14. 最上品·6. 第六最上品
13. 最上品义注 · 49 段
14. 最上品
14. Etadaggavaggo
6. 第六最上品
(14) 6. Chaṭṭhaetadaggavaggo
提谓与波利的故事
Tapussabhallikavatthu
248248. 在《近事男品》的第一部分中,“最初皈依者”指的是:在所有最初皈依的人当中,提谓和波利这两位商人是最上首。这就是它的含义。据说,这两位在莲华上佛的时代,投生在天鹅城的一户良家。后来,他们听闻导师说法,看到导师把两位近事男安立在最初皈依者中最上首的位置,便做了种种善行,发愿要得到那个位置。他们在十万劫中于天界和人间轮转,在我们的菩萨证得一切知智之前,就已经出生在阿西檀阇那城的一户富绅家中。长兄名叫提谓,幼弟名叫波利。
248. Upāsakapāḷiyā paṭhame paṭhamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchantānanti sabbapaṭhamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchantānaṃ tapusso ca bhalliko cāti ime dve vāṇijā aggāti dasseti. Ime kira padumuttarabuddhakāle haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe paṭisandhiṃ gahetvā aparabhāge satthu dhammadesanaṃ suṇantā satthāraṃ dve upāsake paṭhamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchantānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthayiṃsu. Te kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā amhākaṃ bodhisattassa sabbaññutaññāṇapattito puretarameva asitañjananagare kuṭumbiyagehe nibbattiṃsu. Jeṭṭhabhātiko tapusso nāma ahosi, kaniṭṭho bhalliko nāma.
后来,他们继续在家过日子,时常套好五百辆车去做买卖,到处跑生意。就在那个时候,我们的菩萨已经证得一切知智,在菩提道场住了七个七天,到第八个七天时,坐在王处树下。就在那时,那些商人带着将近五百辆车来到了那个地方。在他们紧接的前一世中,他们的母亲已投生为那个地方的天神。她心想:“现在该是让佛陀得到食物的时候了。从今以后,不能再让佛陀没有食物而维持生活。这些是我的儿子,他们正走这条路,今天应该让他们去给佛陀供养团食。”于是她让那五百辆车上套的牛全都停住,走不动了。商人们想:“这是怎么回事?”就察看种种征兆。她知道了他们疲惫不堪,便附在一个人的身上说:“你们为什么疲惫?这里没有夜叉作障,没有鬼怪作障,也没有龙作障。我是你们过去世投生为人的上一世的母亲,已经投生为这个地方的陆地天神。那位十力者正坐在王处树下,你们应当第一个去向他供养团食。”
Te aparena samayena gharāvāsaṃ vasantā kālena kālaṃ pañca sakaṭasatāni yojāpetvā vāṇijakammaṃ karontā caranti. Tasmiṃ samaye amhākaṃ bodhisatto sabbaññutaṃ patvā sattasattāhaṃ bodhimaṇḍe viharitvā aṭṭhame sattāhe rājāyatanamūle nisīdi. Tasmiṃ samaye te vāṇijā pañcamattehi sakaṭasatehi taṃ ṭhānaṃ anuppattā ahesuṃ. Tesaṃ anantare attabhāve mātā tasmiṃ padese devatā hutvā nibbatti. Sā cintesi – ‘‘idāni buddhānaṃ āhāro laddhuṃ vaṭṭati. Na hi sakkā ito paraṃ nirāhārehi yāpetuṃ. Ime ca me puttā iminā maggena gacchanti, tehi ajja buddhānaṃ piṇḍapātaṃ dāpetuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti pañcasu sakaṭasatesu yuttagoṇānaṃ gamanupacchedaṃ akāsi. Te ‘‘kiṃ nāmeta’’nti nānāvidhāni nimittāni olokenti. Atha tesaṃ kilamanabhāvaṃ ñatvā ekassa purisassa sarīre adhimuccitvā ‘‘kiṃ kāraṇā kilamatha? Tumhākaṃ añño yakkhāvaṭṭo vā bhūtāvaṭṭo vā nāgāvaṭṭo vā natthi, ahaṃ pana vo atītattabhāve mātā imasmiṃ ṭhāne bhummadevatā hutvā nibbattā. Esa dasabalo rājāyatanamūle nisinno, tassa paṭhamaṃ piṇḍapātaṃ dethā’’ti.
他们听了她的话,心里非常欢喜,就端着金盘,盛着炒面和蜜团,来到导师面前,说:“尊者,请接受这些食物。”导师观察了过去诸佛的习惯做法,这时四大天王献上了石钵。导师说:“愿这给他们带来大果报。”又把四个钵决意成:“变成一个钵吧。”就在那时,那些商人把炒面和蜜团放进如来的钵里,等世尊吃完,又供养了水。饭食完毕,他们礼敬导师,坐在一边。接着,导师为他们说法。说法结束时,这两个人都安立在二皈依上,礼敬导师后,想回自己的城市,便说:“尊者,请给我们一个可供供养礼拜的纪念物。”导师用右手摸了摸头顶,把八根头发舍利给了这两个人。他们两人把头发舍利放进金匣,带回自己的城市,在阿西檀阇那城城门外建了一座活发舍利塔。每到布萨日,塔里就会放出蓝色的光。这件事的因缘就是这样发生的。后来,导师坐在祇园精舍,依次把在家男信徒安立在各个最上位时,把这两个人安立在最初皈依者的最上位置。
Te tassā kathaṃ sutvā tuṭṭhamānasā hutvā manthañca madhupiṇḍikañca suvaṇṇathālakena ādāya satthu santikaṃ gantvā ‘‘imaṃ bhojanaṃ paṭiggaṇhatha, bhante’’ti āhaṃsu. Satthā atītabuddhānaṃ āciṇṇaṃ olokesi, athassa cattāro mahārājāno selamaye patte upanāmesuṃ. Satthā ‘‘tesaṃ mahapphalaṃ hotū’’ti cattāropi patte ‘‘ekova patto hotū’’ti adhiṭṭhāsi. Tasmiṃ khaṇe te vāṇijā tathāgatassa patte manthañca madhupiṇḍikañca patiṭṭhapetvā paribhuttakāle udakaṃ datvā bhattakiccapariyosāne satthāraṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Atha nesaṃ satthā dhammaṃ desesi, desanāpariyosāne dvepi janā dvevācike saraṇe patiṭṭhāya satthāraṃ abhivādetvā attano nagaraṃ gantukāmā , ‘‘bhante, amhākaṃ paricaraṇacetiyaṃ dethā’’ti vadiṃsu. Satthā dakkhiṇena hatthena sīsaṃ parāmasitvā dvinnampi janānaṃ aṭṭha kesadhātuyo adāsi. Te ubhopi janā kesadhātuyo suvaṇṇasamuggesu ṭhapetvā attano nagaraṃ netvā asitañjananagaradvāre jīvakesadhātuyā cetiyaṃ patiṭṭhāpesuṃ. Uposathadivase cetiyato nīlasmiyo niggacchanti. Evametaṃ vatthu samuṭṭhitaṃ. Satthā pana aparabhāge jetavane nisīditvā upāsake paṭipāṭiyā ṭhānantaresu ṭhapento ime dve jane paṭhamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchantānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesīti.
给孤独长者的事迹
Anāthapiṇḍikaseṭṭhivatthu
249第二首偈颂里说“施主们”,是为了指出:乐于布施的人当中,须达多居士——给孤独——是最上首的。据说,他在莲华上佛的时代,出生在天鹅城的一个良家。他听导师说法时,看见导师把一位近事男安立在施主中最上首的位置,就做了殊胜的业行,发愿要得到那个位置。此后,他在十万劫中流转于天界和人间,到我们这位佛陀出世的时代,出生在舍卫城须摩那长者家中,大家给他取名叫须达多。
249. Dutiye dāyakānanti dānābhiratānaṃ sudatto, gahapati, anāthapiṇḍiko aggoti dasseti. So kira padumuttarabuddhakāle haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe nibbatto satthu dhammakathaṃ suṇanto satthāraṃ ekaṃ upāsakaṃ dāyakānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthesi. So kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde sāvatthiyaṃ sumanaseṭṭhissa gehe nibbatti, sudattotissa nāmaṃ akaṃsu.
