8. 同法品·同法学处注释
5. 波逸提篇义注 · 135 段
8. 同法品巴利
8. Sahadhammikavaggo
同法学处注释巴利
1. Sahadhammikasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
434 434. 同法品第一学处的注释——“在这个学处中”:对于这个学处里所说的内容,我暂时还不去学。“犯波逸提罪”:在这里应当知道,每说一次话就犯一次罪。“诸比丘,比丘应当学”:以头承接教诫之后,唯有真正想要学的人,才应当去了知、应当去问、应当去审察。这里剩下的内容,按照难调学处所说的方式,从词义上去了知。从判定上来说,则是很浅显易懂的。巴利
434. Sahadhammikavaggassa paṭhamasikkhāpade – etasmiṃ sikkhāpadeti etasmiṃ sikkhāpade yaṃ vuttaṃ, taṃ na tāva sikkhissāmi. Āpatti pācittiyassāti ettha pana vācāya vācāya āpatti veditabbā. Sikkhamānena bhikkhave bhikkhunāti ovādaṃ sirasā sampaṭicchitvā sikkhitukāmeneva hutvā ājānitabbañceva pucchitabbañca upaparikkhitabbañca. Sesamettha dubbacasikkhāpade vuttanayeneva padatthato veditabbaṃ. Vinicchayato uttānameva.
三种生起:所作、想解脱、有心、世间罪、身业、语业、不善心、苦受。巴利
Tisamuṭṭhānaṃ – kiriyaṃ, saññāvimokkhaṃ, sacittakaṃ, lokavajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, akusalacittaṃ, dukkhavedananti.
2. 扰乱学处注释巴利
2. Vilekhanasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
438 438. 第二项——“说律论”:所谓律论,就是谈论哪些是允许的、哪些是不允许的,哪些是犯戒、哪些是不犯戒,以及关于防护和断除的言论,他就是在说这个。“称赞律”:所谓称赞律,就是依五类罪聚或七类罪聚列出纲目,再用逐条分别解释的方式加以阐述,他就是在说这个。“称赞律的学习”:就是对学习律典的人讲说以学习律典为根本的称赞、功德和利益。因为持律者能获得以学习律典为根本的五种、六种、七种、八种、九种、十种乃至十一种利益,他就是在说这一切,这就是这段话的意思。获得哪五种利益呢?就是自身戒蕴得到善加守护等等。关于此,确实已经说过——巴利
438. Dutiye – vinayakathaṃ kathetīti vinayakathā nāma kappiyākappiyaāpattānāpattisaṃvarapahānapaṭisaṃyuttakathā, taṃ katheti. Vinayassa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsatīti vinayassa vaṇṇo nāma pañcannampi sattannampi āpattikkhandhānaṃ vasena mātikaṃ nikkhipitvā padabhājanena vaṇṇanā, taṃ bhāsati. Vinayapariyattiyā vaṇṇaṃ bhāsatīti vinayaṃ pariyāpuṇantānaṃ vinayapariyattimūlakaṃ vaṇṇaṃ guṇaṃ ānisaṃsaṃ bhāsati. Vinayadharo hi vinayapariyattimūlake pañcānisaṃse chānisaṃse sattānisaṃse aṭṭhānisaṃse navānisaṃse dasānisaṃse ekādasānisaṃse ca labhati te sabbe bhāsatīti attho. Katame pañcānisaṃse labhatīti? Attano sīlakkhandhasuguttiādike . Vuttañhetaṃ –
比丘们,持律的人有五种利益:自己的戒蕴得到妥善守护、妥善保护;成为心生悔愧者的依靠;在僧众中无所畏惧地说话;能以正法好好折伏对手;为了正法久住而实践。巴利
‘‘Pañcime, bhikkhave, ānisaṃsā vinayadhare puggale – attano sīlakkhandho sugutto hoti surakkhito, kukkuccapakatānaṃ paṭisaraṇaṃ hoti, visārado saṅghamajjhe voharati, paccatthike sahadhammena suniggahitaṃ niggaṇhāti, saddhammaṭṭhitiyā paṭipanno hotī’’ti (pari. 325).
自己的戒蕴怎样才能守护得好、防护得好?在这里,有些比丘犯戒时,会以六种方式犯戒:无惭、无知、心中懊悔、把不该做的当成该做的、把该做的当成不该做的、忘失正念。巴利
Kathamassa attano sīlakkhandho sugutto hoti surakkhito? Idhekacco bhikkhu āpattiṃ āpajjanto chahākārehi āpajjati – alajjitā, aññāṇatā, kukkuccapakatatā, akappiye kappiyasaññitā, kappiye akappiyasaññitā, satisammosāti.
怎样因为无惭而犯戒?明明知道那是不允许的,还是无视它、去违犯。关于这一点也这样说过:巴利
Kathaṃ alajjitāya āpattiṃ āpajjati? Akappiyabhāvaṃ jānantoyeva madditvā vītikkamaṃ karoti. Vuttampi cetaṃ –
“ 故意犯戒,还把自己的罪过藏起来;
行于非道,这样的人就叫做无惭者。”巴利
‘‘Sañcicca āpattiṃ āpajjati, āpattiṃ parigūhati; Agatigamanañca gacchati, ediso vuccati alajjipuggalo’’ti. (pari. 359);
怎样因为无知而犯戒呢?无知的人愚笨糊涂,分不清该做和不该做的事,结果做了不该做的,耽误了该做的;这样就是因为无知而犯戒。巴利
Kathaṃ aññāṇatāya āpajjati? Aññāṇapuggalo hi mando momūho kattabbākattabbaṃ ajānanto akattabbaṃ karoti, kattabbaṃ virādheti; evaṃ aññāṇatāya āpajjati.
怎样因为心生疑虑而犯戒?对合法与不合法的事起了疑虑,去请教持律者之后,如果合法就该做,如果不合法就不该做,但这个人却以“这是可以的”为由践踏(教诫),照样违犯;这样就是因为心生疑虑而犯戒。巴利
Kathaṃ kukkuccapakatatāya āpajjati? Kappiyākappiyaṃ nissāya kukkucce uppanne vinayadharaṃ pucchitvā kappiyañce kattabbaṃ siyā, akappiyañce na kattabbaṃ, ayaṃ pana ‘‘vaṭṭatī’’ti madditvā vītikkamatiyeva; evaṃ kukkuccapakatatāya āpajjati.
怎样会因为把不该用的当成该用的而犯戒?吃熊肉时以为是猪肉,吃豹肉时以为是鹿肉,吃不该吃的食物时以为是该吃的,在非时进食时以为是适时,喝不该喝的饮料时以为是该喝的;这样就是因为把不该用的当成该用的而犯戒。巴利
Kathaṃ akappiye kappiyasaññitāya āpajjati? Acchamaṃsaṃ sūkaramaṃsanti khādati, dīpimaṃsaṃ migamaṃsanti khādati, akappiyabhojanaṃ kappiyabhojananti bhuñjati, vikāle kālasaññāya bhuñjati, akappiyapānakaṃ kappiyapānakanti pivati; evaṃ akappiye kappiyasaññitāya āpajjati.
怎样会因为把如法的事物想成不如法而犯戒呢?比如吃猪肉时心想这是熊肉,吃鹿肉时心想这是豹肉,吃如法的食物时心想这是不如法的食物,在允许的时间进食却心想这是非时进食,喝如法的饮料却心想这是不如法的饮料;这样,就是因为把如法的事物想成不如法而犯戒。巴利
Kathaṃ kappiye akappiyasaññitāya āpajjati? Sūkaramaṃsaṃ acchamaṃsanti khādati, migamaṃsaṃ dīpimaṃsanti khādati, kappiyabhojanaṃ akappiyabhojananti bhuñjati, kāle vikālasaññāya bhuñjati, kappiyapānakaṃ akappiyapānakanti pivati; evaṃ kappiye akappiyasaññitāya āpajjati.
怎样会因为忘失正念而犯戒?由于与未受具戒者同宿、离开三衣、药物、衣时已过等因缘而犯戒,也会因为忘失正念而犯戒;在这里,某些比丘就是以这六种方式犯戒的。巴利
Kathaṃ satisammosāya āpajjati? Sahaseyyacīvaravippavāsabhesajjacīvarakālātikkamanapaccayā āpattiñca satisammosāya āpajjati; evamidhekacco bhikkhu imehi chahākārehi āpattiṃ āpajjati.
