清净智的注释
4. Vodānañāṇaniddesavaṇṇanā
3. 入出息念论义注 · 29 段
158“在清净中的诸智”就是清净的诸智。“清净”:无杂染。“洁白”:光辉。“舍弃那之后”这一句,要和前面所说的“心追随过去、陷入散乱”联系起来理解。“安置于一处”:在入息和出息的接触处,把心平等地安置、安立下来。“就在那里决意”:这里说的“一处”,就是在入息和出息的接触处,确定下来、作出决定。“策励之后”:为了修习择法觉支和喜觉支而策励。“制伏之后”:为了修习轻安觉支、定觉支和舍觉支而制伏。也有人说:“以念根和精进根策励之后,以念根和定根制伏之后。”
“正知而住”:以不净修习等。“再次正知而住”:以慈修习等。以贪所追随,以瞋所追随,他舍断那,这是关联。或者,那心是这样的,正知者以彼对治法舍断贪,舍断瞋,这是意思。“清净”:无随烦恼。“洁白”:光辉。“达一性”:对于证得那那殊胜者,那那一种一性存在。
158.Vodāne ñāṇānīti visuddhañāṇāni. Taṃ vivajjayitvāti yaṃ pubbe vuttaṃ atītānudhāvanaṃ cittaṃ vikkhepānupatitaṃ, taṃ vivajjayitvāti sambandhitabbaṃ. Ekaṭṭhāne samādahatīti assāsapassāsānaṃ phusanaṭṭhāne samaṃ ādahati patiṭṭhāpeti. Tattheva adhimocetīti ekaṭṭhāneti vutte assāsapassāsānaṃ phusanaṭṭhāneyeva sanniṭṭhapeti sanniṭṭhānaṃ karoti. Paggaṇhitvāti dhammavicayapītisambojjhaṅgabhāvanāya paggahetvā. Viniggaṇhitvāti passaddhisamādhiupekkhāsambojjhaṅgabhāvanāya viniggaṇhitvā. ‘‘Satindriyavīriyindriyehi paggahetvā, satindriyasamādhindriyehi viniggahetvā’’tipi vadanti. Sampajāno hutvāti asubhabhāvanādīhi. Puna sampajāno hutvāti mettābhāvanādīhi. Yena rāgena anupatitaṃ, yena byāpādena anupatitaṃ, taṃ pajahatīti sambandho. Taṃ cittaṃ īdisanti sampajānanto tappaṭipakkhena rāgaṃ pajahati, byāpādaṃ pajahatīti vā attho. Parisuddhanti nirupakkilesaṃ. Pariyodātanti pabhassaraṃ. Ekattagataṃ hotīti taṃ taṃ visesaṃ pattassa taṃ taṃ ekattaṃ gataṃ hoti.
哪些是那个“一性”呢?在这里,虽然一性有适用和不适用的情况,但为了提问,还是把它们合在一起来问。施前分现起之一性:所谓“施前分”,是指舍弃,也就是名为布施物品的布施的前分,即舍弃布施物品的思心所。它的“现起”,是指以作为所缘的方式趋入并安住,这叫作施前分现起;这本身就是一种一性,或者凭借这种一性而具有的一境性,就是施前分现起之一性。也有读作“施舍现起之一性”的,这个读法更优美,意思也一样。这里以分列词句的方式,说明了舍随念的定。虽然是以分列词句的方式说的,但这也成为其余三种一性的亲依止缘,因此说在这里也指出了它。因为毗舍佉大近事女也曾说过:“尊者,在这里,各处雨季安居结束的比丘们会来到舍卫城拜见世尊。他们拜见世尊后,会问:‘尊者,名叫某某的比丘过世了,他的趣向如何?来世如何?’世尊会回答:‘是入流果,或一来果,或不来果,或阿拉汉果。’那时,我会前去请问他们:‘尊者,那位尊贵的比丘以前来过舍卫城吗?’如果他们告诉我:‘那位比丘以前来过舍卫城。’那么,我就会对此得出结论:那位尊贵的比丘一定享用过雨安居衣,或客食,或行路食,或病者食,或看护者食,或病者药,或常粥,这是毫无疑惑的。当我在随念那件事的时候,就会生起喜悦;喜悦的我会生起喜;心怀喜乐的我会身轻安;身轻安的我会感受到乐;处在乐中的我,心会得定。那对我来说,就会是根的修习、力的修习、觉支的修习。”或者,可以这样理解:在这些一性中,第一种是依近行定说的,第二种是依安止定说的,第三种是依观说的,第四种是依道果说的。止的相就是止的相。坏灭相即以坏灭为相。灭就是涅槃。其余各项,在这些所说的三种一性中,也应当依所说的道理来加以联系。
Katame te ekattāti idha yujjamānāyujjamānepi ekatte ekato katvā pucchati. Dānūpasaggupaṭṭhānekattanti dānavatthusaṅkhātassa dānassa upasaggo vosajjanaṃ dānūpasaggo, dānavatthupariccāgacetanā. Tassa upaṭṭhānaṃ ārammaṇakaraṇavasena upagantvā ṭhānaṃ dānūpasaggupaṭṭhānaṃ, tadeva ekattaṃ, tena vā ekattaṃ ekaggabhāvo dānūpasaggupaṭṭhānekattaṃ. Dānavosaggupaṭṭhānekattanti pāṭho sundarataro, so evattho. Etena paduddhāravasena cāgānussatisamādhi vutto. Paduddhāravasena vuttopi cesa itaresaṃ tiṇṇampi ekattānaṃ upanissayapaccayo hoti, tasmā idha niddiṭṭhanti vadanti. Visākhāpi hi mahāupāsikā āha – ‘‘idha, bhante, disāsu vassaṃvuṭṭhā bhikkhū sāvatthiṃ āgacchissanti bhagavantaṃ dassanāya, te bhagavantaṃ upasaṅkamitvā pucchissanti ‘itthannāmo, bhante, bhikkhu kālaṅkato, tassa kā gati, ko abhisamparāyo’ti? Taṃ bhagavā byākarissati sotāpattiphale vā sakadāgāmiphale vā anāgāmiphale vā arahatte vā. Tyāhaṃ upasaṅkamitvā pucchissāmi ‘āgatapubbā nu kho, bhante, tena ayyena sāvatthī’ti? Sace me vakkhanti ‘āgatapubbā tena bhikkhunā sāvatthī’ti. Niṭṭhamettha gacchissāmi nissaṃsayaṃ paribhuttaṃ tena ayyena vassikasāṭikā vā āgantukabhattaṃ vā gamikabhattaṃ vā gilānabhattaṃ vā gilānupaṭṭhākabhattaṃ vā gilānabhesajjaṃ vā dhuvayāgu vāti. Tassā me tadanussarantiyā pāmojjaṃ jāyissati, pamuditāya pīti jāyissati, pītimanāya kāyo passambhissati, passaddhakāyā sukhaṃ vedayissāmi, sukhiniyā cittaṃ samādhiyissati, sā me bhavissati indriyabhāvanā balabhāvanā bojjhaṅgabhāvanā’’ti (mahāva. 351). Atha vā ekattesu paṭhamaṃ upacārasamādhivasena vuttaṃ, dutiyaṃ appanāsamādhivasena, tatiyaṃ vipassanāvasena, catutthaṃ maggaphalavasenāti veditabbaṃ. Samathassa nimittaṃ samathanimittaṃ. Vayo bhaṅgo eva lakkhaṇaṃ vayalakkhaṇaṃ. Nirodho nibbānaṃ. Sesametesu tīsu vuttanayeneva yojetabbaṃ.