他后来安家立业,做了施主和布施者,因为这一功德,名声远播,人们就叫他“给孤独”。他带着五百辆车满载货物,前往王舍城一位和自己交情很好的长者家里。在那里听说佛陀世尊已经出世。天快亮时,靠天神的威力,城门自动打开,他去见导师,听完法就证得了入流果。第二天,他又为以佛陀为首的比丘僧团办了盛大的供养,并得到导师答应前往舍卫城。在两城之间四十五由旬的路上,他每由旬布施十万钱,并建起一座座精舍,让每由旬都有一座。他又用金币铺满祇园的地面,以一亿八千万钱买下园地,再以一亿八千万钱建造精舍。精舍建成后,他在午饭前和午饭后,随四众弟子各自所需而行布施,又用一亿八千万钱举行了精舍落成庆典。精舍庆典历时九个月才完成;也有人说历时五个月。不过对于历时三个月之说,所有师长都没有异议。
So aparabhāge gharāvāse patiṭṭhito dāyako dānapati hutvā teneva guṇena patthaṭanāmadheyyo anāthapiṇḍiko nāma ahosi. So pañcahi sakaṭasatehi bhaṇḍaṃ ādāya rājagahe attano piyasahāyakassa seṭṭhino gehaṃ gantvā tattha buddhassa bhagavato uppannabhāvaṃ sutvā balavapaccūsakāle devatānubhāvena vivaṭena dvārena satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā dhammaṃ sutvā sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhāya dutiyadivase ca buddhappamukhassa bhikkhusaṅghassa mahādānaṃ datvā sāvatthiṃ āgamanatthāya satthu paṭiññaṃ gahetvā antarāmagge pañcacattālīsayojanamagge satasahassaṃ satasahassaṃ datvā yojanikavihāre kāretvā jetavanaṃ koṭisanthārena santharitvā aṭṭhārasahi koṭīhi kiṇitvā aṭṭhārasahi koṭīhi vihāraṃ kāretvā vihāre niṭṭhite catunnaṃ parisānaṃ purebhattapacchābhattesu yadicchakaṃ dānaṃ dadanto aṭṭhārasahi koṭīhi vihāramahaṃ niṭṭhāpesi. Vihāramaho navahi māsehi niṭṭhānaṃ agamāsi , ‘‘pañcahī’’ti apare. Temāse pana sabbācariyānaṃ vivādo natthi.
他这样把五亿四千万的财产都散尽了,之后长期在家里做这样的布施。每天都有五百份筹食、五百份半月食、五百份筹粥、五百份半月粥、五百份常供食、五百份客食、五百份饯行食、五百份病食、五百份看病人食,家里还常年备着五百个座位。后来,导师坐在祇园时,把在家男信徒们依次安排到各个位置上,就把他放在了施主中最高的位置。
Evaṃ catupaṇṇāsakoṭidhanaṃ vissajjetvā niccakālaṃ gehe evarūpaṃ dānaṃ pavattesi. Devasikaṃ pañca salākabhattasatāni honti, pañca pakkhikabhattasatāni, pañca salākayāgusatāni, pañca pakkhikayāgusatāni, pañca dhurabhattasatāni, pañca āgantukabhattasatāni, pañca gamikabhattasatāni, pañca gilānabhattasatāni, pañca gilānupaṭṭhākabhattasatāni, pañca āsanasatāni gehe niccapaññattāneva hontīti. Atha naṃ aparabhāge satthā jetavane nisinno upāsake paṭipāṭiyā ṭhānantaresu ṭhapento dāyakānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesīti.
质多居士的故事
Cittagahapativatthu
250在第三项“说法者中”里,这是指出:在说法者的居士当中,质多居士最为第一。据说,在莲华上佛的时代,他出生在天鹅城的一个良家。后来听法时,看见世尊把一位居士安立在说法者第一的位置上,就做了增上的善业,发愿得到那个位置。他在十万劫中于天界和人间轮转,到迦叶佛的时代,出生在猎鹿人的家里。后来,当他有能力在林中劳作时,有一天正下着雨,他为了猎鹿,拿着矛进入森林,四处张望鹿的形影,看见在一处没有修整的石窟里,有一位比丘用粪扫衣连头盖着,坐在石板上。他心想:“这是一位尊者在修行沙门法。”于是赶快回家,在一个灶上煮昨天带回来的肉,在另一个灶上煮饭。他见到两位乞食的比丘,就接过他们的钵,请他们在准备好的座位上坐下,让人供养食物,并吩咐其他人道:“女士们,请分发食物。”然后他把饭放进陶罐,用叶子封住罐口,提着罐子往前走。途中采集了各种花,用叶子包着拿上,来到长老坐着的地方,放下罐子,放在一边,说:“尊者,请您摄受我。”他接过长老的钵,装满饭食,放在长老手中,用那些混合的花供养长老,然后站在一旁说:“就像这份美味的团食连同花供让心欢喜一样,愿我在每一个投生的地方,都有成千的供养品到来,也愿五种颜色的花雨降下。”
250. Tatiye dhammakathikānanti dhammakathikānaṃ upāsakānaṃ citto, gahapati, aggoti dasseti. So kira padumuttarabuddhakāle haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe nibbatto aparabhāge dhammakathaṃ suṇanto satthāraṃ ekaṃ upāsakaṃ dhammakathikānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthesi. So kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā kassapabuddhakāle migaluddakagehe nibbatto aparabhāge araññe kammaṃ kātuṃ samatthakāle ekadivasaṃ deve vassante migamāraṇatthāya sattiṃ ādāya araññaṃ gantvā migarūpāni olokento ekasmiṃ akatapabbhāre sasīsaṃ paṃsukūlaṃ pārupitvā pāsāṇaphalake nisinnaṃ ekaṃ bhikkhuṃ disvā ‘‘eko ayyo samaṇadhammaṃ karonto nisinno bhavissatī’’ti saññaṃ uppādetvā vegena gharaṃ gantvā ekasmiṃ uddhane hiyyo ābhatamaṃsaṃ, ekasmiṃ bhattaṃ pacāpetvā piṇḍācārike dve bhikkhū disvā tesaṃ pattaṃ ādāya paññattāsane nisīdāpetvā bhikkhaṃ samādāpetvā, ‘‘ayye, parivisathā’’ti aññe āṇāpetvā taṃ bhattaṃ kuṭe pakkhipitvā paṇṇena mukhaṃ bandhitvā kuṭaṃ ādāya gacchanto antarāmagge nānāvidhāni pupphāni ocinitvā pattapuṭakena gahetvā therassa nisinnaṭṭhānaṃ gantvā kuṭaṃ otāretvā ekamante ṭhapetvā ‘‘mayhaṃ , bhante, saṅgahaṃ karothā’’ti vatvā therassa pattaṃ ādāya bhattassa pūretvā therassa hatthe patiṭṭhapetvā tehi missakapupphehi theraṃ pūjetvā ekamante ṭhito ‘‘yathāyaṃ rasapiṇḍapātena saddhiṃ pupphapūjā cittaṃ paritoseti, evaṃ nibbattanibbattaṭṭhāne me paṇṇākārasahassāni ceva āgacchantu pañcavaṇṇakusumavassañca vassatū’’ti āha.
长老看到他得度的因缘成熟了,就为他开示了三十二身分的修行法门,并传授给他。他终生行善,死后投生到天界。在他投生的地方,天上下起了齐膝深的鲜花之雨,他自身的容貌也比其他天众更加殊胜。他经过一尊佛的间隔,在天界和人间轮转,到这一尊佛出世时,投生在摩揭陀国的马奇咖桑达城一户长者家中。出生那天,全城降下了齐膝深的五色花雨。他的父母心想:“我们的儿子是自己带着名字来的,他出生那天全城都被五色花点缀得绚丽多彩。”于是就给他取名叫质多童子。
Thero tassa upanissayaṃ disvā dvattiṃsākārakammaṭṭhānaṃ ācikkhitvā adāsi. So yāvajīvaṃ kusalaṃ katvā devaloke nibbatti, nibbattaṭṭhāne jaṇṇumattena odhinā dibbapupphavassaṃ vassi, sayañca aññāhi devatāhi adhikatarena rūpena samannāgato ahosi. So ekaṃ buddhantaraṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde magadharaṭṭhe macchikāsaṇḍanagare seṭṭhikule nibbatti, jātakālevassa sakalanagare jaṇṇumattena odhinā pañcavaṇṇakusumavassaṃ vassi. Athassa mātāpitaro ‘‘amhākaṃ putto attanāva attano nāmaṃ gahetvā āgato, jātadivasevassa sakalanagaraṃ pañcavaṇṇehi pupphehi vicittaṃ jāta’’nti cittakumāroti nāmaṃ akaṃsu.