持律者不会通过这六种方式犯戒。那他是怎么因为有惭而不犯戒的呢?他为了保护自己不被别人这样指责——“诸位贤者请看,这个人明明知道什么是如法、什么是不如法,却还是故意违犯规定”——所以不犯戒。就是这样,他因为有惭而不犯戒。即使一时冲动犯了戒,他也会对属于忏悔就能净除的罪进行忏悔,对属于出罪才能净除的罪依法出罪,然后安住在清净之中。从此以后——巴利
Vinayadharo pana imehi chahākārehi āpattiṃ nāpajjati. Kathaṃ lajjitāya nāpajjati? So hi ‘‘passatha bho, ayaṃ kappiyākappiyaṃ jānantoyeva paṇṇattivītikkamaṃ karotī’’ti imaṃ parūpavādaṃ rakkhantopi nāpajjati; evaṃ lajjitāya nāpajjati. Sahasā āpannampi desanāgāminiṃ desetvā vuṭṭhānagāminiyā vuṭṭhahitvā suddhante patiṭṭhāti. Tato –
“ 不故犯戒,不覆藏其罪;
不行贪嗔痴怖之偏私邪道,如是之人名为有惭。”巴利
‘‘Sañcicca āpattiṃ na āpajjati, āpattiṃ na parigūhati; Agatigamanañca na gacchati, ediso vuccati lajjipuggalo’’ti. (pari. 359)
他就安住在有惭的状态里。巴利
Imasmiṃ lajjibhāve patiṭṭhitova hoti.
怎样才算因为有智慧而不犯戒呢?他确实能分辨什么是允许的、什么是不允许的,因此只做允许的事,不做不允许的事;这样就是因为有智慧而不犯戒。巴利
Kathaṃ ñāṇatāya nāpajjati? So hi kappiyākappiyaṃ jānāti, tasmā kappiyameva karoti, akappiyaṃ na karoti; evaṃ ñāṇatāya nāpajjati.
怎样才是因为不会后悔而避免犯戒呢?他依靠如法和不如法,当生起后悔时,就去查看事情本身,查看纲目、分别、中间犯戒、犯戒和不犯戒,如果是如法的就去做,如果是不如法的就不做;这样就是因为不会后悔而避免犯戒。巴利
Kathaṃ akukkuccapakatatāya nāpajjati? So hi kappiyākappiyaṃ nissāya kukkucce uppanne vatthuṃ oloketvā mātikaṃ padabhājanaṃ antarāpattiṃ āpattiṃ anāpattiñca oloketvā kappiyañce hoti karoti, akappiyañce na karoti; evaṃ akukkuccapakatatāya nāpajjati.
怎样才不会因为把不如法等相关想而犯戒呢?他确实分得清如法和不如法,所以不会把不如法当成如法想,也不会把如法当成不如法想;他的正念安立得很稳固,该决意的就决意,该分别净施的就分别净施。这样,通过这六种方式,他就不犯戒。不犯戒的人,戒行没有缺损,戒行清净;这样一来,他自己的戒蕴就得到了很好的守护和很好的保护。巴利
Kathaṃ akappiyādisaññitāya nāpajjati? So hi kappiyākappiyaṃ jānāti, tasmā akappiye kappiyasaññī na hoti, kappiye akappiyasaññī na hoti; suppatiṭṭhitā cassa sati hoti, adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ adhiṭṭheti, vikappetabbaṃ vikappeti. Iti imehi chahākārehi āpattiṃ nāpajjati. Āpattiṃ anāpajjanto akhaṇḍasīlo hoti parisuddhasīlo; evamassa attano sīlakkhandho sugutto hoti surakkhito.
有恶作的人怎样得到依靠呢?如果比丘在其他国家、其他地区生起了恶作,听说“某某精舍有一位持律者住着”,即使很远也赶去他那里,请问自己的恶作。持律者便观察他们所做的事由,辨明是犯、不犯、重、轻等差别,让他们发露应当忏悔的罪,使他们出离应当出离的过失,安立在清净中。这样,有恶作的人就得到了依靠。巴利
Kathaṃ kukkuccapakatānaṃ paṭisaraṇaṃ hoti? Tiroraṭṭhesu tirojanapadesu ca uppannakukkuccā bhikkhū ‘‘asukasmiṃ kira vihāre vinayadharo vasatī’’ti dūratopi tassa santikaṃ āgantvā kukkuccaṃ pucchanti, so tehi katassa kammassa vatthuṃ oloketvā āpattānāpattigarukalahukādibhedaṃ sallakkhetvā desanāgāminiṃ desāpetvā vuṭṭhānagāminiyā vuṭṭhāpetvā suddhante patiṭṭhāpeti; evaṃ kukkuccapakatānaṃ paṭisaraṇaṃ hoti.
在僧众中间无所畏惧地说法——不持律的人在僧众中间说法时,恐惧和怯场会侵入他;持律的人则不会有这种情况。为什么?因为他已经清楚了“这样说就有过失,这样说就没有过失”,然后才说。巴利
Visārado saṅghamajjhe voharatīti avinayadharassa hi saṅghamajjhe kathentassa bhayaṃ sārajjaṃ okkamati, vinayadharassa taṃ na hoti. Kasmā? ‘‘Evaṃ kathentassa doso hoti; evaṃ na doso’’ti ñatvā kathanato.
以正法善加折伏而折伏怨敌——这里,怨敌有两种:自方的怨敌和教法的怨敌。其中,弥提耶、怖魔迦的比丘们以及跋陀罗离车族人,以无根据的最重罪诽谤(佛陀),这些叫做自方的怨敌。还有其他任何戒行败坏、心性恶劣的人,全都是自方的怨敌。而持颠倒见者,比如阿利吒比丘、甘达迦沙弥、毗舍离的跋耆子等人,以及大众部等主张加害他人、无知、疑惑、他度等论说的人,把非佛陀教法说成是“佛陀教法”而努力推行,这些叫做教法的怨敌。以正法、有根据的言语,使他们无法安立那种非法,如此善加折伏之后,就折伏了他们一切怨敌。巴利
Paccatthike sahadhammena suniggahitaṃ niggaṇhātīti ettha dvidhā paccatthikā nāma – attapaccatthikā ca sāsanapaccatthikā ca. Tattha mettiyabhummajakā ca bhikkhū vaḍḍho ca licchavī amūlakena antimavatthunā codesuṃ, ime attapaccatthikā nāma. Ye vā panaññepi dussīlā pāpadhammā, sabbe te attapaccatthikā. Viparītadassanā pana ariṭṭhabhikkhukaṇṭakasāmaṇeravesālikavajjiputtakā parūpahāraaññāṇakaṅkhāparavitaraṇādivādā mahāsaṅghikādayo ca abuddhasāsanaṃ ‘‘buddhasāsana’’nti vatvā katapaggahā sāsanapaccatthikā nāma. Te sabbepi sahadhammena sakāraṇena vacanena yathā taṃ asaddhammaṃ patiṭṭhāpetuṃ na sakkonti, evaṃ suniggahitaṃ katvā niggaṇhāti.
“为了正法久住而修行”这句话里,正法有三种:教法、行道、证得。其中,三藏佛语叫作教法正法。十三头陀功德、十四犍度仪则、八十二大仪则,这叫作行道正法。四道与四果,这叫作证得正法。巴利
Saddhammaṭṭhitiyāpaṭipanno hotīti ettha pana tividho saddhammo pariyattipaṭipattiadhigamavasena. Tattha tepiṭakaṃ buddhavacanaṃ pariyattisaddhammo nāma. Terasa dhutaṅgaguṇā cuddasa khandhakavattāni dveasīti mahāvattānīti ayaṃ paṭipattisaddhammo nāma. Cattāro maggā ca phalāni cāti ayaṃ adhigamasaddhammo nāma.
