evamāha – ‘‘kiṃ pana tayā evarūpaṃ dukkharāsiṃ anubhavitvā pabbajituṃ na vaṭṭatī’’ti? ‘‘Labhamāno pabbajeyyaṃ, bhante’’ti. Suppavāsā naṃ dārakaṃ therena saddhiṃ kathentaṃ disvā ‘‘kiṃ nu kho me putto dhammasenāpatinā saddhiṃ kathetī’’ti theraṃ upasaṅkamitvā pucchi – ‘‘mayhaṃ putto tumhehi saddhiṃ kiṃ katheti, bhante’’ti? ‘‘Attanā anubhūtaṃ gabbhavāsadukkhaṃ kathetvā, ‘tumhehi anuññāto pabbajissāmī’ti vadatī’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu , bhante, pabbājetha na’’nti. Thero taṃ vihāraṃ netvā tacapañcakakammaṭṭhānaṃ datvā pabbājento ‘‘sīvali, na tuyhaṃ aññena ovādena kammaṃ atthi, tayā satta vassāni anubhūtadukkhameva paccavekkhāhī’’ti. ‘‘Bhante, pabbājanameva tumhākaṃ bhāro, yaṃ pana mayā kātuṃ sakkā, tamahaṃ jānissāmī’’ti. So pana paṭhamakesavaṭṭiyā ohāraṇakkhaṇeyeva sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhāsi, dutiyāya ohāraṇakkhaṇe sakadāgāmiphale, tatiyāya anāgāmiphale sabbesaṃyeva pana kesānaṃ oropanañca arahattasacchikiriyā ca apacchā apurimā ahosi. Tassa pabbajitadivasato paṭṭhāya bhikkhusaṅghassa cattāro paccayā yāvaticchakaṃ uppajjanti. Evaṃ ettha vatthu samuṭṭhitaṃ.
后来,导师前往舍卫城。长老礼敬导师后,说道:“尊者,我要检验自己的福德,请给我五百位比丘。”“希瓦利,带他们去吧。”于是他带着五百位比丘,朝雪山方向走去,走上一条林间道路。他最先见到的那棵尼拘陀树上住着一位天神,这位天神连续七天作了供养。就这样,他——
Aparabhāge satthā sāvatthiṃ agamāsi. Thero satthāraṃ abhivādetvā, ‘‘bhante, mayhaṃ puññaṃ vīmaṃsissāmi, pañca me bhikkhusatāni dethā’’ti āha. ‘‘Gaṇha sīvalī’’ti. So pañcasate bhikkhū gahetvā himavantābhimukhaṃ gacchanto aṭavimaggaṃ gacchati, tassa paṭhamaṃ diṭṭhanigrodhe adhivatthā devatā sattadivasāni dānaṃ adāsi. Iti so –
初见榕树,次见般荼婆山;
三见阿致罗筏底河,四见瓦拉萨加拉湖。
“第五,他前往雪山;第六,他到了六牙池。
第七,香醉山;第八,则是离婆多。”
‘‘Nigrodhaṃ paṭhamaṃ passi, dutiyaṃ paṇḍavapabbataṃ; Tatiyaṃ aciravatiyaṃ, catutthaṃ varasāgaraṃ. ‘‘Pañcamaṃ himavantaṃ so, chaṭṭhaṃ chaddantupāgami; Sattamaṃ gandhamādanaṃ, aṭṭhamaṃ atha revata’’nti.
他们在所有地方都整整供养了七天。不过在香醉山上,有一位名叫龙施的天王,在七天当中,有一天供养了乳粥,有一天供养了酥油粥。比丘僧团问:“这位天王这里,既看不到母牛被挤奶,也看不到在搅拌酸奶,大王,这些是从哪里来的呢?”天王回答:“尊者,这是我在迦叶佛时代供养乳粥的果报。”后来,世尊以佉提罗林离婆多尊者前来迎接这件事作为八种胜利的因缘,把这位长老安立在自己教法中利养第一、声誉第一的最高位置。
Sabbaṭṭhānesu satta satta divasāneva dānaṃ adaṃsu. Gandhamādanapabbate pana nāgadattadevarājā nāma sattasu divasesu ekadivase khīrapiṇḍapātaṃ adāsi, ekadivase sappipiṇḍapātaṃ. Bhikkhusaṅgho āha – ‘‘imassa devarañño neva dhenuyo duyhamānā paññāyanti, na dadhinimmathanaṃ , kuto te devarāja idaṃ uppajjatī’’ti. ‘‘Bhante kassapadasabalassa kāle khīrasalākabhattadānassetaṃ phala’’nti devarājā āha. Aparabhāge satthā khadiravaniyarevatassa paccuggamanaṃ aṭṭhuppattiṃ katvā theraṃ attano sāsane lābhaggayasaggappattānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesi.
这位长老虽然已经获得了利养第一和声誉第一,但关于他证得阿拉汉果这件事,有些老师是这样说的:“按照前面所说的方式,法将(舍利弗)给出教诫之后,他心想‘凡是我能做到的,我自己会知道’,于是出家,受持观业处。就在那一天,他看到一间僻静的小茅屋,走进去后,回忆起自己在母胎中七年亲身经历的痛苦。顺着这份忆念,他观察过去和未来的苦,三界在他面前就像燃烧起来一样显现。因为智慧已经成熟,他进入了观的进程,当下就顺着道的次第断尽了一切烦恼,证得了阿拉汉果。”不管哪种说法,都说明了这位长老证得阿拉汉果。这位长老具足四无碍解和六神通。因此《譬喻经》中说:
Evaṃ lābhaggayasaggappattassa pana imassa therassa arahattappattiṃ ekacce ācariyā evaṃ vadanti – ‘‘heṭṭhā vuttanayena dhammasenāpatinā ovāde dinne yaṃ mayā kātuṃ sakkā, tamahaṃ jānissāmīti pabbajitvā vipassanākammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā taṃ divasaṃyeva aññataraṃ vivittaṃ kuṭikaṃ disvā taṃ pavisitvā mātukucchismiṃ satta vassāni attanā anubhūtaṃ dukkhaṃ anussaritvā tadanusārena atītānāgate tassa avekkhantassa ādittā viya tayo bhavā upaṭṭhahiṃsu. Ñāṇassa paripākaṃ gatattā vipassanāvīthiṃ otari, tāvadeva maggappaṭipāṭiyā sabbepi āsave khepento arahattaṃ pāpuṇī’’ti. Ubhayathāpi therassa arahattappattiyeva pakāsitā. Thero pana pabhinnapaṭisambhido chaḷabhiñño ahosi. Tena vuttaṃ apadāne (apa. thera 1.12.31-39) –
那时我叫婆楼那,是一位天王。
我驾驭着配齐马具、力量强大的车乘,侍奉正自觉者。
当世间怙主、人中最殊胜的见义者般涅槃时,
我带上所有乐器,前往那无上的菩提树。
我带着乐器演奏和舞蹈,心专注在铜锣的节拍上;
就像正自觉者亲自出现在眼前一样,我供养了这无上的菩提树。
恭敬地供奉了那棵生长在大地上的菩提树之后,
结跏趺坐之后,我便于该处舍寿。
我对自己的业感到欢喜,对无上菩提生起净信;
“以那心的净信,我投生于化乐天。
我的三种火已经熄灭,一切存在都被彻底根除;
我于正自觉者的教法中,持此最后身。
曾有三十四位名叫须婆呼的刹帝利;
他们具足七宝,那是距今五百劫之前。
“我的烦恼已烧尽……(中略)……佛陀之教已奉行。”
‘‘Varuṇo nāma nāmena, devarājā ahaṃ tadā; Upaṭṭhahesiṃ sambuddhaṃ, sayoggabalavāhano. ‘‘Nibbute lokanāthamhi, atthadassīnaruttame; Tūriyaṃ sabbamādāya, agamaṃ bodhimuttamaṃ. ‘‘Vāditena ca naccena, sammatāḷasamāhito; Sammukhā viya sambuddhaṃ, upaṭṭhiṃ bodhimuttamaṃ. ‘‘Upaṭṭhahitvā taṃ bodhiṃ, dharaṇīruhapādapaṃ; Pallaṅkaṃ ābhujitvāna, tattha kālaṅkato ahaṃ. ‘‘Sakakammābhiraddhohaṃ, pasanno bodhimuttame; Tena cittappasādena, nimmānaṃ upapajjahaṃ. ‘‘Saṭṭhitūriyasahassāni, parivārenti maṃ sadā; Manussesu ca devesu, vattamānaṃ bhavābhave. ‘‘Tividhaggī nibbutā mayhaṃ, bhavā sabbe samūhatā; Dhāremi antimaṃ dehaṃ, sammāsambuddhasāsane. ‘‘Subāhū nāma nāmena, catuttiṃsāsu khattiyā; Sattaratanasampannā, pañcakappasate ito. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
证得阿拉汉果之后,他沉浸在解脱之乐的体验中,内心涌起一阵喜悦,便以偈颂抒发心声:我的心愿都已实现了。
Arahattaṃ pana patvā vimuttisukhapaṭisaṃvedanena pītivegena udānento ‘‘te me ijjhiṃsu saṅkappā’’ti gāthaṃ abhāsi.
60那时,我的那些心愿都实现了:我进入小屋,就是为了证得明与解脱。过去我一直这样希求:那些能彻底断除欲贪思惟等的出离思惟等,即“我什么时候才能证入并安住于圣者们如今所证入安住的境界呢?”对于这种以解脱为意趣、以解脱为目标的思惟和心愿,我常常精勤不放逸。为了达成这些心愿,我进入小屋、进入空寂之处,修观求证三明和果解脱。我的那些心愿如今全都实现了、圆满了,善的思惟已经达成,所愿已经圆满。为了显示这些心愿的成就,所以说“舍弃了慢随眠”。正因为舍弃了慢随眠、彻底断除了它,我的那些心愿才得以成就——应当这样连接理解。因为慢随眠一旦被断除,就不再有未断的随眠,而且阿拉汉果也已经证得,所以这里以断除慢随眠作为前述心愿成就的原因来说。
60. Tattha te me ijjhiṃsu saṅkappā, yadattho pāvisiṃ kuṭiṃ, vijjāvimuttiṃ paccesanti ye pubbe mayā kāmasaṅkappādīnaṃ samucchedakarā nekkhammasaṅkappādayo abhipatthitāyeva ‘‘kadā nu khvāhaṃ tadāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharissāmi, yadariyā etarahi upasampajja viharantī’’ti, vimuttādhippāyasaññitā vimuttiṃ uddissa saṅkappā manorathā abhiṇhaso appamattā yadattho yaṃpayojano yesaṃ nipphādanatthaṃ kuṭiṃ suññāgāraṃ vipassituṃ pāvisiṃ tisso vijjā phalavimuttiñca paccesanto, gavesanto te me ijjhiṃsu te sabbeva idāni mayhaṃ ijjhiṃsu samijjhiṃsu, nipphannakusalasaṅkappo paripuṇṇamanoratho jātoti attho. Tesaṃ samiddhabhāvaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘mānānusayamujjaha’’nti vuttaṃ. Yasmā mānānusayamujjahaṃ pajahiṃ samucchindiṃ, tasmā te me saṅkappā ijjhiṃsūti yojanā. Mānānusaye hi pahīne appahīno nāma anusayo natthi, arahattañca adhigatameva hotīti mānānusayappahānaṃ yathāvuttasaṅkappasamiddhiyā kāraṇaṃ katvā vuttaṃ.