他后来成家安顿下来,父亲去世后,继承了那座城里的长者之位。那时,五比丘中的摩诃男长老来到了马奇咖桑达城。质多居士见到长老的威仪,心生净信,便接过钵,迎请到家中,以食物供养。用斋完毕后,他把长老带到安巴陀迦园,在那里为长老建了住所,并约定长老常来自己家中受食而住。长老观察他得度的机缘,为他说法时,就宣讲了六处分别。质多居士因为过去生中已反复修习观照诸行,不久便证得了不来果。又有一天,伊西达答长老来到这里住下,在长者家受食之后,那位无法解答问题的长老请伊西达答长老解答疑问;伊西达答长老为质多居士解答之后,因为知道过去两人曾是俗家朋友,心想:如今此地不宜再住,便随自己方便离去了。又有一天,质多居士请摩诃男长老显现神通变化。长老便为他示现了火遍定神变,之后心想:现在不宜再住于此,便也随自己方便离去了。
So aparabhāge gharāvāse patiṭṭhito pitu accayena tasmiṃ nagare seṭṭhiṭṭhānaṃ pāpuṇi. Tasmiṃ samaye pañcavaggiyattherānaṃ abbhantaro mahānāmatthero nāma macchikāsaṇḍanagaraṃ agamāsi. Citto gahapati tassa iriyāpathe pasīditvā pattaṃ ādāya gehaṃ ānetvā piṇḍapātena patimānetvā katabhattakiccaṃ ambāṭakārāmaṃ nāma uyyānaṃ netvā tatthassa vasanaṭṭhānaṃ kāretvā nibaddhaṃ attano gehe piṇḍapātaṃ gahetvā vasanatthāya paṭiññaṃ gaṇhi. Theropi tassa upanissayaṃ disvā dhammaṃ desento saḷāyatanavibhattimeva desesi. Citto gahapati purimabhave madditasaṅkhāratāya nacirasseva anāgāmiphalaṃ sampāpuṇi. Athekadivasaṃ isidattatthero tattha gantvā viharanto seṭṭhissa nivesane bhattakiccapariyosāne āyasmatā therena pañhaṃ vissajjetuṃ asakkontena ajjhiṭṭho upāsakassa pañhaṃ vissajjetvā tena pubbe gihisahāyakabhāve ñāte ‘‘na idāni idha vatthabba’’nti yathāsukhaṃ pakkāmi. Punekadivasaṃ, seṭṭhi gahapati, mahānāmattheraṃ iddhipāṭihāriyakaraṇatthaṃ yāci . Sopi tassa tejosamāpattipāṭihāriyaṃ dassetvā ‘‘idāni idha vasituṃ na yutta’’nti yathāsukhaṃ pakkāmi.
有一天,两位上首弟子带着一千名比丘来到安巴陀迦园。长者居士为他们准备了盛大的供养。善法长老看不下去,就用“三指说法”讥讽长者,结果被长者赶走。他到世尊那里,得到教导后,遵照十力者的教诫去做,向居士道歉求得原谅,然后就在安巴陀迦园住下,修观不断增长,最终证得阿拉汉果。那时,居士心想:“我很久没见十力者就过去了,可要是去拜见世尊却空着手去,那不合适。”于是他用五百辆车装上油、蜜、糖浆等物,在城里击鼓宣告:“谁想见十力者,就跟我一起去。”然后带着两千人出发去见世尊。在三十由旬的路上,诸天神献上了礼物。他来到世尊面前,以五体投地之礼顶礼世尊。就在那一刻,空中降下了五色花雨。
Athekadivasaṃ dve aggasāvakā bhikkhusahassaparivārā ambāṭakārāmaṃ agamaṃsu. Seṭṭhi gahapati, tesaṃ mahāsakkāraṃ sajjesi. Sudhammatthero taṃ asahamāno seṭṭhiṃ tilasaṅgulikāvādena khuṃsetvā tena paṇāmito satthu santikaṃ gantvā ovādaṃ labhitvā dasabalassa ovāde ṭhito cittaṃ gahapatiṃ khamāpetvā tattheva ambāṭakārāme viharanto vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tadā upāsako cintesi – ‘‘ahaṃ dasabalaṃ adisvāva ciraṃ vītināmesiṃ, satthu santikaṃ gacchantena pana ayuttaṃ tucchahatthena gantu’’nti pañcahi sakaṭasatehi telamadhuphāṇitādīni ādāya ‘‘ye dasabalaṃ passitukāmā, te mayā saddhiṃ āgacchantū’’ti nagare bheriṃ carāpetvā dvīhi purisasahassehi parivuto satthāraṃ passituṃ pakkāmi. Tiṃsayojane magge devatā paṇṇākāraṃ upaṭṭhapesuṃ. So satthu santikaṃ gantvā pañcapatiṭṭhitena satthāraṃ vandi, tasmiṃ khaṇe ākāsā pañcavaṇṇānaṃ pupphānaṃ vassaṃ vassi.
导师按照他的根性,只为他讲了六处分别。即使他向十力者作了长达半个月左右的供养,可是从自己家里拿出来的米、油、蜜、糖浆等物却一直不见减少。光是王舍城居民送来的礼物就已经足够了。他拜见过导师后,在回自己城市的路上,把用车运来的所有东西都布施给了比丘僧团。车子刚空掉,天神们就把七宝装满了车。大众中有人议论说:“这位质多居士真是获得了恭敬与尊重啊!”导师听到这话后,在《法句》中说了这首偈:
Satthā tassa ajjhāsayavasena saḷāyatanavibhattimeva kathesi. Tassa aḍḍhamāsamattaṃ dasabalassa dānaṃ dentassāpi sakanivesanato nītāni taṇḍulatelamadhuphāṇitādīni na khīyiṃsu. Rājagahavāsikehi pahitapaṇṇākārova alaṃ ahosi. So satthāraṃ passitvā attano nagaraṃ gacchanto sakaṭehi ābhataṃ sabbaṃ bhikkhusaṅghassa adāsi. Sakaṭesu tucchesu jātamattesveva devatā satta ratanāni pūrayiṃsu. Mahājanantare kathā udapādi ‘‘yāva sakkārasammānappatto vatāyaṃ citto gahapatī’’ti. Taṃ sutvā satthā dhammapade imaṃ gāthamāha –
“有信心,具足戒行,拥有名声与财富;
无论他亲近哪个地方,就在那里受到尊敬。”
‘‘Saddho sīlena sampanno, yaso bhogasamappito; Yaṃ yaṃ padesaṃ bhajati, tattha tattheva pūjito’’ti. (dha. pa. 303);
从那时起,他无论走到哪里,都有五百位身为圣弟子的近事男围绕着他。后来,导师依次为居士们安排位置时,以质多居士的事迹作为缘起,把他安立在说法者中的首位。
So tato paṭṭhāya ariyasāvakānaṃyeva upāsakānaṃ pañcahi satehi parivuto vicarati. Atha naṃ satthā aparabhāge upāsake paṭipāṭiyā ṭhānantare ṭhapento cittasaṃyuttaṃ aṭṭhuppattiṃ katvā dhammakathikānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesīti.
旷野手长者的事迹
Hatthakaāḷavakavatthu
251第四项中,“以四种摄事”这一说法,是在显示:那些用四种摄事来摄受大众的人里,手长者阿罗毘最为第一。据说,过去莲华上佛住世时,他出生在天鹅城的一户好人家。后来有一次听世尊说法,看见世尊把一位具足四种摄事的近事男安置在某个首座的位置上,于是做了种种供养承事,并发愿将来也能得到那个位置。此后,他在十万劫中于天界和人间流转,直到现在这尊佛出世时,才在阿罗毘国的阿罗毘城,投生到阿罗毘王家中。第二天,他就被和食物瓮一起,送去给阿罗毘。
251. Catutthe catūhi saṅgahavatthūhīti catubbidhena saṅgahavatthunā parisaṃ saṅgaṇhantānaṃ hatthako āḷavako aggoti dasseti. Ayaṃ kira padumuttarabuddhakāle haṃsavatiyaṃ kulaghare nibbatto aparabhāge satthu dhammakathaṃ suṇanto satthāraṃ catūhi saṅgahavatthūhi samannāgataṃ ekaṃ upāsakaṃ ṭhānantare ṭhapentaṃ disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthesi. So kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde āḷaviraṭṭhe āḷavinagare āḷavakassa rañño gehe paṭisandhiṃ gaṇhi, sve bhattacāṭiyā saddhiṃ āḷavakassa pesetabbo ahosi.