在这其中,有些长老依据“阿难,我为你们所宣说、所制定的法与律,在我去世后,就是你们的导师”这段经文,说“教理是教法的根本”。有些长老依据“须跋陀,如果这些比丘能正确安住,世间就不会没有阿拉汉”这段经文,说“行道是教法的根本”,并且说“只要有五位比丘正确行道而存在,教法就能住立”。但另一些长老说:“教理消失时,即使善巧行道的人也无法证悟法。”如果五位比丘能守护四条波罗夷,他们就让有信心的善男子出家,在边地授具足戒,凑满十人僧团,也在中部地区授具足戒;用这种方法凑满二十人僧团,也为自己作出罪羯磨,使教法增长、兴盛、广大。这样,这位持律者就是为了让三种正法长久住立而修行。应当知道,这位持律者由此获得这五种利益。巴利
Tattha keci therā ‘‘yo vo, ānanda, mayā dhammo ca vinayo ca desito paññatto, so vo mamaccayena satthā’’ti (dī. ni. 2.216) iminā suttena ‘‘sāsanassa pariyatti mūla’’nti vadanti. Keci therā ‘‘ime ca subhadda bhikkhū sammā vihareyyuṃ, asuñño loko arahantehi assā’’ti (dī. ni. 2.214) iminā suttena ‘‘sāsanassa paṭipattimūla’’nti vatvā ‘‘yāva pañca bhikkhū sammā paṭipannā saṃvijjanti, tāva sāsanaṃ ṭhitaṃ hotī’’ti āhaṃsu. Itare pana therā pariyattiyā antarahitāya suppaṭipannassapi dhammābhisamayo natthī’’ti āhaṃsu. Sace pañca bhikkhū cattāri pārājikāni rakkhaṇakā honti, te saddhe kulaputte pabbājetvā paccantime janapade upasampādetvā dasavaggaṃ gaṇaṃ pūretvā majjhime janapadepi upasampadaṃ karissanti, etenupāyena vīsativaggagaṇaṃ saṅghaṃ pūretvā attanopi abbhānakammaṃ katvā sāsanaṃ vuḍḍhiṃ virūḷhiṃ vepullaṃ gamayissanti. Evamayaṃ vinayadharo tividhassāpi saddhammassa ciraṭṭhitiyā paṭipanno hotīti evamayaṃ vinayadharo ime tāva pañcānisaṃse paṭilabhatīti veditabbo.
他得到哪六种利益呢?布萨、自恣、僧羯磨、出家、具足戒都堪任;他给人授依止,让准沙弥来服侍。巴利
Katame cha ānisaṃse labhatīti? Tassādheyyo uposatho, pavāraṇā, saṅghakammaṃ, pabbajjā, upasampadā, nissayaṃ deti sāmaṇeraṃ upaṭṭhāpeti.
这九种布萨:十四日布萨、十五日布萨、和合布萨、僧中布萨、众中布萨、个人布萨、诵经布萨、清净布萨、决意布萨,全都归持律者掌管。巴利
Ye ime cātuddasiko, pannarasiko, sāmaggiuposatho, saṅghe uposatho, gaṇe puggale uposatho, suttuddeso, pārisuddhi, adhiṭṭhānauposathoti nava uposathā, sabbe te vinayadharāyattā.
还有这九种自恣:十四日自恣、十五日自恣、和合自恣、僧中自恣、众中自恣、对人自恣、三语自恣、二语自恣、同腊自恣。这些也都归持律者管,是他的东西,他是这些自恣的主人。巴利
Yāpi ca imā cātuddasikā pannarasikā, sāmaggipavāraṇā, saṅghe pavāraṇā gaṇe puggale pavāraṇā, tevācikā, dvevācikā, samānavassikā pavāraṇāti nava pavāraṇāyo, tāpi vinayadharāyattā eva, tassa santakā, so tāsaṃ sāmī.
这四种僧羯磨,也就是白告羯磨、单白羯磨、白二羯磨、白四羯磨,也都归持律者掌管。巴利
Yānipi imāni apalokanakammaṃ ñattikammaṃ ñattidutiyakammaṃ ñatticatutthakammanti cattāri saṅghakammāni, tāni vinayadharāyattāni.
还有,作为戒师为良家子弟举行出家与具足戒这件事,也同样是持律者才能掌握的。因为即使是通达两部藏的人,也不能做这件事。只有他才能授予依止、摄受沙弥。其他人既不能授予依止,也不能摄受沙弥。不过,想要摄受沙弥的人,可以在持律者面前求得戒师身份后,履行义务与行持。在这里,授予依止和摄受沙弥,属于同一个条件。巴利
Yāpi cāyaṃ upajjhāyena hutvā kulaputtānaṃ pabbajjā ca upasampadā ca kātabbā, ayampi vinayadharāyattāva. Na hi añño dvipiṭakadharopi etaṃ kātuṃ labhati. So eva nissayaṃ deti, sāmaṇeraṃ upaṭṭhāpeti. Añño neva nissayaṃ dātuṃ labhati, na sāmaṇeraṃ upaṭṭhāpetuṃ. Sāmaṇerūpaṭṭhānaṃ paccāsīsanto pana vinayadharassa santike upajjhaṃ gāhāpetvā vattapaṭipattiṃ sādituṃ labhati. Ettha ca nissayadānañceva sāmaṇerūpaṭṭhānañca ekamaṅgaṃ.
就这样,在这六种利益当中,和一种结合时,前面的五种就变成六种;和两种结合时,变成七种;和三种结合时,变成八种;和四种结合时,变成九种;和五种结合时,变成十种;和全部这些结合时,变成十一种。应当知道,持律者这样的人就是这样获得五、六、七、八、九、十和十一种利益。应当知道,世尊这样开示这些利益,是在赞叹对律藏的学习。巴利
Iti imesu chasu ānisaṃsesu ekena saddhiṃ purimā pañca cha honti, dvīhi saddhiṃ satta, tīhi saddhiṃ aṭṭha, catūhi saddhiṃ nava, pañcahi saddhiṃ dasa, sabbehi petehi saddhiṃ ekādasāti evaṃ vinayadharo puggalo pañca cha satta aṭṭha nava dasa ekādasa ca ānisaṃse labhatīti veditabbo. Evaṃ bhagavā ime ānisaṃse dassento vinayapariyattiyā vaṇṇaṃ bhāsatīti veditabbo.
“各别而各别”是指一再地确定、一一区分开来。说尊者优波离的功德,就是依靠律教而宣说优波离长老的功德,称扬、赞美、赞叹他。为什么呢?或许比丘们听到我对他的赞叹之后,会想到应当到优波离跟前学习律藏、掌握律藏,这样,这个教法就能长久住世,延续五千年。巴利
Ādissaādissāti punappunaṃ vavatthapetvā visuṃ visuṃ katvā. Āyasmato upālissa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsatīti vinayapariyattiṃ nissāya upālittherassa guṇaṃ bhāsati thometi pasaṃsati. Kasmā? Appeva nāma mama vaṇṇanaṃ sutvāpi bhikkhū upālissa santike vinayaṃ uggahetabbaṃ pariyāpuṇitabbaṃ maññeyyuṃ, evamidaṃ sāsanaṃ addhaniyaṃ bhavissati, pañcavassasahassāni pavattissatīti.
“当时众多比丘”是指:那些比丘听说了世尊这样的赞叹之后,心想“听说这些功德利益,无论是经师还是论师都得不到”,于是为了证得所赞叹的功德利益而发起精勤,众多比丘——长老、新学以及中腊的——都来到尊者优波离面前学习律藏。这就是这里的意思。“于此”只是一个语助词而已。巴利
Tedha bahū bhikkhūti te imaṃ bhagavato vaṇṇanaṃ sutvā ‘‘ime kirānisaṃse neva suttantikā na ābhidhammikā labhantī’’ti yathāparikittitānisaṃsādhigame ussāhajātā bahū bhikkhū therā ca navā ca majjhimā ca āyasmato upālissa santike vinayaṃ pariyāpuṇantīti ayamettha attho. Idhāti nipātamattameva.
