7. 法轮论
7. Dhammacakkakathā
(2) 双结品义注 · 10 段
1. 谛品注释
1. Saccavāravaṇṇanā
3939. 再者,以《转法轮经》为先行,对所说的法轮之论作未显之义的解释。其中,以苦为事者:因为通过一次现观,苦就是他们的所依,所以叫以苦为事者。为了特别区分这个苦,又说以谛为事者等。其中,以谛为所缘者:谛是他们的所缘和依托,所以叫以谛为所缘。以谛为行境者:谛是他们的行境和范围,所以叫以谛为行境。为谛所摄者:被道谛所摄。属于谛者:依赖于道谛。于谛中生起者:通过遍知苦,在苦谛中生起。同样,它们也就安住并确立在那一谛中。
39. Puna dhammacakkappavattanasuttantameva pubbaṅgamaṃ katvā kathitāya dhammacakkakathāya apubbatthānuvaṇṇanā. Tattha dukkhavatthukāti ekābhisamayavasena dukkhaṃ vatthu etesanti dukkhavatthukā. Tadeva dukkhaṃ visesetvā saccavatthukātiādimāha. Tattha saccaṃ ārammaṇaṃ upatthambho etesanti saccārammaṇā. Saccaṃ gocaro visayo etesanti saccagocarā. Saccasaṅgahitāti maggasaccena saṅgahitā. Saccapariyāpannāti maggasaccāyattā. Sacce samudāgatāti dukkhaparijānanena dukkhasacce samuppannā. Tathā tattheva ṭhitā patiṭṭhitā ca.
4040. 现在,为了说明前面所说的“世尊已转法轮”中的法轮,论师开始说“法轮”等话。其中,法轮有两种:证悟法轮和教说法轮。证悟法轮是在菩提树下发生的,教说法轮是在仙人堕处发生的。“既转动法又是轮”,说的是证悟法轮;“既转动轮又是法”,说的是教说法轮。怎么理解呢?世尊坐在菩提树下,在圣道生起的那一刹那,转动了根、力、觉支、道支等种种法;而那个法因为能摧破烦恼和敌人,就像攻击用的轮子一样转动,所以也是“轮”。世尊在转动法的同时,就是在转动那个轮。这样一来,就表达了“法本身就是轮”这个持业释复合词的含义。世尊坐在仙人堕处,在说法的那一刹那,在应受调伏者的心相续中,转动了类似攻击之轮的教说之轮——因为它是为了摧破烦恼和敌人而转动的;同时,也在应受调伏者的心相续中,转动了根、力、觉支、道支等种种法轮。这样一来,就表达了“法和轮两者合起来叫法轮”这个并列复合词的含义。不过,因为有转动者才会有转动这件事,所以各处虽然都用了“转动”一词,但应当理解为:是从“转动的意义”上才称之为“轮”。至于“依法而转”等说法,应当知道全都是针对教说法轮而说的。
40. Idāni ‘‘pavattite ca bhagavatā dhammacakke’’ti vuttaṃ dhammacakkaṃ niddisitukāmo dhammacakkantiādimāha. Tattha duvidhaṃ dhammacakkaṃ paṭivedhadhammacakkaṃ desanādhammacakkañca. Paṭivedhadhammacakkaṃ bodhipallaṅke, desanādhammacakkaṃ isipatane. Dhammañca pavatteti cakkañcāti paṭivedhadhammacakkaṃ vuttaṃ, cakkañca pavatteti dhammañcāti desanādhammacakkaṃ. Kathaṃ? Bhagavā hi bodhipallaṅke nisinno maggakkhaṇe indriyabalabojjhaṅgamaggaṅgādibhedaṃ dhammañca pavatteti, soyeva ca dhammo kilesasattughātāya pavattanato paharaṇacakkaṃ viyāti cakkañca. Dhammaṃ pavattentoyeva bhagavā taṃ cakkaṃ pavatteti nāma. Etena dhammoyeva cakkanti kammadhārayasamāsatā vuttā hoti. Isipatane nisinno bhagavā dhammadesanakkhaṇe veneyyasantāne kilesasattughātāya pavattanato paharaṇacakkasadisaṃ desanācakkañca pavatteti, veneyyasantāne indriyabalabojjhaṅgamaggaṅgādibhedaṃ dhammacakkañca pavatteti. Etena dhammo ca cakkañca dhammacakkanti dvandasamāsatā vuttā hoti. Yasmā pana pavattake sati pavattanā nāma hoti, tasmā sabbatthāpi ‘‘pavattetī’’ti vuttaṃ, pavattanaṭṭhena pana ‘‘cakka’’nti vuttaṃ hotīti veditabbaṃ. Dhammena pavattetīti dhammacakkantiādīni desanādhammacakkameva sandhāya vuttānīti veditabbāni.
在这里,“依法而转”的意思是:因为法本身就是如实存在的,所以所转的轮就是法轮,这样说是在表达这个意思。“以法行而转”的意思是:在应当被调伏者的心相续中,为了法的利益而转动的轮,就是法轮,这样说是在表达这个意思。“住立于法”等说法,则是在表明世尊本身就是法、是法的主人。正如经中所说:“贤友,这位世尊是知者、见者,是眼、是智、是法、是梵,是说者、转者,是义的引导者、不死之法的施予者、法主、如来。”(中部1.203)因此,通过这些话,说的就是“法之轮”,也就是法轮。“住”是指以成为主体的状态而住。“确立”是指以不动摇的状态而确立。“得自在”是指达到了主宰的状态。“达彼岸”是指达到了顶点。“得无所畏”是指达到了无所畏惧的状态。而“令人住立于法”等话,则是着眼于应当被调伏者的心相续而说的。通过这些话,也说明了因法主性以及为了法的利益而转动的轮。“恭敬法”等话,说的则是为了法的利益而转动的轮。因为一个人以恭敬等方式推动法,就是在为法的利益而推动。“恭敬法”是指像使法成为善作之法那样去做。“尊重法”是指对法生起尊重,从而尊重它。“敬重法”是指把法当作可爱、值得尊崇的,并这样安住。“供养法”是指指称该法,以说法与修行之供养来作供养。“礼敬法”是指以恭敬、尊重等方式对法表现出谦卑的行为。“以法为幢、以法为旗”是指把法像幢一样放在前面,像旗一样高举起来而行动,因此成为以法为幢、以法为旗。“以法为主”是指从法主而来,并且以修习之法为准来做一切行为,因此成为以法为主。而那个法轮是“不可逆转”的,因为任何人都无法使它逆转,所以说它是以不可阻挡的方式转动的。因此,那个法因为具有转动的意义,所以被称为“轮”。
Tattha dhammena pavattetīti yathāsabhāvattā dhammena pavattaṃ cakkanti dhammacakkanti vuttaṃ hoti. Dhammacariyāya pavattetīti veneyyasantāne dhammatthāya pavattaṃ cakkanti dhammacakkanti vuttaṃ hoti. Dhamme ṭhitotiādīhi bhagavato dhammabhūtatā dhammassāmitā ca vuttā hoti. Yathāha – ‘‘so hāvuso, bhagavā jānaṃ jānāti passaṃ passati cakkhubhūto ñāṇabhūto dhammabhūto brahmabhūto vattā pavattā atthassa ninnetā amatassa dātā dhammassāmī tathāgato’’ti (ma. ni. 1.203). Tasmā tehi dhammassa cakkanti dhammacakkanti vuttaṃ hoti. Ṭhitoti visayībhāvena ṭhito. Patiṭṭhitoti acalabhāvena patiṭṭhito. Vasippattoti issarabhāvaṃ patto. Pāramippattoti koṭippatto. Vesārajjappattoti visāradabhāvaṃ patto. Dhamme patiṭṭhāpentotiādīhi veneyyasantānamapekkhitvā vuttehi pana vacanehi dhammassāmitāya ca dhammatthāya cakkanti vuttaṃ hoti. Dhammaṃ sakkarontotihaādīhi dhammatthāya cakkanti vuttaṃ hoti. Yo hi dhammaṃ sakkārādivasena pavatteti, so dhammatthaṃ pavatteti. Dhammaṃ sakkarontoti yathā kato so dhammo sukato hoti, evameva naṃ karonto. Dhammaṃ garuṃ karontoti tasmiṃ gāravuppattiyā taṃ garuṃ karonto. Dhammaṃ mānentoti dhammaṃ piyañca bhāvanīyañca katvā viharanto. Dhammaṃ pūjentoti taṃ apadisitvā desanāpaṭipattipūjāya pūjaṃ karonto. Dhammaṃ apacāyamānoti tasseva dhammassa sakkāragarukārehi nīcavuttitaṃ karonto. Dhammaddhajo dhammaketūti taṃ dhammaṃ dhajamiva purakkhatvā ketumiva ca ukkhipitvā pavattiyā dhammaddhajo dhammaketu ca hutvāti attho. Dhammādhipateyyoti dhammādhipatito āgato bhāvanādhammavaseneva ca sabbakiriyānaṃ karaṇena dhammādhipateyyo hutvā. Taṃ kho pana dhammacakkaṃ appaṭivattiyanti kenaci nivattetuṃ asakkuṇeyyatāya appaṭihatapavattitā vuttā. Tasmā so dhammo pavattanaṭṭhena cakkanti vuttaṃ hoti.
信根是法,它使那法转起。意思是:在应受调教者的心相续中,通过生起与道相应的信根,他使那信根之法转起。其余的根也是如此。“谛”是指谛智。“观”和“明”就是道智本身。“无生智”是指阿拉汉果的智。那智也是在应受调教者的心相续中使之转起;并且,在使证悟涅槃发生时,也可以说它正在使之转起。
Saddhindriyaṃ dhammo, taṃ dhammaṃ pavattetīti veneyyasantāne maggasampayuttasaddhindriyuppādanena taṃ saddhindriyaṃ dhammaṃ pavattetīti attho. Eseva nayo sesesupi. Saccāti saccañāṇāni. Vipassanā ca vijjā ca maggañāṇameva. Anuppāde ñāṇanti arahattaphale ñāṇaṃ. Tampi veneyyasantāne pavattetiyeva, nibbānañca paṭivedhaṃ karonto pavattetiyeva nāma.
在集转分等处,先指出“以集为依处”“以灭为依处”“以道为依处”这些区别性的词句,然后作了简略说明。在这里也一样,应当依照前面所说的方式,按最初所说的道理来理解。
Samudayavārādīsu samudayavatthukā nirodhavatthukā maggavatthukāti visesapadaṃ dassetvā saṅkhittā. Etthāpi vuttasadisaṃ paṭhamaṃ vuttanayeneva veditabbaṃ.
《念处诸分》等的注释
2-3. Satipaṭṭhānavārādivaṇṇanā
41-4241-42. 以念处和神足为前导的转分,也是依圣道刹那来说的。这些地方也都是先指出各自不同的词句,然后作简要说明。
41-42. Satipaṭṭhānaiddhipādapubbaṅgamavārāpi maggakkhaṇavasena vuttā. Tepi tattha tattha visesapadaṃ dassetvā saṅkhittāti.