这件事的来龙去脉是这样的:据说有一天,阿罗婆迦王为了猎鹿进入森林,追赶一头鹿,把它杀死、剖开后挂在弓梢上,然后转身往回走。一路上被风吹日晒弄得疲惫不堪,他走进一棵榕树下一片浓密的树荫里坐下休息。过了一会儿,他缓过劲来,正要离开,住在那棵树上的天神抓住他的手说:“站住,站住,你是我的食物。”他被抓得紧紧的,找不到别的办法,就说:“我每天给你送一个人,外加一瓮饭。”说完就回城了。从那时起,他就从监狱里每天送一个人,配上一瓮饭。就这样一直送下去,等到监狱里的人送完了,他们就说:“要是抓年纪大的人,国家会乱。”于是不再抓年长的人,开始抓年幼的孩子。从那时起,城里有小孩的母亲和怀孕的妇女都逃往别的国家去了。
Tatrāyaṃ anupubbikathā – ekadivasaṃ kira āḷavako rājā migavatthāya araññaṃ gantvā ekaṃ migaṃ anubandhitvā ghātetvā chinditvā dhanukoṭiyaṃ lagetvā nivattetvā āgacchanto vātātapena kilantakāyo ekaṃ sandacchāyaṃ nigrodharukkhamūlaṃ pavisitvā nisīdi. Atha naṃ muhuttaṃ darathaṃ vinodetvā nikkhamantaṃ rukkhe adhivatthā devatā ‘‘tiṭṭha tiṭṭha, bhakkhosi me’’ti hatthe gaṇhi. So daḷhaṃ gahitattā aññaṃ upāyaṃ apassanto ‘‘devasikaṃ te ekekapurisena saddhiṃ cāṭibhattaṃ pesessāmī’’ti vatvā nagaraṃ gato. Tato paṭṭhāya bandhanāgārato ekekamanussena saddhiṃ cāṭibhattaṃ pesesi. Eteneva niyāmena bandhanāgāre manussesu khīṇesu ‘‘mahallakamanussesu gayhamānesu raṭṭhakhobho hotī’’ti te aggahetvā daharakumāre gaṇhituṃ ārabhiṃsu. Tato paṭṭhāya nagare dārakamātaro ca gabbhiniyo ca aññaṃ raṭṭhaṃ gacchanti.
那时,导师在破晓时分观察世间,看见阿罗毘童子具备证得三道果的因缘,心想:“这位童子在过去十万劫中一直发愿,从天道命终后,投生在阿罗毘王的家中。如果找不到别的孩子,明天他们就会把这孩子连同钵饭一起带走。”于是傍晚时分,导师以不被认出的形貌来到旷野夜叉的住所门前,向名叫驴的守门夜叉请求进去。那夜叉说:“世尊,您请进。可是我不去通报旷野,是不合适的。”于是他便前往雪山参加夜叉集会的旷野夜叉那里。导师也进入住所,坐在旷野的坐床上。
Tasmiṃ samaye satthā paccūsasamayante lokaṃ volokento āḷavakakumārassa tiṇṇaṃ maggaphalānaṃ upanissayaṃ disvā ‘‘ayaṃ kumāro kappasatasahassaṃ patthitapatthano devalokā cavitvā āḷavakarañño gehe nibbatto, aññaṃ kumāraṃ alabhantā sve kumāraṃ cāṭibhattena saddhiṃ gahetvā gacchissantī’’ti cintetvā sāyanhasamaye aññātakavesena āḷavakassa yakkhassa bhavanadvāraṃ gantvā tassa dovārikaṃ gadrabhaṃ nāma yakkhaṃ bhavanaṃ pavisanatthāya yāci. So āha – ‘‘bhagavā tumhe pavisatha, mayhaṃ pana āḷavakassa anārocanaṃ nāma ayutta’’nti. So himavante yakkhasamāgamaṃ gatassa āḷavakassa santikaṃ agamāsi. Satthāpi taṃ bhavanaṃ pavisitvā āḷavakassa nisīdanapallaṅke nisīdi.
那时,萨达吉拉夜叉和雪山夜叉正要从旷野夜叉住所的上空经过,去参加夜叉集会,却发现自己走不动了。他们心里想:“这到底是什么原因?”于是作意观察,看见导师正坐在旷野的住所里,便来到导师身边,顶礼之后,前往夜叉集会,对旷野说:“贤友旷野,你真有福气!在包括天神的世间里,最尊贵的人正坐在你的住所中。去吧,到导师那里去听法吧。”
旷野听了他们的话,心里想:“这些家伙在说有个剃头沙门坐在我的床座上。”他很不高兴,被愤怒压倒,说道:“今天我要和这个沙门打一场,到时候你们要当我的帮手!”他抬起右脚,踩向一座约六十由旬高的山顶,那座山当即裂成两半。从这里开始,旷野之战应当详细展开。
然而,旷野整夜以种种方式和如来交战,却什么也做不成,于是走到世尊面前,问了八个问题,世尊一一作答。说法结束时,旷野证得了入流果。想要详细了解,可以参阅《旷野经注》(相应部义注1.1.246)。
Tasmiṃ samaye sātāgirahemavatā āḷavakassa bhavanamatthakena yakkhasamāgamaṃ gacchantā attano gamane asampajjamāne ‘‘kiṃ nu kho kāraṇa’’nti āvajjentā satthāraṃ āḷavakassa bhavane nisinnaṃ disvā satthu santikaṃ gantvā vanditvā yakkhasamāgamaṃ gantvā āḷavakassa tuṭṭhiṃ pavedayiṃsu – ‘‘lābhā te, āvuso āḷavaka, yassa te sadevake loke aggapuggalo bhavane nisinno , gantvā satthu santike dhammaṃ suṇāhī’’ti. So tesaṃ kathaṃ sutvā cintesi – ‘‘ime ekassa muṇḍakasamaṇassa mama pallaṅke nisinnabhāvaṃ kathentī’’ti anattamano kodhābhibhūto hutvā ‘‘ajja mayhaṃ etena samaṇena saddhiṃ saṅgāmo bhavissati, tattha me sahāyā nāma hothā’’ti dakkhiṇapādaṃ ukkhipitvā saṭṭhiyojanamattaṃ pabbatakūṭaṃ akkami, taṃ bhijjitvā dvidhā ahosi. Ito paṭṭhāya āḷavakayuddhaṃ vitthāretabbaṃ. Āḷavako pana sabbarattiṃ tathāgatena saddhiṃ nānappakārena yujjhantopi kiñci kātuṃ asakkonto satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā aṭṭha pañhe pucchi, satthā vissajjesi . Desanāpariyosāne sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhāsi. Vitthāretvā kathetukāmena āḷavakasuttavaṇṇanā (saṃ. ni. aṭṭha. 1.1.246) oloketabbā.
第二天黎明,太阳升起,到了该送瓮饭的时候,全城都找不到适合抓去送食的孩子,人们便禀报国王。国王说:“诸位,难道真有不该抓的地方吗?”他们回答:“是的,大王,今天王宫里刚生了一个王子。”国王说:“去吧,诸位,我们还活着,还能再得子嗣,就用瓮饭把他送去吧。”他们不顾王后哭喊,抓起孩子,连同瓮饭一起带到旷野夜叉的住处门前,说道:“来吧,尊者,请接受您的那一份。”旷野听了他们的话,因为已经是圣弟子,感到羞愧,低着头坐在那里。这时,世尊对他说:“旷野,现在你没有必要羞愧了,接过孩子,放在我手里吧。”那些国王的侍从便把阿罗毘幼童放在旷野手里,旷野接过来,放在十力世尊的手里;世尊接过后,又放回旷野手里;旷野再接过去,放回国王侍从们的手里。这孩子就这样从一只手传到另一只手,所以他们给他取名叫“手旷野”。
Punadivase uṭṭhite aruṇe cāṭibhattāharaṇavelāya sakalanagare gahetabbayuttaṃ dārakaṃ adisvā rañño ārocesuṃ. Rājā āha – ‘‘gaṇhituṃ ayuttaṭṭhāne pana atthi, tātā’’ti. Āma, deva, ajja rājakule putto jātoti. Gacchatha, tātā, mayaṃ jīvantā puttaṃ labhissāma, cāṭibhattena naṃ pesethāti. Te deviyā vikkandamānāya dārakaṃ gahetvā cāṭibhattena saddhiṃ āḷavakassa bhavanadvāraṃ gantvā ‘‘handa, ayya, tava bhāgaṃ paṭicchāhī’’ti āhaṃsu. Āḷavako tesaṃ kathaṃ sutvā ariyasāvakattā lajjamāno adhomukho nisīdi. Atha naṃ satthā āha – ‘‘idāni te, āḷavaka, lajjanakiccaṃ natthi, dārakaṃ gahetvā mama hatthe ṭhapehī’’ti. Te rājapurisā āḷavakakumāraṃ āḷavakassa hatthe ṭhapesuṃ, āḷavako taṃ ādāya dasabalassa hatthe ṭhapesi, satthā paṭiggaṇhitvā puna āḷavakassa hatthe ṭhapesi, āḷavako taṃ gahetvā rājapurisānaṃ hatthe ṭhapesi. Itissa hatthato hatthaṃ gatattā ‘‘hatthako āḷavako’’tveva nāmaṃ akaṃsu.