倾心于布施的人,就是乐于布施的人。增上心,是作为观基础的定。观见者,是从坏灭随观开始,以三种随观观照诸行的修行人。圣者,指八种人。第二等三种一性,依入出息念和其余业处而适用。以四处,就是以四种原因。依定、观、道、果而说的“达到一性的心,已进入道清净、被舍所长养、被智所喜悦”等,是标举词。“初禅以什么为始”等,是为了详释那些标举词而以提问为先导的解释词。其中,已进入道清净:道本身就是清净,因为它清净了盖的垢染,进入那道清净就是进入。被舍所长养:被中舍所长养、增长。被智所喜悦:被能令清净的智所喜悦、净白、清净。关于这些,有人这样解释:道清净是具足资具的近行定,长养舍是安止定,喜悦是省察。然而,因为经中说“达到一性的心,已进入道清净等”,所以应当这样理解:在安止定之中,由进入的方式而成为道清净,由中舍的作用而成为长养舍,由那能令清净的智——它以“诸法不逾越之性”等为所缘——的作用成就,而成为喜悦。为什么呢?在安止生起的那个刹那,那个称为盖的烦恼群是彼禅的障碍,因此心得清净;由清净故,离诸障碍而趣入中性止相。所谓中性止相,就是均等转起的安止定。其后,前心以同一相续转变的方式趣向彼性,名为趣入中性止相。这样趣入之后,因为已到达彼性,所以说它入于其中。应当知道:先前在前心中由现前之相所成就的那一分,到初禅生起的刹那,是依“来入”的方式而成为清净。又,此心既已清净,更无可清净之处,因此不再于清净上加以功用,这就名为舍观清净心。由于已入于止性,对已入止者不再于等持上加以功用,这就名为舍观止入者。正因入于止性,其心舍离烦恼杂染,以一性而住,不再于住一性上加以功用,这就名为舍观一性住。如是,当知这是依中舍的作用而成为被舍所长养。
Cāgādhimuttānanti dāne adhimuttānaṃ. Adhicittanti vipassanāpādakasamādhi. Vipassakānanti bhaṅgānupassanato paṭṭhāya tīhi anupassanāhi saṅkhāre vipassantānaṃ. Ariyapuggalānanti aṭṭhannaṃ. Dutiyādīni tīṇi ekattāni ānāpānassativasena sesakammaṭṭhānavasena ca yujjanti. Catūhi ṭhānehīti catūhi kāraṇehi. Samādhivipassanāmaggaphalānaṃ vasena ‘‘ekattagataṃ cittaṃ paṭipadāvisuddhipakkhandañceva hoti upekkhānubrūhitañca ñāṇena ca sampahaṃsita’’nti uddesapadāni. ‘‘Paṭhamassa jhānassa ko ādī’’tiādīni tesaṃ uddesapadānaṃ vitthāretukamyatāpucchāpubbaṅgamāni niddesapadāni. Tattha paṭipadāvisuddhipakkhandanti paṭipadā eva nīvaraṇamalavisodhanato visuddhi, taṃ paṭipadāvisuddhiṃ pakkhandaṃ paviṭṭhaṃ. Upekkhānubrūhitanti tatramajjhattupekkhāya brūhitaṃ vaḍḍhitaṃ. Ñāṇena ca sampahaṃsitanti pariyodāpakena ñāṇena sampahaṃsitaṃ pariyodāpitaṃ visodhitaṃ. Paṭipadāvisuddhi nāma sasambhāriko upacāro, upekkhānubrūhanā nāma appanā, sampahaṃsanā nāma paccavekkhaṇāti evameke vaṇṇayanti. Yasmā pana ‘‘ekattagataṃ cittaṃ paṭipadāvisuddhipakkhandañceva hotī’’tiādi vuttaṃ, tasmā antoappanāyameva āgamanavasena paṭipadāvisuddhi, tatramajjhattupekkhāya kiccavasena upekkhānubrūhanā, dhammānaṃ anativattanādibhāvasādhanena pariyodāpakassa ñāṇassa kiccanipphattivasena sampahaṃsanā veditabbā. Kathaṃ? Yasmiñhi vāre appanā uppajjati, tasmiṃ yo nīvaraṇasaṅkhāto kilesagaṇo tassa jhānassa paripantho, tato cittaṃ visujjhati, visuddhattā āvaraṇavirahitaṃ hutvā majjhimaṃ samathanimittaṃ paṭipajjati. Majjhimaṃ samathanimittaṃ nāma samappavatto appanāsamādhiyeva. Tadanantaraṃ pana purimacittaṃ ekasantatipariṇāmanayena tathattaṃ upagacchamānaṃ majjhimaṃ samathanimittaṃ paṭipajjati nāma. Evaṃ paṭipannattā tathattupagamanena tattha pakkhandati nāma. Evaṃ tāva purimacitte vijjamānākāranipphādikā paṭhamassa jhānassa uppādakkhaṇeyeva āgamanavasena paṭipadāvisuddhi veditabbā. Evaṃ visuddhassa pana tassa puna visodhetabbābhāvato visodhane byāpāraṃ akaronto visuddhaṃ cittaṃ ajjhupekkhati nāma. Samathabhāvūpagamanena samathapaṭipannassa puna samādāne byāpāraṃ akaronto samathapaṭipannaṃ ajjhupekkhati nāma. Samathapaṭipannabhāvato eva cassa kilesasaṃsaggaṃ pahāya ekattena upaṭṭhitassa puna ekattupaṭṭhāne byāpāraṃ akaronto ekattupaṭṭhānaṃ ajjhupekkhati nāma. Evaṃ tatramajjhattupekkhāya kiccavasena upekkhānubrūhanā veditabbā.
那些在这样被舍随增的心中所生起的、被称为定与慧的双运法,彼此不超越而运转;还有信等诸根,因为从种种烦恼中解脱,以解脱味成为一味而运转;以及为了随顺那些不超越、一味之法的精进;还有在那一刹那生起的反复修习——所有这些行相,都是因为智在杂染与清净中看到了种种过患与功德之后,以各种方式使心喜悦、清净、净化的缘故而成就的。因此,应当理解为:以令诸法不超越等状态得以实现,从而使心清净的智,其作用完成,就是喜悦。在这里,因为依于舍,智变得明显,正如《无碍解道》所说:这样被策励的心,好好地旁观;依舍、依慧,慧根变得殊胜。依舍,心从种种烦恼中解脱;依解脱、依慧,慧根变得殊胜。由于解脱,那些法成为一味;一味的含义就是修习。因此,作为智之作用的喜悦,被称为最终。
Ye panete evaṃ upekkhānubrūhite tattha jātā samādhipaññāsaṅkhātā yuganaddhadhammā aññamaññaṃ anativattamānā hutvā pavattā, yāni ca saddhādīni indriyāni nānākilesehi vimuttattā vimuttirasena ekarasāni hutvā pavattāni, yaṃ cesa tadupagaṃ tesaṃ anativattanaekarasabhāvānaṃ anucchavikaṃ vīriyaṃ vāhayati, yā cassa tasmiṃ khaṇe pavattā āsevanā, sabbepi te ākārā yasmā ñāṇena saṃkilesavodānesu taṃ taṃ ādīnavañca ānisaṃsañca disvā tathā tathā sampahaṃsitattā visodhitattā pariyodāpitattā nipphannā, tasmā dhammānaṃ anativattanādibhāvasādhanena pariyodāpakassa ñāṇassa kiccanipphattivasena sampahaṃsanā veditabbāti vuttaṃ. Tattha yasmā upekkhāvasena ñāṇaṃ pākaṭaṃ hoti, yathāha – ‘‘tathāpaggahitaṃ cittaṃ sādhukaṃ ajjhupekkhati, upekkhāvasena paññāvasena paññindriyaṃ adhimattaṃ hoti. Upekkhāvasena nānattakilesehi cittaṃ vimuccati, vimokkhavasena paññāvasena paññindriyaṃ adhimattaṃ hoti. Vimuttattā te dhammā ekarasā honti, ekarasaṭṭhena bhāvanā’’ti (paṭi. ma. 1.201). Tasmā ñāṇakiccabhūtā sampahaṃsanā pariyosānanti vuttā.
