9. 宝品·1. 内宫学处
5. 波逸提篇 · 156 段
1. 内宫学处
1. Antepurasikkhāpadaṃ
494那时,佛陀世尊住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。当时,憍萨罗王波斯匿命令园丁:“伙计,去把园子清理干净。我要去园林了。” 园丁回答:“遵命,陛下。” 之后,园丁在清理园林时,看到世尊坐在某棵树下。看到后,他就去见憍萨罗王波斯匿,禀报说:“陛下,园林已经清理干净。不过,世尊正坐在那里。” 国王说:“没关系,我正要去拜见世尊。” 于是憍萨罗王波斯匿前往园林,来到世尊处。那时,有位在家居士正亲近世尊坐着。憍萨罗王波斯匿看到那位居士如此亲近世尊,心中恐惧地站住了。随后国王心想:“这人能这样亲近世尊,应该不是坏人。” 于是他便上前,顶礼世尊后坐在一边。而那位居士出于对世尊的极度尊重,没有向国王顶礼,也没有起身。憍萨罗王波斯匿因此心生不悦:“怎么这个人见到我来,既不顶礼也不起身!” 世尊知道国王心中不悦,便对憍萨罗王波斯匿说:“大王,这位居士多闻通达教法,对于欲乐已经离欲。” 国王听后心想:“这位居士绝不可能是泛泛之辈,连世尊都在赞叹他。” 于是便对那位居士说:“居士,您有什么需要,尽管说。” 居士答道:“好的,陛下。” 接着,世尊以法语教导、激励、鼓舞憍萨罗王波斯匿,令他欢喜。憍萨罗王波斯匿受到世尊的法语教导、激励、鼓舞而欢喜后,从座位起身,顶礼世尊,右绕之后离去。
Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena rājā pasenadi kosalo uyyānapālaṃ āṇāpesi – ‘‘gaccha, bhaṇe, uyyānaṃ sodhehi. Uyyānaṃ gamissāmā’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, devā’’ti kho so uyyānapālo rañño pasenadissa kosalassa paṭissutvā uyyānaṃ sodhento addasa bhagavantaṃ aññatarasmiṃ rukkhamūle nisinnaṃ. Disvāna yena rājā pasenadi kosalo tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā rājānaṃ pasenadiṃ kosalaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘suddhaṃ, deva, uyyānaṃ. Apica, bhagavā tattha nisinno’’ti. ‘‘Hotu, bhaṇe! Mayaṃ bhagavantaṃ payirupāsissāmā’’ti. Atha kho rājā pasenadi kosalo uyyānaṃ gantvā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami. Tena kho pana samayena aññataro upāsako bhagavantaṃ payirupāsanto nisinno hoti. Addasā kho rājā pasenadi kosalo taṃ upāsakaṃ bhagavantaṃ payirupāsantaṃ nisinnaṃ. Disvāna bhīto aṭṭhāsi. Atha kho rañño pasenadissa kosalassa etadahosi – ‘‘nārahatāyaṃ puriso pāpo hotuṃ , yathā bhagavantaṃ payirupāsatī’’ti. Yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Atha kho so upāsako bhagavato gāravena rājānaṃ pasenadiṃ kosalaṃ neva abhivādesi na paccuṭṭhāsi. Atha kho rājā pasenadi kosalo anattamano ahosi – ‘‘kathañhi nāmāyaṃ puriso mayi āgate neva abhivādessati na paccuṭṭhessatī’’ti! Atha kho bhagavā rājānaṃ pasenadiṃ kosalaṃ anattamanaṃ viditvā rājānaṃ pasenadiṃ kosalaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘eso kho, mahārāja, upāsako bahussuto āgatāgamo kāmesu vītarāgo’’ti. Atha kho rañño pasenadissa kosalassa etadahosi – ‘‘nārahatāyaṃ upāsako orako hotuṃ, bhagavāpi imassa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsatī’’ti. Taṃ upāsakaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘vadeyyāsi, upāsaka, yena attho’’ti. ‘‘Suṭṭhu, devā’’ti. Atha kho bhagavā rājānaṃ pasenadiṃ kosalaṃ dhammiyā kathāya sandassesi samādapesi samuttejesi sampahaṃsesi. Atha kho rājā pasenadi kosalo bhagavatā dhammiyā kathāya sandassito samādapito samuttejito sampahaṃsito uṭṭhāyāsanā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā pakkāmi.
495那时,憍萨罗王波斯匿正登上宫殿的高楼。他看见那位居士在街道上手持伞盖而行,便召他前来,问道:“居士,听说您多闻通达教法。善哉,请您为我们后宫的女眷们教授佛法吧。” 居士回答:“陛下,我所知的佛法,仰赖于圣者们传授,还是由圣者们来为陛下的后宫教授佛法吧。” 于是憍萨罗王波斯匿心想:“这位居士说得确实在理。” 便前往世尊处,顶礼后坐在一边,对世尊说:“尊者,请世尊指派一位比丘,为我的后宫教授佛法。” 于是世尊用佛法教导、激励波斯匿王……(中略)……右绕后离去。之后世尊告诉具寿阿难:“阿难,既然如此,你就去为国王的后宫教授佛法吧。” 具寿阿难回答:“是的,尊者。” 此后,具寿阿难便时常进入国王的后宫,为她们教授佛法。一天早晨,具寿阿难穿好下衣,拿着钵与衣,前往憍萨罗王波斯匿的住处。
Tena kho pana samayena rājā pasenadi kosalo uparipāsādavaragato hoti. Addasā kho rājā pasenadi kosalo taṃ upāsakaṃ rathikāya chattapāṇiṃ gacchantaṃ. Disvāna pakkosāpetvā etadavoca – ‘‘tvaṃ kira, upāsaka, bahussuto āgatāgamo. Sādhu, upāsaka, amhākaṃ itthāgāraṃ dhammaṃ vācehī’’ti. ‘‘Yamahaṃ , deva, jānāmi ayyānaṃ vāhasā, ayyāva devassa itthāgāraṃ dhammaṃ vācessantī’’ti. Atha kho rājā pasenadi kosalo – ‘‘saccaṃ kho upāsako āhā’’ti yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho rājā pasenadi kosalo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘sādhu, bhante, bhagavā ekaṃ bhikkhuṃ āṇāpetu yo amhākaṃ itthāgāraṃ dhammaṃ vācessatī’’ti. Atha kho bhagavā rājānaṃ pasenadiṃ kosalaṃ dhammiyā kathāya sandassesi…pe… padakkhiṇaṃ katvā pakkāmi. Atha kho bhagavā āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘tenahānanda, rañño itthāgāraṃ dhammaṃ vācehī’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bhante’’ti kho āyasmā ānando bhagavato paṭissutvā kālena kālaṃ pavisitvā rañño itthāgāraṃ dhammaṃ vāceti. Atha kho āyasmā ānando pubbaṇhasamayaṃ nivāsetvā pattacīvaramādāya yena rañño pasenadissa kosalassa nivesanaṃ tenupasaṅkami.
496那时,憍萨罗王波斯匿正和末利迦王后同睡在卧榻上。末利迦王后远远看到具寿阿难正走过来,慌忙起身,身上那件光滑的黄色衣服随即滑落。具寿阿难见到这一幕,立刻原地折返,回到僧园,把这件事告诉了诸比丘。那些少欲知足的诸比丘纷纷非难、指责、批评道:“具寿阿难怎么能事先不告知就进入国王的后宫!” ……(中略)…… 世尊问阿难:“阿难,你真的在事先没有预约的情况下进入国王的后宫了吗?” 阿难答:“是真的,世尊。” 佛陀世尊呵责了他…… “阿难,你怎能事先不告知就进入国王的后宫!这样做既不能让未信者生起信心,也不能让已信者的信心增长……” 佛陀呵责之后,说了法语,接着对诸比丘说:
Tena kho pana samayena rājā pasenadi kosalo mallikāya deviyā saddhiṃ sayanagato hoti. Addasā kho mallikā devī āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ dūratova āgacchantaṃ. Disvāna sahasā vuṭṭhāsi; pītakamaṭṭhaṃ dussaṃ pabhassittha. Atha kho āyasmā ānando tatova paṭinivattitvā ārāmaṃ gantvā bhikkhūnaṃ etamatthaṃ ārocesi. Ye te bhikkhū appicchā…pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma āyasmā ānando pubbe appaṭisaṃvidito rañño antepuraṃ pavisissatī’’ti…pe… saccaṃ kira tvaṃ, ānanda, pubbe appaṭisaṃvidito rañño antepuraṃ pavisasīti? ‘‘Saccaṃ, bhagavā’’ti. Vigarahi buddho bhagavā…pe… kathañhi nāma tvaṃ, ānanda, pubbe appaṭisaṃvidito rañño antepuraṃ pavisissasi! Netaṃ, ānanda, appasannānaṃ vā pasādāya…pe… vigarahitvā…pe… dhammiṃ kathaṃ katvā bhikkhū āmantesi –
497诸比丘,进入王宫内室有这十种过患。哪十种呢?诸比丘,这里,国王正与王后坐在一起,那时有比丘进入。王后看见比丘后露出了笑容;或者比丘看见王后露出了笑容。这时国王心里想:“他们俩肯定已经有了事,或者将要有什么事。”诸比丘,这是进入王宫内室的第一种过患。
‘‘Dasayime, bhikkhave, ādīnavā rājantepurappavesane. Katame dasa? Idha, bhikkhave, rājā mahesiyā saddhiṃ nisinno hoti, tattha bhikkhu pavisati. Mahesī vā bhikkhuṃ disvā sitaṃ pātukaroti. Bhikkhu vā mahesiṃ disvā sitaṃ pātukaroti. Tattha rañño evaṃ hoti – ‘‘addhā imesaṃ kataṃ vā karissanti vā’’ti. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, paṭhamo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane.
再者,诸比丘,国王事务繁多、公务缠身。他去了一位女子那里后,却忘了这件事。那女子因此怀了孕。这时国王心里想:“除了出家人,没有别人进过这里。这会不会是那个出家人干的事呢?”诸比丘,这是进入王宫内室的第二种过患。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā bahukicco bahukaraṇīyo. Aññataraṃ itthiṃ gantvā nassarati. Sā tena gabbhaṃ gaṇhi. Tattha rañño evaṃ hoti – ‘‘na kho idha añño koci pavisati aññatra pabbajitena. Siyā nu kho pabbajitassa kamma’’nti. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, dutiyo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane.
再者,诸比丘!国王内宫中有某件宝物遗失了。那时,国王便这样想:“此处除出家人之外,并无其他人进入。这会不会是那位出家人所为?”诸比丘!这是进入王宫内院的第三种过患。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rañño antepure aññataraṃ ratanaṃ nassati. Tattha rañño evaṃ hoti – ‘‘na kho idha añño koci pavisati aññatra pabbajitena. Siyā nu kho pabbajitassa kamma’’nti. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, tatiyo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane.
再者,比丘们,国王内宫里的内部密谋泄露到外面去了。这时国王会这样想:“这里除了出家人,没有别人进来,这该不会是出家人干的吧?”比丘们,这是进入王宫内院的第四种过患。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rañño antepure abbhantarā guyhamantā bahiddhā sambhedaṃ gacchanti. Tattha rañño evaṃ hoti – ‘‘na kho idha añño koci pavisati aññatra pabbajitena. Siyā nu kho pabbajitassa kamma’’nti. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, catuttho ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane.
再者,诸比丘,在国王的后宫中,儿子觊觎父亲的地位,或者父亲觊觎儿子的地位。他们心里想:“除了出家人,没有别人进过这里。这会不会是那个出家人干的事呢?”诸比丘,这是进入王宫内室的第五种过患。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rañño antepure putto vā pitaraṃ pattheti pitā vā puttaṃ pattheti. Tesaṃ evaṃ hoti – ‘‘na kho idha añño koci pavisati aññatra pabbajitena. Siyā nu kho pabbajitassa kamma’’nti. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, pañcamo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane.
再者,诸比丘!国王将出身卑下者安置于高位。那些对此不满的人便这样想:“国王的确与出家人交往密切,这莫非是出家人所为?”诸比丘!这便是进入王宫内院的第六种过患。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā nīcaṭṭhāniyaṃ ucce ṭhāne ṭhapeti. Yesaṃ taṃ amanāpaṃ tesaṃ evaṃ hoti – ‘‘rājā kho pabbajitena saṃsaṭṭho. Siyā nu kho pabbajitassa kamma’’nti. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, chaṭṭho ādīnavo, rājantepurappavesane.
再者,诸比丘,国王将居高位的安置到低位。那些不乐于此者便这样想:“国王确与出家者交往过密。这莫非是出家者的业?”诸比丘,这是进入王宫内院的第七种过患。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā uccaṭṭhāniyaṃ nīce ṭhāne ṭhapeti. Yesaṃ taṃ amanāpaṃ tesaṃ evaṃ hoti – ‘‘rājā kho pabbajitena saṃsaṭṭho. Siyā nu kho pabbajitassa kamma’’nti. Ayaṃ , bhikkhave, sattamo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane.
再者,诸比丘,国王在非时派遣军队。那些不乐于此者便这样想:“国王确与出家者交往过密。这莫非是出家者的业?”诸比丘,这是进入王宫内院的第八种过患。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā akāle senaṃ uyyojeti. Yesaṃ taṃ amanāpaṃ tesaṃ evaṃ hoti – ‘‘rājā kho pabbajitena saṃsaṭṭho. Siyā nu kho pabbajitassa kamma’’nti. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, aṭṭhamo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane.
“再者,诸比丘,国王在适当的时候派遣军队出发,又从半路把军队召回。那些对此不悦的人便会这样想:‘国王确实与出家人过从甚密,这会不会是出家人的作为呢?’诸比丘,这是进入王宫内室的第九种过患。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā kāle senaṃ uyyojetvā antarāmaggato nivattāpeti. Yesaṃ taṃ amanāpaṃ tesaṃ evaṃ hoti – ‘‘‘rājā kho pabbajitena saṃsaṭṭho. Siyā nu kho pabbajitassa kamma’’nti. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, navamo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane.
“再者,诸比丘,国王的王宫有象群的拥挤、马群的拥挤、车乘的拥挤,以及那些令人生起贪染的色、声、香、味、触——这些对于出家人来说都是不适宜的。诸比丘,这是出入王宫的第十种过患。诸比丘,这些就是出入王宫的十种过患。”那时,世尊以种种方式严厉呵责具寿阿难,指出其难以养护……并对诸比丘这样开示这条学处——
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rañño rājantepuraṃ hatthisammaddaṃ assasammaddaṃ rathasammaddaṃ rajjanīyāni rūpasaddagandharasaphoṭṭhabbāni, yāni na pabbajitassa sāruppāni. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, dasamo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane. Ime kho, bhikkhave, dasa ādīnavā rājantepurappavesane’’ti. Atha kho bhagavā āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ anekapariyāyena vigarahitvā dubbharatāya…pe… evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
498若比丘在国王(刹帝利受灌顶者)尚未出寝、王后尚未离开、且未事先通报的情况下,跨越内门门槛(进入王宫内寝),犯波逸提。
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu rañño khattiyassa muddhāvasittassa anikkhantarājake aniggataratanake pubbe appaṭisaṃvidito indakhīlaṃ atikkāmeyya, pācittiya’’nti.
499“凡……者”,是指凡是这样的、如此这般的……(中略)……“比丘”,是指……(中略)……此处所指的,正是这个意义上的比丘。
Yo panāti yo yādiso…pe… bhikkhūti…pe… ayaṃ imasmiṃ atthe adhippeto bhikkhūti.
所谓“善生”——即从母系和父系双方都具有纯净的血统,上溯七世祖先皆不被以出身之名讥嫌或毁谤。
Khattiyo nāma ubhato sujāto hoti, mātito ca pitito ca saṃsuddhagahaṇiko, yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakuṭṭho jātivādena.
所谓“已受灌顶”——即已通过刹帝利的灌顶仪式而即位者。
Muddhāvasitto nāma khattiyābhisekena abhisitto hoti.
所谓“国王未出寝宫”——即国王尚未从寝宫出来。
Anikkhantarājaketi rājā sayanigharā anikkhanto hoti.
所谓“王后未出寝宫”——即王后尚未从寝宫出来,或二人均未出来。
Aniggataratanaketi mahesī sayanigharā anikkhantā hoti, ubho vā anikkhantā honti.
在这之前,未作通知。
Pubbe appaṭisaṃviditoti pubbe anāmantetvā.
是指卧室的门坎。
Indakhīlo nāma sayanigharassa ummāro vuccati.
所谓“寝宫”,指的是任何地方为国王陈设的卧处,哪怕是用布幔围起来的也算。
Sayanigharaṃ nāma yattha katthaci rañño sayanaṃ paññattaṃ hoti, antamaso sāṇipākāraparikkhittampi.
第一步跨过门坎,犯恶作。第二步跨过,犯波逸提。
Indakhīlaṃ atikkāmeyyāti paṭhamaṃ pādaṃ ummāraṃ atikkāmeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Dutiyaṃ pādaṃ atikkāmeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.
500未经通知而自以为未经通知,跨过门坎,犯波逸提。未经通知而犹豫不决,跨过门坎,犯波逸提。未经通知而自以为已经通知,跨过门坎,犯波逸提。
Appaṭisaṃvidite appaṭisaṃviditasaññī indakhīlaṃ atikkāmeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Appaṭisaṃvidite vematiko indakhīlaṃ atikkāmeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Appaṭisaṃvidite paṭisaṃviditasaññī indakhīlaṃ atikkāmeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.
已经通知而自以为未经通知,犯恶作。已经通知而犹豫不决,犯恶作。已经通知而自以为已经通知,无犯。
Paṭisaṃvidite appaṭisaṃviditasaññī, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Paṭisaṃvidite vematiko, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Paṭisaṃvidite paṭisaṃviditasaññī, anāpatti.
501无犯的情况:已经通知者;不是刹帝利;未受刹帝利灌顶;国王离开了卧室;王后离开了卧室;两人都离开了;不是在卧室内;精神失常者;最初犯者。
Anāpatti paṭisaṃvidite, na khattiyo hoti, na khattiyābhisekena abhisitto hoti, rājā sayanigharā nikkhanto hoti, mahesī sayanigharā nikkhantā hoti, ubho vā nikkhantā honti, na sayanighare, ummattakassa, ādikammikassāti.
2. 宝物学处
2. Ratanasikkhāpadaṃ
502那时,佛陀世尊住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。当时,有一位比丘在阿致罗筏底河里洗澡。有一位婆罗门,把装着五百钱的褡裢放在岸上,到阿致罗筏底河里洗澡,然后就忘记这回事走了。那位比丘心想:“这是那位婆罗门的褡裢,别在这里丢了。”就捡了起来。那位婆罗门后来想起来了,急忙跑回来,对比丘说:“喂,您看到我的褡裢了吗?”“给你,婆罗门。”比丘把褡裢递给了他。当时那婆罗门心里想:“我有什么办法,不用供养这位比丘一满钵的?”于是说:“喂,我没有五百钱,我有一千钱。”这样抵赖之后,才把比丘放走。那位比丘回到寺院,把这件事情告诉了诸比丘。那些少欲知足的诸比丘讥嫌、指责、批评说:“比丘怎么可以收受宝物呢?”“比丘,你确实收受了宝物吗?”“是的,世尊。”佛陀世尊呵责说:“糊涂人,你怎么可以收受宝物!糊涂人,这样做不能令未生信者生信……诸比丘,应当这样诵此学处——
Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena aññataro bhikkhu aciravatiyā nadiyā nahāyati. Aññataropi brāhmaṇo pañcasatānaṃ thavikaṃ thale nikkhipitvā aciravatiyā nadiyā nahāyanto vissaritvā agamāsi. Atha kho so bhikkhu – ‘‘tassāyaṃ brāhmaṇassa thavikā, mā idha nassī’’ti aggahesi. Atha kho so brāhmaṇo saritvā turito ādhāvitvā taṃ bhikkhuṃ etadavoca – ‘‘api me, bho, thavikaṃ passeyyāsī’’ti? ‘‘Handa, brāhmaṇā’’ti adāsi. Atha kho tassa brāhmaṇassa etadahosi – ‘‘kena nu kho ahaṃ upāyena imassa bhikkhuno puṇṇapattaṃ na dadeyya’’nti! ‘‘Na me, bho, pañcasatāni, sahassaṃ me’’ti palibundhetvā muñci. Atha kho so bhikkhu ārāmaṃ gantvā bhikkhūnaṃ etamatthaṃ ārocesi. Ye te bhikkhū appicchā…pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma bhikkhu ratanaṃ uggahessatī’’ti…pe… saccaṃ kira tvaṃ, bhikkhu, ratanaṃ uggahesīti? ‘‘Saccaṃ, bhagavā’’ti. Vigarahi buddho bhagavā…pe… kathañhi nāma tvaṃ, moghapurisa, ratanaṃ uggahessasi! Netaṃ, moghapurisa, appasannānaṃ vā pasādāya…pe… evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
任何比丘,拾取或令他人拾取宝物或视同宝物之物者,犯波逸提。”
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu ratanaṃ vā ratanasammataṃ vā uggaṇheyya vā uggaṇhāpeyya vā, pācittiya’’nti.
就这样,世尊为诸比丘制定了这条学处。
Evañcidaṃ bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ paññattaṃ hoti.
503那时,舍卫城有个节庆。人们打扮得漂漂亮亮地去园林。毗舍佉·弥伽罗母也打扮得漂漂亮亮地从村子出来,心想:“我去园林又能做什么呢?不如去拜见世尊吧。”于是她解下首饰,用上衣包成一个包裹,交给一个女仆说:“给,你拿着这个包裹。”然后毗舍佉·弥伽罗母来到世尊那里,向世尊行礼后坐在一边。世尊用佛法开示、鼓励、激励、令她欢喜。毗舍佉·弥伽罗母受到世尊的教法开示、鼓励、激励、欢喜之后,从座位起身,向世尊行礼,右绕后离开。那女仆却忘了那个包裹就走了。诸比丘看见后,将这件事禀告世尊。世尊说:“那么,诸比丘,你们就去把它收起来存放着吧。”于是,世尊以此因缘、以此事件宣说法语后,对诸比丘说:“诸比丘,我允许你们在寺院内,若拾得宝物或被认为有价值之物,可以自己捡取或让人捡取并存放起来,心想:‘它的主人会来取走’。诸比丘,你们应该这样诵习这条学处——”
Tena kho pana samayena sāvatthiyā ussavo hoti. Manussā alaṅkatappaṭiyattā uyyānaṃ gacchanti. Visākhāpi migāramātā alaṅkatappaṭiyattā ‘‘uyyānaṃ gamissāmī’’ti gāmato nikkhamitvā – ‘‘kyāhaṃ karissāmi uyyānaṃ gantvā, yaṃnūnāhaṃ bhagavantaṃ payirupāseyya’’nti ābharaṇaṃ omuñcitvā uttarāsaṅgena bhaṇḍikaṃ bandhitvā dāsiyā adāsi – ‘‘handa, je, imaṃ bhaṇḍikaṃ gaṇhāhī’’ti. Atha kho visākhā migāramātā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho visākhaṃ migāramātaraṃ bhagavā dhammiyā kathāya sandassesi samādapesi samuttejesi sampahaṃsesi. Atha kho visākhā migāramātā bhagavatā dhammiyā kathāya sandassitā samādapitā samuttejitā sampahaṃsitā uṭṭhāyāsanā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā pakkāmi. Atha kho sā dāsī taṃ bhaṇḍikaṃ vissaritvā agamāsi. Bhikkhū passitvā bhagavato etamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ. ‘‘Tena hi, bhikkhave, uggahetvā nikkhipathā’’ti. Atha kho bhagavā etasmiṃ nidāne etasmiṃ pakaraṇe dhammiṃ kathaṃ katvā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, ratanaṃ vā ratanasammataṃ vā ajjhārāme uggahetvā vā uggahāpetvā vā nikkhipituṃ – ‘‘yassa bhavissati so harissatī’’ti. Evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
任何比丘,拾取或令他人拾取宝物或视同宝物之物,除非在僧园内,犯波逸提。
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu ratanaṃ vā ratanasammataṃ vā, aññatra ajjhārāmā, uggaṇheyya vā uggaṇhāpeyya vā, pācittiya’’nti.
就这样,世尊为诸比丘制定了这条学处。
Evañcidaṃ bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ paññattaṃ hoti.
504那时,在迦尸国的地方,给孤独长者有一个庄园。长者吩咐他的管家说:“如果尊者他们来了,你就准备食物。”当时,有众多比丘在迦尸国地方游方,来到给孤独长者的庄园。那管家远远看见那些比丘走来,就上前向诸比丘行礼后说道:“尊者们,请尊者接受长者明日的食物供养。”诸比丘默然接受了。那管家在那夜过后,准备了美味的嚼食和啖食,派人告知时间,自己解下指环,伺候诸比丘用餐,并说:“尊者们吃完后就请离开吧,我也要去干活了。”他便忘了指环就走了。诸比丘看见后心想:“如果我们走了,这枚指环就会丢失。”便留在那里。那管家从干活的地方回来,看见诸比丘后问道:“尊者们,尊者为什么还在这里?”那些比丘告诉他事情的原委,然后回到舍卫城,将此事告知诸比丘。诸比丘禀告世尊。于是,世尊以此因缘、以此事件宣说法语后,对诸比丘说:“诸比丘,我允许你们在寺院内或住处内,若拾得宝物或被认为有价值之物,可以自己捡取或让人捡取并存放起来,心想:‘它的主人会来取走’。诸比丘,你们应该这样诵习这条学处——”
Tena kho pana samayena kāsīsu janapade anāthapiṇḍikassa gahapatissa kammantagāmo hoti. Tena ca gahapatinā antevāsī āṇatto hoti – ‘‘sace bhadantā āgacchanti bhattaṃ kareyyāsī’’ti. Tena kho pana samayena sambahulā bhikkhū kāsīsu janapade cārikaṃ caramānā yena anāthapiṇḍikassa gahapatissa kammantagāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃsu. Addasā kho so puriso te bhikkhū dūratova āgacchante. Disvāna yena te bhikkhū tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā te bhikkhū abhivādetvā etadavoca – ‘‘adhivāsentu, bhante, ayyā svātanāya gahapatino bhatta’’nti. Adhivāsesuṃ kho te bhikkhū tuṇhībhāvena. Atha kho so puriso tassā rattiyā accayena paṇītaṃ khādanīyaṃ bhojanīyaṃ paṭiyādāpetvā kālaṃ ārocāpetvā aṅgulimuddikaṃ omuñcitvā te bhikkhū bhattena parivisitvā – ‘‘ayyā bhuñjitvā gacchantu, ahampi kammantaṃ gamissāmī’’ti aṅgulimuddikaṃ vissaritvā agamāsi. Bhikkhū passitvā – ‘‘sace mayaṃ gamissāma nassissatāyaṃ aṅgulimuddikā’’ti tattheva acchiṃsu. Atha kho so puriso kammantā āgacchanto te bhikkhū passitvā etadavoca – ‘‘kissa, bhante, ayyā idheva acchantī’’ti? Atha kho te bhikkhū tassa purisassa etamatthaṃ ārocetvā sāvatthiṃ gantvā bhikkhūnaṃ etamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ. Bhikkhū bhagavato etamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ. Atha kho bhagavā etasmiṃ nidāne etasmiṃ pakaraṇe dhammiṃ kathaṃ katvā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, ratanaṃ vā ratanasammataṃ vā ajjhārāme vā ajjhāvasathe vā uggahetvā vā uggahāpetvā vā nikkhipituṃ – yassa bhavissati so harissatī’’ti. Evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
505若比丘拾取或令人拾取宝物或视同宝物之物,除非在寺内或住处之中,犯波逸提。若比丘在寺内或住处中拾取或令人拾取宝物或视同宝物之物,应收存“谁的就让谁来取”。这是此中的如法做法。
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu ratanaṃ vā ratanasammataṃ vā, aññatra ajjhārāmā vā ajjhāvasathā vā, uggaṇheyya vā uggaṇhāpeyya vā, pācittiyaṃ. Ratanaṃ vā pana bhikkhunā ratanasammataṃ vā ajjhārāme vā ajjhāvasathe vā uggahetvā vā uggahāpetvā vā nikkhipitabbaṃ – ‘yassa bhavissati so harissatī’ti. Ayaṃ tattha sāmīcī’’ti.
506“凡……者”,是指凡是这样的、如此这般的……(中略)……“比丘”,是指……(中略)……此处所指的,正是这个意义上的比丘。
Yo panāti yo yādiso…pe… bhikkhūti…pe… ayaṃ imasmiṃ atthe adhippeto bhikkhūti.
所谓“珍宝”,是指珍珠、摩尼珠、琉璃、贝螺、宝石、珊瑚、银、金、赤珠、玛瑙。
Ratanaṃ nāma muttā maṇi veḷuriyo saṅkho silā pavālaṃ rajataṃ jātarūpaṃ lohitaṅko masāragallaṃ.
所谓人们拿来使用和享受的东西,这就叫做“被认定为珍宝”。
Ratanasammataṃ nāma yaṃ manussānaṃ upabhogaparibhogaṃ, etaṃ ratanasammataṃ nāma.
除了寺院内、住处内。
Aññatra ajjhārāmā vā ajjhāvasathā vāti ṭhapetvā ajjhārāmaṃ ajjhāvasathaṃ.
所谓“园林”:有围墙的园林,其围墙之内为园林;无围墙的园林,其附近区域为园林。
Ajjhārāmo nāma parikkhittassa ārāmassa anto ārāmo, aparikkhittassa upacāro.
所谓“住处”:有围墙的住处,其围墙之内为住处;无围墙的住处,其附近区域为住处。
Ajjhāvasatho nāma parikkhittassa āvasathassa anto āvasatho, aparikkhittassa upacāro.
所谓“拾取”,是指:如果自己拿取,犯波逸提。
Uggaṇheyyāti sayaṃ gaṇhāti, āpatti pācittiyassa.
所谓“令他人拾取”,是指:如果叫别人拿取,犯波逸提。
Uggaṇhāpeyyāti aññaṃ gāhāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.
应当依据物品的颜色、形状或记号,记下特征后放置一边,然后宣布:“谁丢了东西,请过来认领。”如果那里有人来,应当问他:“贤友,你丢的东西是什么样子?”如果他能准确说出颜色、形状或记号等特征,就应把东西给他;如果不能准确描述,则应对他说:“贤友,你再找找看。”当要离开那座寺院时,如果那里有合适的比丘,就应把东西交到那些比丘手中再离开;如果没有合适的比丘,而那里有合适的居士,就应把东西交到那些居士手中再离开。
Ratanaṃ vā pana bhikkhunā ratanasammataṃ vā ajjhārāme vā ajjhāvasathe vā uggahetvā vā uggahāpetvā vā nikkhipitabbanti rūpena vā nimittena vā saññāṇaṃ katvā nikkhipitvā ācikkhitabbaṃ – ‘‘yassa bhaṇḍaṃ naṭṭhaṃ so āgacchatū’’ti. Sace tattha āgacchati so vattabbo – ‘‘āvuso, kīdisaṃ te bhaṇḍa’’nti? Sace rūpena vā nimittena vā sampādeti dātabbaṃ, no ce sampādeti ‘‘vicināhi āvuso’’ti vattabbo. Tamhā āvāsā pakkamantena ye tattha honti bhikkhū patirūpā, tesaṃ hatthe nikkhipitvā pakkamitabbaṃ. No ce honti bhikkhū patirūpā, ye tattha honti gahapatikā patirūpā, tesaṃ hatthe nikkhipitvā pakkamitabbaṃ.
这在彼处是随顺法。
Ayaṃ tattha sāmīcīti ayaṃ tattha anudhammatā.
507无犯者:在寺院内或住处内,为保管宝物或被视为宝物的物品,自行受取或令他人受取后存放(待物主取回)者;依信任关系取用者;借用者;作粪扫衣想者;精神失常者;最初犯行者。
Anāpatti ratanaṃ vā ratanasammataṃ vā ajjhārāme vā ajjhāvasathe vā uggahetvā vā uggahāpetvā vā nikkhipati – ‘‘yassa bhavissati so harissatī’’ti, ratanasammataṃ vissāsaṃ gaṇhāti, tāvakālikaṃ gaṇhāti, paṃsukūlasaññissa, ummattakassa, ādikammikassāti.
3. 非时入村学处
3. Vikālagāmappavisanasikkhāpadaṃ
508那时,佛陀世尊住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。当时,六群比丘于非时进入村庄后,坐在会堂里谈论各种低俗话题,即:国王话题、盗贼话题、大臣话题、军队话题、恐怖话题、战争话题、食物话题、饮料话题、衣物话题、床座话题、花鬘话题、香料话题、亲戚话题、车辆话题、村庄话题、镇子话题、城市话题、地区话题、女人话题、勇士话题、街巷话题、井边话题、亡灵话题、各种杂谈、世间传说、海洋传说、谈论有与无。人们讥嫌、批评、指责道:“为什么这些沙门释迦子竟然在非时进入村庄后,坐在会堂里谈论各种低俗话题,即:国王话题、盗贼话题……(中略)……谈论有与无,就像那些享受欲乐的在家人一样!”
Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena chabbaggiyā bhikkhū vikāle gāmaṃ pavisitvā sabhāyaṃ nisīditvā anekavihitaṃ tiracchānakathaṃ kathenti, seyyathidaṃ – rājakathaṃ corakathaṃ mahāmattakathaṃ senākathaṃ bhayakathaṃ yuddhakathaṃ annakathaṃ pānakathaṃ vatthakathaṃ sayanakathaṃ mālākathaṃ gandhakathaṃ ñātikathaṃ yānakathaṃ gāmakathaṃ nigamakathaṃ nagarakathaṃ janapadakathaṃ itthikathaṃ sūrakathaṃ visikhākathaṃ kumbhaṭṭhānakathaṃ pubbapetakathaṃ nānattakathaṃ lokakkhāyikaṃ samuddakkhāyikaṃ itibhavābhavakathaṃ iti vā. Manussā ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma samaṇā sakyaputtiyā vikāle gāmaṃ pavisitvā sabhāyaṃ nisīditvā anekavihitaṃ tiracchānakathaṃ kathessanti, seyyathidaṃ – rājakathaṃ corakathaṃ…pe… itibhavābhavakathaṃ iti vā, seyyathāpi gihī kāmabhogino’’ti!
诸比丘听到那些人讥嫌、批评、指责。那些少欲知足的诸比丘讥嫌、批评、指责道:“为什么六群比丘竟在非时进入村庄后,坐在会堂里谈论各种低俗话题,即:国王话题、盗贼话题……(中略)……谈论有与无呢?”……“诸比丘,你们真的在非时进入村庄后,坐在会堂里谈论各种低俗话题,即:国王话题、盗贼话题……(中略)……谈论有与无吗?” “是的,世尊。” 佛陀世尊呵责道……“愚人,你们为什么在非时进入村庄后,坐在会堂里谈论各种低俗话题,即:国王话题、盗贼话题……(中略)……谈论有与无呢?愚人,这不能让未生信者生信……诸比丘,你们应当这样诵出这条学处——”
Assosuṃ kho bhikkhū tesaṃ manussānaṃ ujjhāyantānaṃ khiyyantānaṃ vipācentānaṃ. Ye te bhikkhū appicchā…pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma chabbaggiyā bhikkhū vikāle gāmaṃ pavisitvā sabhāyaṃ nisīditvā anekavihitaṃ tiracchānakathaṃ kathessanti, seyyathidaṃ – rājakathaṃ corakathaṃ…pe… itibhavābhavakathaṃ iti vā’’ti…pe… saccaṃ kira tumhe, bhikkhave, vikāle gāmaṃ pavisitvā sabhāyaṃ nisīditvā anekavihitaṃ tiracchānakathaṃ kathetha, seyyathidaṃ – rājakathaṃ corakathaṃ…pe… itibhavābhavakathaṃ iti vāti? ‘‘Saccaṃ, bhagavā’’ti. Vigarahi buddho bhagavā…pe… kathañhi nāma tumhe, moghapurisā, vikāle gāmaṃ pavisitvā sabhāyaṃ nisīditvā anekavihitaṃ tiracchānakathaṃ kathessatha, seyyathidaṃ – rājakathaṃ corakathaṃ…pe… itibhavābhavakathaṃ iti vā! Netaṃ, moghapurisā, appasannānaṃ vā pasādāya…pe… evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
任何比丘,于非时进入村庄者,犯波逸提。
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu vikāle gāmaṃ paviseyya, pācittiya’’nti.
就这样,世尊为诸比丘制定了这条学处。
Evañcidaṃ bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ paññattaṃ hoti.
509当时,众多比丘在憍萨罗国境内游行,前往舍卫城,傍晚时分到达某村庄。人们看见那些比丘后,对他们说道:“尊者,请进来吧。”于是那些比丘心想:“世尊禁止在非时进入村庄。”他们有所顾虑,便没有进入。强盗抢劫了那些比丘。随后,那些比丘到达舍卫城,向诸比丘讲述了这件事。诸比丘向世尊禀报了这件事。于是,世尊以此因缘、以此事由,宣讲法义后,对诸比丘说:“诸比丘,我允许你们在告知后,于非时进入村庄。诸比丘,你们应当这样诵出这条学处——”
Tena kho pana samayena sambahulā bhikkhū kosalesu janapade sāvatthiṃ gacchantā sāyaṃ aññataraṃ gāmaṃ upagacchiṃsu. Manussā te bhikkhū passitvā etadavocuṃ – ‘‘pavisatha, bhante’’ti . Atha kho te bhikkhū – ‘‘bhagavatā paṭikkhittaṃ vikāle gāmaṃ pavisitu’’nti kukkuccāyantā na pavisiṃsu. Corā te bhikkhū acchindiṃsu. Atha kho te bhikkhū sāvatthiṃ gantvā bhikkhūnaṃ etamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ. Bhikkhū bhagavato etamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ. Atha kho bhagavā etasmiṃ nidāne etasmiṃ pakaraṇe dhammiṃ kathaṃ katvā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, āpucchā vikāle gāmaṃ pavisituṃ. Evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
任何比丘,不告知而非时进入村落者,犯波逸提。
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu anāpucchā vikāle gāmaṃ paviseyya, pācittiya’’nti.
就这样,世尊为诸比丘制定了这条学处。
Evañcidaṃ bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ paññattaṃ hoti.
510那时,在憍萨罗国地区,有位比丘前往舍卫城,傍晚时来到了一个村庄。人们见到那位比丘后,对他说:“请进,尊者。”这时,那位比丘心想:“世尊禁止未请求许可就在非时进入村庄。”他心怀不安,没有进去。盗贼们抢劫了那位比丘。之后,那位比丘到了舍卫城,把这件事告诉诸比丘。诸比丘把这件事禀告世尊。于是,世尊以这个因缘、以这件事说法后,对诸比丘说道:“诸比丘,我允许你们请求在场的比丘许可后,在非时进入村庄。而且,你们应当这样诵出这条学处——”
Tena kho pana samayena aññataro bhikkhu kosalesu janapade sāvatthiṃ gacchanto sāyaṃ aññataraṃ gāmaṃ upagacchi. Manussā taṃ bhikkhuṃ passitvā etadavocuṃ – ‘‘pavisatha, bhante’’ti. Atha kho so bhikkhu – ‘‘bhagavatā paṭikkhittaṃ anāpucchā vikāle gāmaṃ pavisitu’’nti kukkuccāyanto na pāvisi. Corā taṃ bhikkhuṃ acchindiṃsu. Atha kho so bhikkhu sāvatthiṃ gantvā bhikkhūnaṃ etamatthaṃ ārocesi. Bhikkhū bhagavato etamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ. Atha kho bhagavā etasmiṃ nidāne etasmiṃ pakaraṇe dhammiṃ kathaṃ katvā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, santaṃ bhikkhuṃ āpucchā vikāle gāmaṃ pavisituṃ. Evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
任何比丘,当有比丘在场时,不告知而非时进入村落者,犯波逸提。
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu santaṃ bhikkhuṃ anāpucchā vikāle gāmaṃ paviseyya, pācittiya’’nti.
就这样,世尊为诸比丘制定了这条学处。
Evañcidaṃ bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ paññattaṃ hoti.
511那时,有一位比丘被蛇咬了。另一位比丘为了取火,前往村庄。那位比丘心想:“世尊规定:不先告知在场的比丘,就不得在非时进入村庄。”他因此心怀不安,没有进去……他们把这件事禀告了世尊。于是,世尊以这个因缘、以这件事说法后,对诸比丘说道:“诸比丘,遇到这样紧急的事务时,我允许你们不必先告知在场的比丘,即可在非时进入村庄。而且,你们应这样诵这条学处——”
Tena kho pana samayena aññataro bhikkhu ahinā daṭṭho hoti. Aññataro bhikkhu ‘‘aggiṃ āharissāmī’’ti gāmaṃ gacchati. Atha kho so bhikkhu – ‘‘bhagavatā paṭikkhittaṃ santaṃ bhikkhuṃ anāpucchā vikāle gāmaṃ pavisitu’’nti kukkuccāyanto na pāvisi…pe… bhagavato etamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ . Atha kho bhagavā etasmiṃ nidāne etasmiṃ pakaraṇe dhammiṃ kathaṃ katvā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, tathārūpe accāyike karaṇīye santaṃ bhikkhuṃ anāpucchā vikāle gāmaṃ pavisituṃ. Evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
512若比丘未告知在场比丘,在非时进入村落,除有相应紧急要事外,犯波逸提。
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu santaṃ bhikkhuṃ anāpucchā vikāle gāmaṃ paviseyya, aññatra tathārūpā accāyikā karaṇīyā, pācittiya’’nti.
513“凡……者”,是指凡是这样的、如此这般的……(中略)……“比丘”,是指……(中略)……此处所指的,正是这个意义上的比丘。
Yo panāti yo yādiso…pe… bhikkhūti…pe… ayaṃ imasmiṃ atthe adhippeto bhikkhūti.
所谓“在场的比丘”,是指能够向其告知之后再进入的比丘。
Santo nāma bhikkhu sakkā hoti āpucchā pavisituṃ.
所谓“不在场的比丘”,是指无法向其告知之后再进入的比丘。
Asanto nāma bhikkhu na sakkā hoti āpucchā pavisituṃ.
所谓“非时”,是指从正午过后直到天明。
Vikālo nāma majjhanhike vītivatte yāva aruṇuggamanā.
对有围墙的村落,越过围墙时,犯波逸提。对没有围墙的村落,踏入邻近区域时,犯波逸提。
Gāmaṃ paviseyyāti parikkhittassa gāmassa parikkhepaṃ atikkamantassa āpatti pācittiyassa. Aparikkhittassa gāmassa upacāraṃ okkamantassa āpatti pācittiyassa.
除了有那样的紧急事情要办。
Aññatra tathārūpā accāyikā karaṇīyāti ṭhapetvā tathārūpaṃ accāyikaṃ karaṇīyaṃ.
514在非时,有非时想,未向在场的比丘请求许可而进入村落,除有那样的紧急事情要办外,犯波逸提。在非时,有疑想,未向在场的比丘请求许可而进入村落,除有那样的紧急事情要办外,犯波逸提。在非时,有时想,未向在场的比丘请求许可而进入村落,除有那样的紧急事情要办外,犯波逸提。
Vikāle vikālasaññī santaṃ bhikkhuṃ anāpucchā gāmaṃ pavisati, aññatra tathārūpā accāyikā karaṇīyā, āpatti pācittiyassa. Vikāle vematiko santaṃ bhikkhuṃ anāpucchā gāmaṃ pavisati, aññatra tathārūpā accāyikā karaṇīyā, āpatti pācittiyassa. Vikāle kālasaññī santaṃ bhikkhuṃ anāpucchā gāmaṃ pavisati, aññatra tathārūpā accāyikā karaṇīyā, āpatti pācittiyassa.
在时,有非时想,犯恶作。在时,有疑想,犯恶作。在时,有时想,无犯。
Kāle vikālasaññī , āpatti dukkaṭassa. Kāle vematiko, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Kāle kālasaññī, anāpatti.
515无犯的情况:有那样的紧急事情要办;向在场的比丘请求许可后进入;没有比丘在场时,未请求许可而进入;去寺院内的另一处园区;去比丘尼的住处;去外道的住处;去返回的住处;道路经过村落;遭遇危难时;精神失常者;最初犯戒者。
Anāpatti tathārūpe accāyike karaṇīye, santaṃ bhikkhuṃ āpucchā pavisati, asantaṃ bhikkhuṃ anāpucchā pavisati, antarārāmaṃ gacchati, bhikkhunupassayaṃ gacchati, titthiyaseyyaṃ gacchati, paṭikkamanaṃ gacchati, gāmena maggo hoti, āpadāsu, ummattakassa, ādikammikassāti.
4. 针筒学处
4. Sūcigharasikkhāpadaṃ
516那时,佛陀世尊住在释迦族的迦毗罗卫城榕树园。那时,有一位象牙师邀请诸比丘说:“哪位尊者需要针筒,我提供针筒。” 那时,诸比丘索要了很多针筒。那些有小针筒的人索要大针筒,那些有大针筒的人索要小针筒。那位象牙师因为要为诸比丘制作大量针筒,没法做其他可卖的商品,自己也过不下去,他的妻儿备受艰辛。人们讥嫌、批评、抱怨说:“这些沙门释迦子怎么不知适量,索要这么多针筒!这个人因为给他们做大量针筒,没法做其他可卖的商品,自己也过不下去,他的妻儿备受艰辛。” 诸比丘听到了那些人讥嫌、批评、抱怨的话。那些少欲的诸比丘……他们讥嫌、批评、抱怨说:“诸比丘怎么不知适量,索要这么多针筒呢?” …… “诸比丘,诸比丘真的不知适量,索要了很多针筒吗?” “是真的,世尊。” 佛陀世尊呵责……说:“诸比丘,这些愚人怎么不知适量,索要这么多针筒呢!诸比丘,这不能让未生信者生信……诸比丘,你们应当这样诵持这条学处——”
Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sakkesu viharati kapilavatthusmiṃ nigrodhārāme. Tena kho pana samayena aññatarena dantakārena bhikkhū pavāritā honti – ‘‘yesaṃ ayyānaṃ sūcigharena attho ahaṃ sūcigharenā’’ti. Tena kho pana samayena bhikkhū bahū sūcighare viññāpenti. Yesaṃ khuddakā sūcigharā te mahante sūcighare viññāpenti. Yesaṃ mahantā sūcigharā te khuddake sūcighare viññāpenti. Atha kho so dantakāro bhikkhūnaṃ bahū sūcighare karonto na sakkoti aññaṃ vikkāyikaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ kātuṃ, attanāpi na yāpeti, puttadāropissa kilamati. Manussā ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma samaṇā sakyaputtiyā na mattaṃ jānitvā bahū sūcighare viññāpessanti! Ayaṃ imesaṃ bahū sūcighare karonto na sakkoti aññaṃ vikkāyikaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ kātuṃ, attanāpi na yāpeti, puttadāropissa kilamatī’’ti. Assosuṃ kho bhikkhū tesaṃ manussānaṃ ujjhāyantānaṃ khiyyantānaṃ vipācentānaṃ. Ye te bhikkhū appicchā…pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma bhikkhū na mattaṃ jānitvā bahū sūcighare viññāpessantī’’ti…pe… saccaṃ kira, bhikkhave, bhikkhū na mattaṃ jānitvā bahū sūcighare viññāpentīti? ‘‘Saccaṃ, bhagavā’’ti. Vigarahi buddho bhagavā…pe… kathañhi nāma te, bhikkhave, moghapurisā na mattaṃ jānitvā bahū sūcighare viññāpessanti! Netaṃ, bhikkhave, appasannānaṃ vā pasādāya…pe… evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
517若比丘令人以骨、牙或角制作针筒,应予打碎,犯波逸提。
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu aṭṭhimayaṃ vā dantamayaṃ vā visāṇamayaṃ vā sūcigharaṃ kārāpeyya bhedanakaṃ, pācittiya’’nti.
518“凡……者”,是指凡是这样的、如此这般的……(中略)……“比丘”,是指……(中略)……此处所指的,正是这个意义上的比丘。
Yo panāti yo yādiso…pe… bhikkhūti…pe… ayaṃ imasmiṃ atthe adhippeto bhikkhūti.
所谓“骨”,是指任何骨头。
Aṭṭhi nāma yaṃ kiñci aṭṭhi.
所谓“牙”,指的是象牙。
Danto nāma hatthidanto vuccati.
所谓“角”,是指任何角。
Visāṇaṃ nāma yaṃ kiñci visāṇaṃ.
所谓“制作”,是指自己动手做,或者叫人做,在动作进行中,犯恶作。得到物品后,把它打破,然后应该忏出波逸提罪。
Kārāpeyyāti karoti vā kārāpeti vā, payoge dukkaṭaṃ. Paṭilābhena bhinditvā pācittiyaṃ desetabbaṃ.
519自己开始了工作,由自己来完成,犯波逸提罪。自己开始了工作,由别人来完成,犯波逸提罪。别人开始了工作,由自己来完成,犯波逸提罪。别人开始了工作,由别人来完成,犯波逸提罪。
Attanā vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Attanā vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti , āpatti pācittiyassa . Parehi vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti , āpatti pācittiyassa.
为了别人而做,或者指使别人做,犯恶作。获得别人做好的之后拿来使用,犯恶作。
Aññassatthāya karoti vā kārāpeti vā, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Aññena kataṃ paṭilabhitvā paribhuñjati, āpatti dukkaṭassa.
520无犯:用线袋、用取火钻、用杓、用眼药筒、用眼药棒、用剃刀片、用擦水布,精神失常者,最初犯者。
Anāpatti gaṇṭhikāya , araṇike, vidhe , añjaniyā, añjanisalākāya, vāsijaṭe, udakapuñchaniyā, ummattakassa, ādikammikassāti.
5. 床座学处
5. Mañcapīṭhasikkhāpadaṃ
521那时,世尊正住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。当时,具寿乌巴难达释迦子睡在一张很高的床上。世尊与众多比丘一起巡视住处,来到了具寿乌巴难达释迦子的住所。具寿乌巴难达释迦子远远看见世尊走来,看见后对世尊说:“来吧,尊者,请您看看我的床!”于是世尊当下就转身离开,并对诸比丘说:“诸比丘,从住处、从卧具、从意向就应该认出这个愚人。”然后,世尊以种种方式呵责了具寿乌巴难达释迦子,说其难以养……等等。接着,世尊说:“诸比丘,你们应当这样诵此学处——
Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā upanando sakyaputto ucce mañce sayati. Atha kho bhagavā sambahulehi bhikkhūhi saddhiṃ senāsanacārikaṃ āhiṇḍanto yenāyasmato upanandassa sakyaputtassa vihāro tenupasaṅkami. Addasā kho āyasmā upanando sakyaputto bhagavantaṃ dūratova āgacchantaṃ. Disvāna bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘āgacchatu me, bhante, bhagavā sayanaṃ passatū’’ti. Atha kho bhagavā tatova paṭinivattitvā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘āsayato, bhikkhave, moghapuriso veditabbo’’ti. Atha kho bhagavā āyasmantaṃ upanandaṃ sakyaputtaṃ anekapariyāyena vigarahitvā dubbharatāya…pe… evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
522比丘制作新床或椅时,腿应作八指高(依善逝指),底框除外;若超过此,应截短,犯波逸提。
‘‘Navaṃ pana bhikkhunā mañcaṃ vā pīṭhaṃ vā kārayamānena aṭṭhaṅgulapādakaṃ kāretabbaṃ sugataṅgulena, aññatra heṭṭhimāya aṭaniyā; taṃ atikkāmayato chedanakaṃ pācittiya’’nti.
523“名为‘新’,是就造作而说的。”
Navaṃ nāma karaṇaṃ upādāya vuccati.
所谓床有四种:马萨拉卡床、邦地卡巴达床、库利拉巴达卡床、阿哈恰巴达卡床。
Mañco nāma cattāro mañcā – masārako, bundikābaddho, kuḷīrapādako, āhaccapādako.
所谓凳有四种:马萨拉卡凳、邦地卡巴达凳、库利拉巴达卡凳、阿哈恰巴达卡凳。
Pīṭhaṃ nāma cattāri pīṭhāni – masārakaṃ, bundikābaddhaṃ, kuḷīrapādakaṃ, āhaccapādakaṃ.
所谓“建造时”,是指自己做或令他人做。
Kārayamānenāti karonto vā kārāpento vā.
除了下部的床框;若超过那个尺寸自己做或让人做,在制作过程中犯恶作,完成后应切断多余部分并忏悔波逸提罪。
Aṭṭhaṅgulapādakaṃ kāretabbaṃ sugataṅgulena, aññatra heṭṭhimāya aṭaniyāti ṭhapetvā heṭṭhimaṃ aṭaniṃ; taṃ atikkāmetvā karoti vā kārāpeti vā, payoge dukkaṭaṃ, paṭilābhena chinditvā pācittiyaṃ desetabbaṃ.
524自己开始又自己完成,犯波逸提。自己开始而由他人完成,犯波逸提。由他人开始而自己完成,犯波逸提。由他人开始又由他人完成,犯波逸提。
Attanā vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Attanā vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.
为了别人而做,或者指使别人做,犯恶作。获得别人做好的之后拿来使用,犯恶作。
Aññassatthāya karoti vā kārāpeti vā, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Aññena kataṃ paṭilabhitvā paribhuñjati, āpatti dukkaṭassa.
525无犯的情况:做成合乎尺寸的;做成小于规定尺寸的;获得别人做好的、超过尺寸的,裁切之后再使用;精神失常者;最初的犯行者。
Anāpatti pamāṇikaṃ karoti, ūnakaṃ karoti, aññena kataṃ pamāṇātikkantaṃ paṭilabhitvā chinditvā paribhuñjati, ummattakassa, ādikammikassāti.
6. 棉絮学处
6. Tūlonaddhasikkhāpadaṃ
526那时,佛陀世尊住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。就在那时,六群比丘指使人制作装填棉花的床和椅子。人们在寺院里到处走动,看到之后,生气、批评、指责道:“怎么这些沙门释迦子竟让人制作装填棉花的床和椅子,就像在家的享乐者一样!”诸比丘听到了那些人的生气、批评和指责。那些少欲的诸比丘也生气、批评、指责道:“怎么六群比丘竟让人制作装填棉花的床和椅子!”……“诸比丘,你们真的让人制作装填棉花的床和椅子吗?”“是真的,世尊。”佛陀世尊呵责道……“你们这些愚人,怎么竟让人制作装填棉花的床和椅子!愚人们,这不能让没有信心的人产生信心……诸比丘,你们应该这样诵这个学处:
Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena chabbaggiyā bhikkhū mañcampi pīṭhampi tūlonaddhaṃ kārāpenti. Manussā vihāracārikaṃ āhiṇḍantā passitvā ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma samaṇā sakyaputtiyā mañcampi pīṭhampi tūlonaddhaṃ kārāpessanti, seyyathāpi gihī kāmabhogino’’ti ! Assosuṃ kho bhikkhū tesaṃ manussānaṃ ujjhāyantānaṃ khiyyantānaṃ vipācentānaṃ. Ye te bhikkhū appicchā…pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma chabbaggiyā bhikkhū mañcampi pīṭhampi tūlonaddhaṃ kārāpessantī’’ti…pe… saccaṃ kira tumhe, bhikkhave, mañcampi pīṭhampi tūlonaddhaṃ kārāpethāti? ‘‘Saccaṃ, bhagavā’’ti. Vigarahi buddho bhagavā…pe… kathañhi nāma tumhe, moghapurisā, mañcampi pīṭhampi tūlonaddhaṃ kārāpessatha! Netaṃ, moghapurisā, appasannānaṃ vā pasādāya…pe… evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
527若比丘令人以棉填制床或椅,应予拆除,犯波逸提。
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu mañcaṃ vā pīṭhaṃ vā tūlonaddhaṃ kārāpeyya, uddālanakaṃ pācittiya’’nti.
528“凡……者”,是指凡是这样的、如此这般的……(中略)……“比丘”,是指……(中略)……此处所指的,正是这个意义上的比丘。
Yo panāti yo yādiso…pe… bhikkhūti…pe… ayaṃ imasmiṃ atthe adhippeto bhikkhūti.
所谓“床”,有四种:马萨罗伽床、绑帝伽巴达床、库里罗巴达伽床、阿哈恰巴达伽床。
Mañco nāma cattāro mañcā – masārako, bundikābaddho, kuḷīrapādako, āhaccapādako.
所谓凳有四种:马萨拉卡凳、邦地卡巴达凳、库利拉巴达卡凳、阿哈恰巴达卡凳。
Pīṭhaṃ nāma cattāri pīṭhāni – masārakaṃ, bundikābaddhaṃ, kuḷīrapādakaṃ, āhaccapādakaṃ.
名为三种绵:树绵、蔓绵、布绵。
Tūlaṃ nāma tīṇi tūlāni – rukkhatūlaṃ, latātūlaṃ, poṭakitūlaṃ.
所谓“制作”,是指:若自制或让人制作,在操作过程中犯恶作。得到物品后,应拆掉再忏悔波逸提。
Kārāpeyyāti karoti vā kārāpeti vā, payoge dukkaṭaṃ. Paṭilābhena uddāletvā pācittiyaṃ desetabbaṃ.
529自己开始做,自己完成,犯波逸提。自己开始做,由他人完成,犯波逸提。他人开始做,自己完成,犯波逸提。他人开始做,由他人完成,犯波逸提。
Attanā vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Attanā vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.
为了别人而做,或者指使别人做,犯恶作。获得别人做好的之后拿来使用,犯恶作。
Aññassatthāya karoti vā kārāpeti vā, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Aññena kataṃ paṭilabhitvā paribhuñjati, āpatti dukkaṭassa.
530无犯的情况:在带子、腰带、肩带、钵袋、滤水囊、制作枕头时,得到别人做的并拆开使用,精神失常者,最初犯者无犯。
Anāpatti āyoge, kāyabandhane, aṃsabaddhake, pattathavikāya, parissāvane, bibbohanaṃ karoti, aññena kataṃ paṭilabhitvā uddāletvā paribhuñjati, ummattakassa, ādikammikassāti.
7. 坐具学处
7. Nisīdanasikkhāpadaṃ
531那时,世尊住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。那时,世尊允许诸比丘使用坐具。六群比丘心想:“世尊允许坐具了!”便持用无尺寸的坐具,让坐具从床和凳的前后两边垂挂下来。那些少欲的诸比丘……他们讥嫌、批评、指责:“六群比丘怎么能持用无尺寸的坐具呢!”……世尊问:“诸比丘,你们真的持用无尺寸的坐具吗?”“真的,世尊。”佛世尊呵责:“愚人!你们怎能持用无尺寸的坐具!这不能让未生信者生信……”接着又说:“诸比丘,应这样诵这学处——”
Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṃ nisīdanaṃ anuññātaṃ hoti. Chabbaggiyā bhikkhū – ‘‘bhagavatā nisīdanaṃ anuññāta’’nti appamāṇikāni nisīdanāni dhārenti. Mañcassapi pīṭhassapi puratopi pacchatopi olambenti. Ye te bhikkhū appicchā…pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma chabbaggiyā bhikkhū appamāṇikāni nisīdanāni dhāressantī’’ti…pe… saccaṃ kira tumhe, bhikkhave, appamāṇikāni nisīdanāni dhārethāti? ‘‘Saccaṃ, bhagavā’’ti. Vigarahi buddho bhagavā…pe… kathañhi nāma tumhe, moghapurisā, appamāṇikāni nisīdanāni dhāressatha! Netaṃ, moghapurisā, appasannānaṃ vā pasādāya…pe… evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
任何比丘,制作坐具时,应依量制作。此中之量是:长二张手(依善逝张手),宽一张半。若超过此,应截短,犯波逸提。
‘‘Nisīdanaṃ pana bhikkhunā kārayamānena pamāṇikaṃ kāretabbaṃ. Tatridaṃ pamāṇaṃ – dīghaso dve vidatthiyo, sugatavidatthiyā; tiriyaṃ diyaḍḍhaṃ. Taṃ atikkāmayato chedanakaṃ pācittiya’’nti.
就这样,世尊为诸比丘制定了这条学处。
Evañcidaṃ bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ paññattaṃ hoti.
532那时,具寿优陀夷体型十分高大。他在世尊面前铺好坐毡,坐下去的时候,把坐毡往四下里拉扯舒展。于是,世尊对具寿优陀夷说:“优陀夷,你为什么把坐毡往四下里扯来扯去,活像个发霉的老谷仓?” “尊者,因为世尊准许诸比丘用的坐毡实在太小了呀。” 于是,世尊就以这个因缘、由这件事为起点,做了法的开示,然后对诸比丘说:“诸比丘,我允许坐毡有十拃长。而且,诸比丘,你们应该这样诵出这条学处——”
Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā udāyī mahākāyo hoti. So bhagavato purato nisīdanaṃ paññapetvā samantato samañchamāno nisīdati. Atha kho bhagavā āyasmantaṃ udāyiṃ etadavoca – ‘‘kissa tvaṃ, udāyi, nisīdanaṃ samantato samañchasi; seyyathāpi purāṇāsikoṭṭho’’ti? ‘‘Tathā hi pana, bhante, bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṃ atikhuddakaṃ nisīdanaṃ anuññāta’’nti. Atha kho bhagavā etasmiṃ nidāne etasmiṃ pakaraṇe dhammiṃ kathaṃ katvā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, nisīdanassa dasaṃ vidatthiṃ. Evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
533比丘制作坐具时应依量制作。此中之量是:长二张手(依善逝张手),宽一张半,边缘一张手;若超过此,应截短,犯波逸提。
‘‘Nisīdanaṃ pana bhikkhunā kārayamānena pamāṇikaṃ kāretabbaṃ. Tatridaṃ pamāṇaṃ – dīghaso dve vidatthiyo, sugatavidatthiyā; tiriyaṃ diyaḍḍhaṃ. Dasā vidatthi. Taṃ atikkāmayato chedanakaṃ pācittiya’’nti.
534所谓坐具,是指带有边缘的。
Nisīdanaṃ nāma sadasaṃ vuccati.
所谓“制作时”,是指:无论是自己制作,还是叫人制作,都应该按照标准尺寸来做。这里所说的标准尺寸是:长两拃,以善逝拃为准;宽一拃半。边的部分是一拃。如果超出这个尺寸,自己制作或叫人制作,在制作过程中犯恶作。做成拿到手之后,应该裁掉,然后忏出波逸提。
Kārayamānenāti karonto vā kārāpento vā pamāṇikaṃ kāretabbaṃ. Tatridaṃ pamāṇaṃ – dīghaso dve vidatthiyo, sugatavidatthiyā; tiriyaṃ diyaḍḍhaṃ. Dasā vidatthi. Taṃ atikkāmetvā karoti vā kārāpeti vā, payoge dukkaṭaṃ. Paṭilābhena chinditvā pācittiyaṃ desetabbaṃ.
535自己起头做的,由自己来完成,犯波逸提。自己起头做的,由别人来完成,犯波逸提。别人起头做的,由自己来完成,犯波逸提。别人起头做的,由别人来完成,犯波逸提。
Attanā vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Attanā vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.
为了别人而做,或者指使别人做,犯恶作。获得别人做好的之后拿来使用,犯恶作。
Aññassatthāya karoti vā kārāpeti vā, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Aññena kataṃ paṭilabhitvā paribhuñjati, āpatti dukkaṭassa.
536无犯的情况是:按标准尺寸做;做得比标准小;拿到别人做的超尺寸的,裁掉之后再使用;做成天篷、地毯、布幔、褥子或枕头;精神失常者;最初犯戒者。
Anāpatti pamāṇikaṃ karoti, ūnakaṃ karoti, aññena kataṃ pamāṇātikkantaṃ paṭilabhitvā chinditvā paribhuñjati, vitānaṃ vā bhūmattharaṇaṃ vā sāṇipākāraṃ vā bhisiṃ vā bibbohanaṃ vā karoti, ummattakassa, ādikammikassāti.
8. 疥疮衣学处
8. Kaṇḍuppaṭicchādisikkhāpadaṃ
537那时,佛陀世尊正住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。就在那时候,世尊准许诸比丘使用搔痒覆疮衣。六群比丘心想:“世尊准许了搔痒覆疮衣”,于是就穿着没有标准尺寸的搔痒覆疮衣,走路时前后拖曳着晃来晃去。那些少欲知足的诸比丘……都呵责、批评、非难道:“六群比丘怎么可以穿没有标准尺寸的搔痒覆疮衣呢?” …… “诸比丘,你们真的穿着没有标准尺寸的搔痒覆疮衣吗?” “是真的,世尊。” 佛陀世尊呵责了…… “你们这些愚痴人,怎么能穿没有标准尺寸的搔痒覆疮衣呢!愚痴人,这既不能让没有信心的人生起信心…… 诸比丘,你们应该这样诵出这条学处——
Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṃ kaṇḍuppaṭicchādi anuññātā hoti . Chabbaggiyā bhikkhū – ‘‘bhagavatā kaṇḍuppaṭicchādi anuññātā’’ti appamāṇikāyo kaṇḍuppaṭicchādiyo dhārenti; puratopi pacchatopi ākaḍḍhantā āhiṇḍanti. Ye te bhikkhū appicchā…pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma chabbaggiyā bhikkhū appamāṇikāyo kaṇḍuppaṭicchādiyo dhāressantī’’ti…pe… saccaṃ kira tumhe, bhikkhave, appamāṇikāyo kaṇḍuppaṭicchādiyo dhārethāti? ‘‘Saccaṃ, bhagavā’’ti. Vigarahi buddho bhagavā…pe… kathañhi nāma tumhe, moghapurisā, appamāṇikāyo kaṇḍuppaṭicchādiyo dhāressatha! Netaṃ, moghapurisā, appasannānaṃ vā pasādāya…pe… evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
538比丘制作覆疮衣时应依量制作。此中之量是:长四张手(依善逝张手),宽二张手;若超过此,应截短,犯波逸提。
‘‘Kaṇḍuppaṭicchādiṃ pana bhikkhunā kārayamānena pamāṇikā kāretabbā. Tatridaṃ pamāṇaṃ – dīghaso catasso vidatthiyo, sugatavidatthiyā; tiriyaṃ dve vidatthiyo. Taṃ atikkāmayato chedanakaṃ pācittiya’’nti.
539所谓‘覆痒衣’,是指为了遮盖肚脐以下、膝盖以上部位所生的痒、疙瘩、流脓或严重疥癣等疾病而用的布。
Kaṇḍuppaṭicchādi nāma yassa adhonābhi ubbhajāṇumaṇḍalaṃ kaṇḍu vā pīḷakā vā assāvo vā thullakacchu vā ābādho, tassa paṭicchādanatthāya.
所谓“制作时”,是指:自己制作或让人制作。应做成符合尺寸的。这里所说的尺寸是:长度上,用善逝张手量,为四张手;宽度上,为两张手。若超过此尺寸,自己制作或让人制作,在制作的过程中犯恶作。获得后,须裁切后方可使用,并应忏悔波逸提。
Kārayamānenāti karonto vā kārāpento vā. Pamāṇikā kāretabbā. Tatridaṃ pamāṇaṃ – dīghaso catasso vidatthiyo, sugatavidatthiyā; tiriyaṃ dve vidatthiyo. Taṃ atikkāmetvā karoti vā kārāpeti vā, payoge dukkaṭaṃ. Paṭilābhena chinditvā pācittiyaṃ desetabbaṃ.
540若自己开始制作,自己完成,犯波逸提。若自己开始制作,让他人完成,犯波逸提。若他人开始制作,自己完成,犯波逸提。若他人开始制作,他人完成,犯波逸提。
Attanā vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Attanā vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.
为了别人而做,或者指使别人做,犯恶作。获得别人做好的之后拿来使用,犯恶作。
Aññassatthāya karoti vā kārāpeti vā, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Aññena kataṃ paṭilabhitvā paribhuñjati, āpatti dukkaṭassa.
541无犯的情况是:做成符合尺寸的;做成不足尺寸的;从他人处获得超过尺寸的成品,裁切后使用;用来做天盖、地毯、帷幕、褥垫或枕头;对精神失常者;对最初犯行者。
Anāpatti pamāṇikaṃ karoti, ūnakaṃ karoti, aññena kataṃ pamāṇātikkantaṃ paṭilabhitvā chinditvā paribhuñjati, vitānaṃ vā bhūmattharaṇaṃ vā sāṇipākāraṃ vā bhisiṃ vā bibbohanaṃ vā karoti, ummattakassa, ādikammikassāti.
9. 雨季浴衣学处
9. Vassikasāṭikāsikkhāpadaṃ
542那时,佛陀世尊正住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。那时,世尊已允许诸比丘使用雨浴衣。六群比丘心想:‘世尊已允许雨浴衣了’,便穿着不合尺寸的雨浴衣。他们前后拖曳着,到处游荡。那些少欲的诸比丘……谴责、批评、指责说:‘六群比丘怎能穿着不合尺寸的雨浴衣呢?’……‘诸比丘,你们确实穿着不合尺寸的雨浴衣吗?’‘确实如此,世尊。’佛陀世尊呵责道……‘你们这些愚人,怎能穿着不合尺寸的雨浴衣呢!愚人们,这既不能让未生信者生信……’‘那么,诸比丘,应这样诵出此学处:’
Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena bhagavatā bhikkhūnaṃ vassikasāṭikā anuññātā hoti. Chabbaggiyā bhikkhū – ‘‘bhagavatā vassikasāṭikā anuññātā’’ti appamāṇikāyo vassikasāṭikāyo dhārenti. Puratopi pacchatopi ākaḍḍhantā āhiṇḍanti. Ye te bhikkhū appicchā…pe… te ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma chabbaggiyā bhikkhū appamāṇikāyo vassikasāṭikāyo dhāressantī’’ti…pe… saccaṃ kira tumhe, bhikkhave, appamāṇikāyo vassikasāṭikāyo dhārethāti? ‘‘Saccaṃ, bhagavā’’ti. Vigarahi buddho bhagavā…pe… kathañhi nāma tumhe, moghapurisā, appamāṇikāyo vassikasāṭikāyo dhāressatha! Netaṃ, moghapurisā, appasannānaṃ vā pasādāya…pe… evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
543比丘制作雨浴衣时应依量制作。此中之量是:长六张手(依善逝张手),宽二张半;若超过此,应截短,犯波逸提。
‘‘Vassikasāṭikaṃ pana bhikkhunā kārayamānena pamāṇikā kāretabbā. Tatridaṃ pamāṇaṃ – dīghaso cha vidatthiyo, sugatavidatthiyā; tiriyaṃ aḍḍhateyyā. Taṃ atikkāmayato chedanakaṃ pācittiya’’nti.
544所谓‘雨浴衣’,是为雨季四个月而用。
Vassikasāṭikā nāma vassānassa catumāsatthāya.
所谓“制作时”,是指:自己作或令他人作。应依量而作。在那里,其量如此:长度六张手,以善逝张手;宽度二张半。若超过那量而自作或令他人作,在制作时犯恶作。获得后,须裁切后,忏出波逸提。
Kārayamānenāti karonto vā kārāpento vā. Pamāṇikā kāretabbā. Tatridaṃ pamāṇaṃ – dīghaso cha vidatthiyo, sugatavidatthiyā; tiriyaṃ aḍḍhateyyā. Taṃ atikkāmetvā karoti vā kārāpeti vā, payoge dukkaṭaṃ. Paṭilābhena chinditvā pācittiyaṃ desetabbaṃ.
545自己开始作、自己完成,波逸提罪。自己开始作、由他人完成,波逸提罪。由他人开始作、自己完成,波逸提罪。由他人开始作、由他人完成,波逸提罪。
Attanā vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Attanā vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.
为了别人而做,或者指使别人做,犯恶作。获得别人做好的之后拿来使用,犯恶作。
Aññassatthāya karoti vā kārāpeti vā, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Aññena kataṃ paṭilabhitvā paribhuñjati, āpatti dukkaṭassa.
546无犯:制作合量的,制作不足量的,获得他人所作超量的但裁切后使用,作天篷或地敷或幕墙或床垫或枕头,疯癫者,最初犯者。
Anāpatti pamāṇikaṃ karoti, ūnakaṃ karoti, aññena kataṃ pamāṇātikkantaṃ paṭilabhitvā chinditvā paribhuñjati, vitānaṃ vā bhūmattharaṇaṃ vā sāṇipākāraṃ vā bhisiṃ vā bibbohanaṃ vā karoti, ummattakassa, ādikammikassāti.
10. 难陀学处
10. Nandasikkhāpadaṃ
547那时,佛陀世尊住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。那时,具寿难陀是世尊姨母之子,长相英俊,好看养眼,令人喜爱,比世尊低四指。他穿着与善逝衣等量的衣服。上座诸比丘看见具寿难陀从远处走来,看见后,心想‘世尊来了’便从座位起身。他们等到走近知道后,便讥嫌、批评、呵责:‘具寿难陀怎么能穿与善逝衣等量的衣服呢!’……‘难陀,你真的穿着与善逝衣等量的衣服吗?’‘是的,世尊。’佛陀世尊呵责……‘难陀,你怎么能穿与善逝衣等量的衣服呢!这不能让未生信心者生信……诸比丘,应当这样诵此学处——’
Tena samayena buddho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā nando bhagavato mātucchāputto abhirūpo hoti dassanīyo pāsādiko caturaṅgulomako bhagavatā . So sugatacīvarappamāṇaṃ cīvaraṃ dhāreti. Addasaṃsu kho therā bhikkhū āyasmantaṃ nandaṃ dūratova āgacchantaṃ. Disvāna – ‘‘bhagavā āgacchatī’’ti āsanā vuṭṭhahanti. Te upagate jānitvā ujjhāyanti khiyyanti vipācenti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma āyasmā nando sugatacīvarappamāṇaṃ cīvaraṃ dhāressatī’’ti…pe… saccaṃ kira tvaṃ, nanda, sugatacīvarappamāṇaṃ cīvaraṃ dhāresīti? ‘‘Saccaṃ, bhagavā’’ti. Vigarahi buddho bhagavā…pe… kathañhi nāma tvaṃ, nanda, sugatacīvarappamāṇaṃ cīvaraṃ dhāressasi! Netaṃ, nanda, appasannānaṃ vā pasādāya…pe… evañca pana, bhikkhave, imaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ uddiseyyātha –
548若比丘制作如善逝衣量大小的衣、或更大,应截短,犯波逸提。此中善逝的善逝衣量是:长九张手(依善逝张手),宽六张手——这就是善逝的善逝衣量。
‘‘Yo pana bhikkhu sugatacīvarappamāṇaṃ cīvaraṃ kārāpeyya atirekaṃ vā, chedanakaṃ pācittiyaṃ . Tatridaṃ sugatassa sugatacīvarappamāṇaṃ – dīghaso nava vidatthiyo, sugatavidatthiyā; tiriyaṃ cha vidatthiyo. Idaṃ sugatassa sugatacīvarappamāṇa’’nti.
549“凡……者”,是指凡是这样的、如此这般的……(中略)……“比丘”,是指……(中略)……此处所指的,正是这个意义上的比丘。
Yo panāti yo yādiso…pe… bhikkhūti…pe… ayaṃ imasmiṃ atthe adhippeto bhikkhūti.
所谓“善逝衣量”,是指:长度而言,九张手,按善逝张手来算;宽度则是六张手。
Sugatacīvarappamāṇaṃ nāma dīghaso nava vidatthiyo, sugatavidatthiyā; tiriyaṃ cha vidatthiyo.
所谓“制作”,是指自己制作或叫人制作,在制作过程中犯恶作。当获得成品时,裁切后应忏悔,犯波逸提。
Kārāpeyyāti karoti vā kārāpeti vā, payoge dukkaṭaṃ. Paṭilābhena chinditvā pācittiyaṃ desetabbaṃ.
550自己开始制作的,由自己完成,犯波逸提罪。自己开始制作的,由别人完成,犯波逸提罪。别人开始制作的,由自己完成,犯波逸提罪。别人开始制作的,由别人完成,犯波逸提罪。
Attanā vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Attanā vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ attanā pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa. Parehi vippakataṃ parehi pariyosāpeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.
为了别人而做,或者指使别人做,犯恶作。获得别人做好的之后拿来使用,犯恶作。
Aññassatthāya karoti vā kārāpeti vā, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Aññena kataṃ paṭilabhitvā paribhuñjati, āpatti dukkaṭassa.
551无犯的情况:制作不足量的;获得别人所做的成品,裁切后再使用;用来做顶篷、地毯、帘幕、床垫或枕头;精神失常者;最初的犯者。
Anāpatti ūnakaṃ karoti, aññena kataṃ paṭilabhitvā chinditvā paribhuñjati, vitānaṃ vā bhūmattharaṇaṃ vā sāṇipākāraṃ vā bhisiṃ vā bibbohanaṃ vā karoti, ummattakassa, ādikammikassāti.
还有国王所拥有的珍宝、针、床和棉垫;
坐垫、搔痒布、雨浴衣,以及善逝衣。
Rañño ca ratanaṃ santaṃ, sūci mañcañca tūlikaṃ; Nisīdanañca kaṇḍuñca, vassikā sugatena cāti.
尊者们,九十二条波逸提法已经诵出。在此,我问诸位尊者:“对此,你们是否完全清净?”第二次我问:“对此,你们是否完全清净?”第三次我问:“对此,你们是否完全清净?”诸位尊者对此完全清净,因此保持沉默。我如此记住此情形。
Uddiṭṭhā kho, āyasmanto, dvenavuti pācittiyā dhammā. Tatthāyasmante pucchāmi – ‘‘kaccittha parisuddhā’’? Dutiyampi pucchāmi – ‘‘kaccittha parisuddhā’’? Tatiyampi pucchāmi – ‘‘kaccittha parisuddhā’’? Parisuddhetthāyasmanto, tasmā tuṇhī, evametaṃ dhārayāmīti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
事件
释迦族比丘哈塔咖在与外道争论时,故意颠倒事实,认后又否,否后又认,并直言“外道应以任何方式被战胜”。诸比丘闻听外道讥嫌,呵责哈塔咖后禀告佛陀。佛陀以此因缘召集比丘,呵责其以妄语求胜的行为,并首次制定了“若比丘故意妄语,犯波逸提”的学处。经文中详尽罗列了涉及“见、闻、觉、知”的各类妄语心理状态与情形。
随后,因六群比丘与良善比丘争论时,以出身、名字、技艺、疾病等十种方式辱骂对方,佛陀呵责他们,并讲述了“过去婆罗门因辱骂公牛‘蠢货’而输掉赌局,改称‘贤者’后公牛才拉车获胜”的本生故事,以此教导辱骂之过,并制定轻蔑语学处。
经文后半部分,针对六群比丘及难德比丘的穿着行为,佛陀相继制定了关于搔痒布、雨浴衣、佛陀衣量等物品尺寸标准的系列学处,规定了比丘使用这些物品的合法尺寸及制作、受用规则。
经文摘要
佛陀因释迦族哈塔咖为求胜而故意妄语(1.妄语品)→ 制立“故意妄语波逸提”,详析见闻觉知妄语的种种相;接着因六群比丘辱骂同修并引公牛本生故事(2.轻蔑语学处)→ 制立辱骂学处;最后因比丘衣着不当(搔痒布、雨浴衣、像佛衣等)→ 制立一系列物品尺寸相关的学处。
中心思想
这部分经文的核心,不是枯燥地罗列戒条,而是用活生生的案例展示:出家修行者如何被世俗的“求胜心”、“傲慢心”和“虚荣心”牵着走,以及佛陀如何一把拽回来。
第一层:言语不可为武器
哈塔咖觉得为了“战胜”外道,撒谎是可以的。佛陀直接呵斥这种把妄语合理化的逻辑,毫不含糊地定下规矩:凡故意说假话,就犯戒。经文不厌其烦地列举“未见说见、已闻说未闻”等各种排列组合,就是要彻底堵死所有耍小聪明的借口。“事前有‘我将说妄语’,说时有‘我正在说妄语’,说后有‘妄语已被我说’”—— 这拆开看,佛陀是在强调:一个完整的妄语,是由起心动念、表达动作和事后确认三部分构成的,只要这三环在心里都转了一遍,哪怕只是颠倒了“见”与“闻”这些微细心所,也全算犯戒。→ 一句话要旨:真实语不只是嘴里的话,它是从起念到认账的整个心理过程的诚实。
第二层:语言暴力比物理伤害更深远
当六群比丘用出身、长相、技能、疾病等去戳他人痛处时,佛陀讲了一个极生动的故事:公牛听到主人喊“蠢货”就直接罢工,听到“贤者”就能拉动百辆大车。这说明,粗恶语对任何生命(包括动物)都是一种实实在在的伤害,它是一种心灵上的“鞭打”。“比丘们,那时对我来说,责骂、诽谤也是不可意的”—— 拆开看:佛陀拿自己过去世的感受作标杆来反问,让比丘们设身处地。你自己被骂一句都不爽,为何觉得骂同修就能随口来?→ 一句话要旨:轻蔑语的本质是不把对方当作有尊严的生命来对待,而一个修行团体的和合,靠的是尊重,不是侮辱。
第三层:衣食住行皆是道场
后半部分看似琐碎的“衣服尺寸”规定,其实是检验内心的标尺。难德比丘因为相貌、血缘特别优越,就穿着像佛陀一样的衣服,让同修远远看到误以为是老师来了。这件事的症结不是那几指宽的布料,而是微妙的自我凸显。佛陀为雨浴衣、搔痒布都定下精确尺寸,意思是:身体的养护以遮羞和治病的“合用”为界,任何“过量”或模仿权威的穿戴,都会成为滋长骄慢和无明追逐的土壤。→ 一句话要旨:日用物品的尺度,最终规束的是心的尺度;少欲知足,就是在外物上不越雷池一步。
关键术语锚
- Saccaṃ → 谛/真理/实语:在本篇易错译为抽象的真理。此处特指与事实相符的言语,即实语。若理解成哲学上的“真理”,会忽略它作为戒行基础的具体行为要求。
- Vihāra → 住/安住(心境) /寺院:本篇特指“祇树给孤独园”这个具体的寺院。但易与“心的安住状态”(亦为vihāra)混淆。在此清晰指向地理上的僧团住所,是戒行发生的空间背景。
- Diṭṭhi → 见/见解:在妄语分析中反复出现的“舍弃己见”,是指当事者为了说谎,刻意回避、扭曲或替换掉自己内心真实的认知。此处的“见”不是世界观(常见、断见),而是指当下对事实的直接认知,易被误解为抽象的理论见解。