于是那些国王的侍从满心欢喜,带着他来到国王面前。国王看见他,心想“今天他没有接受食物瓮吗”,便问道:“诸位,你们为什么就这样回来了?”他们回答说:“大王,王族得到了欢喜和增长。导师在旷野的住处坐下,调伏了旷野,让他安立在近事男的身份上,然后把孩子交给了我们。”导师也让旷野拿着钵和衣,向阿罗毘城出发。旷野走近城市时,因为羞愧而退缩不前。导师看着他,问道:“旷野,你羞愧了吗?”他说:“是的,尊者。城里的居民因为我,遭遇了母亲死亡、父亲死亡,还有妻儿死亡。他们看见我,一定会用手杖和土块打我。所以我退缩了,尊者。”导师说:“旷野,和我一起走,你没有什么可害怕的,放心来吧。”说完,就在离城不远的一处丛林里停了下来。阿罗毘王也带着市民前来迎接导师。导师为聚集的众人说法,说法结束时,八万四千众生饮下了不死甘露。他们就在那里为旷野建了住处,并开始每年举行供养。
Atha naṃ te rājapurisā tuṭṭhamānasā ādāya rañño santikaṃ agamaṃsu. Rājā taṃ disvā ‘‘ajja cāṭibhattaṃ na sampaṭicchatī’’ti saññaṃ katvā ‘‘kasmā, tātā, evameva āgatatthā’’ti āha. Deva, rājakulassa tuṭṭhi ca vaḍḍhi ca, satthā āḷavakassa bhavane nisīditvā āḷavakaṃ dametvā upāsakatte patiṭṭhāpetvā kumāraṃ amhākaṃ dāpesīti. Satthāpi āḷavakaṃ pattacīvaraṃ gāhāpetvā āḷavinagarābhimukho pāyāsi. So nagaraṃ upasaṅkamanto lajjitvāva osakkati. Satthā naṃ oloketvā ‘‘lajjasi, āḷavakā’’ti pucchi. Āma, bhante, nagaravāsino maṃ nissāya mātimaraṇaṃ pitimaraṇaṃ puttadāramaraṇañca pāpuṇiṃsu. Te maṃ passitvā daṇḍehipi leḍḍūhipi paharissanti. Tasmā osakkāmi, bhanteti. ‘‘Āḷavaka, natthi te mayā saddhiṃ gacchantassa bhayaṃ, vissattho ehī’’ti vatvā nagarassa avidūre ṭhāne vanasaṇḍe aṭṭhāsi. Āḷavakarājāpi nāgare gahetvā satthu paccuggamanaṃ gato. Satthā sampattaparisāya dhammaṃ desesi, desanāvasāne caturāsīti pāṇasahassāni amatapānaṃ piviṃsu. Te āḷavakassa tattheva vasanaṭṭhānaṃ katvā anusaṃvaccharaṃ balikammaṃ paṭṭhapesuṃ.
旷野也以如法的守护治理城中百姓。那位旷野童子长大后,听了导师说法,证得三道果。他无论什么时候,都有五百位圣弟子近事男围绕在身边。后来有一天,他带着那些近事男来到导师面前,顶礼后坐在一边。导师看见这群调伏得很好的人,就说:“旷野,你的会众真庞大,你是怎么摄受他们的?”世尊,我用布施来摄受因布施而满足的人,用爱语来摄受因爱语而满足的人,用帮助他们完成该做的事来摄受因事情办成而满足的人,用同甘共苦来摄受因平等相待而满足的人。这件事就是这样发生的。后来,导师坐在祇园里,把近事男们安置在各自的位置上时,把旷野手长者放在了以四种摄事摄受大众的第一位。
Āḷavakopi nāgare dhammikāya rakkhāya saṅgaṇhi. Sopi āḷavakakumāro vuḍḍhippatto satthu dhammadesanaṃ sutvā tīṇi maggaphalāni paṭivijjhi. So sabbakālaṃ ariyasāvakaupāsakānaṃ pañcahi satehi parivuto carati. Athekadivasaṃ tehi upāsakehi saddhiṃ satthu santikaṃ gantvā vanditvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Satthā suvinītaṃ parisaṃ disvā ‘‘mahatī te, āḷavaka, parisā, kathaṃ taṃ saṅgaṇhāsī’’ti āha. Bhagavā dānena tussantaṃ dānena saṅgaṇhāmi, piyavacanena tussantaṃ piyavacanena saṅgaṇhāmi, uppannesu kiccesu tesaṃ nittharaṇena tussantaṃ uppannakiccanittharaṇena saṅgaṇhāmi, samānattaṭṭhānena tussantaṃ samānattatāya saṅgaṇhāmīti. Evametaṃ vatthu samuṭṭhitaṃ. Atha satthā aparabhāge jetavane nisīditvā upāsake ṭhānantaresu ṭhapento hatthakaṃ āḷavakaṃ catūhi saṅgahavatthūhi parisaṃ saṅgaṇhantānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesīti.
摩诃男的事迹
Mahānāmasakkavatthu
252252. 在第五颂中,说到“殊胜施者”,是为了指出:在布施殊胜美味食物的人当中,摩诃男释迦最为第一。据说,他在莲华上佛的时代,出生在天鹅城的一个良家。那时他听世尊说法,看到世尊把一位近事男列为布施殊胜美味食物者中的第一,就做了殊胜的善业,并发愿要得到那个位置。他在十万劫中于天界和人间流转,到了现在这位佛陀出世时,出生在迦毗罗卫城的释迦王族家中。他长大之后,第一次见到十力佛时,就证得了入流果。
252. Pañcame paṇītadāyakānanti paṇītarasadāyakānaṃ mahānāmo sakko aggoti dasseti. So kira padumuttarabuddhakāle haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe nibbatto satthu dhammakathaṃ suṇanto satthāraṃ ekaṃ upāsakaṃ paṇītarasadāyakānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthesi. So kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde kapilavatthupure sakyarājakule nibbattitvā vayappatto dasabalassa paṭhamadassaneyeva sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhāsi.
有一次,导师在毗兰若城结夏安居结束后,次第游行到迦毗罗卫城,住在榕树园。摩诃男听说“导师来了”,就来到导师跟前,顶礼后退坐一边,对导师这样说:“世尊,我听说‘比丘僧团在毗兰若因为乞食而疲惫不堪’。请世尊允许我在四个月里照顾比丘僧团,我要给比丘僧团的身体补充营养。”世尊默然答应了。他明白世尊已经答应,就从第二天开始,用殊胜的美味饮食、四种甜食等供养以佛陀为首的比丘僧团,然后又请求再照顾四个月,满八个月后,再请求四个月,前后照顾了整整一年。此后,世尊不再接受他继续照顾的请求。但摩诃男从此以后,凡是陆续到来的比丘僧团,都照同样的方式恭敬供养。他这份功德在整个赡部洲传开了。这件事的因缘就是这样发生的。后来,世尊坐在祇园时,把摩诃男列为布施殊胜美食者中的第一。
Athekasmiṃ samaye satthā verañjāyaṃ vassāvāsaṃ vasitvā anupubbena kapilavatthupuraṃ gantvā nigrodhārāme paṭivasati. Mahānāmo ‘‘satthā āgato’’ti sutvā satthu santikaṃ gantvā abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisinno satthāraṃ evamāha – ‘‘bhagavā sutametaṃ ‘bhikkhusaṅgho kira verañjāyaṃ bhikkhācārena kilamatī’ti, mama catumāsaṃ bhikkhusaṅghassa paṭijaggane paṭiññaṃ detha, ahaṃ bhikkhusaṅghassa sarīre ojaṃ pavesessāmī’’ti. Satthā adhivāsesi. So satthu adhivāsanaṃ viditvā punadivasato paṭṭhāya buddhappamukhaṃ bhikkhusaṅghaṃ paṇītarasabhojanacatumadhurādīhi paṭijaggitvā puna catumāsaṃ paṭiññaṃ gahetvā aṭṭha māse pūretvā puna catumāsaṃ paṭiññaṃ gahetvā sakalasaṃvaccharaṃ paṭijaggi. Satthā tato paraṃ paṭiññaṃ nādāsi. Mahānāmo pana tato paṭṭhāya aparāparaṃ sampattabhikkhusaṅghassa teneva niyāmena sakkāraṃ karoti. Tassa so guṇo sakalajambudīpe pākaṭo jāto. Evametaṃ vatthu samuṭṭhitaṃ. Satthā pana aparabhāge jetavane nisīditvā mahānāmaṃ sakkaṃ paṇītadāyakānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesīti.
