8. 八法之解释
8. Aṭṭhakaniddeso
17. 小事分别 · 33 段
(1) 八烦恼事
(1) Aṭṭha kilesavatthūni
952于此,什么是八种烦恼事?贪、嗔、痴、慢、见、疑、昏沉、掉举——这些是八种烦恼事。
Tattha katamāni aṭṭha kilesavatthūni? Lobho, doso, moho, māno, diṭṭhi, vicikicchā, thinaṃ, uddhaccaṃ – imāni aṭṭha kilesavatthūni.
(2) 八懈怠事
(2) Aṭṭha kusītavatthūni
953于此,什么是八种懈怠事?
Tattha katamāni aṭṭha kusītavatthūni?
(甲)于此,比丘有工作应当做。他如此想——“我将有工作应当做。然而,当我做工作时,身体将会疲劳。让我躺下吧。”他躺下;他不发起精进,为了未得者之得、未达者之达、未作证者之作证。这是第一种懈怠事。
(Ka) idha bhikkhunā kammaṃ kātabbaṃ hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘‘kammaṃ kho me kātabbaṃ bhavissati. Kammaṃ kho pana me karontassa kāyo kilamissati. Handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’’ti. So nipajjati; na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā, anadhigatassa adhigamāya, asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ paṭhamaṃ kusītavatthu.
(乙)再者,比丘已做了工作。他如此想——“我做了工作。然而,当我做工作时,身体疲劳了。让我躺下吧。”他躺下;他不发起精进,为了未得者之得、未达者之达、未作证者之作证。这是第二种懈怠事。
(Kha) puna caparaṃ bhikkhunā kammaṃ kataṃ hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘‘ahaṃ kho kammaṃ akāsiṃ. Kammaṃ kho pana me karontassa kāyo kilanto. Handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’’ti. So nipajjati; na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā, anadhigatassa adhigamāya, asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ dutiyaṃ kusītavatthu.
(丙)再者,比丘有路要行。他如此想——“我还有路要行。然而,当我行路时,身体将会疲劳。让我躺下吧。”他躺下;他不发起精进,为未得之得、未达之达、未作证之作证。这是第三种懈怠事。
(Ga) puna caparaṃ bhikkhunā maggo gantabbo hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘‘maggo kho me gantabbo bhavissati. Maggaṃ kho pana me gacchantassa kāyo kilamissati. Handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’’ti. So nipajjati; na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā, anadhigatassa adhigamāya, asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ tatiyaṃ kusītavatthu.
(丁)再者,比丘已走了路。他如此想——“我走了路。然而,当我行路时,身体疲劳了。让我躺下吧。”他躺下;他不发起精进,为未得之得、未达之达、未作证之作证。这是第四种懈怠事。
(Gha) puna caparaṃ bhikkhunā maggo gato hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘‘ahaṃ kho maggaṃ agamāsiṃ. Maggaṃ kho pana me gacchantassa kāyo kilanto. Handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’’ti. So nipajjati ; na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā, anadhigatassa adhigamāya, asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ catutthaṃ kusītavatthu.
(戊)再者,比丘在村或镇行乞食时,未得到粗食或细食的饱足。他这样想:“我在村或镇行乞食时,未得到粗食或细食的饱足。我的身体疲劳、不适于工作。让我躺下吧。”他躺下;不发起精进,为未得之得、未达之达、未作证之作证。这是第五懈怠事。
(Ṅa) puna caparaṃ bhikkhu gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto na labhati lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘‘ahaṃ kho gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto nālatthaṃ lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa me kāyo kilanto akammañño. Handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’’ti. So nipajjati; na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā, anadhigatassa adhigamāya, asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ pañcamaṃ kusītavatthu.
(己)再者,比丘在村或镇行乞食,得到粗劣或胜妙的食物,达到所需的满足。他这样想:“我在村或镇行乞食,得到粗劣或胜妙的食物,达到所需的满足。我的身体疲劳、不适于工作,我想像堆满豆子一般。让我躺下吧。”他躺下;不发起精进,为了未得之得、未证之证、未作证之作证。这是第六懈怠事。
(Ca) puna caparaṃ bhikkhu gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto labhati lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘‘ahaṃ kho gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto alatthaṃ lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa me kāyo kilanto akammañño māsācitaṃ maññe. Handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’’ti. So nipajjati; na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā, anadhigatassa adhigamāya, asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ chaṭṭhaṃ kusītavatthu.
(庚)再者,比丘生起了小病。他这样想:“我生起了这小病。有机会躺下。让我躺下吧。”他躺下;不发起精进,为了未得之得、未证之证、未作证之作证。这是第七懈怠事。
(Cha) puna caparaṃ bhikkhuno uppanno hoti appamattako ābādho. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘‘uppanno kho me ayaṃ appamattako ābādho. Atthi kappo nipajjituṃ . Handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’’ti. So nipajjati; na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā, anadhigatassa adhigamāya, asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ sattamaṃ kusītavatthu.
(辛)再者,比丘病愈,刚从病中痊愈。他这样想:“我病愈,刚从病中痊愈。我的身体虚弱、不适于工作。让我躺下吧。”他躺下;不发起精进,为了未得之得、未证之证、未作证之作证。这是第八懈怠事。这些是八懈怠事。
(Ja) puna caparaṃ bhikkhu gilānā vuṭṭhito hoti aciravuṭṭhito gelaññā. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘‘ahaṃ kho gilānā vuṭṭhito aciravuṭṭhito gelaññā. Tassa me kāyo dubbalo akammañño. Handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’’ti. So nipajjati; na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā, anadhigatassa adhigamāya, asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ aṭṭhamaṃ kusītavatthu. Imāni aṭṭha kusītavatthūni.
(3) 于八世间法心的抵触
(3) Aṭṭhasu lokadhammesu cittassa paṭighāto
954其中,于哪八世间法有心的抵触?于利有贪染,于无利有抵触;于名声有贪染,于无名声有抵触;于赞叹有贪染,于诽谤有抵触;于乐有贪染,于苦有抵触——于这八世间法有心的抵触。
Tattha katamesu aṭṭhasu lokadhammesu cittassa paṭighāto? Lābhe sārāgo, alābhe paṭivirodho, yase sārāgo, ayase paṭivirodho, pasaṃsāya sārāgo, nindāya paṭivirodho, sukhe sārāgo, dukkhe paṭivirodho – imesu aṭṭhasu lokadhammesu cittassa paṭighāto.
(4) 八非圣说
(4) Aṭṭhaanariyavohārā
955其中,哪些是八非圣说?于未见说见,于未闻说闻,于未觉说觉,于未识说识;于已见说未见,于已闻说未闻,于已觉说未觉,于已识说未识——这些是八非圣说。
Tattha katame aṭṭha anariyavohārā? Adiṭṭhe diṭṭhavāditā, assute sutavāditā, amute mutavāditā, aviññāte viññātavāditā, diṭṭhe adiṭṭhavāditā, sute assutavāditā, mute amutavāditā, viññāte aviññātavāditā – ime aṭṭha anariyavohārā.
(5) 八邪性
(5) Aṭṭha micchattā
956其中,哪些是八邪性?邪见、邪思惟、邪语、邪业、邪命、邪精进、邪念、邪定——这些是八邪性。
Tattha katame aṭṭha micchattā? Micchādiṭṭhi, micchāsaṅkappo, micchāvācā, micchākammanto, micchāājīvo, micchāvāyāmo, micchāsati, micchāsamādhi – ime aṭṭha micchattā.
(6) 八人过失
(6) Aṭṭha purisadosā
957于此,什么是八种人的过失?(a)于此,诸比丘以罪责备比丘。那位比丘被诸比丘以罪责备时,仅以不忆念而逃避“我不忆念,我不忆念”。这是第一种人的过失。
Tattha katame aṭṭha purisadosā? (Ka) idha bhikkhū bhikkhuṃ āpattiyā codenti. So bhikkhu bhikkhūhi āpattiyā codiyamāno ‘‘na sarāmi na sarāmī’’ti assatiyāva nibbeṭheti. Ayaṃ paṭhamo purisadoso.
(乙)再者,诸比丘以罪责备比丘。那位比丘被诸比丘以罪责备时,反而反驳责备者——“你这愚痴无能者所说的算什么!你竟然认为应该对我说!”这是第二种人的过失。
(Kha) puna caparaṃ bhikkhū bhikkhuṃ āpattiyā codenti. So bhikkhu bhikkhūhi āpattiyā codiyamāno codakaṃyeva paṭippharati – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho tuyhaṃ bālassa abyattassa bhaṇitena! Tvampi nāma maṃ bhaṇitabbaṃ maññasī’’ti! Ayaṃ dutiyo purisadoso.
(丙)再者,诸比丘以罪责备比丘。那位比丘被诸比丘以罪责备时,反而指责责备者——“你也犯了如此这般的罪。你先忏悔吧!”这是第三种人的过失。
(Ga) puna caparaṃ bhikkhū bhikkhuṃ āpattiyā codenti. So bhikkhu bhikkhūhi āpattiyā codiyamāno codakaṃyeva paccāropeti – ‘‘tvampi khosi itthannāmaṃ āpattiṃ āpanno. Tvaṃ tāva paṭhamaṃ paṭikarohī’’ti. Ayaṃ tatiyo purisadoso.
(丁)再者,诸比丘以罪责备比丘。那位比丘被诸比丘以罪责备时,以其他回答,转移话题到外面,显示愤怒、嗔恨和不满。这是第四种人的过失。
(Gha) puna caparaṃ bhikkhū bhikkhuṃ āpattiyā codenti. So bhikkhu bhikkhūhi āpattiyā codiyamāno aññenāññaṃ paṭicarati, bahiddhā kathaṃ apanāmeti, kopañca dosañca appaccayañca pātukaroti. Ayaṃ catuttho purisadoso.
(戊)再者,诸比丘以罪责备比丘。那位比丘被诸比丘以罪责备时,在僧团中间挥动手臂而说话。这是第五种人的过失。
(Ṅa) puna caparaṃ bhikkhū bhikkhuṃ āpattiyā codenti. So bhikkhu bhikkhūhi āpattiyā codiyamāno saṅghamajjhe bāhāvikkhepakaṃ bhaṇati. Ayaṃ pañcamo purisadoso.
(己)再者,诸比丘以罪责备比丘。那位比丘被诸比丘以罪责备时,不理会僧团,不理会责备者,有罪地随意离去。这是第六种人的过失。
(Ca) puna caparaṃ bhikkhū bhikkhuṃ āpattiyā codenti. So bhikkhu bhikkhūhi āpattiyā codiyamāno anādiyitvā saṅghaṃ, anādiyitvā codakaṃ, sāpattikova yenakāmaṃ pakkamati. Ayaṃ chaṭṭho purisadoso.
(庚)再者,诸比丘以罪责备比丘。那位比丘被诸比丘以罪责备时,“我既未犯罪,我也非未犯罪”,保持沉默而恼害僧团。这是第七种人的过失。
(Cha) puna caparaṃ bhikkhū bhikkhuṃ āpattiyā codenti. So bhikkhu bhikkhūhi āpattiyā codiyamāno ‘‘nevāhaṃ āpannomhi, na panāhaṃ anāpannomhī’’ti tuṇhībhūto saṅghaṃ viheseti. Ayaṃ sattamo purisadoso.
(辛)再者,诸比丘以罪责备比丘。那位比丘被诸比丘以罪责备时,如此说——“诸位具寿为何过分地为我忙碌?现在我要舍弃学处而还俗。”他舍弃学处而还俗后,如此说——“现在诸位具寿满意了吧!”这是第八种人的过失。这些是八种人的过失。
(Ja) puna caparaṃ bhikkhū bhikkhuṃ āpattiyā codenti. So bhikkhu bhikkhūhi āpattiyā codiyamāno evamāha – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho tumhe āyasmanto atibāḷhaṃ mayi byāvaṭā. Idānāhaṃ sikkhaṃ paccakkhāya hīnāyāvattissāmī’’ti. So sikkhaṃ paccakkhāya hīnāyāvattitvā evamāha – ‘‘idāni kho tumhe āyasmanto attamanā hothā’’ti. Ayaṃ aṭṭhamo purisadoso. Ime aṭṭha purisadosā.
(7) 八无想论
(7) Aṭṭha asaññīvādā
958于此,什么是八种无想论?“有色的我于死后无病”——他们施设为无想;无色的我……有色且无色的……非有色非无色的……“有边的我于死后无病”——他们施设为无想;“无边的我于死后无病”——他们施设为无想;“有边且无边的我于死后无病”——他们施设为无想;“非有边非无边的我于死后无病”——他们施设为无想。这些是八种无想论。
Tattha katame aṭṭha asaññīvādā? ‘‘Rūpī attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – asaññīti naṃ paññapenti; arūpī attā…pe… rūpī ca arūpī ca…pe… nevarūpīnārūpī…pe… ‘‘antavā attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – asaññīti naṃ paññapenti; ‘‘anantavā attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – asaññīti naṃ paññapenti; ‘‘antavā ca anantavā ca attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – asaññīti naṃ paññapenti; ‘‘nevantavā nānantavā attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – asaññīti naṃ paññapenti. Ime aṭṭha asaññīvādā.
(8) 八非想非非想论
(8) Aṭṭha nevasaññīnāsaññīvādā
959于此,什么是八种非想非非想论?“有色的我于死后无病”——他们施设为非想非非想;“无色的我于死后无病”——他们施设为非想非非想;“有色且无色的我于死后无病”——他们施设为非想非非想;“非有色非无色的我于死后无病”——他们施设为非想非非想;“有边的我于死后无病”——他们施设为非想非非想;“无边的我于死后无病”——他们施设为非想非非想;“有边且无边的我于死后无病”——他们施设为非想非非想;“非有边非无边的我于死后无病”——他们施设为非想非非想。这些是八种非想非非想论。
Tattha katame aṭṭha nevasaññīnāsaññīvādā? ‘‘Rūpī attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – nevasaññīnāsaññīti naṃ paññapenti; ‘‘arūpī attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – nevasaññīnāsaññīti naṃ paññapenti; ‘‘rūpī ca arūpī ca attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – nevasaññīnāsaññīti naṃ paññapenti; ‘‘nevarūpīnārūpī attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – nevasaññīnāsaññīti naṃ paññapenti; ‘‘antavā attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – nevasaññīnāsaññīti naṃ paññapenti; ‘‘anantavā attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – nevasaññīnāsaññīti naṃ paññapenti; ‘‘antavā ca anantavā ca attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – nevasaññīnāsaññīti naṃ paññapenti; ‘‘nevantavā nānantavā attā hoti arogo paraṃ maraṇā’’ti – nevasaññīnāsaññīti naṃ paññapenti. Ime aṭṭha nevasaññīnāsaññīvādā.