“这样,已进入三种状态”等等,是对这个心的赞叹之语。其中,“这样,已进入三种状态”的意思是:依照上面所说的方式,也就是从道清净、舍的修习、智的欢喜这三方面来说,已经达到了三种状态。“具足寻”是说,因为远离了烦恼的扰动,心通过寻而达到了美好的状态。“心具足决意”是说,心在同一所缘上,以不间断地运转这种决意而具足、不欠缺。就像在“决意自在”中,“决意”指的是禅那的运转,同样地,这里“心的决意”也可以理解为心一境性,因为心正是在同一个所缘上决定下来,不在这里散乱。不过,由于后面又单独说了“具足定”,所以“心具足决意”还是应该按照前面说的方式来理解。或者,因为定本身就包含在禅那之中,所以“心具足决意”是依寻、伺、喜、乐、一境性这五个禅支来说的;而“具足定”则包含在诸根之中,是依信、精进、念、定、慧这五根来说的。在第二禅等当中,那些得不到的词句就舍弃不用,只按照能得到的情况来说“具足喜”等等。
Evaṃ tivattagatantiādīni tasseva cittassa thomanavacanāni. Tattha evaṃ tivattagatanti evaṃ yathāvuttena vidhinā paṭipadāvisuddhipakkhandanaupekkhānubrūhanāñāṇasampahaṃsanāvasena tividhabhāvaṃ gataṃ. Vitakkasampannanti kilesakkhobhavirahitattā vitakkena sundarabhāvaṃ pannaṃ gataṃ. Cittassa adhiṭṭhānasampannanti tasmiṃyeva ārammaṇe cittassa nirantarappavattisaṅkhātena adhiṭṭhānena sampannaṃ anūnaṃ. Yathā adhiṭṭhānavasiyaṃ adhiṭṭhānanti jhānappavatti, tathā idhāpi cittassa adhiṭṭhānanti cittekaggatāpi yujjati. Tena hi ekasmiṃyeva ārammaṇe cittaṃ adhiṭṭhāti, na ettha vikkhipatīti. ‘‘Samādhisampanna’’nti visuṃ vuttattā pana vuttanayeneva gahetabbaṃ. Atha vā samādhisseva jhānasaṅgahitattā cittassa adhiṭṭhānasampannanti jhānaṅgapañcakavasena vuttaṃ. Samādhisampannanti indriyasaṅgahitattā indriyapañcakavasena, dutiyajjhānādīsu pana alabbhamānāni padāni pahāya labbhamānakavasena pītisampannantiādi vuttaṃ.
在无常随观等十八种大观里,寻等禅支是完整具备的,因为它们属于欲界。而在这些观里没有安止定,所以道清净等应当按刹那定来配合说明。在四种道中,按初禅的方式来说,因为能获得寻等禅支,所以就依可获得的情况说寻等禅支完整具备。因为在第二禅性的道等之中,寻等禅支就像在第二禅等里一样已经舍离了。到这里为止,十三种清净智已经详细说明了。是怎样的呢?依靠安住于一处、就在那里胜解、舍断懈怠、舍断掉举、舍断贪欲、舍断瞋恚而相应的是六种智;依靠四种一性而相应的是四种智;依靠道清净、长养舍、令喜悦而相应的是三种智——这样总共说明了十三种智。
Aniccānupassanādīsu aṭṭhārasasu mahāvipassanāsu vitakkādayo paripuṇṇāyeva tāsaṃ kāmāvacarattā. Etāsu ca appanāya abhāvato paṭipadāvisuddhiādayo khaṇikasamādhivasena yojetabbā. Catūsu maggesu paṭhamajjhānikavasena vitakkādīnaṃ labbhanato labbhamānakavaseneva vitakkādayo paripuṇṇā vuttā. Dutiyajjhānikādīsu hi maggesu vitakkādayo jhānesu viya parihāyantīti. Ettāvatā terasa vodānañāṇāni vitthārato niddiṭṭhāni honti. Kathaṃ? Ekaṭṭhāne samādahanena tattheva adhimuccanena kosajjappajahanena uddhaccappajahanena rāgappajahanena byāpādappajahanena sampayuttāni cha ñāṇāni, catūhi ekattehi sampayuttāni cattāri ñāṇāni, paṭipadāvisuddhiupekkhānubrūhanāsampahaṃsanāhi sampayuttāni tīṇi ñāṇānīti evaṃ terasa ñāṇāni niddiṭṭhāni.
159159. 即使如此,为了说明这些智是依靠入出息念定的修习而成就的,他先不引入那些智,而是以“相就是入息出息”这样的方式,开示了以劝勉为先导的入出息念定修习方法,到最末才引入这些智来显示。其中,“相”已经说过。“无一所缘”就是没有单一心的所缘。这里的“ma”是连接音节。也可以读作“无一所缘”,意思就是不能成为单一心的所缘。“三法”就是相、入息、出息这三种法。“修习”就是入出息念定的修习。至于“如何”这一问,是为了解释紧接着前面劝勉偈之后所说的解答偈的含义而提出来的。“非这些”就是不是这些。也有“非且这些”的读法,只是断句不同。“如何而非未了知,如何而心不散乱”,这里的“如何”要与后面五个词连起来理解。“精进显现”,就是指发起入出息念定修习的精进显现出来。因为人们靠它来努力,所以称为“精进”。“修行成就”,就是指修行者成就了能镇伏诸盖的禅那。因为禅那是用来镇伏诸盖的,所以称为“修行”。“证得殊胜”,就是指获得能断除结缚的道。道是止与观的利益,所以称为“殊胜”。又因为它是殊胜中最首要的,所以没有用“又”字来连接。
159. Evaṃ santepi ānāpānassatisamādhibhāvanāvasena tesaṃ nipphattiṃ dassetukāmo tāni ñāṇāni anigametvāva nimittaṃ assāsapassāsātiādinā nayena codanāpubbaṅgamaṃ ānāpānassatisamādhibhāvanāvidhiṃ dassetvā ante tāni ñāṇāni nigametvā dassesi. Tattha nimittaṃ vuttameva. Anārammaṇāmekacittassāti anārammaṇā ekacittassa. Ma-kāro panettha padasandhikaro. Anārammaṇamekacittassātipi pāṭho, ekassa cittassa ārammaṇaṃ na bhavantīti attho. Tayo dhammeti nimittādayo tayo dhamme. Bhāvanāti ānāpānassatisamādhibhāvanā. Kathanti paṭhamaṃ vuttāya codanāgāthāya anantaraṃ vuttāya parihāragāthāya atthaṃ kathetukamyatāpucchā. Na cimeti na ca ime. Na cametipi pāṭho, soyeva padacchedo. Kathaṃ na ca aviditā honti, kathaṃ na ca cittaṃ vikkhepaṃ gacchatīti evaṃ kathaṃ saddo sesehi pañcahi yojetabbo. Padhānañca paññāyatīti ānāpānassatisamādhibhāvanārambhakaṃ vīriyaṃ sandissati. Vīriyañhi padahanti tenāti padhānanti vuccati. Payogañca sādhetīti nīvaraṇavikkhambhakaṃ jhānañca yogī nipphādeti. Jhānañhi nīvaraṇavikkhambhanāya payuñjīyatīti payogoti vuttaṃ. Visesamadhigacchatīti saṃyojanappahānakaraṃ maggañca paṭilabhati. Maggo hi samathavipassanānaṃ ānisaṃsattā visesoti vutto. Visesassa ca pamukhabhūtattā ca-kārena samuccayo na kato.
现在,为了用譬喻来说明所问的义理,他说了“犹如树”等话。它的意思是:就像有人为了用斧头把树劈开,先用斧头砍削好,然后在劈的时候,为了让它保持不动,把它放在平坦的地面上,使它适合操作。“用斧头”是指用手斧。“来了”是指斧刃碰到树后,朝自己这边过来。“去了”是指斧刃碰到树后,朝对面那边过去。“或”这个字是表示并列。“并非不被了知”是说:在树上,被斧刃碰到的地方,观察的人虽然没有到达那个位置,但因为那些斧刃的来去,一切斧刃都是被了知的。“精进”是指砍树所需的精勤。“修行”是指砍树的动作。“证得殊胜”这句话在譬喻中没有。“所系念的相”是指作为系念的相的、作为原因的鼻端或口相。以它系念于心于所缘,这称为系念,即念。或者鼻端是指长鼻者的鼻端。或者口相是指短鼻者的上唇。因为上唇在口中是念的相,所以称为口相。“来了”是指从所触之处向内而来。“去了”是指从所触之处向外而去。“并非不被了知”是说:因为没有到达所触之处,入出息没有来去,所以那些一切也都是被了知的。“堪任”是说:以那样的精勤,身和心都堪任,适合修习,适于修习。这精勤称为精进,这是以果说因。“杂染被舍断”是指以镇伏的方式舍断诸盖。“寻被止息”是指种种所缘行境的不稳定的寻得以止息。以那使杂染被舍断、寻被止息的禅那,这是修行。这是依修行而作阳性说明。“结被舍断”是指那些被各自道所断的结以正断舍断的方式被舍断。“随眠被灭尽”是指因为已舍断的不会再生起之法性,或者它们的生起边和灭尽边已消失,所以是“边尽”,先前未边尽的现在边尽,所以是“边尽”,是坏灭的意思。为了显示结的舍断由随眠的舍断而成,不是别的,所以说了随眠的舍断。以那使结被舍断、随眠被灭尽的道,这是殊胜,这是意思。在第四四法中,因为圣道也被指出,所以这里说了圣道。因为一心的所缘二者不存在的未被说也成立,所以不放弃那一点,就这样作了总结:这三种法不是一心的所缘。
Idāni taṃ pucchitamatthaṃ upamāya sādhento seyyathāpi rukkhotiādimāha. Tassattho – yathā nāma kakacena phālanatthaṃ vāsiyā tacchitvā rukkho phālanakāle niccalabhāvatthaṃ same bhūmipadese payogakkhamaṃ katvā ṭhapito. Kakacenāti hatthakakacena. Āgateti rukkhaṃ phusitvā attano samīpabhāgaṃ āgate. Gateti rukkhaṃ phusitvā parabhāgaṃ gate. Vā-saddo samuccayattho. Na aviditā hontīti rukkhe kakacadantehi phuṭṭhaṃ purisena pekkhamānaṃ ṭhānaṃ appatvā tesaṃ āgamanagamanābhāvato sabbepi kakacadantā viditāva honti. Padhānanti rukkhacchedanavīriyaṃ. Payoganti rukkhacchedanakiriyaṃ. ‘‘Visesamadhigacchatī’’ti vacanaṃ upamāya natthi. Upanibandhanā nimittanti upanibandhanāya satiyā nimittabhūtaṃ kāraṇabhūtaṃ nāsikaggaṃ vā mukhanimittaṃ vā. Upanibandhati etāya ārammaṇe cittanti upanibandhanā nāma sati. Nāsikagge vāti dīghanāsiko nāsikagge. Mukhanimitte vāti rassanāsiko uttaroṭṭhe. Uttaroṭṭho hi mukhe satiyā nimittanti mukhanimittanti vutto. Āgateti phuṭṭhaṭṭhānato abbhantaraṃ āgate. Gateti phuṭṭhaṭṭhānato bahiddhā gate. Na aviditā hontīti phusanaṭṭhānaṃ appatvā assāsapassāsānaṃ āgamanagamanābhāvato sabbepi te viditā eva honti. Kammaniyaṃ hotīti yena vīriyena kāyopi cittampi kammaniyaṃ bhāvanākammakkhamaṃ bhāvanākammayoggaṃ hoti. Idaṃ vīriyaṃ padhānaṃ nāmāti phalena kāraṇaṃ vuttaṃ hoti. Upakkilesā pahīyantīti vikkhambhanavasena nīvaraṇāni pahīyanti. Vitakkā vūpasammantīti nānārammaṇacārino anavaṭṭhitā vitakkā upasamaṃ gacchanti. Yena jhānena upakkilesā pahīyanti, vitakkā vūpasammanti. Ayaṃ payogoti payogamapekkhitvā pulliṅganiddeso kato. Saññojanā pahīyantīti taṃtaṃmaggavajjhā saññojanā samucchedappahānena pahīyanti. Anusayā byantīhontīti pahīnānaṃ puna anuppattidhammakattā vigato uppādanto vā vayanto vā etesanti byantā, pubbe abyantā byantā hontīti byantīhonti, vinassantīti attho. Saññojanappahānaṃ anusayappahānena hoti, na aññathāti dassanatthaṃ anusayappahānamāha. Yena maggena saññojanā pahīyanti anusayā byantīhonti, ayaṃ visesoti attho. Catutthacatukke ariyamaggassāpi niddiṭṭhattā idha ariyamaggo vutto. Ekacittassa ārammaṇadvayābhāvassa avuttepi siddhattā taṃ avissajjetvāva evaṃ ime tayo dhammā ekacittassa ārammaṇā na hontīti nigamanaṃ kataṃ.
160现在,为了赞叹那位通过修习而成就的瑜伽行者,先说了“入出息念于谁……”这首偈颂,然后解释它的含义。其中,如果有人具足入出息念——就像佛陀所教导的那样圆满、善加修习、依次熟练——那么他就照亮这个世间。像什么呢?就像月亮从云等遮蔽中解脱出来,照亮虚空世间;同样,那位瑜伽行者照亮这个五蕴等构成的世间。这就是与偈颂的关联。在解释“犹如月亮从云中解脱”这句话时,因为也提到了雾等,所以应当知道这里省略了“等”字。在偈颂的解释中,“没有呼出,没有吸入”是用否定的方式特别指出同一个意思。“念的现起”,意思是以不忘失,趋入吸入之后安住,这就叫作念。呼出也是这样。到这里,在入息和出息上的念,就叫作入出息念,这个意思已经说完了。
160. Idāni taṃ bhāvanāsiddhisādhakaṃ yogāvacaraṃ thunanto ānāpānassati yassāti gāthaṃ vatvā tassā niddesamāha. Tattha ānāpānassatiyo yathā buddhena desitā, tathā paripuṇṇā subhāvitā anupubbaṃ paricitā yassa atthi saṃvijjanti. So imaṃ lokaṃ pabhāseti. Kiṃ viya? Abbhā muttova candimā yathā abbhādīhi mutto candimā imaṃ okāsalokaṃ pabhāseti, tathā so yogāvacaro imaṃ khandhādilokaṃ pabhāsetīti gāthāya sambandho. ‘‘Abbhā muttova candimā’’ti ca padassa niddese mahikādīnampi vuttattā ettha ādisaddalopo katoti veditabbo. Gāthāniddese no passāso no assāsoti so soyeva attho paṭisedhena visesetvā vutto. Upaṭṭhānaṃ satīti asammussanatāya tameva assāsaṃ upagantvā ṭhānaṃ sati nāmāti attho. Tathā passāsaṃ. Ettāvatā ānāpānesu sati ānāpānassatīti attho vutto hoti.
现在,为了指出那个仅凭念本身所说的“当它……”之人,而说:当某人入息时,他的念现前;当某人出息时,他的念现前。意思是:当某人入息时,他的念趋入入息并安住;当某人出息时,他的念趋入出息并安住。圆满:是通过禅那、观与道的次第相续,证得阿拉汉道而圆满。正是针对那些禅那、观、道的法,才说了“以摄持之义”等语。因为那些法被这位瑜伽行者所摄持,所以是所摄持,并以那摄持之义而圆满。其中,对于所有的心与心所法,因为它们互相伴随,所以以伴随之义而圆满。由于修习的完成,以充满之义而圆满。四种修习等语,是依照“善修习”这个词的含义而说的。四种修习如前所述。已令为乘:令它们变得像套好轭的车乘一样。已作基础:以安住之义,令它们变得像基础一样。已随行:已现前。熟习:周遍积集、积聚。善着手:善巧着手、善作。于任何处所希望:于任何禅那、任何观中,如果他希望。于彼彼处:于那些禅那、那些观中。得自在者:获得自在、多能的状态。得力者:获得止观之力。得无畏者:获得无畏、熟练的状态。彼等法:即止与观之法。与作意相连:系属于作意,即只要作意,那些法就与他的相续或智相应。与意愿相连:系属于意愿,即只要意愿,就按上述方式相应。这里,作意是指心的生起;而意愿是为了显示其同义词、说明其含义而说的。因此说已令为乘,即因为如此作为,那些法便成为像套好轭的车乘一样。
Idāni sativaseneva ‘‘yassā’’ti vuttaṃ puggalaṃ niddisitukāmo yo assasati, tassupaṭṭhāti. Yo passasati, tassupaṭṭhātīti vuttaṃ. Yo assasati, tassa sati assāsaṃ upagantvā tiṭṭhati. Yo passasati, tassa sati passāsaṃ upagantvā tiṭṭhatīti attho. Paripuṇṇāti jhānavipassanāmaggaparamparāya arahattamaggappattiyā paripuṇṇā. Teyeva hi jhānavipassanāmaggadhamme sandhāya pariggahaṭṭhenātiādimāha. Te hi dhammā iminā yoginā pariggayhamānattā pariggahā, tena pariggahaṭṭhena paripuṇṇā. Tattha sabbesaṃ cittacetasikānaṃ aññamaññaparivārattā parivāraṭṭhena paripuṇṇā. Bhāvanāpāripūrivasena paripūraṭṭhena paripuṇṇā. Catasso bhāvanātiādīni subhāvitāti vuttapadassa atthavasena vuttāni. Catasso bhāvanā heṭṭhā vuttāyeva. Yānīkatāti yuttayānasadisā katā. Vatthukatāti patiṭṭhaṭṭhena vatthusadisā katā. Anuṭṭhitāti paccupaṭṭhitā. Paricitāti samantato citā upacitā. Susamāraddhāti suṭṭhu samāraddhā sukatā. Yattha yattha ākaṅkhatīti yesu yesu jhānesu yāsu yāsu vipassanāsu sace icchati. Tattha tatthāti tesu tesu jhānesu tāsu tāsu vipassanāsu. Vasippattoti vasībhāvaṃ bahubhāvaṃ patto. Balappattoti samathavipassanābalappatto. Vesārajjappattoti visāradabhāvaṃ paṭubhāvaṃ patto. Te dhammāti samathavipassanā dhammā. Āvajjanapaṭibaddhāti āvajjanāyattā, āvajjitamatteyeva tassa santānena, ñāṇena vā sampayogaṃ gacchantīti attho. Ākaṅkhapaṭibaddhāti ruciāyattā, rocitamatteyeva vuttanayena sampayogaṃ gacchantīti attho. Manasikāro panettha āvajjanāya cittuppādo. Ākaṅkhanāya vevacanavasena atthavivaraṇatthaṃ vutto. Tena vuccati yānīkatāti evaṃ katattāyeva te yuttayānasadisā katā hontīti vuttaṃ hoti.
在十六种基础中的每一种上。“善决意”就是善加安立。“善现起”就是很好地现起。因为与心相应的念和心各自执行自己的作用,所以用顺向和逆向的方式把它们连接起来,显示出这两法。因此说“已作基础”,意思是:正因为如此,它们就成了已作安立的。“以任何处引导心”,是指从先前的活动状态移开,然后把心导向任何修习上的殊胜境界。“念随彼彼处而转”,是指在那种种修习的殊胜境界上,念变得随顺,从先前的活动状态退回而转起。这里的“以任何、彼”,就像“世尊在何处便前往何处”这类句子一样,应理解为处格的意义。因此说“已随行”,意思是:正因为这样去做,它们才跟随着种种修习之后而安住。应当知道,由于入出息念以念为精要,所以在“已作基础”和“已随行”这两个用语中,都是连同念一起来说的。
Yasmiṃ yasmiṃ vatthusminti soḷasasu vatthūsu ekekasmiṃ. Svādhiṭṭhitanti suppatiṭṭhitaṃ. Sūpaṭṭhitāti suṭṭhu upaṭṭhitā. Sampayuttacittasatīnaṃ saheva sakasakakiccakaraṇato anulomapaṭilomavasena yojetvā te dve dhammā dassitā. Tena vuccati vatthukatāti evaṃ bhūtattāyeva katapatiṭṭhā hontīti vuttaṃ hoti. Yena yena cittaṃ abhinīharatīti pubbappavattito apanetvā yattha yattha bhāvanāvisese cittaṃ upaneti. Tena tena sati anuparivattatīti tasmiṃ tasmiṃyeva bhāvanāvisese sati anukūlā hutvā pubbappavattito nivattitvā pavattati. ‘‘Yena, tenā’’ti cettha ‘‘yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamī’’tiādīsu (khu. pā. 5.1; su. ni. maṅgalasutta) viya bhummattho veditabbo. Tena vuccati anuṭṭhitāti evaṃ karaṇatoyeva taṃ taṃ bhāvanaṃ anugantvā ṭhitā hontīti vuttaṃ hoti. Ānāpānassatiyā satipadhānattā vatthukatānuṭṭhitapadesu satiyā saha yojanā katāti veditabbā.
不过,只有已经圆满的才算真正被熟习——已经增长、已经得到反复练习。所以,“圆满”这个词里说的三种含义,在“熟习”这个词里也说了,而且还多说了第四种特别的含义。其中,“以念摄持”是指:瑜伽行者用与心相应的念,或者用修行之前阶段的念,在应当被摄持的对象上加以把握。“战胜恶不善法”是指:以彻底断除的方式,战胜、压伏那些低劣的烦恼。这也是以人为依托来说法的。因为当那些法被战胜时,具有那些法的人也就被称为战胜了。那些法在不失念的自身生起的那一刹那,已经开始着手战胜,所以被称为“已战胜”,就像把“已经开始吃了”说成“已经吃了”一样。不过,这里的语法特征要依据声明论来理解。既然如此,本来应该说成“parijitā”(已战胜),却把ja变成了ca,说成“paricitā”(熟习)。就像在词义解释中,把“sammā gado”解释为“sugato”时,依据词源学的规则把da变成了ta,这里也应该同样理解。在这个词义解释的语境中,“熟习”这个词是作主格的词,而前面三个是作宾格的词。
Yasmā pana paripuṇṇāyeva paricitā honti vaḍḍhitā laddhāsevanā, tasmā ‘‘paripuṇṇā’’tipade vuttā tayo atthā ‘‘paricitā’’tipadepi vuttā, catuttho visesatthopi vutto. Tattha satiyā pariggaṇhantoti sampayuttāya, pubbabhāgāya vā satiyā pariggahetabbe pariggaṇhanto yogī. Jināti pāpake akusale dhammeti samucchedavasena lāmake kilese jināti abhibhavati. Ayañca puggalādhiṭṭhānā dhammadesanā. Dhammesu hi jinantesu taṃdhammasamaṅgīpuggalopi jināti nāma. Te ca dhammā satiṃ avihāya attano pavattikkhaṇe jinitumāraddhā jitāti vuccanti yathā ‘‘bhuñjitumāraddho bhutto’’ti vuccati. Lakkhaṇaṃ panettha saddasatthato veditabbaṃ. Evaṃ santepi ‘‘parijitā’’ti vattabbe ja-kārassa ca-kāraṃ katvā ‘‘paricitā’’ti vuttaṃ, yathā sammā gado assāti sugatoti atthavikappe da-kārassa ta-kāro niruttilakkhaṇena kato, evamidhāpi veditabbo. Imasmiṃ atthavikappe paricitāti padaṃ kattusādhanaṃ, purimāni tīṇi kammasādhanāni.
“四善精勤”这句话,说的是“四种善精勤之义”,这里要看出省略了“义”这个字。应当知道,在这个语境里,“善精勤”这个词的意思就是被称为“善精勤”的,或者是指善精勤的法。应当知道,这是依照四种含义的区分而说为“四”,并不是依照法的区分。然而,因为只有善修习的才是善精勤,别的不是,所以三种修习的含义在这里也被说到了。而“修习”的含义在讲那三种含义时其实已经讲过了,因此不再重复说它,转而说了断除其对立面的含义。因为通过彻底断除对立面,才能看出精勤的圆满,由此就说了善精勤达到顶点的含义。其中,“其对立面”是指那些禅那、观和道的对立面。“烦恼”是指欲贪等,以及与常想等相应的身见等。“由于完全被断除”是指以镇伏、彼分断和断断的方式被彻底断除、被摧毁。不过,有些本子里写成“完全被拔出”,那样写不好。
Cattāro susamāraddhāti cattāro susamāraddhatthāti vuttaṃ hoti, atthasaddassa lopo daṭṭhabbo. Susamāraddhāti padassa atthāpi hi idha susamāraddhāti vuttāti veditabbā, susamāraddhadhammā vā. Caturatthabhedato cattāroti vuttāti veditabbā, na dhammabhedato. Yasmā pana subhāvitāyeva susamāraddhā honti, na aññe, tasmā tayo bhāvanatthā idhāpi vuttā. Āsevanatthopi tīsu vuttesu vuttoyeva hoti, tasmā taṃ avatvā tappaccanīkānaṃ susamūhatattho vutto. Paccanīkasamugghātena hi āraddhapariyosānaṃ paññāyati, tena susamāraddhassa sikhāppatto attho vutto hoti. Tattha tappaccanīkānanti tesaṃ jhānavipassanāmaggānaṃ paṭipakkhabhūtānaṃ. Kilesānanti kāmacchandādīnaṃ niccasaññādisampayuttānaṃ sakkāyadiṭṭhādīnañca. Susamūhatattāti vikkhambhanatadaṅgasamucchedavasena suṭṭhu samūhatattā nāsitattā. Potthakesu pana ‘‘susamugghātattā’’ti likhanti, taṃ na sundaraṃ.
161161. 接着,为了显示同一个词句的另一种义理分别,说出了“善……”等语。其中,“于彼彼处而生”:是在那达到顶极的修习殊胜处而生起。“无过失”:因为不成为烦恼的所缘,所以远离了烦恼的过失。“善”:从生起的性质来说是善。“菩提分法”:因为属于以觉悟之义而得到“菩提”之名的圣者之方,所以是菩提分法。所谓“属于此方”,就是安住在能资助的状态。这些就是三十七法:四念处、四正勤、四神足、五根、五力、七觉支、八支圣道。“此是寂静”:这在道刹那生起的法,以断尽的方式使烦恼寂静、消灭,所以名为寂静。“灭涅槃”:因为苦的灭尽所以是灭,因为称为渴爱的渴爱不存在所以是涅槃。“此是善寂静”:这涅槃因为远离一切有为的不寂静,所以善寂静,名为善寂静。“已知”:称为菩提分法的寂静,以无痴之智而了知;称为涅槃的善寂静,以所缘之智而了知。那两者就以那智如同以眼而见。“已识”:那两者通过在相续中生起及作为所缘而被获得。如已知一样,以慧现证并触证。“不萎缩、不散乱、不躁动、一心”:这是对前前词句的义理阐明。其中,“已发起”:已安立。“不萎缩”:不退缩。“现起”:前往而住立。“不散乱”:不损坏。“寂静”:已止息。“不躁动”:无掉举。“等持”:平等安立。“一心”:不散乱。
161. Puna tasseva padassa aññampi atthavikappaṃ dassento susamantiādimāha. Tattha tattha jātāti tasmiṃ sikhāppattabhāvanāvisese jātā. Anavajjāti kilesānaṃ ārammaṇabhāvānupagamanena kilesadosavirahitā. Kusalāti jātivasena kusalā. Bodhipakkhiyāti bujjhanaṭṭhena bodhīti laddhanāmassa ariyassa pakkhe bhavattā bodhipakkhiyā. Pakkhe bhavattāti hi upakārabhāve ṭhitattā. Te ca ‘‘cattāro satipaṭṭhānā, cattāro sammappadhānā, cattāro iddhipādā, pañcindriyāni, pañca balāni, satta bojjhaṅgā, ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo’’ti (ma. ni. 3.35; cūḷani. mettagūmāṇavapucchāniddesa 22; mi. pa. 5.4.1) sattatiṃsa dhammā. Idaṃ samanti idaṃ maggakkhaṇe dhammajātaṃ samucchedavasena kilese sameti vināsetīti samaṃ nāma. Nirodhonibbānanti dukkhanirodhattā nirodho, vānasaṅkhātāya taṇhāya abhāvā nibbānaṃ. Idaṃ susamanti idaṃ nibbānaṃ sabbasaṅkhatavisamāpagatattā suṭṭhu samanti susamaṃ nāma. Ñātanti bodhipakkhiyasaṅkhātaṃ samaṃ asammohato ñāṇena ñātaṃ, nibbānasaṅkhātaṃ susamaṃ ārammaṇato ñāṇena ñātaṃ. Tadeva dvayaṃ teneva cakkhunā viya diṭṭhaṃ. Viditanti tadeva dvayaṃ santāne uppādanena ārammaṇakaraṇena ca paṭiladdhaṃ. Ñātaṃ viya paññāya sacchikataṃ phassitañca. ‘‘Asallīnaṃ asammuṭṭhā asāraddho ekagga’’nti purimassa purimassa padassa atthappakāsanaṃ. Tattha āraddhanti paṭṭhapitaṃ. Asallīnanti asaṅkucitaṃ. Upaṭṭhitāti upagantvā ṭhitā. Asammuṭṭhāti avinaṭṭhā. Passaddhoti nibbuto. Asāraddhoti niddaratho. Samāhitanti samaṃ ṭhapitaṃ. Ekagganti avikkhittaṃ.
“四种已善精勤”等,是整句“已善精勤”的根本含义。而“有等……”等,是“善等”一词的分别含义;“已知……”等,是“已精勤”一词的分别含义。这里词义的对应是这样的:本来应该说“等与善等与等善等”,但像“名色”那样,取一部分相同的形式来省略,就只说成“善等”。至于“这是等,这是善等”,则是抛开其他参照,用中性词来表达。又因为“已知”也可以说成“见”,而“见”和“已精勤”在意义上是一回事;“已了知”“已证知”“已触达”又都是“已知”的同义词,所以说“已知”时,就已经表达了“已精勤”的意思。
‘‘Cattāro susamāraddhā’’tiādi sakalassa susamāraddhavacanassa mūlattho. ‘‘Atthi sama’’ntiādi pana susamavacanassa, ‘‘ñāta’’ntiādi āraddhavacanassa vikappatthā. Tatthāyaṃ padatthasaṃsandanā – ‘‘samā ca susamā ca samasusamā’’ti vattabbe ekadesasarūpekasesaṃ katvā ‘‘susamā’’ icceva vuttā yathā nāmañca rūpañca nāmarūpañca nāmarūpanti. ‘‘Idaṃ samaṃ, idaṃ susama’’nti pana anaññāpekkhaṃ katvā napuṃsakavacanaṃ kataṃ. Yasmā pana ñātampi diṭṭhanti vuccati, diṭṭhañca āraddhañca atthato ekaṃ. Viditasacchikataphassitāni pana ñātavevacanāni, tasmā ñātanti āraddhatthoyeva vutto hoti.
已开始的精进不松懈,这只是对“已开始”这个词的直接解释。而“现起的念”等等,是为了说明与精进相应的辅助法才说的,不是为了说明“已开始”这个词的含义。按前一种含义,是“很好地开始”;按这里的含义,是“善”和“开始”。省略合并之后,就说成“已善精勤”。把握了这个含义,才说“因此称为已善精勤”。
Āraddhaṃ hoti vīriyaṃ asallīnanti ayaṃ pana āraddhavacanassa ujukatthoyeva. Upaṭṭhitā satītiādīni pana sampayuttavīriyassa upakārakadhammadassanatthaṃ vuttāni, na āraddhavacanassa atthadassanatthaṃ. Purimena atthena suṭṭhu samāraddhāti susamāraddhā ca, iminā atthena susamā āraddhāti susamāraddhā ca ekasese kate ‘‘susamāraddhā’’ti vuccanti. Imamatthaṃ pariggahetvā ‘‘tena vuccati susamāraddhā’’ti vuttaṃ.
“次第”的意思是按照顺序,即后后随顺于前前。这里说的是“前前随”。所谓“以长入息”,就是依据所说的“长”来谈入息。“前前”就是前前的念。这样已经说明了“前”这个词的含义。“后后”同样是指念。这样已经说明了“随”这个词的含义。通过这两方面,就说明了以“前”和“随”两者来反复修习的意思。上面已经详细展开了十六事,这里则加以省略,只显示了最后一项“随观弃舍”。因为到达修习顶峰的入出息念,能够随自己的意愿反复生起,所以它们既是相互反复修习,也是随顺反复修习。因此说:“它们既是相互反复修习,也是随顺反复修习。”
Anupubbanti yathānukkamenāti attho, pubbaṃ pubbaṃ anūti vuttaṃ hoti. Dīghaṃ assāsavasenāti dīghanti vuttaassāsavasena. Purimā purimāti purimā purimā sati. Etena pubbantipadassa attho vutto hoti. Pacchimā pacchimāti satiyeva. Etena anūtipadassa attho vutto hoti. Ubhayena pubbañca anu ca paricitāti attho vutto hoti. Upari soḷasa vatthūni vitthāretvā vacanato idha saṅkhipitvā ‘‘paṭinissaggānupassī’’ti antimameva dassitaṃ. Yasmā sikhāppattabhāvanassa sabbāpi ānāpānassatiyo punappunaṃ yathāruci pavattanato anuparicitāpi honti. Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘aññamaññaṃ paricitā ceva honti anuparicitā cā’’ti.
“如义”就是按照事物本来的样子。“自调伏义”是指在证得阿拉汉道的那一刹那,自己已没有烦恼随眠。“止义”是清凉的意思。“般涅槃义”是通过烦恼的般涅槃来说的。“神通义”是就通达一切法而言。“遍知义”等则是依照道智的作用来说的。“谛现观义”是从一次性彻见四圣谛来说的。“住立于灭义”是就作为所缘而言的。
Yathatthāti yathāsabhāvatthā. Attadamathatthoti arahattamaggakkhaṇe attano nibbisevanattho. Samathatthoti sītibhāvattho. Parinibbāpanatthoti kilesaparinibbānena. Abhiññatthoti sabbadhammavasena. Pariññatthādayo maggañāṇakiccavasena. Saccābhisamayattho catunnaṃ saccānaṃ ekapaṭivedhadassanavasena. Nirodhe patiṭṭhāpakattho ārammaṇakaraṇavasena.
即使没有“佛”这个词本身,为了指出“那位觉者就是佛”,还是说了“佛”。“自生者”:不靠别人教导,自己就达到了这样的境界。“无师者”:这是对“自生者”这个词的含义解释。因为凡是无需老师指导而自己证悟诸谛的人,就叫做“自生者”。“于先前未曾听闻之法”等语,是在说明“无师者”的含义。“未曾听闻”:指没有从老师那里听闻过。“亲自”:就是自己本身。“已正觉”:指彻底地、正确地证悟了。在那里“证得一切知性”:在那些谛中证得了一切知性。正如证悟诸谛的人成为一切知者,因为已证悟诸谛,所以这样说。也有“已得一切知性”的读法。“于诸力得自在”:在十种如来力中获得自在。凡是如此成就的人,就说他是“佛”。其中,依于一切法中无障碍智之相、无上解脱之证得所修习的五蕴相续而施设的,或者依于一切知性之基础即诸谛之现等觉而施设的,这种有情中的特殊者就是佛。至此,从义理上已说明了佛的含义。
Buddhotipadassa abhāvepi buddhenātipade yo so buddho, taṃ niddisitukāmena buddhoti vuttaṃ. Sayambhūti upadesaṃ vinā sayameva bhūto. Anācariyakoti sayambhūpadassa atthavivaraṇaṃ. Yo hi ācariyaṃ vinā saccāni paṭivijjhati, so sayambhū nāma hoti. Pubbe ananussutesūtiādi anācariyakabhāvassa atthappakāsanaṃ. Ananussutesūti ācariyaṃ ananussutesu. Sāmanti sayameva. Abhisambujjhīti bhusaṃ sammā paṭivijjhi. Tattha ca sabbaññutaṃ pāpuṇīti tesu ca saccesu sabbaññubhāvaṃ pāpuṇi. Yathā saccāni paṭivijjhantā sabbaññuno honti, tathā saccānaṃ paṭividdhattā evaṃ vuttaṃ. Sabbaññutaṃ pattotipi pāṭho. Balesu ca vasībhāvanti dasasu ca tathāgatabalesu issarabhāvaṃ pāpuṇi. Yo so evaṃ bhūto, so buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti. Tattha sabbesu dhammesu appaṭihatañāṇanimittānuttaravimokkhādhigamaparibhāvitaṃ khandhasantānaṃ upādāya paṇṇattiko, sabbaññutapadaṭṭhānaṃ vā saccābhisambodhimupādāya paṇṇattiko sattaviseso buddho. Ettāvatā atthato buddhavibhāvanā katā hoti.
162现在从文句上来说明“佛”这个词,先提出“佛是以什么意义而称为佛”等问题。在这里,就像世间把“已经理解的人”称为“理解者”,同样地,因为已经觉悟了诸谛,所以称为佛。又像“吹动树叶的风”被称为“叶吹风”,同样地,因为能使众生觉悟,所以称为佛。所谓由于具有一切知性,是说以能够觉悟一切法的智慧而称为佛。所谓由于具有一切见性,是说以智慧之眼见到了一切法,所以称为佛。所谓由于不须他人引导,是说因为不是由他人所能令觉,而是自己觉悟,所以称为佛。所谓由于遍开,是说因为以种种功德遍开,犹如莲花开放之义,所以称为佛。所谓由于漏尽,是说以“漏尽”等六种方式,因舍断使心收缩之法,而如睡醒之人,因为一切烦恼之睡已尽而觉醒,所以称为佛。所谓“名称”与“被称为”在意义上为一,是就“被称为”一词的一部分而说,此为其义。由于没有渴爱之染与见之染,所以称为无染。因为一切烦恼连同习气都已断除,所以以决定之语特别说明,说“决定离贪”等。决定无烦恼,即由贪瞋痴等一切残余烦恼而无所烦恼。已行一乘道者称为佛:因为“行”之义的诸界有“觉”之义,有“觉”义的诸界也有“行”义,所以因已行一乘道,而称为佛。这里所谓“一乘道”,即——
162. Idāni byañjanato vibhāvento buddhoti kenaṭṭhena buddhotiādimāha. Tattha yathā loke avagantā avagatoti vuccati, evaṃ bujjhitā saccānīti buddho. Yathā paṇṇasosā vātā paṇṇasusāti vuccanti, evaṃ bodhetā pajāyāti buddho. Sabbaññutāya buddhoti sabbadhammabujjhanasamatthāya buddhiyā buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti. Sabbadassāvitāya buddhoti sabbadhammānaṃ ñāṇacakkhunā diṭṭhattā buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti. Anaññaneyyatāyabuddhoti aññena abodhanīyato sayameva buddhattā buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti. Visavitāya buddhoti nānāguṇavisavanato padumamiva vikasanaṭṭhena buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti. Khīṇāsavasaṅkhātena buddhotiādīhi chahi pariyāyehi cittasaṅkocakaradhammappahānena niddakkhayavibuddho puriso viya sabbakilesaniddakkhayavibuddhattā buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti. Saṅkhā saṅkhātanti atthato ekattā saṅkhātenāti vacanassa koṭṭhāsenāti attho. Taṇhālepadiṭṭhilepābhāvena nirupalepasaṅkhātena. Savāsanānaṃ sabbakilesānaṃ pahīnattā ekantavacanena visesetvā ekantavītarāgotiādi vuttaṃ. Ekantanikkilesoti rāgadosamohāvasesehi sabbakilesehi nikkileso. Ekāyanamaggaṃ gatoti buddhoti gamanatthānaṃ dhātūnaṃ bujjhanatthattā bujjhanatthāpi dhātuyo gamanatthā honti, tasmā ekāyanamaggaṃ gatattā buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti. Ekāyanamaggoti cettha –
“道、路、途、径,直道、坦途;
舟、渡、桥、筏,浮囊、津渡。”
‘‘Maggo pantho patho pajjo, añjasaṃ vaṭumāyanaṃ; Nāvā uttarasetu ca, kullo ca bhisi saṅkamo’’ti . (cūḷani. pārāyanatthutigāthāniddesa 101) –
在道的许多名称当中,这里是用了“行道”这个名称来说的。所以意思是:这是唯一的道,不是分成两条的路。或者也可以说,这是一个人应当走的道,所以叫“一乘道”。“一个人”是指舍弃了群体交往,以远离的心。“应当走”是指应当去实践。或者,“依此而行”就叫“行道”,意思是从轮回走向涅槃。“某些人的行道”就是“一乘道”。“某些人”指最胜者,而一切众生中最胜的就是正自觉者,所以说“一乘道”就是正自觉者所行的道。或者,“行”就叫“行道”,是进行、持续的意思。“在一个地方行道”就叫“一乘道”,意思是只在佛陀的教法当中行道,不在别处。另外,“行向一个”就叫“一乘道”,意思是前期虽然以种种方式修行,后期只趋向同一个涅槃,所以说“一乘道”就是通往同一涅槃的道。“独自证得了无上正自觉,所以是佛”:不是靠别人让他觉悟才成为佛,而是自己证得了无上正自觉,所以称为佛。因为摧毁了无明、获得了智慧,所以是佛。“觉”“佛陀”“菩提”这些是同一个意思的不同说法。就像因为具有蓝色、红色等属性,就说这是蓝布、红布;同样,因为具有觉的功德,就说这是佛。
Maggassa bahūsu nāmesu ayananāmena vutto. Tasmā ekamaggabhūto maggo, na dvedhāpathabhūtoti attho. Atha vā ekena ayitabbo maggoti ekāyanamaggo. Ekenāti gaṇasaṅgaṇikaṃ pahāya pavivekena cittena. Ayitabboti paṭipajjitabbo. Ayanti vā etenāti ayano, saṃsārato nibbānaṃ gacchantīti attho. Ekesaṃ ayano ekāyano. Eketi seṭṭhā, sabbasattaseṭṭhā ca sammāsambuddhā, tasmā ekāyanamaggoti sammāsambuddhānaṃ ayanabhūto maggoti vuttaṃ hoti. Ayatīti vā ayano, gacchati pavattatīti attho. Ekasmiṃ ayano maggoti ekāyanamaggo, ekasmiṃyeva buddhasāsane pavattamāno maggo, na aññatthāti vuttaṃ hoti. Api ca ekaṃ ayatīti ekāyano, pubbabhāge nānāmukhabhāvanānayappavattopi aparabhāge ekaṃ nibbānameva gacchatīti vuttaṃ hoti, tasmā ekāyanamaggoti ekanibbānagamanamaggoti attho. Eko anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddhoti buddhoti na parehi buddhattā buddho, kiṃ pana sayameva anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddhattā buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti. Abuddhivihatattā buddhipaṭilābhā buddhoti buddhi buddhaṃ bodhoti pariyāyavacanametaṃ. Tattha yathā nīlarattaguṇayogā nīlo paṭo ratto paṭoti vuccati, evaṃ buddhaguṇayogā buddhoti ñāpetuṃ vuttaṃ.
从此以后,“佛,这不是名字”等话,是为了让人明白“这个施设是随顺意义而安立的”才说的。其中,“友”是朋友,“伴”是同伴,“臣”是辅臣,“仆”是仆从,“眷”是父系亲属,“血亲”是母系亲属,“沙门”是出家修行的人,“婆罗门”是称“尊”的人,或者是指已经止息罪恶、排除罪恶的人,“天神”是帝释天神等天众以及梵天神。“解脱边际者”中,“解脱”是阿拉汉道,“解脱的边际”是阿拉汉果,住于这个解脱边际的,就叫“解脱边际者”。因为一切知的境界是通过阿拉汉道成就的,在阿拉汉果生起时就成就了,所以一切知的境界就存在于解脱边际之中。那个依相而安立的名称,也是存在于解脱边际中的名称,因此说:“这是诸佛世尊的解脱边际者。”在菩提树下,与证得一切知智的同时——也就是在大菩提树下那个刹那,与证得一切知智同时——这种亲证的施设,是依阿拉汉果的证得,或者依一切法的证得而成立的施设。这所谓的“佛”,也就是这个“佛”的施设,是从文句上阐明佛。
Tato paraṃ buddhoti netaṃ nāmantiādi ‘‘atthamanugatā ayaṃ paññattī’’ti ñāpanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Tattha mittā sahāyā. Amaccā bhaccā. Ñātī pitupakkhikā. Sālohitā mātupakkhikā. Samaṇā pabbajjūpagatā. Brāhmaṇā bhovādino, samitapāpabāhitapāpā vā. Devatā sakkādayo brahmāno ca. Vimokkhantikanti vimokkho arahattamaggo, vimokkhassa anto arahattaphalaṃ, tasmiṃ vimokkhante bhavaṃ vimokkhantikaṃ nāma. Sabbaññubhāvo hi arahattamaggena sijjhati, arahattaphalodaye siddho hoti, tasmā sabbaññubhāvo vimokkhante bhavo hoti. Taṃ nemittikampi nāmaṃ vimokkhante bhavaṃ nāma hoti. Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘vimokkhantikametaṃ buddhānaṃ bhagavantāna’’nti. Bodhiyā mūle saha sabbaññutaññāṇassa paṭilābhāti mahābodhirukkhamūle yathāvuttakkhaṇe sabbaññutaññāṇassa paṭilābhena saha. Sacchikā paññattīti arahattaphalasacchikiriyāya, sabbadhammasacchikiriyāya vā jātā paññatti. Yadidaṃ buddhoti yā ayaṃ buddhoti paññatti, ayaṃ byañjanato buddhavibhāvanā.
对于“如佛所教导”这一偈句,在词语分解里所说的含义,可以这样对应:入出息念们,正如佛所教导的,以某种方式被教导。这里“如”这个词包含了十种“如”的含义,以及表示方式的“如”和表示自性的“如”;因为同形省略的缘故,把它们合为一个,说成“如”,应当这样理解。而在词语分解中,由于各个“如”的含义都分别与“教导”搭配,所以用了单数的“教导”。
‘‘Yathā buddhena desitā’’tigāthāpādassa pana iminā padabhājanīye vuttatthena ayaṃ saṃsandanā – ānāpānassatiyo ca yathā buddhena desitā, yena pakārena desitā. Yathāsaddena saṅgahitā dasa yathatthā ca yathā buddhena desitā, yena pakārena desitāti pakāratthassa ca yathāsaddassa, sabhāvatthassa ca yathāsaddassa sarūpekasesavasena ekasesaṃ katvā ‘‘yathā’’ti vuttanti veditabbaṃ. Padabhājanīye panassa yathatthesu ekekassa yojanāvasena ‘‘desito’’ti ekavacanaṃ kataṃ.
因为已经说过“他要么是在家人,要么是出家人”,所以开头这个词里说的也就是“他要么是在家人,要么是出家人”。世间这个词的意思也已经说过了。“令显现”的意思是让自己的智慧清楚地显现出来。“因已正觉”是指连声闻巴拉密智也已经通达了。“照耀”指欲界世间。“辉耀”指色界世间。“令显现”指无色界世间。
‘‘Soti gahaṭṭho vā hoti pabbajito vā’’ti vuttattā ādipadepi yassa gahaṭṭhassa vā pabbajitassa vāti vuttameva hoti. Lokattho vuttoyeva. Pabhāsetīti attano ñāṇassa pākaṭaṃ karotīti attho . Abhisambuddhattāti sāvakapāramiñāṇenapi paṭividdhabhāvena. Obhāsetīti kāmāvacarabhūtaṃ lokaṃ. Bhāsetīti rūpāvacarabhūtaṃ lokaṃ. Pabhāsetīti arūpāvacarabhūtaṃ lokaṃ.
圣智:就是阿拉汉道智。离雾:就是从雾中解脱出来。雾,称为雾气。也有写成离地的读法。离烟尘:就是从烟和尘埃中解脱出来。离罗睺执:因为罗睺是月亮附近的垢染,所以用两个前缀分别说明。照耀:是具有光辉的意思。辉耀:是具有热力的意思。显耀:是具有美丽的意思。如此如此:就是像这样。然而,月亮自己照耀、辉耀、显耀,照亮此空间世间;比丘也以智慧照耀、辉耀、显耀,以智慧照亮这蕴等世间。因此,两处都不说令照耀,而只说照耀。这样说了,理由也就说到了。为什么不取极其光明闪耀的太阳作譬喻,而取月亮作譬喻呢?应当知道,因为止息一切烦恼热恼、内心寂静的比丘,具有与寂静功德相应的月亮譬喻,所以取月亮作譬喻才恰当。这样称赞了以入出息念修习成就的瑜伽行者之后,就把这十三种清净智总结显示出来。
Ariyañāṇanti arahattamaggañāṇaṃ. Mahikā muttoti mahikāya mutto. Mahikāti nīhāro vuccati. Mahiyā muttotipi pāṭho. Dhūmarajā muttoti dhūmato ca rajato ca mutto. Rāhugahaṇā vippamuttoti rāhuno candassa āsannupakkilesattā dvīhi upasaggehi visesetvā vuttaṃ. Bhāsate iti saobhāsaṭṭhena. Tapate iti satejaṭṭhena. Virocate iti ruciraṭṭhena. Evamevanti evaṃ evaṃ. Yasmā pana candopi sayaṃ bhāsanto tapanto virocanto imaṃ okāsalokaṃ obhāseti, bhikkhu ca paññāya bhāsanto tapanto virocanto imaṃ khandhādilokaṃ paññāya obhāseti, tasmā ubhayatrāpi ‘‘bhāsetī’’ti avatvā ‘‘bhāsate’’ icceva vuttaṃ. Evañhi vutte hetuatthopi vutto hoti. Ativisadatarābhasūriyopamaṃ aggahetvā kasmā candopamā gahitāti ce? Sabbakilesapariḷāhavūpasamena santassa bhikkhuno santaguṇayuttacandopamā anucchavikāti gahitāti veditabbaṃ. Evaṃ ānāpānassatibhāvanāsiddhisādhakaṃ yogāvacaraṃ thunitvā imāni terasa vodāne ñāṇānīti tāni ñāṇāni nigametvā dassetīti.