郁伽居士的故事
Uggagahapativatthu
253第六项里说的“布施悦意之物的人”,是指布施令人欢喜、合心意的食物的人中,毗舍离的郁伽居士最为第一。据说,他在莲华上佛的时代,出生在天鹅城的一个良家。后来他听佛陀说法,看到佛陀把一位近事男列为布施悦意之物者中的第一,就做了殊胜的善行,发愿要得到那个位置。他在十万劫中,在天界和人间流转,到了现在这位佛陀出世的时候,出生在毗舍离的一个大富长者家。他出生时还没有取名。后来,他的身体长得高大丰满,就像装饰华丽的牌楼、竖起的彩幡一样,极其光耀夺目。他的功德也同样高尚超群。因为这两方面都“高胜”,他就被称为“郁伽长者”。这位郁伽在第一次见到十力佛时,就安立在入流果上,后来又把其余三种道果都证得了。他年老的时候,独自静坐,心里想:“凡是让我喜爱、让我欢喜的东西,我都要布施给十力佛。我也曾在世尊面前亲耳听过:‘布施悦意之物的人,能得到悦意之物。’”接着他又想:“如果世尊知道我的心意,会不会也来到我家门口呢?”
253. Chaṭṭhe manāpadāyakānanti manāpaṃ cittarucitabhojanaṃ dāyakānaṃ uggo gahapati, vesāliko aggoti dasseti. So kira padumuttarabuddhakāle haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe nibbatto aparabhāge satthu dhammakathaṃ suṇanto satthāraṃ ekaṃ upāsakaṃ manāpadāyakānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthesi. So kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde vesāliyaṃ seṭṭhikule nibbatti. Tassa jātakāle nāmaṃ aniyāmitaṃ. Aparabhāge panassa attabhāvopi uggato ahosi samiddho, alaṅkatatoraṇaṃ viya ussitacittapaṭo viya ca ativirocittha. Guṇāpissa uggatā ahesuṃ. So imesaṃ dvinnampi uggatattā uggaseṭṭhitveva saṅkhaṃ gato. So panāyaṃ dasabalassa paṭhamadassaneyeva sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhāya aparabhāge tīṇipi maggaphalāni sacchākāsi. So attano mahallakakāle rahogato nisīditvā cintesi – ‘‘yaṃ yaṃ mayhaṃ piyaṃ manāpaṃ, taṃ tadeva dasabalassa dassāmi, idaṃ me satthu sammukhāpi sutaṃ ‘manāpadāyī labhate manāpa’’’nti. Athassa etadahosi – ‘‘api nu kho me cittaṃ jānitvā satthāpi nivesanadvāraṃ āgaccheyyā’’ti.
世尊知道了他的心思,就在比丘僧团的围绕下,直接出现在他家门口。他听说“世尊来了”,顿时生起极大的欢喜和振奋,走到十力世尊面前,以五体投地的方式礼敬,接过世尊的钵,把世尊请进屋里,请世尊坐在已经铺好的殊胜佛座上,又让其余比丘各自入座。然后,他用各种美味饮食供养以佛陀为首的比丘僧团。吃完饭,他坐在一边,这样说道:“尊者,我曾在世尊面前亲耳听到、亲耳领受:‘布施悦意之物的人,得到悦意之果。’尊者,凡是我觉得悦意的东西,我都已经布施给以佛陀为首的比丘僧团了。”他这样向世尊表明心意之后,从那天起,凡是他觉得悦意的东西,都布施给以佛陀为首的比丘僧团。这些内容在《五集·郁伽经》中会有详细说明。这件事的因缘就是这样发生的。后来,世尊住在祇园时,把这位近事男安立在“施悦意者”中的第一位。
Satthāpi kho tassa cittaṃ ñatvā bhikkhusaṅghaparivuto nivesanadvāreyeva pāturahosi. So ‘‘satthā āgato’’ti sutvā ativiya ussāhajāto dasabalassa santikaṃ gantvā pañcapatiṭṭhitena vanditvā satthu pattaṃ paṭiggahetvā gharaṃ pavesetvā paññattavarabuddhāsane satthāraṃ, avasesaāsanesu bhikkhusaṅghaṃ nisīdāpetvā buddhappamukhaṃ bhikkhusaṅghaṃ nānaggarasehi parivisitvā bhattakiccapariyosāne ekamantaṃ nisīditvā evamāha – ‘‘sammukhā metaṃ, bhante, bhagavato sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ ‘manāpadāyī labhate manāpa’’’nti. Yaṃ yaṃ, bhante, mayhaṃ manāpaṃ, taṃ taṃ mayā buddhappamukhassa bhikkhusaṅghassa dinnamevā’’ti satthāraṃ jānāpetvā tato paṭṭhāya yaṃ yaṃ tassa manāpaṃ, taṃ taṃ buddhappamukhassa bhikkhusaṅghassa deti. Taṃ pana sabbaṃ pañcakanipāte uggasutte vitthārato āgamissati. Evametaṃ vatthu samuṭṭhitaṃ. Satthā aparabhāge jetavane viharanto taṃ upāsakaṃ manāpadāyakānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesīti.
优伽达居士的故事
Uggatagahapativatthu
254第七颂里说的“僧团护持者”,是指护持比丘僧团的人,这里指出象村的优伽达居士最为第一。他也是在莲华上佛的时代,出生在天鹅城的一户好人家。后来他听了世尊说法,看见世尊把一位近事男立为僧团护持者中的第一,就做了广大的善业,发愿将来得到这个位置。他在十万劫里,在天界和人间之间流转。到了现在这位佛陀出世的时候,他投生在象村的一户大富长者家,家里给他取名叫优伽达童子。
254. Sattame saṅghupaṭṭhākānanti bhikkhusaṅghassa upaṭṭhākānaṃ hatthigāmako uggato gahapati, aggoti dasseti. Sopi padumuttarabuddhakāle haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe nibbatto aparabhāge satthu dhammadesanaṃ sutvā satthāraṃ ekaṃ upāsakaṃ saṅghupaṭṭhākānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthesi. So kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde hatthigāme seṭṭhikule nibbatti, tassa uggatakumāroti nāmaṃ akaṃsu.
后来,他安住在居家生活中,父亲去世后,继承了长者的地位。那时,导师由比丘僧团围绕,四处游化,来到象村,住在龙林园。当时,这位优伽达长者连续七天沉溺于饮酒,被舞伎们簇拥着,前往龙林园游玩享乐。他看见十力尊者,心中生起了强烈的惭愧与敬畏。当他走近导师时,所有的酒醉都消失了。他顶礼导师后,坐在一边。于是导师为他说法。说法结束时,他证悟了三道三果。从此以后,他遣散舞伎,说:“你们各自随意去吧。”自己则乐于布施,只向比丘僧团供养。夜分刚过,天神们就前来告诉这位长者:“居士,某位比丘是三明者,某位比丘是六通者,某位比丘持戒清净,某位比丘破戒。”他听了这些话,虽然如实知道他们的德行,却仍以平等心布施应施之物。他在导师身边时,也赞叹这种平等布施的功德。后来,导师在祇园坐着时,把这位居士列为比丘僧团护持者中的第一人。
So aparabhāge gharāvāse patiṭṭhito pitu accayena seṭṭhiṭṭhānaṃ pāpuṇi. Tena samayena satthā bhikkhusaṅghaparivuto cārikaṃ caranto hatthigāmaṃ patvā nāgavanuyyāne viharati. Tadā ayaṃ uggataseṭṭhi sattāhaṃ pānamadamatto hutvā nāṭakehi parivuto nāgavanuyyānaṃ gantvā paricārayamāno dasabalaṃ disvā balavahirottappaṃ paccupaṭṭhāpesi. Athassa satthāraṃ upasaṅkamantassa sabbo surāmado abbhatthaṃ agamāsi. So satthāraṃ vanditvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Athassa satthā dhammaṃ desesi. Desanāpariyosāne tīṇi maggaphalāni paṭivijjhi. Tato paṭṭhāya nāṭakāni ‘‘tumhe yathāsukhaṃ gacchathā’’ti vissajjetvā dānābhirato hutvā bhikkhusaṅghassa dānameva deti. Devatā rattibhāgasamanantare āgantvā seṭṭhissa ārocenti – ‘‘gahapati, asuko bhikkhu tevijjo, asuko bhikkhu chaḷabhiñño, asuko sīlavā, asuko dussīlo’’ti. So tāsaṃ vacanaṃ sutvāpi guṇaṃ tāva yathābhūtato jānāti, deyyadhammaṃ pana samacitteneva deti. Satthu santike nisīditvāpi tameva guṇaṃ katheti. Aparabhāge satthā jetavane nisīditvā taṃ gahapatiṃ saṅghupaṭṭhākānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesīti.
须兰跋陀的事迹
Sūrambaṭṭhavatthu
255255. 第八位中,“具足无疑信”是指:他们具足以不退转、不动摇为本质的净信。这里是在说明须兰跋陀是其中第一。据说,在莲华上佛的时代,他出生在天鹅城的一个良家。听闻世尊说法时,他看见世尊把一位居士安立在无疑信者中第一的位置,于是做了殊胜的功德,并祈愿得到那个位置。他在十万劫中于天界和人间流转,直到现在这尊佛出世时,他出生在舍卫城的一个首富家族,被取名为须兰跋陀。
255. Aṭṭhame aveccappasannānanti avigacchanasabhāvena acalena pasādena samannāgatānaṃ sūrambaṭṭho aggoti dasseti. Ayaṃ kira padumuttarabuddhakāle haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe nibbatto satthu dhammakathaṃ sutvā satthāraṃ ekaṃ upāsakaṃ aveccappasannānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthesi. So kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde sāvatthiyaṃ seṭṭhikule nibbatti, sūrambaṭṭhotissa nāmaṃ akaṃsu.