439-40 “正在教授时”,是指老师正在给弟子教授的时候。不过,因为当老师按自己的喜好教授时,或者弟子请求老师而让老师教授时,只要那个人在忆持,或者在做复习时,就叫做“正在教授”,所以注释里说“正在教授时,或让人教授时,或复习时”。“小随小学处”,是指微细的学处和随顺的学处。“唯至于”,是界定它们所导向范围界限之语。这里说的是:凡是教授、让人教授或复习这些学处的人,这些学处对他们导向直至生起“这允许吗?这不允许吗?”这样以追悔为特征的懊悔,以及烦扰、以疑惑为特征的内心扰乱为止。或者,“唯至于”是表示极点的限定词,和“导向”相连,意思是说:会极其导致追悔、烦扰和扰乱。“对已受具足戒者诽谤律”,是指在已受具足戒者面前,想要让他对律生起疑惑,因而诽谤律、非难、指责。这里其余的内容很容易理解。巴利
439-40.Uddissamāneti ācariyena antevāsikassa uddissamāne, so pana yasmā ācariye attano ruciyā uddisante vā ācariyaṃ yācitvā antevāsikena uddisāpente vā yo naṃ dhāreti, tasmiṃ sajjhāyaṃ karonte vā uddissamāno nāma hoti, tasmā ‘‘uddisante vā uddisāpente vā sajjhāyaṃ vā karonte’’ti padabhājanaṃ vuttaṃ. Khuddānukhuddakehīti khuddakehi ca anukhuddakehi ca. Yāvadevāti tesaṃ saṃvattanamariyādaparicchedavacanaṃ. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – etāni hi ye uddisanti, uddisāpenti sajjhāyanti vā, tesaṃ tāva saṃvattanti yāva ‘‘kappati nu kho, na kappati nu kho’’ti kukkuccasaṅkhāto vippaṭisāro vihesā vicikicchāsaṅkhāto manovilekho ca uppajjatiyeva. Atha vā yāvadevāti atisayavavatthāpanaṃ; tassa saṃvattantīti iminā sambandho, kukkuccāya vihesāya vilekhāya ativiya saṃvattantiyevāti vuttaṃ hoti. Upasampannassa vinayaṃ vivaṇṇetīti upasampannassa santike tassa tasmiṃ vimatiṃ uppādetukāmo vinayaṃ vivaṇṇeti nindati garahati. Sesamettha uttānameva.
三种生起:造作、想解脱、有心、世间过失、身业、语业、不善心、苦受。巴利
Tisamuṭṭhānaṃ – kiriyaṃ, saññāvimokkhaṃ, sacittakaṃ, lokavajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, akusalacittaṃ, dukkhavedananti.
3. 愚弄学处注释巴利
3. Mohanasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
444 第三,“每半月”是指依次半个月又半个月。但因为这是在布萨日诵出的,所以义注里说成“每布萨”。“正在诵出时”就是指正在被诵出的时候。不过,当诵戒者正在诵出时,它就叫作正在被诵出,所以义注里说“正在诵出时”。“而于彼处所犯之罪”,是指在那种不如法的行为已经做了之后,他所犯的那条罪。“应如法处置”:因为是无知而犯的,所以那条罪并没有开脱的余地,但还是要按照法和律所规定的方式来处置。如果犯的是需要发露的罪,应让他发露;如果犯的是需要出罪的罪,应让他出罪,这是其含义。“善哉”就是很好。“作意”就是作有利益想;意思是说成为有利益者。巴利
444. Tatiye – anvaddhamāsanti anupaṭipāṭiyā addhamāse addhamāse; yasmā pana so uposathadivase uddisiyati, tasmā ‘‘anuposathika’’nti padabhājane vuttaṃ. Uddissamāneti uddisiyamāne . Yasmā pana so pātimokkhuddesake uddisante uddisiyamāno nāma hoti, tasmā ‘‘uddisante’’ti padabhājane vuttaṃ. Yañca tattha āpattiṃ āpannoti tasmiṃ anācāre ciṇṇe yaṃ āpattiṃ āpanno. Yathādhammo kāretabboti aññāṇena āpannattā tassā āpattiyā mokkho natthi, yathā pana dhammo ca vinayo ca ṭhito, tathā kāretabbo. Desanāgāminiñce āpanno hoti, desāpetabbo, vuṭṭhānagāminiñce, vuṭṭhāpetabboti attho. Sādhukanti suṭṭhu. Aṭṭhiṃkatvāti atthikabhāvaṃ katvā; atthiko hutvāti vuttaṃ hoti.
447 在“如法羯磨”等说法中,这里指的是把愚痴加给人的那种羯磨。这里其余的内容都很清楚。三处生起——是所作,想解脱,有心,世间所呵责,身业,语业,不善心,苦受。巴利
447.Dhammakammetiādīsu mohāropanakammaṃ adhippetaṃ. Sesamettha uttānameva. Tisamuṭṭhānaṃ – kiriyaṃ, saññāvimokkhaṃ, sacittakaṃ, lokavajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, akusalacittaṃ, dukkhavedananti.
4. 击打学处的注释巴利
4. Pahārasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
449 第四项——“打人”的意思是:说了“贤友,请铺好坐具,把洗脚水拿来”这类话之后,对不肯照做的人动手打。巴利
449. Catutthe – pahāraṃ dentīti ‘‘āvuso pīṭhakaṃ paññapetha, pādadhovanaṃ āharathā’’tiādīni vatvā tathā akarontānaṃ pahāraṃ denti.
451 打人,犯波逸提。在这里,如果怀着想打人的意图而动手打下去,即使对方因此死了,也只是波逸提。因为打而手或脚断了,或者头破了,也只是波逸提。如果怀着“我要让他在僧团里抬不起头”这样毁坏容貌的意图,割掉他的耳朵或鼻子,就犯恶作。巴利
451.Pahāraṃ deti āpatti pācittiyassāti ettha paharitukāmatāya pahāre dinne sacepi marati pācittiyameva. Pahārena hattho vā pādo vā bhijjati, sīsaṃ vā bhinnaṃ hoti, pācittiyameva. ‘‘Yathāyaṃ saṅghamajjhe na virocati, tathā naṃ karomī’’ti evaṃ virūpakaraṇādhippāyena kaṇṇaṃ vā nāsaṃ vā chindati, dukkaṭaṃ.
452 对未受具足戒者:无论是对在家人还是出家人,对女人还是男人,甚至对畜生,只要动手打,就犯恶作。但如果以染污心打女人,就犯僧残。巴利
452.Anupasampannassāti gahaṭṭhassa vā pabbajitassa vā itthiyā vā purisassa vā antamaso tiracchānagatassāpi pahāraṃ deti, dukkaṭaṃ. Sace pana rattacitto itthiṃ paharati, saṅghādiseso.
453 被任何人用某种方式伤害,是指被人或畜生所伤害。以解脱为目的,是指希望自己从那种处境中脱身。给予击打,是指用身体、身体附属物或可投掷物中的任何一种来打,无犯。即使在路上看见盗贼或敌人想要加害,就对他说:“近事男,你就停在那里,不要过来!”对方不听这话还是走过来,就说:“走开!”然后用木棍或刀打了他之后离开,如果他因为那一击而死,同样无犯。对凶恶的野兽也是同样的道理。这里其余的内容都很容易理解。它的等起等与第一波罗夷相同,不过这个是苦受。巴利
453.Kenaciviheṭhiyamānoti manussena vā tiracchānagatena vā viheṭhiyamāno. Mokkhādhippāyoti tato attano mokkhaṃ patthayamāno. Pahāraṃ detīti kāyakāyapaṭibaddhanissaggiyānaṃ aññatarena pahāraṃ deti, anāpatti. Sacepi antarāmagge coraṃ vā paccatthikaṃ vā viheṭhetukāmaṃ disvā ‘‘upāsaka, ettheva tiṭṭha, mā āgamī’’ti vatvā vacanaṃ anādiyitvā āgacchantaṃ ‘‘gaccha re’’ti muggarena vā satthakena vā paharitvā yāti, so ce tena pahārena marati, anāpattiyeva. Vāḷamigesupi eseva nayo. Sesamettha uttānameva. Samuṭṭhānādīni panassa paṭhamapārājikasadisāni, idaṃ pana dukkhavedananti.
5. 掌击学处注释巴利
5. Talasattikasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
454 第四百五十四条。第五项中,“举起手掌武器”:先做出要打人的姿态,然后举起身体或身上带着的东西。“他们被打惯了所以哭”:意思是他们过去也挨过打,现在以为又要挨打,所以哭。也有诵本作“pahārassa muccitā”,那里的意思是“害怕挨打”。巴利
454. Pañcame – talasattikaṃ uggirantīti pahāradānākāraṃ dassetvā kāyampi kāyapaṭibaddhampi uccārenti. Te pahārasamuccitā rodantīti te pahāraparicitā pubbepi laddhapahārattā idāni ca pahāraṃ dassantīti maññamānā rodantīti attho. ‘‘Pahārassa muccitā’’tipi sajjhāyanti, tattha ‘‘pahārassa bhītā’’ti attho.
457 457. “投掷(物品)犯波逸提”:在这里,如果投掷后失手打下去,对于无法稳稳拿住的人,击打会突然落下,因为不是出于想打人的意图而施与的,所以是恶作。因那次击打导致手等任何部位损坏,也仍然只是恶作。巴利
457.Uggirati āpatti pācittiyassāti ettha sace uggiritvā viraddho pahāraṃ deti, avassaṃ dhāretuṃ asakkontassa pahāro sahasā patati, na paharitukāmatāya dinnattā dukkaṭaṃ. Tena pahārena hatthādīsu yaṃkiñci bhijjati, dukkaṭameva.
458 458. 以解脱为目的而挥起手掌武器:在这里,对于前面所说的那些情形,按照前面同样的方式,以解脱为目的而挥起手掌武器的人,无犯。即使失手打下去,也同样无犯。其余内容——包括等起等——都和前面一样。巴利
458.Mokkhādhippāyo talasattikaṃ uggiratīti ettha pubbe vuttesu vatthūsu purimanayeneva talasattikaṃ uggirantassa anāpatti. Sacepi virajjhitvā pahāraṃ deti, anāpattiyeva. Sesaṃ purimasadisameva saddhiṃ samuṭṭhānādīhīti.
6. 无根学处注释巴利
6. Amūlakasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
459 第四百五十九条。第六项中“随毁损”的意思是:据说他们自己过失很多,心想“这样比丘们就不会举发我们、不会让我们忆念”,为了保护自己,就抢先以无根的僧残罪举发比丘。这里其余的内容,因为十三法中的无根学处已经讲过其中的道理,所以文义很容易明白。巴利
459. Chaṭṭhe – anuddhaṃsentīti te kira sayaṃ ākiṇṇadosattā ‘‘evaṃ bhikkhū amhe neva codessanti, na sāressantī’’ti attaparittāṇaṃ karontā paṭikacceva bhikkhū amūlakena saṅghādisesena codenti. Sesamettha terasakamhi amūlakasikkhāpade vuttanayattā uttānameva.
三种等起:行作、想解脱、有心、世间罪、身业、语业、不善心、苦受。巴利
Tisamuṭṭhānaṃ – kiriyaṃ, saññāvimokkhaṃ, sacittakaṃ, lokavajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, akusalacittaṃ, dukkhavedananti.
7. 故意学处注释巴利
7. Sañciccasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
464 第七项中:“令生起”,就是产生。“令生起疑悔,犯波逸提”,意思是每说一次话就犯一次罪。“对未受具足戒者”,指的是沙弥。如果用“我推测你和女人在隐蔽处一起坐着、躺着、吃饭、喝水,在僧团中间做了这样那样的事”这类说法,让对方生起疑悔,那么每说一次话就犯一次恶作。这里剩下的内容都很清楚。它的等起等,也和无根罪那条一样。巴利
464. Sattame – upadahantīti uppādenti. Kukkuccaṃ upadahati āpatti pācittiyassāti vācāya vācāya āpatti. Anupasampannassāti sāmaṇerassa . Mātugāmena saddhiṃ raho maññe tayā nisinnaṃ nipannaṃ bhuttaṃ pītaṃ, saṅghamajjhe idañcidañca katantiādinā nayena kukkuccaṃ upadahati, vācāya vācāya dukkaṭaṃ. Sesamettha uttānameva. Samuṭṭhānādīnipi amūlakasadisānevāti.
8. 窃听学处注释巴利
8. Upassutisikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
471 第八项:关于“已生起的诤事”——是指由这些争吵等所生起的纷争诤事。“窃听”:就是靠近去听;意思是站在能够听到他们说话的地方。“前往,犯恶作罪”:这里每走一步就犯一个恶作罪。“正在商议”:指和别人一起商议别的事情;也可以读作“mantente”,意思一样。巴利
471. Aṭṭhame – adhikaraṇajātānanti etehi bhaṇḍanādīhi uppannavivādādhikaraṇānaṃ. Upassutinti sutisamīpaṃ; yattha ṭhatvā sakkā hoti tesaṃ vacanaṃ sotuṃ, tatthāti attho. Gacchati āpatti dukkaṭassāti ettha padavāre padavāre dukkaṭaṃ. Mantentanti aññena saddhiṃ aññasmiṃ mantayamāne; ‘‘mantente’’ti vā pāṭho, ayamevattho.
473 我将归于寂静,也就是进入寂止,不再争吵。我将解脱自己,就是说明自己不是造作者,从而让自己解脱。这里其余的内容都很容易理解。巴利
473.Vūpasamissāmīti upasamaṃ gamissāmi, kalahaṃ na karissāmi. Attānaṃ parimocessāmīti mama akārakabhāvaṃ kathetvā attānaṃ mocessāmi. Sesamettha uttānameva.
贼队(偷盗团伙)的起因:由身与心、以及由身语心而生起。有时是造作——为了想听而前往;有时是非造作——来到站立之处,对正在商议的人不让他们知道。关于金银、异语、窃听这三条学处,属于同一分界;是有想解脱、有心、世间所呵责、身业、语业、不善心、苦受。巴利
Theyyasatthasamuṭṭhānaṃ – kāyacittato kāyavācācittato ca samuṭṭhāti, siyā kiriyaṃ sotukāmatāya gamanavasena, siyā akiriyaṃ ṭhitaṭṭhānaṃ āgantvā mantayamānānaṃ ajānāpanavasena, rūpiyaṃ aññavādakaṃ upassutīti imāni hi tīṇi sikkhāpadāni ekaparicchedāni, saññāvimokkhaṃ, sacittakaṃ, lokavajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, akusalacittaṃ, dukkhavedananti.
9. 阻挠羯磨学处的注释巴利
9. Kammapaṭibāhanasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
474 474. 第九项——“若我们知”:意思是“如果我们知道”;“ca”只是个小品词而已。“如法”:因为依于法、依于律、依于师教而作,这些羯磨具有法,所以称为如法;指的是如法的四种僧羯磨。“讥嫌,犯波逸提”:在这里,每说一次话就犯一个波逸提。其余内容容易理解。三种等起:行作、知觉解脱、有心、世间罪、身业、语业、不善心、苦受。巴利
474. Navame – sace ca mayaṃ jāneyyāmāti sace mayaṃ jāneyyāma; cakāro pana nipātamattameva. Dhammikānanti dhammena vinayena satthusāsanena katattā dhammā etesu atthīti dhammikāni; tesaṃ dhammikānaṃ catunnaṃ saṅghakammānaṃ. Khiyyati āpatti pācittiyassāti ettha vācāya vācāya pācittiyaṃ . Sesaṃ uttānameva. Tisamuṭṭhānaṃ – kiriyaṃ, saññāvimokkhaṃ, sacittakaṃ, lokavajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, akusalacittaṃ, dukkhavedananti.
10. 项:不经给予许可而前往学处的注释巴利
10. Chandaṃadatvāgamanasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
481 第十项:所谓“事已告知”,是指举罪者和被举罪者都各自把话说完了,调查人也已经选定,到这一步就算是事已告知。这里剩下的内容都容易理解。巴利
481. Dasame – vatthu vā ārocitanti codakena ca cuditakena ca attano kathā kathitā, anuvijjako sammato, ettāvatāpi vatthumeva ārocitaṃ hoti. Sesamettha uttānameva.
由舍弃责任所引发:从身、语、意生起,有造作与非造作,有想解脱,有心,属于世间过失,是身业、语业,不善心,苦受。巴利
Dhuranikkhepasamuṭṭhānaṃ – kāyavācācittato samuṭṭhāti, kiriyākiriyaṃ, saññāvimokkhaṃ, sacittakaṃ, lokavajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ , akusalacittaṃ, dukkhavedananti.
11. 弱小学处的注释巴利
11. Dubbalasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
484 484. 第十一项——“像朋友一样”:就是像对待朋友那样;谁是他的朋友,他就给谁,这就是这里要说的意思。这个道理适用于所有类似的词。其余内容因为在“讥嫌”等部分已经讲过,所以意思很清楚。巴利
484. Ekādasame – yathāmittatāti yathāmittatāya; yo yo mitto, tassa tassa detīti vuttaṃ hoti. Esa nayo sabbapadesu. Sesaṃ ujjhāpanakādīsu vuttanayattā uttānatthameva.
三种生起:所作、想解脱、有心、世间所斥、身业、语业、不善心,属于苦受。巴利
Tisamuṭṭhānaṃ – kiriyaṃ, saññāvimokkhaṃ, sacittakaṃ, lokavajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ akusalacittaṃ, dukkhavedananti.
12. 回向学处注释巴利
12. Pariṇāmanasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
489 第489条。第十二学处——凡是应当说的,全都和三十事中回向学处里所说的一样。这里唯一的差别是:在那里,因为回向给自己,所以是舍堕;在这里,因为回向给个人,所以是净波逸提。巴利
489. Dvādasame – yaṃ vattabbaṃ siyā, taṃ sabbaṃ tiṃsake pariṇāmanasikkhāpade vuttanayameva. Ayameva hi viseso – tattha attano pariṇāmitattā nissaggiyaṃ pācittiyaṃ, idha puggalassa pariṇāmitattā suddhikapācittiyanti.
三种生起:只是造作、想解脱、有心;世间违犯、身业、语业、不善心、三种受。巴利
Tisamuṭṭhānaṃ – kiriyaṃ, saññāvimokkhaṃ, sacittakaṃ, lokavajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, akusalacittaṃ, tivedananti.
内宫学处的注释巴利
1. Antepurasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
494 494. 在王品第一条学处中——“orako”意思是微小的。“uparipāsādavaragato”意思是登上殊胜宫殿的顶层。“ayyānaṃ vāhasā”意思是因尊者们之故;由于他们令知,所以说“我知”。巴利
494. Rājavaggassa paṭhamasikkhāpade – orakoti parittako. Uparipāsādavaragatoti pāsādavarassa uparigato. Ayyānaṃ vāhasāti ayyānaṃ kāraṇā; tehi jānāpitattā jānāmīti vuttaṃ hoti.
497 想杀父亲,是指看到有机会就起了杀害的念头。在王宫象群拥挤等说法中,因为那里有大象踩踏拥挤,所以叫象群拥挤,意思就是象群拥挤的地方。马车拥挤等句子也是同样的道理。有人读成sammatta,这不能采纳。也有读成rañño antepure hatthisammadda的,那里的意思是象群拥挤,也就是说王宫里有象群拥挤的情况。其余几句也是同样的道理。rajanīyāni是指那座王宫里像这样的色等事物。巴利
497.Pitaraṃ patthetīti antaraṃ passitvā ghātetuṃ icchati. Rājantepuraṃ hatthisammaddantiādīsu hatthīhi sammaddo etthāti hatthisammaddaṃ; hatthisambādhanti attho. Assarathasammaddapadepi eseva nayo. ‘‘Sammatta’’nti keci paṭhanti, taṃ na gahetabbaṃ. ‘‘Rañño antepure hatthisammadda’’ntipi pāṭho, tattha hatthīnaṃ sammaddaṃ hatthisammaddanti attho, rañño antepure hatthisammaddo atthīti vuttaṃ hoti. Esa nayo sesapadesupi. Rajanīyānīti tasmiṃ antepure edisāni rūpādīni.
498 “已灌顶者”指的是头顶受过灌顶的人。“国王尚未由此而出”是说国王还没有离开,所以叫“国王尚未离开”,意思是在那国王还没离开的地方,也就是在寝宫里。“宝”是指王后,“已出”就是已经离开,“宝尚未由此而出”就叫“宝尚未离开”,意思是在那王后还没离开的地方,也就是在寝宫里。这里剩下的部分都很浅显易懂。巴利
498.Muddhāvasittassāti muddhani avasittassa. Anikkhanto rājā itoti anikkhantarājakaṃ, tasmiṃ anikkhantarājake; sayanighareti attho. Ratanaṃ vuccati mahesī, niggatanti nikkhantaṃ, aniggataṃ ratanaṃ itoti aniggataratanakaṃ, tasmiṃ aniggataratanake; sayanighareti attho. Sesamettha uttānameva.
咖提那衣的生起方式:它从身和语生起,也从身、语、心生起;是造作也是非造作;不是想解脱;是无心;是施设违犯;是身业、语业;有三种心、三种受。巴利
Kathinasamuṭṭhānaṃ – kāyavācato kāyavācācittato ca samuṭṭhāti, kiriyākiriyaṃ, nosaññāvimokkhaṃ, acittakaṃ, paṇṇattivajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, ticittaṃ, tivedananti.
2. 宝物学处注释巴利
2. Ratanasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
502-3 第二项:vissaritvā 意思是忘掉、遗忘之后。puṇṇapatta 指的是固定常例的五个咖哈巴那。kyāhaṃ karissāmīti 意思是我要做什么呢。ābharaṇaṃ omuñcitvā 意思是把名叫大蔓、价值九俱胝的装饰品取下来之后。巴利
502-3. Dutiye – vissaritvāti pamussitvā. Puṇṇapattaṃ nāma satato pañca kahāpaṇā. Kyāhaṃ karissāmīti kiṃ ahaṃ karissāmi. Ābharaṇaṃ omuñcitvāti mahālataṃ nāma navakoṭiagghanakaṃ alaṅkāraṃ apanetvā.
504 弟子,就是侍从。巴利
504.Antevāsīti paricārako.
506 506.“未被围起来的近行处”——这里说的“近行处”,是指园林中两块土块掷出去的距离;不过《大灯论》中说:“而住所的近行处,则是簸箕掷距或杵掷距。”
“若受取,则犯波逸提”——这里,如果为了自己而受取金银,或让别人受取,就犯舍堕波逸提;如果是为了僧团、群体、个人、塔庙或新工程而受取,就犯恶作;其余像珍珠等宝物,如果为了自己或为了僧团等而受取,或让别人受取,也犯恶作。
不论是可以允许的东西还是不允许的东西,哪怕只是像母亲耳饰那样的棕榈叶,只要是属于在家人所有,而以管库者的身份替他们收存,就仍然是波逸提。巴利
506.Aparikkhittassa upacāroti ettha upacāro nāma ārāmassa dve leḍḍupātā – ‘‘āvasathassa pana suppapāto vā musalapāto vā’’ti mahāpaccariyaṃ vuttaṃ. Uggaṇhāti āpatti pācittiyassāti ettha jātarūparajataṃ attano atthāya uggaṇhantassa vā uggaṇhāpentassa vā nissaggiyaṃ pācittiyaṃ, saṅghagaṇapuggalacetiyanavakammānaṃ atthāya dukkaṭaṃ, avasesaṃ muttādiratanaṃ attano vā saṅghādīnaṃ vā atthāya uggaṇhantassa vā uggaṇhāpentassa vā dukkaṭaṃ. Kappiyavatthu vā akappiyavatthu vā hotu, antamaso mātu kaṇṇapiḷandhanatāḷapaṇṇampi gihisantakaṃ bhaṇḍāgārikasīsena paṭisāmentassa pācittiyameva.
如果那是父母所有、必须收好的如法物品,就可以为了自己而拿来收好。但如果对方说“把这个收好后再给我”,那就应该拒绝,说“这样不合规矩”。如果对方把东西放下说“请收好”然后就走了,这就成了障碍,可以收好。在精舍里干活的木匠等人,或者国王的宠臣等人,如果说“请把我们的工具或卧具收好后再给我们”,即使出于贪心或害怕,也绝对不应该替他们收;但可以指给他们安全存放的地方。如果他们强行把东西放下就走了,那就可以收好。巴利
Sace pana mātāpitūnaṃ santakaṃ avassaṃ paṭisāmetabbaṃ kappiyabhaṇḍaṃ hoti, attano atthāya gahetvā paṭisāmetabbaṃ. ‘‘Idaṃ paṭisāmetvā dehī’’ti vutte pana ‘‘na vaṭṭatī’’ti paṭikkhipitabbaṃ. Sace ‘‘paṭisāmehī’’ti pātetvā gacchanti, palibodho nāma hoti, paṭisāmetuṃ vaṭṭati. Vihāre kammaṃ karontā vaḍḍhakīādayo vā rājavallabhā vā attano upakaraṇabhaṇḍaṃ vā sayanabhaṇḍaṃ vā ‘‘paṭisāmetvā dethā’’ti vadanti, chandenapi bhayenapi na kātabbameva, guttaṭṭhānaṃ pana dassetuṃ vaṭṭati. Balakkārena pātetvā gatesu ca paṭisāmetuṃ vaṭṭati.
在寺院里或住处里这句中,如果有一座像大寺那样的大园林,在围墙围起来的区域内,要是心里生起“比丘或沙弥会拿走”的疑虑,那就应该在这样的地方先自己收好或让人收好再放。但在大菩提门楼、芒果园庭院等大众来往的地方,就不应该拿,也不构成障碍。不过《库伦达》中说:一个人在路上走,在没人看见的地方看到某样东西,即使后来人多起来,人们也只会怀疑那个比丘,所以应该离开道路坐到一边。等物主来了,就告诉他。如果见不到物主,就应当做合适的处理。巴利
Ajjhārāme vā ajjhāvasathe vāti ettha sace mahāvihārasadiso mahārāmo hoti, tattha pākāraparikkhitte pariveṇe yattha bhikkhūhi vā sāmaṇerehi vā gahitaṃ bhavissatīti saṅkā uppajjati, tādise eva ṭhāne uggaṇhitvā vā uggaṇhāpetvā vā ṭhapetabbaṃ. Mahābodhidvārakoṭṭhakaambaṅgaṇasadisesu pana mahājanasañcaraṇaṭṭhānesu na gahetabbaṃ, palibodho na hoti. Kurundiyaṃ pana vuttaṃ ‘‘eko maggaṃ gacchanto nimanussaṭṭhāne kiñci bhaṇḍaṃ passati, ākiṇṇamanussepi jāte manussā tameva bhikkhuṃ āsaṅkanti, tasmā maggā okkamma nisīditabbaṃ. Sāmikesu āgatesu taṃ ācikkhitabbaṃ. Sace sāmike na passati patirūpaṃ karissatī’’ti.
“以色或形相作标记后”:这里,“色”指的是袋子里的物品;所以要把袋子解开、清点,确定“有这么多咖哈巴那,或者金银”。“相”指的是标记之类;所以要辨认袋子上的标记,比如“这是泥印”、“这是虫胶印”,或者“这个袋子是蓝布做的”、“这个袋子是白布做的”等等,一切都应当这样辨认清楚。巴利
Rūpena vā nimittena vā saññāṇaṃ katvāti ettha rūpaṃ nāma antobhaṇḍikāya bhaṇḍaṃ; tasmā bhaṇḍikaṃ muñcitvā gaṇetvā ettakā kahāpaṇā vā jātarūparajataṃ vāti sallakkhetabbaṃ. Nimittanti lañchanādi; tasmā lañchitāya bhaṇḍikāya mattikālañchananti vā lākhālañchananti vā nīlapilotikāya bhaṇḍikā katāti vā setapilotikāya katāti vā evamādi sabbaṃ sallakkhetabbaṃ.
比丘们是“相称的”,意思是那些有羞耻心、做事谨慎的人。因为不能把东西交到轻浮的人手里。如果有人既不离开那个住处,也不去见物主,那么他也不该把那些东西变卖来置办自己的衣钵等;而应该用来建造固定的住所、塔庙或莲池。如果过了很久物主来了,就应该对他说:“近事男,用你的东西建了这些,请随喜。”如果他随喜,那很好;如果他不随喜,反而催讨说“把我的财物还给我”,那就得劝别人来帮忙,然后偿还给他。巴利
Bhikkhū patirūpāti lajjino kukkuccakā. Lolajātikānañhi hatthe ṭhapetuṃ na labhati. Yo pana neva tamhā āvāsā pakkamati, na sāmike passati, tenāpi attano cīvarādimūlaṃ na kātabbaṃ; thāvaraṃ pana senāsanaṃ vā cetiyaṃ vā pokkharaṇī vā kāretabbā. Sace dīghassa addhuno accayena sāmiko āgacchati, ‘‘upāsaka tava santakena idaṃ nāma kataṃ, anumodāhī’’ti vattabbo. Sace anumodati, iccetaṃ kusalaṃ; no ce anumodati, ‘‘mama dhanaṃ dethā’’ti codetiyeva, aññaṃ samādapetvā dātabbaṃ.
507 把被认可为宝物的信赖物拿来用等话,是就触摸本身而说的。不可触摸的,则绝对不允许。这里其余的部分很容易理解。六种起源:是行为,不是想解脱,不是心,是施设罪,是身业,是语业,三种心,三种受。巴利
507.Ratanasammataṃvissāsaṃ gaṇhātītiādīsu āmāsameva sandhāya vuttaṃ. Anāmāsaṃ na vaṭṭatiyeva. Sesamettha uttānameva. Chasamuṭṭhānaṃ – kiriyaṃ, nosaññāvimokkhaṃ, acittakaṃ, paṇṇattivajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, ticittaṃ, tivedananti.
3. 非时入村学处的注释巴利
3. Vikālagāmappavisanasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
508 在第三项学处中,“畜生论”是指像畜生一样低劣、障碍圣道的言论。“王论”是指和国王有关的言论。“贼论”等等也是同样的道理。巴利
508. Tatiye – tiracchānakathanti ariyamaggassa tiracchānabhūtaṃ kathaṃ. Rājakathanti rājapaṭisaṃyutta kathaṃ. Corakathādīsupi eseva nayo.
512 关于“有比丘在”这一句,需要说明的内容已经在行仪学处里讲过了。如果许多比丘因为某件事要进村,大家应当互相告知:“我告知要非时入村。”如果在那村里这件事没办成,他们再去别的村,哪怕去上百个村,也不用再告知了。但如果他们放下劲头、准备回精舍,半路上又想进另一个村,那就必须重新告知。巴利
512.Santaṃ bhikkhunti ettha yaṃ vattabbaṃ , taṃ cārittasikkhāpade vuttameva. Sace sambahulā kenaci kammena gāmaṃ pavisanti, ‘‘vikāle gāmappavesanaṃ āpucchāmī’’ti sabbehi aññamaññaṃ āpucchitabbaṃ. Tasmiṃ gāme taṃ kammaṃ na sampajjatīti aññaṃ gāmaṃ gacchanti, gāmasatampi hotu, puna āpucchanakiccaṃ natthi. Sace pana ussāhaṃ paṭippassambhetvā vihāraṃ gacchantā antarā aññaṃ gāmaṃ pavisitukāmā honti, puna āpucchitabbameva.
在俗人家或集会厅里吃完饭,想出去乞油或乞酥时,如果见到有比丘在,要先告诉他再走;如果没有比丘在,心里想“没有”就可以走。走到街上见到比丘,不需要再告知,就算没告知也可以继续乞食。如果道路穿过村子中间,沿着这条路走时,心里生起“我要乞油等物”的念头,如果见到有比丘在,就要告知后再乞食。但如果不离开道路、顺路乞食,就不需要告知。没有围墙的村子,它的界域应按照“不与取”中所说的方式来了知。巴利
Kulaghare vā āsanasālāya vā bhattakiccaṃ katvā telabhikkhāya vā sappibhikkhāya vā caritukāmo hoti, sace passe bhikkhu atthi, āpucchitvā gantabbaṃ. Asante natthīti gantabbaṃ. Vīthiṃ otaritvā bhikkhuṃ passati, āpucchanakiccaṃ natthi, anāpucchitvāpi caritabbameva. Gāmamajjhena maggo hoti, tena gacchantassa telādibhikkhāya carissāmīti citte uppanne sace passe bhikkhu atthi, āpucchitvā caritabbaṃ. Maggā anokkamma bhikkhāya carantassa pana āpucchanakiccaṃ natthi, aparikkhittassa gāmassa upacāro adinnādāne vuttanayeneva veditabbo.
515 在“园内”等句里,不只是没告诉人,就算没系腰带、没披僧伽梨而走,也不犯。所谓“在灾难时”,是指狮子或老虎来了、乌云起了,或者别的什么灾祸发生了,不犯。在这样的灾难时,从村外进到村里是允许的。这里剩下的内容都很浅显易懂。巴利
515.Antarārāmantiādīsu na kevalaṃ anāpucchā kāyabandhanaṃ abandhitvā saṅghāṭiṃ apārupitvā gacchantassapi anāpatti. Āpadāsūti sīho vā byaggho vā āgacchati, megho vā uṭṭheti, añño vā koci upaddavo uppajjati, anāpatti. Evarūpāsu āpadāsu bahigāmato antogāmaṃ pavisituṃ vaṭṭati. Sesamettha uttānameva.
咖提那的起源:由身、语而生,也从身、语、心而生起;是造作与非造作,不是想解脱,没有心,是施设罪,是身业,是语业,有三种心,三种受。巴利
Kathinasamuṭṭhānaṃ – kāyavācato kāyavācācittato ca samuṭṭhāti, kiriyākiriyaṃ, nosaññāvimokkhaṃ, acittakaṃ, paṇṇattivajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, ticittaṃ, tivedananti.
4. 针筒学处的注释巴利
4. Sūcigharasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
517-20 第四项学处中:“可破坏的”就是指破坏本身;因为它具有这种作用,所以就叫“可破坏的”。“阿兰尼”是指取火用的燧木。“维德”是指穿孔的工具。这里剩下的内容意思都很浅显明白。六种起源:是造作,不是想解脱,是无心,是施设罪,是身业,是语业,有三种心,三种受。巴利
517-20. Catutthe – bhedanameva bhedanakaṃ; taṃ assa atthīti bhedanakameva. Araṇiketi araṇidhanuke. Vidheti vedhake. Sesamettha uttānameva. Chasamuṭṭhānaṃ – kiriyaṃ, nosaññāvimokkhaṃ, acittakaṃ, paṇṇattivajjaṃ, kāyakammaṃ, vacīkammaṃ, ticittaṃ, tivedananti.
5. 床学处注释巴利
5. Mañcasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
522 第五项中,“可切割的”这一说法,和前面所讲的道理一样。巴利
522. Pañcame – chedanakaṃ vuttanayameva.
525 切割后再用这一条里,如果不想切割,可以把它埋进地里,在上面标出尺寸;或者把它翻过来用;或者把它抬起来架在横梁接合处,搭成一个平台再用——这些做法都允许。这里其余的内容浅显明白。六种起因。巴利
525.Chinditvā paribhuñjatīti ettha sace na chinditukāmo hoti, bhūmiyaṃ nikhaṇitvā pamāṇaṃ upari dasseti, uttānaṃ vā katvā paribhuñjati, ukkhipitvā vā tulāsaṅghāṭe ṭhapetvā aṭṭaṃ katvā paribhuñjati, sabbaṃ vaṭṭati. Sesamettha uttānameva. Chasamuṭṭhānaṃ.
第6条 棉褥学处的注释巴利
6. Tūlonaddhasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
526 第六学处:这里说“填塞了棉”,就是棉填塞物;意思是放入棉之后,在上面用布片覆盖填塞。这里其余的内容容易理解。六种起源。巴利
526. Chaṭṭhe – tūlaṃ onaddhametthāti tūlonaddhaṃ; tūlaṃ pakkhipitvā upari cimilikāya onaddhanti vuttaṃ hoti. Sesamettha uttānameva. Chasamuṭṭhānaṃ.
第7章 坐具学处的注释巴利
7. Nisīdanasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
531-4 第七学处中,“坐具是被允许的”——在哪里被允许?在衣犍度中讲到精致食物的那个因缘处。那里说:“诸比丘,为了护身、护衣、护坐卧处,我允许坐具。”(《大品》353)“譬如旧皮革工”,意思是就像旧的皮革匠。正如皮革匠想要把皮革展开,就这边那边地刮削、拉伸;他对那坐具也是这样。因此世尊这样说:“所谓坐具,就是称为有边的。”他把它铺开,像铺敷具一样,在一端取一善逝搩手量、一搩手大小的区域,在两处割开,做成三条边,凭这些边就称为有边。这里其余部分容易理解。六种起源。巴利
531-4. Sattame – nisīdanaṃ anuññātaṃ hotīti kattha anuññātaṃ? Cīvarakkhandhake paṇītabhojanavatthusmiṃ. Vuttañhi tattha – ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, kāyaguttiyā cīvaraguttiyā senāsanaguttiyā nisīdana’’nti (mahāva. 353). Seyyathāpi purāṇāsikoṭṭhoti yathā nāma purāṇacammakāroti attho. Yathā hi cammakāro cammaṃ vitthataṃ karissāmīti ito cito ca samañchati, kaḍḍhati; evaṃ sopi taṃ nisīdanaṃ. Tena taṃ bhagavā evamāha – ‘‘nisīdanaṃ nāma sadasaṃ vuccatī’’ti santhatasadisaṃ santharitvā ekasmiṃ ante sugatavidatthiyā vidatthimatte padese dvīsu ṭhānesu phāletvā tisso dasā kariyanti, tāhi dasāhi sadasaṃ nāma vuccati. Sesamettha uttānameva. Chasamuṭṭhānaṃ.
第8条 疥疮覆布学处的注释巴利
8. Kaṇḍupaṭicchādisikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
537 第八学处中,“疥疮覆布已被允许”,是在哪里允许的?在衣犍度中贝拉塔西沙的那个事例里。那里确实说过:“比丘们,如果有人得了疥疮、疖子、流脓或粗癞等病,我允许他用疥疮覆布。”(《大品》354)巴利
537. Aṭṭhame – kaṇḍupaṭicchādi anuññātā hotīti kattha anuññātā? Cīvarakkhandhake belaṭṭhasīsavatthusmiṃ. Vuttañhi tattha – ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, yassa kaṇḍu vā piḷakā vā assāvo vā thullakacchu vā ābādho tassa kaṇḍupaṭicchādi’’nti (mahāva. 354).
539 从肚脐以下到膝盖骨上方,这是指比丘的肚脐以下、膝盖以上这个部位。疥,就是疥疮。疹,就是红色尖头疹、细疹。流脓,是指因痔疮、瘘管、恶臭、糖尿病等而流出不净之物。粗疥或病,说的是大疹之病。这里其余的内容很容易理解。六种生起。巴利
539.Yassa adhonābhi ubbhajāṇumaṇḍalanti yassa bhikkhuno nābhiyā heṭṭhā jāṇumaṇḍalānaṃ upari. Kaṇḍūti kacchu. Piḷakāti lohitatuṇḍikā sukhumapiḷakā. Assāvoti arisabhagandaramadhumehādīnaṃ vasena asucipaggharaṇakaṃ. Thullakacchu vā ābādhoti mahāpiḷakābādho vuccati. Sesamettha uttānameva. Chasamuṭṭhānaṃ.
第9条 雨浴衣学处的注释巴利
9. Vassikasāṭikasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
542 542. 第九项:所谓“雨浴衣已被允许”,是在哪里允许的?在衣犍度中的毗舍佉故事里。那里确实说过:“比丘们,我允许雨浴衣。”(《大品》352)这里剩下的内容很清楚。六种生起。巴利
542. Navame – vassikasāṭikā anuññātā hotīti kattha anuññātā? Cīvarakkhandhake visākhāvatthusmiṃ. Vuttañhi tattha – ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, vassikasāṭika’’nti (mahāva. 352). Sesamettha uttānameva. Chasamuṭṭhānaṃ.
10. 难陀长老学处的注释巴利
10. Nandattherasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā
547 第十条:所谓“四指宽”,就是比四个手指的长度还短一点。其余内容容易理解。六种生起。巴利
547. Dasame – caturaṅgulomakoti catūhi aṅgulehi ūnakappamāṇo. Sesaṃ uttānameva. Chasamuṭṭhānaṃ.
“已诵出”等句,就是按照前面所说的方式。巴利
Uddiṭṭhā khotiādi vuttanayamevāti.
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