他后来长大成人,成家立业,却去侍奉外道。有一天清晨,导师观察世间,看到他入流道的因缘,便在托钵的时候来到他家门口。他看见十力尊,心想:“沙门乔达摩出身高贵,在世间也很有名,因此去他那里不合适。”于是他走到导师面前,顶礼双足,接过钵,请导师进屋,让导师坐在昂贵的坐具上,供养食物。吃完饭,他坐在一边。导师根据他的性情为他说法。说法结束时,他证得入流果。导师调伏了他之后,就回寺院去了。
So aparabhāge vayappatto gharāvāse patiṭṭhāya aññatitthiyānaṃ upaṭṭhāko hutvā carati. Atha satthā paccūsasamaye lokaṃ volokento tassa sotāpattimaggahetuṃ disvā bhikkhācāravelāya nivesanadvāraṃ agamāsi. So dasabalaṃ disvā cintesi – ‘‘samaṇo gotamo mahākule ceva jāto, loke ca abhiññāto, tenassa santikaṃ agamanaṃ nāma na yutta’’nti satthu santikaṃ gantvā pādesu vanditvā pattaṃ gahetvā gharaṃ pavesetvā mahārahe pallaṅke nisīdāpetvā bhikkhaṃ datvā bhattakiccapariyosāne ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Satthā tassa caritavasena dhammaṃ desesi. Desanāpariyosāne sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahi. Satthāpi taṃ dametvā vihārameva gato.
这时,魔罗心想:这个须兰跋陀算是我们这边的人,可今天导师去了他家,他听了导师说法之后,到底有没有证得道果呢?我得弄清楚他究竟已经超出我的势力范围,还是还没有超出。于是魔罗以自己的欲界变化之力,变出一个和十力尊一模一样的身形,连搭衣、持钵的样子都完全照着佛陀的模样来做,具足三十二相,站在须兰跋陀家门口。须兰跋陀听说十力尊又来了,心想:诸佛绝不会无缘无故去而复返,这次回来究竟是什么原因?他急忙认定那就是十力尊,走到跟前,顶礼之后站在一旁,问道:尊者,您刚才在我家受用斋饭之后就离开了,现在又为什么回来呢?魔罗回答说:须兰跋陀,我讲法的时候,有一处没有仔细审察就说出了口。我当时说五蕴都是无常、苦、无我的,可实际上并不是所有蕴都这样。有些蕴是常的、恒久的、永远存在的。
Tato māro cintesi – ‘‘ayaṃ sūrambaṭṭho nāma amhākaṃ santako, satthā panassa ajja gehaṃ gato, kiṃ nu kho satthu dhammaṃ sutvā maggapātubhāvaṃ akaritthāti yāvassa mama visayā atikkantabhāvaṃ vā anatikkantabhāvaṃ vā jānāmī’’ti attano kāmarūpitāya dasabalassa sarikkhakaṃ rūpaṃ māpetvā cīvaraggahaṇampi pattaggahaṇampi buddhākappeneva katvā dvattiṃsalakkhaṇadharo hutvā sūrambaṭṭhassa gehadvāre aṭṭhāsi. Sūrambaṭṭhopi ‘‘puna dasabalo āgato’’ti sutvā ‘‘buddhānaṃ aniyyānikagamanaṃ nāma natthi, kena nu kho kāraṇena āgato’’ti vegena ‘‘dasabalo’’ti saññāya tassa santikaṃ gantvā abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ ṭhito, ‘‘bhante, tumhe idāneva imasmiṃ gehe bhattakiccaṃ katvā gatā, kiṃ nu kho kāraṇaṃ paṭicca puna āgatatthā’’ti āha. ‘‘Sūrambaṭṭha mayā dhammaṃ kathentena ekaṃ anupadhāretvā kathitaṃ. Mayā hi pañcakkhandhā ‘sabbeva aniccā dukkhā anattā’ti kathitā, na panete sabbeva evarūpā. Ekacce hi khandhā niccā dhuvā sassatā atthī’’ti āha.
须兰跋陀听了这话,心里想:“这番话实在太离谱了。诸佛说法,绝不可能不加审察就开口。听说十力尊的对手就是魔罗,这人肯定就是魔罗。”于是他想定之后,就说道:“你就是魔罗!”圣弟子说出的这句话,对那魔罗来说就像被斧头劈中一样,他再也撑不住自己伪装的样子,只好承认:“没错,须兰跋陀,我就是魔罗。”须兰跋陀说:“像你这样的魔罗,就算来一百个、一千个,也动摇不了我的信心。大乔达摩十力尊为我说法时,开示‘一切诸行都是无常’,让我觉悟。你别站在我家门口。”说完弹了一个响指。魔罗听了他的话,无法回嘴,当场就消失了。傍晚时分,须兰跋陀去到世尊那里,把魔罗干的事说了一遍,然后说:“尊者,魔罗就是这样想方设法要动摇我的信心。”世尊就以这件事为因缘,在这教法里,把须兰跋陀列为对三宝具有不动摇净信的在家信众中第一。
Tato sūrambaṭṭho cintesi – ‘‘ayaṃ kathā ativiya bhāriyā. Buddhānañhi anupadhāretvā kathanaṃ nāma natthi, dasabalassa māro kira paṭipakkho, addhā ayaṃ māro bhavissatī’’ti cintetvā – ‘‘mārosi tva’’nti āha. Ariyasāvakena kathitakathā tassa pharasuppahāro viya ahosi, tasmā sakabhāvena ṭhātuṃ asakkonto ‘‘āma, sūrambaṭṭha, ahaṃ māro’’ti āha. ‘‘Tādisānaṃ mārānaṃ satampi sahassampi āgantvā mama saddhaṃ cāletuṃ na sakkoti, mahāgotamo dasabalo mayhaṃ dhammaṃ desento ‘sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā’ti bodhetvā desesi, mā me gharadvāre tiṭṭhā’’ti accharaṃ pahari. Māro tassa vacanaṃ sutvā paṭippharitvā kathetuṃ asakkonto tattheva antaradhāyi. Sūrambaṭṭhopi sāyanhasamaye satthu santikaṃ gantvā mārena katakiriyaṃ kathetvā, ‘‘bhante, evaṃ māro mama saddhaṃ cāletuṃ vāyamitthā’’ti āha. Satthā etadeva kāraṇaṃ aṭṭhupattiṃ katvā imasmiṃ sāsane sūrambaṭṭhaṃ aveccappasannānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesīti.
256第九则:说到“对个人有净信的人”,这是在指出:在那些对个人怀有净信的在家居士当中,耆婆童子医最为第一。他确实在莲华上佛的时代,出生在天鹅城的一户良家。那时他听世尊说法,看到世尊把一位居士放在“对个人有净信的人”中的第一位,就做了殊胜的功德,并祈愿将来也能得到这个位置。他在十万劫中辗转于天界和人间,到了现在这位佛陀出世的时候,因为无畏王子的因缘,投生到王舍城一位名叫萨罗瓦蒂的声色妓女腹中。所谓声色妓女,生了男孩就丢掉,生了女孩才抚养。于是她把那个男孩放在竹篓里,丢在垃圾堆上。无畏王子去侍奉国王时看见了,就问:“喂,那些乌鸦围着的是什么?”派人去看后回报:“是个孩子,殿下。”“还活着吗?”“活着,殿下。”王子听说后,就把那个孩子带回自己宫中抚养。因为有人说“还活着”,所以给他取名叫耆婆;又因为是王子抚养的,所以称为“童子医”。
256. Navame puggalappasannānanti puggaliyappasādena samannāgatānaṃ upāsakānaṃ jīvako komārabhacco aggoti dasseti. So hi padumuttarabuddhakāle haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe nibbatto . Satthu dhammakathaṃ suṇanto satthāraṃ ekaṃ upāsakaṃ puggalappasannānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthesi. So kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde rājagahanagare abhayarājakumāraṃ paṭicca sālavatiyā nāma rūpūpajīviniyā kucchimhi nibbatto. Rūpūpajīviniyo ca nāma vijātakāle sace putto hoti, chaḍḍenti. Sace dhītā, paṭijagganti. Iti sā taṃ dārakaṃ kattarasuppakena saṅkārakūṭe chaḍḍāpesi. Atha naṃ abhayo rājakumāro rājupaṭṭhānaṃ gacchanto taṃ disvā ‘‘kiṃ, bhaṇe, etaṃ kākehi samparikiṇṇa’’nti manusse pesetvā ‘‘dārako devā’’ti. Jīvati, bhaṇeti, ‘‘jīvati, devā’’ti sutvā attano antepure posāpesi. Tassa jīvatīti kathitattā jīvakoti nāmaṃ akaṃsu, kumārena posāpitoti komārabhaccoti nāmaṃ akaṃsu.
他十六岁的时候,去塔迦尸喇学医,学成之后从频婆娑罗王那里得到恭敬供养,又治好了旃陀频毗王(灯光王)的病。那位国王给他送来了五百车米、一万六千迦利沙波那,还有一千件衣服随附的一对无价细布。那时候,世尊正住在王舍城附近的灵鹫山上。耆婆见世尊身体四大不调,就给他服了泻药,在治疗的时候心想:“愿这四种资具都归我所有。”于是他把世尊请到自己家里住下,给世尊配好药,然后把那对细布拿来献给世尊,说:“尊者,请您就用这个吧。”接着,他把连同细布一起得到的一千件衣服,布施给了比丘僧团。这是这件事的简要经过,详细内容在《犍度》(大品326等)里已有记载。后来,世尊住在祇园的时候,把童子医耆婆列为“对个人有净信者”中的第一位。
So attano soḷasavassuddesikakāle takkasilaṃ gantvā vejjasippaṃ uggaṇhitvā bimbisārarañño santikā sakkāraṃ labhitvā caṇḍapajjotassa rañño rogaṃ phāsukaṃ akāsi. So tassa pañca taṇḍulasakaṭasatāni soḷasa kahāpaṇasahassāni dussasahassaparivāraṃ anagghaṃ siveyyakaṃ dussayugañca pesesi. Tasmiṃ samaye satthā rājagahaṃ upanissāya gijjhakūṭe pabbate viharati. Jīvako satthu ussannadhātuke kāye virecanaṃ datvā bhesajjaṃ karonto ‘‘cattāro paccayā mama santakāva hontū’’ti satthāraṃ attano vihāre vasāpetvā satthu bhesajjaṃ katvā taṃ dussayugaṃ upanetvā ‘‘idaṃ, bhante, tumheyeva paribhogaṃ karothā’’ti vatvā tena saddhiṃ laddhaṃ dussasahassaṃ bhikkhusaṅghassa adāsi. Ayamettha saṅkhepo, vitthārena pana jīvakavatthu khandhake (mahāva. 326 ādayo) āgatameva. Satthā aparabhāge jetavane viharanto jīvakaṃ komārabhaccaṃ puggalappasannānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesīti.
那拘罗父居士的故事
Nakulapitugahapativatthu
257257. 在第十部经中,“说信赖语者”是指在说信赖语的在家男居士当中,那拘罗父居士被示为第一。据说,他在莲华上佛的时代,生于天鹅城的一个良家,听世尊说法时,看见世尊把一位在家男居士安立在说信赖语者的首位,便做了殊胜的善业,发愿得到那个位置。此后十万劫中,他在天界与人间流转,到这位佛陀出世时,生于婆祇国的苏苏马罗山城,在一个首富之家。世尊由比丘僧团围绕,游行教化,来到那座城,住在畏药林。那时,那拘罗父居士和蘇蘇馬羅山城的居民一起去到世尊那里,初次见面,他和妻子就对十力尊生起“这是我们的儿子”的想法,两人都伏在世尊足下,说:“孩子啊,你这么长时间丢下我们,到哪里去了?”据说,那拘罗父居士过去五百生是十力尊的父亲,五百生是小父,五百生是大父,五百生是舅父;那拘罗母也五百生是母亲,五百生是小母,五百生是大母,五百生是姑母。因为长久以来一直随逐的亲情,他们一见到十力尊,就生起“儿子”的想法,无法安住。世尊直到他们的心还不信服之前,都没有说“走开”。后来,他们依自己的方式恢复正念,世尊知道他们已处于中立的心境,便为他们说法。说法结束时,两人都安立于入流果。
257. Dasame vissāsakānanti vissāsikakathaṃ kathentānaṃ upāsakānaṃ antare, nakulapitā gahapati, aggoti dasseti. So kira padumuttarabuddhakāle haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe nibbatto satthu dhammadesanaṃ suṇanto satthāraṃ ekaṃ upāsakaṃ vissāsakānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthesi. So kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde bhaggaraṭṭhe susumāragirinagare seṭṭhikule nibbatti. Satthāpi bhikkhusaṅghaparivuto cārikaṃ caramāno taṃ nagaraṃ patvā bhesakaḷāvane viharati. Athāyaṃ, nakulapitā gahapati, susumāragirivāsīhi saddhiṃ satthu santikaṃ gantvā paṭhamadassaneneva so ca bhariyā cassa dasabalaṃ ‘‘ayaṃ amhākaṃ putto’’ti saññaṃ paṭṭhapetvā ubhopi satthu pādesu nipatitvā, ‘‘tāta, tvaṃ ettakaṃ kālaṃ amhe chaḍḍetvā kahaṃ vicarasī’’ti āhaṃsu. Ayaṃ kira, nakulapitā gahapati, pubbe pañca jātisatāni dasabalassa pitā ahosi, pañca jātisatāni cūḷapitā, pañca jātisatāni mahāpitā, pañca jātisatāni mātulo, nakulamātāpi pañca jātisatāni mātā ahosi, pañca jātisatāni cūḷamātā, pañca jātisatāni mahāmātā, pañca jātisatāni pitucchā. Iti dīgharattaṃ anugatasinehattā dasabalaṃ disvāva ‘‘putto’’ti saññaṃ katvā saṇṭhātuṃ nāsakkhiṃsu. Satthā yāva tesaṃ cittaṃ saññattiṃ na gacchati, tāva ‘‘apethā’’ti nāvoca. Atha nesaṃ yathāmaneneva satiṃ paṭilabhitvā majjhattabhūtānaṃ āsayaṃ ñatvā dhammaṃ desesi. Desanāpariyosāne ubhopi sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahiṃsu.
后来,当那对夫妻年纪很大时,导师又一次来到那座城。他们听说“导师来了”,就走到导师那里,用五体投地的方式礼拜,然后邀请导师第二天来应供。第二天,他们在自己家里,用各种美味饭菜供养以佛陀为首的比丘僧团。等导师吃完饭,他们走到导师跟前,坐在一边。那拘罗父居士坐在一边,对世尊这样说:“尊者,自从我年轻时把还是少女的那拘罗母娶进门以来,我不记得自己哪怕在心里对那拘罗母有过不忠,更不用说身体上了。尊者,我们希望今生能彼此相见,来世也能彼此相见。”那拘罗母居士也对世尊这样说:“尊者,自从我年轻时嫁到那拘罗父居士家以来,我不记得自己哪怕在心里对那拘罗父居士有过不忠,更不用说身体上了。尊者,我们希望今生能彼此相见,来世也能彼此相见。”后来,世尊坐在祇园精舍,依次把在家男居士们安立在各种殊胜位置中时,就以他们两人的这番话为因由,把那拘罗父居士安立在“说信赖语者”中的第一位。
Satthā aparabhāge tesaṃ mahallakakāle puna taṃ nagaraṃ agamāsi. Te ‘‘satthā āgato’’ti sutvā satthu santikaṃ gantvā pañcapatiṭṭhitena vanditvā svātanāya nimantetvā punadivase attano nivesane buddhappamukhaṃ bhikkhusaṅghaṃ nānaggarasehi parivisitvā satthāraṃ katabhattakiccaṃ upasaṅkamitvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho nakulapitā gahapati, bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘yato me, bhante, nakulamātā gahapatānī, daharasseva daharā ānītā, nābhijānāmi nakulamātaraṃ gahapatāniṃ manasāpi aticaritā, kuto pana kāyena. Iccheyyāma mayaṃ, bhante, diṭṭhe ceva dhamme aññamaññaṃ passituṃ abhisamparāyañca aññamaññaṃ passitu’’nti. Nakulamātāpi kho, gahapatānī, bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘yato ahaṃ, bhante, nakulapituno gahapatissa daharasseva daharā ānītā, nābhijānāmi nakulapitaraṃ gahapatiṃ manasāpi aticaritā, kuto pana kāyena. Iccheyyāma mayaṃ, bhante, diṭṭhe ceva dhamme aññamaññaṃ passituṃ abhisamparāyañca aññamaññaṃ passitu’’nti. Atha aparabhāge satthā jetavane nisīditvā upāsake paṭipāṭiyā ṭhānantaresu ṭhapento imaṃ imesaṃ dvinnampi kathaṃ aṭṭhuppattiṃ katvā nakulapitaraṃ gahapatiṃ vissāsakānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesīti.