64“那时,诸比丘,维巴斯佛(Vipassī)、阿拉汉、正自觉者心中生起这样的念头:“我何不宣说正法?”接着他心想:“我所证得的此法甚深、难见、难解,寂静、殊胜,超越思量,微妙,唯智者能知。然而众生乐于爱著、耽于爱著、喜好爱著。对于乐于爱著、耽于爱著、喜好爱著的众生,此缘性缘起甚为难见;一切行的寂止、一切依的弃舍、渴爱的尽灭、离欲、灭尽、涅槃,亦甚为难见。我若宣说正法而他人不能了解,那只会令我疲劳,令我困扰。””
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ dhammaṃ deseyya’nti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa etadahosi – ‘adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo gambhīro duddaso duranubodho santo paṇīto atakkāvacaro nipuṇo paṇḍitavedanīyo. Ālayarāmā kho panāyaṃ pajā ālayaratā ālayasammuditā. Ālayarāmāya kho pana pajāya ālayaratāya ālayasammuditāya duddasaṃ idaṃ ṭhānaṃ yadidaṃ idappaccayatāpaṭiccasamuppādo. Idampi kho ṭhānaṃ duddasaṃ yadidaṃ sabbasaṅkhārasamatho sabbūpadhipaṭinissaggo taṇhākkhayo virāgo nirodho nibbānaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana dhammaṃ deseyyaṃ, pare ca me na ājāneyyuṃ; so mamassa kilamatho, sā mamassa vihesā’ti.
65“诸比丘,于是,这些稀有奇妙、前所未闻的偈颂,于维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者心中自然显现:
‘‘Apissu, bhikkhave, vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ imā anacchariyā gāthāyo paṭibhaṃsu pubbe assutapubbā –
“我以艰辛所证得,今何须再宣说;
为贪嗔所缠缚者,此法难以觉悟。”
‘逆流而行,微妙、甚深、难见、微细;
被贪欲所染的人,无所见,因为他们被黑暗之蕴所遮蔽。’
‘Kicchena me adhigataṃ, halaṃ dāni pakāsituṃ; Rāgadosaparetehi, nāyaṃ dhammo susambudho. ‘Paṭisotagāmiṃ nipuṇaṃ, gambhīraṃ duddasaṃ aṇuṃ; Rāgarattā na dakkhanti, tamokhandhena āvuṭā’ti.
“诸比丘,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者这样思惟后,心便倾向于少事无为,而不倾向于说法。
‘‘Itiha , bhikkhave, vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa paṭisañcikkhato appossukkatāya cittaṃ nami, no dhammadesanāya.
66“那时,诸比丘,有一大梵天王以自己的心,了知了维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者心中的思惟。他心中思惟:‘唉!这世间将要败坏,这世间将要毁灭!维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者的心,竟倾向于不加功用,而不倾向于宣说正法。’诸比丘,那时,那位大梵天王——犹如一位强壮的人,将弯曲的手臂伸直,或将伸直的手臂弯曲——在那样短的时间里,就从梵天界消失,出现在维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者面前。那时,诸比丘,那位大梵天王将上衣搭于一肩,右膝跪在地上,向维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者合掌,对维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者这样说:‘尊者世尊,请说法吧!善逝,请说法吧!有众生,眼垢微少。他们由于未得闻法,正在退失;他们将能了知此法。’”
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, aññatarassa mahābrahmuno vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa cetasā cetoparivitakkamaññāya etadahosi – ‘nassati vata bho loko, vinassati vata bho loko, yatra hi nāma vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa appossukkatāya cittaṃ namati , no dhammadesanāyā’ti. Atha kho so, bhikkhave, mahābrahmā seyyathāpi nāma balavā puriso samiñjitaṃ vā bāhaṃ pasāreyya, pasāritaṃ vā bāhaṃ samiñjeyya; evameva brahmaloke antarahito vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa purato pāturahosi. Atha kho so, bhikkhave, mahābrahmā ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsaṅgaṃ karitvā dakkhiṇaṃ jāṇumaṇḍalaṃ pathaviyaṃ nihantvā yena vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ etadavoca – ‘desetu, bhante, bhagavā dhammaṃ, desetu sugato dhammaṃ, santi sattā apparajakkhajātikā; assavanatā dhammassa parihāyanti, bhavissanti dhammassa aññātāro’ti.
67“诸比丘,听了这番话,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者便对那位大梵天王这样说:‘梵天神啊,我先前也曾有过这样的念头:“我何不宣说正法呢?”然而,梵天神啊,我又转而这样思惟:“我所证得的这个法,甚深、难见、难悟,寂静、微妙、超于思辨、精妙、唯有智者所能亲证。可是,众生却乐于爱著、耽于爱著、喜好爱著。对于这般乐于爱著、耽著、喜好爱著的众生而言,这个道理是难以得见的——也就是“此有故彼有,此生故彼生”的缘起。同样难以得见的,还有这个道理——也就是一切行的止息、一切依的弃舍、渴爱的灭尽、离欲、灭、涅槃。如果我宣说正法,他人却不能解了我的意,那只会是我的疲惫,只会是我的困扰。”梵天神啊,那时,这些前所未有、不可思议的偈颂便在我心中浮现出来:’”
‘‘Evaṃ vutte , bhikkhave, vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho taṃ mahābrahmānaṃ etadavoca – ‘mayhampi kho, brahme, etadahosi – ‘‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ dhammaṃ deseyya’’nti. Tassa mayhaṃ, brahme, etadahosi – ‘‘adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo gambhīro duddaso duranubodho santo paṇīto atakkāvacaro nipuṇo paṇḍitavedanīyo. Ālayarāmā kho panāyaṃ pajā ālayaratā ālayasammuditā. Ālayarāmāya kho pana pajāya ālayaratāya ālayasammuditāya duddasaṃ idaṃ ṭhānaṃ yadidaṃ idappaccayatāpaṭiccasamuppādo. Idampi kho ṭhānaṃ duddasaṃ yadidaṃ sabbasaṅkhārasamatho sabbūpadhipaṭinissaggo taṇhākkhayo virāgo nirodho nibbānaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana dhammaṃ deseyyaṃ, pare ca me na ājāneyyuṃ; so mamassa kilamatho, sā mamassa vihesā’’ti. Apissu maṃ, brahme , imā anacchariyā gāthāyo paṭibhaṃsu pubbe assutapubbā –
“我以艰辛所证得,如今何必宣说?
为贪嗔所覆蔽者,此法实难觉悟。”
“逆流而上,微妙、甚深、难见、微细;
为贪欲所染者不能见,为黑暗之蕴所遮蔽。”
‘‘Kicchena me adhigataṃ, halaṃ dāni pakāsituṃ; Rāgadosaparetehi, nāyaṃ dhammo susambudho. ‘‘Paṭisotagāmiṃ nipuṇaṃ, gambhīraṃ duddasaṃ aṇuṃ; Rāgarattā na dakkhanti, tamokhandhena āvuṭā’’ti.
梵天神啊,当我这样思惟时,心便倾向于寂然无为,而不倾向于说法。
‘Itiha me, brahme, paṭisañcikkhato appossukkatāya cittaṃ nami, no dhammadesanāyā’ti.
68“诸比丘,第二次……(中略)……第三次,那位大梵天王对维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者这样请求道:‘尊者,愿世尊开示法,愿善逝开示法。有些少尘垢的众生,若不闻法便会退失;将有了知法的人。’
‘‘Dutiyampi kho, bhikkhave, so mahābrahmā…pe… tatiyampi kho, bhikkhave, so mahābrahmā vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ etadavoca – ‘desetu, bhante, bhagavā dhammaṃ, desetu sugato dhammaṃ, santi sattā apparajakkhajātikā, assavanatā dhammassa parihāyanti, bhavissanti dhammassa aññātāro’ti.
69“诸比丘,那时,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者了知梵天神的劝请,又出于对众生的悲愍,便以佛眼观察世间。诸比丘,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者以佛眼观察世间时,看见众生中有少尘垢的、有多尘垢的,有利根的、有钝根的,有善相的、有恶相的,有易教化的、有难教化的;有些众生住于见后世与罪过的怖畏,有些众生不住于见后世与罪过的怖畏。譬如在青莲池、红莲池或白莲池中,有些青莲、红莲或白莲生于水中、长于水中,尚未出水,沉没于水中得到滋养;有些青莲、红莲或白莲生于水中、长于水中,与水面齐平而住;有些青莲、红莲或白莲生于水中、长于水中,挺出水面而住,不被水所沾染。诸比丘,正如这样,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者以佛眼观察世间时,看见众生中有少尘垢的、有多尘垢的,有利根的、有钝根的,有善相的、有恶相的,有易教化的、有难教化的;有些众生住于见后世与罪过的怖畏,有些众生不住于见后世与罪过的怖畏。
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho brahmuno ca ajjhesanaṃ viditvā sattesu ca kāruññataṃ paṭicca buddhacakkhunā lokaṃ volokesi. Addasā kho, bhikkhave, vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho buddhacakkhunā lokaṃ volokento satte apparajakkhe mahārajakkhe tikkhindriye mudindriye svākāre dvākāre suviññāpaye duviññāpaye appekacce paralokavajjabhayadassāvine viharante, appekacce na paralokavajjabhayadassāvine viharante. Seyyathāpi nāma uppaliniyaṃ vā paduminiyaṃ vā puṇḍarīkiniyaṃ vā appekaccāni uppalāni vā padumāni vā puṇḍarīkāni vā udake jātāni udake saṃvaḍḍhāni udakānuggatāni anto nimuggaposīni. Appekaccāni uppalāni vā padumāni vā puṇḍarīkāni vā udake jātāni udake saṃvaḍḍhāni samodakaṃ ṭhitāni. Appekaccāni uppalāni vā padumāni vā puṇḍarīkāni vā udake jātāni udake saṃvaḍḍhāni udakā accuggamma ṭhitāni anupalittāni udakena. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho buddhacakkhunā lokaṃ volokento addasa satte apparajakkhe mahārajakkhe tikkhindriye mudindriye svākāre dvākāre suviññāpaye duviññāpaye appekacce paralokavajjabhayadassāvine viharante, appekacce na paralokavajjabhayadassāvine viharante.
70“那时,诸比丘,那位大梵天王以自己的心了知维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者心中所思后,便以偈颂对维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者说:
‘‘Atha kho so, bhikkhave, mahābrahmā vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa cetasā cetoparivitakkamaññāya vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ gāthāhi ajjhabhāsi –
犹如立于山岩之顶,遍见四方人众;
正如此喻,善慧者登上法所成的殿堂,普眼者啊;
‘离愁者,请垂视陷溺愁苦众生。
请观照那些被生与老所征服、沉溺于忧苦的众生。
起来吧,于战斗中获胜的英雄!
商队领袖,无债者,请游行于世间。
愿世尊宣说法要,
必有能了知者。’
‘Sele yathā pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito, yathāpi passe janataṃ samantato; Tathūpamaṃ dhammamayaṃ sumedha, pāsādamāruyha samantacakkhu. ‘Sokāvatiṇṇaṃ janatamapetasoko, Avekkhassu jātijarābhibhūtaṃ; Uṭṭhehi vīra vijitasaṅgāma, Satthavāha aṇaṇa vicara loke. Desassu bhagavā dhammaṃ, Aññātāro bhavissantī’ti.
71“那时,诸比丘,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者以偈颂对那大梵天王说道:
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho taṃ mahābrahmānaṃ gāthāya ajjhabhāsi –
‘不死之门已为他们敞开,
让有耳者生起信心;
我因顾虑徒增劳苦,
梵天神啊,未在人间宣说这娴熟殊胜之法。’
‘Apārutā tesaṃ amatassa dvārā, Ye sotavanto pamuñcantu saddhaṃ; Vihiṃsasaññī paguṇaṃ na bhāsiṃ, Dhammaṃ paṇītaṃ manujesu brahme’ti.
“诸比丘,那时,那位大梵天王心想:“维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者已应允我的请求,将会说法。”便向维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者顶礼,右绕之后,当下于彼处消失不现。”
‘‘Atha kho so, bhikkhave, mahābrahmā ‘katāvakāso khomhi vipassinā bhagavatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena dhammadesanāyā’ti vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā tattheva antaradhāyi.
72“那时,诸比丘,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者心中思惟:“我应先为谁说法?谁能迅速了知此法?”接着,他这样想:“这位住在槃头摩蒂都城的堪达王子与帝萨(Tissā)祭官子,他们贤明、干练、具足智慧,久来尘垢微薄。我何不先为堪达王子与帝萨祭官子说法?他们必能迅速了知此法。”
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa etadahosi – ‘kassa nu kho ahaṃ paṭhamaṃ dhammaṃ deseyyaṃ, ko imaṃ dhammaṃ khippameva ājānissatī’ti? Atha kho, bhikkhave, vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa etadahosi – ‘ayaṃ kho khaṇḍo ca rājaputto tisso ca purohitaputto bandhumatiyā rājadhāniyā paṭivasanti paṇḍitā viyattā medhāvino dīgharattaṃ apparajakkhajātikā. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ khaṇḍassa ca rājaputtassa, tissassa ca purohitaputtassa paṭhamaṃ dhammaṃ deseyyaṃ , te imaṃ dhammaṃ khippameva ājānissantī’ti.
73“那时,诸比丘,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者,犹如一位力士屈伸手臂一般,于菩提树下消失,随即在槃头摩蒂都城的安稳鹿野苑(Migadāya)中显现出来。随后,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者对园丁说:‘来,园丁!你进入槃头摩蒂都城,对堪达王子与帝萨祭官子这样讲:“尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者已来到班土玛蒂都城,住在安稳鹿野苑。他想见你们。”’园丁应答道:‘是的,尊者。’便进入槃头摩蒂都城,对堪达王子与帝萨祭官子说:‘尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者已来到班土玛蒂都城,住在安稳鹿野苑。他想见你们。’
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho seyyathāpi nāma balavā puriso samiñjitaṃ vā bāhaṃ pasāreyya, pasāritaṃ vā bāhaṃ samiñjeyya; evameva bodhirukkhamūle antarahito bandhumatiyā rājadhāniyā kheme migadāye pāturahosi. Atha kho, bhikkhave, vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho dāyapālaṃ āmantesi – ‘ehi tvaṃ, samma dāyapāla, bandhumatiṃ rājadhāniṃ pavisitvā khaṇḍañca rājaputtaṃ tissañca purohitaputtaṃ evaṃ vadehi – vipassī, bhante, bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bandhumatiṃ rājadhāniṃ anuppatto kheme migadāye viharati, so tumhākaṃ dassanakāmo’ti. ‘Evaṃ, bhante’ti kho, bhikkhave, dāyapālo vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa paṭissutvā bandhumatiṃ rājadhāniṃ pavisitvā khaṇḍañca rājaputtaṃ tissañca purohitaputtaṃ etadavoca – ‘vipassī, bhante, bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bandhumatiṃ rājadhāniṃ anuppatto kheme migadāye viharati; so tumhākaṃ dassanakāmo’ti.
74“那时,诸比丘,堪达王子与帝萨祭官子备好了种种上好的车乘,各自登上上好的车,乘着这些上好的车从槃头摩蒂都城出发,向安稳鹿野苑行去。车行至路的尽头,他们便下车步行,来到维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者跟前。抵达之后,他们向维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者顶礼,然后坐在一旁。
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, khaṇḍo ca rājaputto tisso ca purohitaputto bhaddāni bhaddāni yānāni yojāpetvā bhaddaṃ bhaddaṃ yānaṃ abhiruhitvā bhaddehi bhaddehi yānehi bandhumatiyā rājadhāniyā niyyiṃsu. Yena khemo migadāyo tena pāyiṃsu. Yāvatikā yānassa bhūmi, yānena gantvā yānā paccorohitvā pattikāva yena vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho tenupasaṅkamiṃsu. Upasaṅkamitvā vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu.
75“维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者便为他们次第开示说法,即为:他讲说了布施之法、持戒之法、生天之法;也阐明了感官欲望的过患、卑下与杂染,以及出离的功德利益。当世尊知道他们心意堪任、调柔、没有障碍、充满喜悦、净信生起时,便开示了诸佛最殊胜的法教——苦、集、灭、道。正如一块洁净、毫无污点的布,恰好能完全吸收染料,堪达王子与帝萨祭官子就在他们坐着的地方,生起了远离尘垢、全无瑕疵的法眼:‘凡是具有生起本质的,这一切都具有灭去的本质。’
‘‘Tesaṃ vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho anupubbiṃ kathaṃ kathesi, seyyathidaṃ – dānakathaṃ sīlakathaṃ saggakathaṃ kāmānaṃ ādīnavaṃ okāraṃ saṃkilesaṃ nekkhamme ānisaṃsaṃ pakāsesi. Yadā te bhagavā aññāsi kallacitte muducitte vinīvaraṇacitte udaggacitte pasannacitte, atha yā buddhānaṃ sāmukkaṃsikā dhammadesanā, taṃ pakāsesi – dukkhaṃ samudayaṃ nirodhaṃ maggaṃ. Seyyathāpi nāma suddhaṃ vatthaṃ apagatakāḷakaṃ sammadeva rajanaṃ paṭiggaṇheyya, evameva khaṇḍassa ca rājaputtassa tissassa ca purohitaputtassa tasmiṃyeva āsane virajaṃ vītamalaṃ dhammacakkhuṃ udapādi – ‘yaṃ kiñci samudayadhammaṃ, sabbaṃ taṃ nirodhadhamma’nti.
76“他们已见法、证法、了知法、洞彻法,超越疑惑,断除种种犹豫,得无畏,于导师教法中不再依凭他人。他们便对维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者这样说:‘殊胜啊,尊者!殊胜啊,尊者!尊者,犹如将倒下的扶起,将隐藏的揭开,为迷途者指明道路,在黑暗中举起油灯,令有眼者得以见色。正是这样,世尊以种种方便阐明了法。尊者,我们从今日起皈依世尊,亦皈依法。尊者,我们愿于世尊座下出家,得受达上。’”
‘‘Te diṭṭhadhammā pattadhammā viditadhammā pariyogāḷhadhammā tiṇṇavicikicchā vigatakathaṃkathā vesārajjappattā aparappaccayā satthusāsane vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘abhikkantaṃ, bhante, abhikkantaṃ, bhante. Seyyathāpi, bhante, nikkujjitaṃ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṃ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṃ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya ‘‘cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantī’’ti. Evamevaṃ bhagavatā anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Ete mayaṃ, bhante, bhagavantaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāma dhammañca. Labheyyāma mayaṃ, bhante, bhagavato santike pabbajjaṃ, labheyyāma upasampada’nti.
77“诸比丘,如是,堪达王子与帝萨祭官之子即于维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者座下,得获出家,受取达上。维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者便以法语开示他们、劝勉他们、激励他们、令他们欢喜;为他们宣说诸行的过患、卑劣、杂染,以及涅槃的功德利益。当维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者以法语如此教导、劝勉、激励、令其欢喜时,他们不久便心无执取,从诸漏中解脱出来。”
‘‘Alatthuṃ kho , bhikkhave, khaṇḍo ca rājaputto, tisso ca purohitaputto vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa santike pabbajjaṃ alatthuṃ upasampadaṃ. Te vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho dhammiyā kathāya sandassesi samādapesi samuttejesi sampahaṃsesi; saṅkhārānaṃ ādīnavaṃ okāraṃ saṃkilesaṃ nibbāne ānisaṃsaṃ pakāsesi. Tesaṃ vipassinā bhagavatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena dhammiyā kathāya sandassiyamānānaṃ samādapiyamānānaṃ samuttejiyamānānaṃ sampahaṃsiyamānānaṃ nacirasseva anupādāya āsavehi cittāni vimucciṃsu.
大众出家
Mahājanakāyapabbajjā
78“诸比丘,槃头摩蒂都城有八万四千大众听闻了这样的消息:“维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者已抵达槃头摩蒂都城,安住于安稳鹿野苑。堪达王子与帝萨祭司子也已于维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者座下剃除须发、披上袈裟衣,离家出家,过着无家生活。”他们听闻后,心生此念:“这必定不是低劣的法和律,也必定不是低劣的出家。连堪达王子与帝萨祭司子都剃除须发、披上袈裟衣、离家出家,过着无家生活,他们尚能如此,何况我等!”于是,诸比丘,那八万四千大众便从槃头摩蒂都城出发,前往安稳鹿野苑,来到维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者跟前。抵达后,向维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者礼敬,然后退坐一面。”
‘‘Assosi kho, bhikkhave, bandhumatiyā rājadhāniyā mahājanakāyo caturāsītipāṇasahassāni – ‘vipassī kira bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bandhumatiṃ rājadhāniṃ anuppatto kheme migadāye viharati. Khaṇḍo ca kira rājaputto tisso ca purohitaputto vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa santike kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajitā’ti. Sutvāna nesaṃ etadahosi – ‘na hi nūna so orako dhammavinayo, na sā orakā pabbajjā, yattha khaṇḍo ca rājaputto tisso ca purohitaputto kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajitā. Khaṇḍo ca rājaputto tisso ca purohitaputto kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajissanti, kimaṅgaṃ pana maya’nti. Atha kho so, bhikkhave, mahājanakāyo caturāsītipāṇasahassāni bandhumatiyā rājadhāniyā nikkhamitvā yena khemo migadāyo yena vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu.
79“维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者为他们次第说法。即:布施论、戒论、生天论;并开示了诸欲的过患、堕落与杂染,以及出离的利益。当世尊了知他们内心已调柔、柔软、离盖、欢喜、清净时,便开示诸佛所自悟的法要——苦、集、灭、道。犹如一块洁净无垢的布正好可以染色,同样地,那八万四千人就在那座上,生起了无尘无垢的法眼:“凡是集法,一切都是灭法。”
‘‘Tesaṃ vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho anupubbiṃ kathaṃ kathesi. Seyyathidaṃ – dānakathaṃ sīlakathaṃ saggakathaṃ kāmānaṃ ādīnavaṃ okāraṃ saṃkilesaṃ nekkhamme ānisaṃsaṃ pakāsesi. Yadā te bhagavā aññāsi kallacitte muducitte vinīvaraṇacitte udaggacitte pasannacitte , atha yā buddhānaṃ sāmukkaṃsikā dhammadesanā, taṃ pakāsesi – dukkhaṃ samudayaṃ nirodhaṃ maggaṃ. Seyyathāpi nāma suddhaṃ vatthaṃ apagatakāḷakaṃ sammadeva rajanaṃ paṭiggaṇheyya, evameva tesaṃ caturāsītipāṇasahassānaṃ tasmiṃyeva āsane virajaṃ vītamalaṃ dhammacakkhuṃ udapādi – ‘yaṃ kiñci samudayadhammaṃ sabbaṃ taṃ nirodhadhamma’nti.
80“他们已见法、得法、知法、深入法,度越了疑惑,远离了犹豫,得无所畏,不倚他缘,安住于导师的教法。他们对维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者这样说:‘殊胜啊,尊者!殊胜啊,尊者!就像有人把倒下的扶起来,把隐藏的揭开,为迷路的人指明道路,在黑暗中持来灯烛,让有眼者得以见色。同样地,世尊以种种方便开示法。尊者,我们皈依世尊、法以及比丘僧团。愿我们得以在世尊座下出家,受达上。’
‘‘Te diṭṭhadhammā pattadhammā viditadhammā pariyogāḷhadhammā tiṇṇavicikicchā vigatakathaṃkathā vesārajjappattā aparappaccayā satthusāsane vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘abhikkantaṃ, bhante, abhikkantaṃ, bhante. Seyyathāpi, bhante, nikkujjitaṃ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṃ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṃ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya ‘‘cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantī’’ti. Evamevaṃ bhagavatā anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Ete mayaṃ, bhante, bhagavantaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāma dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañca . Labheyyāma mayaṃ, bhante, bhagavato santike pabbajjaṃ labheyyāma upasampada’’nti.
81“诸比丘,那八万四千众生在维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者座前出家、受达上。维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者以法语开示、教导、激励、令他们欢喜,向他们开示诸行的过患、堕落与杂染,以及涅槃的利益。当维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者如此以法语开示、教导、激励、令他们欢喜时,不久之后,他们的心因不执取而解脱诸漏。”
‘‘Alatthuṃ kho, bhikkhave, tāni caturāsītipāṇasahassāni vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa santike pabbajjaṃ, alatthuṃ upasampadaṃ. Te vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho dhammiyā kathāya sandassesi samādapesi samuttejesi sampahaṃsesi; saṅkhārānaṃ ādīnavaṃ okāraṃ saṃkilesaṃ nibbāne ānisaṃsaṃ pakāsesi. Tesaṃ vipassinā bhagavatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena dhammiyā kathāya sandassiyamānānaṃ samādapiyamānānaṃ samuttejiyamānānaṃ sampahaṃsiyamānānaṃ nacirasseva anupādāya āsavehi cittāni vimucciṃsu.
先前出家众的法现观
Purimapabbajitānaṃ dhammābhisamayo
82“那时,诸比丘,先前那八万四千出家人听说:‘维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者已抵达槃头摩提王城,住在安稳鹿野苑,正在说法。’于是,他们便前往槃头摩提王城的安稳鹿野苑,来到维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者面前。到达后,他们向维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者礼敬,然后退坐一面。”
‘‘Assosuṃ kho, bhikkhave, tāni purimāni caturāsītipabbajitasahassāni – ‘vipassī kira bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bandhumatiṃ rājadhāniṃ anuppatto kheme migadāye viharati, dhammañca kira desetī’ti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, tāni caturāsītipabbajitasahassāni yena bandhumatī rājadhānī yena khemo migadāyo yena vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu.
83“维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者为他们次第说法。即:先说布施论、戒论、生天论;再揭示诸欲的过患、堕落与杂染,赞叹出离的功德。当世尊了知他们心已调柔、柔软、无有盖障、欢喜且清净时,便开示诸佛所亲自证悟的法要——苦、集、灭、道。犹如一块清净无垢的布料,正好能完整地染上颜色;正是如此,那八万四千位出家人就在各自的座上,生起了远离尘垢的法眼:‘凡是集法,皆为灭法。’”
‘‘Tesaṃ vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho anupubbiṃ kathaṃ kathesi. Seyyathidaṃ – dānakathaṃ sīlakathaṃ saggakathaṃ kāmānaṃ ādīnavaṃ okāraṃ saṃkilesaṃ nekkhamme ānisaṃsaṃ pakāsesi. Yadā te bhagavā aññāsi kallacitte muducitte vinīvaraṇacitte udaggacitte pasannacitte, atha yā buddhānaṃ sāmukkaṃsikā dhammadesanā, taṃ pakāsesi – dukkhaṃ samudayaṃ nirodhaṃ maggaṃ. Seyyathāpi nāma suddhaṃ vatthaṃ apagatakāḷakaṃ sammadeva rajanaṃ paṭiggaṇheyya, evameva tesaṃ caturāsītipabbajitasahassānaṃ tasmiṃyeva āsane virajaṃ vītamalaṃ dhammacakkhuṃ udapādi – ‘yaṃ kiñci samudayadhammaṃ sabbaṃ taṃ nirodhadhamma’nti.
84“他们已见法、得法、知法、深入法,度越了疑惑,远离了犹豫,得无所畏,不倚他缘,安住于导师的教法。他们对维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者这样说:‘殊胜啊,尊者!殊胜啊,尊者!就像有人把倒下的扶起来,把隐藏的揭开,为迷路的人指明道路,在黑暗中持来灯烛,让有眼者得以见色。同样地,世尊以种种方便开示法。尊者,我们皈依世尊、法以及比丘僧团。愿我们得以在世尊座下出家,受达上。’
‘‘Te diṭṭhadhammā pattadhammā viditadhammā pariyogāḷhadhammā tiṇṇavicikicchā vigatakathaṃkathā vesārajjappattā aparappaccayā satthusāsane vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘abhikkantaṃ , bhante, abhikkantaṃ, bhante. Seyyathāpi, bhante, nikkujjitaṃ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṃ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṃ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya ‘‘cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantī’’ti. Evamevaṃ bhagavatā anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Ete mayaṃ, bhante, bhagavantaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāma dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañca. Labheyyāma mayaṃ, bhante, bhagavato santike pabbajjaṃ labheyyāma upasampada’’nti.
85“诸比丘,那八万四千位出家人,确实在维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者座下获得了出家,得受了达上。维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者以法语开示、教导、激励、令他们心生喜悦;他清晰地揭示了诸行的过患、卑劣与杂染,以及涅槃的殊胜功德。当他们受到维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者这样的法教——开示、教导、激励与喜悦之后,不久,心便无有执取,从诸漏中解脱出来。
‘‘Alatthuṃ kho, bhikkhave, tāni caturāsītipabbajitasahassāni vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa santike pabbajjaṃ alatthuṃ upasampadaṃ. Te vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho dhammiyā kathāya sandassesi samādapesi samuttejesi sampahaṃsesi; saṅkhārānaṃ ādīnavaṃ okāraṃ saṃkilesaṃ nibbāne ānisaṃsaṃ pakāsesi. Tesaṃ vipassinā bhagavatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena dhammiyā kathāya sandassiyamānānaṃ samādapiyamānānaṃ samuttejiyamānānaṃ sampahaṃsiyamānānaṃ nacirasseva anupādāya āsavehi cittāni vimucciṃsu.
86“那时,比丘们,有六百八十万比丘的大比丘僧团住在槃头摩蒂都城。维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者独处静处禅思时,心中生起这样的念头:‘如今住在槃头摩蒂城的大比丘僧团众多,有六百八十万比丘。我何不允许比丘们:“比丘们,为了众人的利益、众人的安乐,出于对世间的悲悯,为人天的利益与安乐,你们去游行吧。不要两人同行同一路。比丘们,你们要开示初善、中善、后善,有意义、善文句,完全圆满清净的梵行法。有些众生只受少许尘垢,如果不得闻法便会退失;将会有能了知法的人。而且每隔六年,应返回槃头摩蒂都城诵巴帝摩卡。”’”
‘‘Tena kho pana, bhikkhave, samayena bandhumatiyā rājadhāniyā mahābhikkhusaṅgho paṭivasati aṭṭhasaṭṭhibhikkhusatasahassaṃ. Atha kho, bhikkhave, vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa rahogatassa paṭisallīnassa evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi – ‘mahā kho etarahi bhikkhusaṅgho bandhumatiyā rājadhāniyā paṭivasati aṭṭhasaṭṭhibhikkhusatasahassaṃ, yaṃnūnāhaṃ bhikkhū anujāneyyaṃ – ‘caratha, bhikkhave, cārikaṃ bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ; mā ekena dve agamittha; desetha, bhikkhave , dhammaṃ ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāsetha. Santi sattā apparajakkhajātikā, assavanatā dhammassa parihāyanti, bhavissanti dhammassa aññātāro. Api ca channaṃ channaṃ vassānaṃ accayena bandhumatī rājadhānī upasaṅkamitabbā pātimokkhuddesāyā’’’ti.
87“那时,有一位大梵天王以心感知维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者的心念,犹如力士屈伸手臂那样,瞬间从梵界消失,出现在维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者面前。他偏袒上衣,向维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者合掌,这样说道:‘正是如此,世尊!正是如此,善逝!尊者,如今有六百八十万比丘的大比丘僧团住在槃头摩蒂都城。尊者,愿世尊准许比丘们:“比丘们,为了众人的利益、众人的安乐,出于对世间的悲悯,为人天的利益与安乐,你们去游行吧。不要两人同行同一路。比丘们,你们要开示初善、中善、后善,有意义、善文句,完全圆满清净的梵行法。有些众生只受少许尘垢,如果不得闻法便会退失;将会有能了知法的人。”尊者,我们也会这样做,使比丘们每隔六年便来到槃头摩蒂都城诵巴帝摩卡。’那位大梵天王这样说了之后,又向维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者敬礼、右绕,随即就在那里消失。”
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, aññataro mahābrahmā vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa cetasā cetoparivitakkamaññāya seyyathāpi nāma balavā puriso samiñjitaṃ vā bāhaṃ pasāreyya, pasāritaṃ vā bāhaṃ samiñjeyya. Evameva brahmaloke antarahito vipassissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa purato pāturahosi. Atha kho so, bhikkhave, mahābrahmā ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsaṅgaṃ karitvā yena vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ etadavoca – ‘evametaṃ, bhagavā, evametaṃ, sugata. Mahā kho, bhante, etarahi bhikkhusaṅgho bandhumatiyā rājadhāniyā paṭivasati aṭṭhasaṭṭhibhikkhusatasahassaṃ, anujānātu, bhante, bhagavā bhikkhū – ‘‘caratha, bhikkhave, cārikaṃ bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ; mā ekena dve agamittha; desetha, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāsetha. Santi sattā apparajakkhajātikā, assavanatā dhammassa parihāyanti, bhavissanti dhammassa aññātāro’’ti . Api ca, bhante, mayaṃ tathā karissāma yathā bhikkhū channaṃ channaṃ vassānaṃ accayena bandhumatiṃ rājadhāniṃ upasaṅkamissanti pātimokkhuddesāyā’ti. Idamavoca, bhikkhave, so mahābrahmā, idaṃ vatvā vipassiṃ bhagavantaṃ arahantaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā tattheva antaradhāyi.
88“那时,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者于傍晚从禅思中出来,对比丘们说:‘比丘们,我独处禅思时,心中生起这样的念头:如今有六百八十万比丘的大比丘僧团住在槃头摩蒂都城。我何不允许比丘们:“比丘们,为了众人的利益、众人的安乐,出于对世间的悲悯,为人天的利益与安乐,你们去游行吧。不要两人同行同一路。比丘们,你们要开示初善、中善、后善,有意义、善文句,完全圆满清净的梵行法。有些众生只受少许尘垢,如果不得闻法便会退失;将会有能了知法的人。而且每隔六年,应回到槃头摩蒂都城诵巴帝摩卡。”’
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho sāyanhasamayaṃ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘idha mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, rahogatassa paṭisallīnassa evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi – mahā kho etarahi bhikkhusaṅgho bandhumatiyā rājadhāniyā paṭivasati aṭṭhasaṭṭhibhikkhusatasahassaṃ . Yaṃnūnāhaṃ bhikkhū anujāneyyaṃ – ‘caratha, bhikkhave, cārikaṃ bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ; mā ekena dve agamittha; desetha, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāsetha. Santi sattā apparajakkhajātikā, assavanatā dhammassa parihāyanti, bhavissanti dhammassa aññātāro. Api ca, channaṃ channaṃ vassānaṃ accayena bandhumatī rājadhānī upasaṅkamitabbā pātimokkhuddesāyāti.
“那时,诸比丘,有一位大梵天王以自心知我心中所念,犹如力士屈伸手臂一般迅捷,于梵天界消失,现于我前。接着,诸比丘,那位大梵天王将上衣搭于一肩,向我合掌,对我这样说道:‘正是如此,世尊!正是如此,善逝!尊者,今时于槃头摩蒂王都,住有六百八十万比丘的大比丘僧团。尊者,愿世尊允诺诸比丘,告言:“诸比丘,为利益众生、为安乐众生、出于对世间的悲悯、为人天之利、乐与福祉而游行。莫使二人同行一道。诸比丘,宜宣说法——有众生尘垢微少,若不闻法便将退失,若得闻法,便能悟解。”尊者,我等亦当如是行:令诸比丘每至六年,皆还至槃头摩蒂王都举行诵戒。’诸比丘,那位大梵天王说了这番话,对我作礼,右绕之后,便于彼处消失。”
‘‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, aññataro mahābrahmā mama cetasā cetoparivitakkamaññāya seyyathāpi nāma balavā puriso samiñjitaṃ vā bāhaṃ pasāreyya, pasāritaṃ vā bāhaṃ samiñjeyya, evameva brahmaloke antarahito mama purato pāturahosi. Atha kho so, bhikkhave, mahābrahmā ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsaṅgaṃ karitvā yenāhaṃ tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā maṃ etadavoca – ‘‘evametaṃ, bhagavā, evametaṃ, sugata. Mahā kho, bhante, etarahi bhikkhusaṅgho bandhumatiyā rājadhāniyā paṭivasati aṭṭhasaṭṭhibhikkhusatasahassaṃ. Anujānātu, bhante, bhagavā bhikkhū – ‘caratha, bhikkhave, cārikaṃ bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ; mā ekena dve agamittha; desetha, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ…pe… santi sattā apparajakkhajātikā , assavanatā dhammassa parihāyanti, bhavissanti dhammassa aññātāro’ti. Api ca, bhante, mayaṃ tathā karissāma, yathā bhikkhū channaṃ channaṃ vassānaṃ accayena bandhumatiṃ rājadhāniṃ upasaṅkamissanti pātimokkhuddesāyā’’ti. Idamavoca, bhikkhave, so mahābrahmā, idaṃ vatvā maṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā tattheva antaradhāyi’.
“‘诸比丘,我允许你们去游行,为了许多人的利益,为了许多人的安乐,出于对世间的悲悯,为了人天的福祉、利益和安乐。不要两个人走同一条路。诸比丘,去教导法吧,这法在开头是善的,在中间是善的,在结尾是善的,有内容、有文句,去宣扬这完全圆满、清净的梵行吧。有些众生只有少许尘垢,如果没听到法就会退失,他们将会领悟法。另外,诸比丘,每过六年,你们应当回到槃头摩蒂都城来,举行诵戒。’于是,诸比丘,大部分比丘就在一天之内,出发到各地游行去了。”
‘‘‘Anujānāmi, bhikkhave, caratha cārikaṃ bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ; mā ekena dve agamittha; desetha, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāsetha. Santi sattā apparajakkhajātikā, assavanatā dhammassa parihāyanti, bhavissanti dhammassa aññātāro. Api ca, bhikkhave, channaṃ channaṃ vassānaṃ accayena bandhumatī rājadhānī upasaṅkamitabbā pātimokkhuddesāyā’ti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhū yebhuyyena ekāheneva janapadacārikaṃ pakkamiṃsu.
89“那时,赡部洲(Jambudīpa)有八万四千处居所。一年过时,诸天神便传声予人:“贤友们,一年已过,尚余五年。五年后,应赴班土玛提王城行诵戒。”两年过时……三年过时……四年过时……五年过时,诸天神又传声予人:“贤友们,五年已过,尚余一年。一年后,应赴班土玛提王城行诵戒。”六年过时,诸天神再传声予人:“贤友们,六年已过,今正是时,应赴槃头摩提王城行诵戒。”那时,诸比丘,那些比丘或有以己神通力,或有以诸天神通力,皆于同一日内返回槃头摩提王城,为行诵戒。”
‘‘Tena kho pana samayena jambudīpe caturāsīti āvāsasahassāni honti. Ekamhi hi vasse nikkhante devatā saddamanussāvesuṃ – ‘nikkhantaṃ kho, mārisā, ekaṃ vassaṃ; pañca dāni vassāni sesāni ; pañcannaṃ vassānaṃ accayena bandhumatī rājadhānī upasaṅkamitabbā pātimokkhuddesāyā’ti. Dvīsu vassesu nikkhantesu… tīsu vassesu nikkhantesu… catūsu vassesu nikkhantesu… pañcasu vassesu nikkhantesu devatā saddamanussāvesuṃ – ‘nikkhantāni kho , mārisā, pañcavassāni; ekaṃ dāni vassaṃ sesaṃ; ekassa vassassa accayena bandhumatī rājadhānī upasaṅkamitabbā pātimokkhuddesāyā’ti. Chasu vassesu nikkhantesu devatā saddamanussāvesuṃ – ‘nikkhantāni kho, mārisā, chabbassāni, samayo dāni bandhumatiṃ rājadhāniṃ upasaṅkamituṃ pātimokkhuddesāyā’ti. Atha kho te, bhikkhave, bhikkhū appekacce sakena iddhānubhāvena appekacce devatānaṃ iddhānubhāvena ekāheneva bandhumatiṃ rājadhāniṃ upasaṅkamiṃsu pātimokkhuddesāyāti .
90“就在那里,比丘们,维巴斯佛——阿拉汉、正自觉者,这样为比丘僧团宣说戒经:
‘‘Tatra sudaṃ, bhikkhave, vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bhikkhusaṅghe evaṃ pātimokkhaṃ uddisati –
忍辱、堪忍,是至高的苦行;
诸佛说涅槃为至高;
伤害他人者,非真出家;
若恼害他人,则非沙门。
诸恶莫作,众善奉行,
自净其心,这便是诸佛的教导。
‘不诽谤、不恼害,于巴帝摩卡中防护;
于食知量,居于边远坐卧处,
勤修增上心,此即是诸佛的教示。’
‘Khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā, Nibbānaṃ paramaṃ vadanti buddhā; Na hi pabbajito parūpaghātī, Na samaṇo hoti paraṃ viheṭhayanto. ‘Sabbapāpassa akaraṇaṃ, kusalassa upasampadā; Sacittapariyodapanaṃ, etaṃ buddhānasāsanaṃ. ‘Anūpavādo anūpaghāto , pātimokkhe ca saṃvaro; Mattaññutā ca bhattasmiṃ, pantañca sayanāsanaṃ; Adhicitte ca āyogo, etaṃ buddhānasāsana’nti.
91“一时,诸比丘,我住在伍咖达城(Ukkatthāya)的苏跋咖林(Subhagavana)萨喇王树下(Sālarājamūla)。诸比丘,那时我独处隐退禅修之际,心中生起这样的寻思:‘在这漫长的时间里,除了净居天之外,我还未曾到过的众生居处,实难遇到。我何不前往净居天呢?’诸比丘,于是,就像力士屈伸手臂那样,我从伍咖达城的苏跋咖林萨喇王树下消失,出现在无烦天众之中。诸比丘,在那天众当中,数千天神、数十万天神来到我前;来到之后,向我礼敬,立于一旁。诸比丘,立于一旁的那些天神对我这样说:‘尊者,从此九十一劫前,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间。尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者生为刹帝利,出身刹帝利家族。尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者姓孔丹尼亚。尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者的寿量为八万岁。尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者在波吒厘树下证得正自觉。尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者有一对弟子双贤,名为堪达与帝萨,是最上的吉祥双贤。尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者有三次弟子集会。一次弟子集会有六百八十万比丘。一次弟子集会有十万比丘。一次弟子集会有八万比丘。尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者这三次弟子集会,全部都是漏尽者。尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者有一位名为阿索咖的比丘担任侍者,是上首侍者。尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者的父亲是班土玛王(Bandhumā),生母是班土玛蒂王后。班土玛王的都城名为班土玛蒂城。尊者,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者便是如此出离、如此出家、如此精勤、如此证得正自觉、如此转于法轮。尊者,我们曾在维巴斯世尊座下修习梵行,从对诸欲的欲贪中离欲之后,投生于此。’……(中略)……”
‘‘Ekamidāhaṃ, bhikkhave, samayaṃ ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ viharāmi subhagavane sālarājamūle. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, rahogatassa paṭisallīnassa evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi – ‘na kho so sattāvāso sulabharūpo, yo mayā anāvutthapubbo iminā dīghena addhunā aññatra suddhāvāsehi devehi. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ yena suddhāvāsā devā tenupasaṅkameyya’nti. Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, seyyathāpi nāma balavā puriso samiñjitaṃ vā bāhaṃ pasāreyya, pasāritaṃ vā bāhaṃ samiñjeyya, evameva ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ subhagavane sālarājamūle antarahito avihesu devesu pāturahosiṃ . Tasmiṃ, bhikkhave, devanikāye anekāni devatāsahassāni anekāni devatāsatasahassāni yenāhaṃ tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā maṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu. Ekamantaṃ ṭhitā kho, bhikkhave, tā devatā maṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘ito so, mārisā, ekanavutikappe yaṃ vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho loke udapādi. Vipassī, mārisā, bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho khattiyo jātiyā ahosi, khattiyakule udapādi. Vipassī, mārisā, bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho koṇḍañño gottena ahosi . Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa asītivassasahassāni āyuppamāṇaṃ ahosi. Vipassī, mārisā, bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho pāṭaliyā mūle abhisambuddho. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa khaṇḍatissaṃ nāma sāvakayugaṃ ahosi aggaṃ bhaddayugaṃ. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa tayo sāvakānaṃ sannipātā ahesuṃ. Eko sāvakānaṃ sannipāto ahosi aṭṭhasaṭṭhibhikkhusatasahassaṃ. Eko sāvakānaṃ sannipāto ahosi bhikkhusatasahassaṃ. Eko sāvakānaṃ sannipāto ahosi asītibhikkhusahassāni. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa ime tayo sāvakānaṃ sannipātā ahesuṃ sabbesaṃyeva khīṇāsavānaṃ. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa asoko nāma bhikkhu upaṭṭhāko ahosi aggupaṭṭhāko. Vipassissa, mārisa, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa bandhumā nāma rājā pitā ahosi. Bandhumatī nāma devī mātā ahosi janetti. Bandhumassa rañño bandhumatī nāma nagaraṃ rājadhānī ahosi. Vipassissa, mārisā , bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa evaṃ abhinikkhamanaṃ ahosi evaṃ pabbajjā evaṃ padhānaṃ evaṃ abhisambodhi evaṃ dhammacakkappavattanaṃ. Te mayaṃ, mārisā, vipassimhi bhagavati brahmacariyaṃ caritvā kāmesu kāmacchandaṃ virājetvā idhūpapannā’ti …pe…
“就在那个天界,诸比丘,有成千上万、数十万的天人来到我面前。他们走近后,向我礼敬,退立一面。立于一旁后,诸比丘,那些天人便这样对我说:‘朋友,就在这贤劫之中,如今世间出现了一位世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者。朋友,这位世尊出身刹帝利种姓,生于刹帝利家族。朋友,这位世尊姓乔达摩(Gotama)。朋友,这位世尊寿命短促、有限且轻微;活得久的,也不过百岁左右,或稍多一些。朋友,这位世尊是在毕钵罗树下圆成菩提的。朋友,这位世尊有一对上首贤弟子,名为舍利弗(Sāriputta)与目犍连。朋友,这位世尊曾有一次弟子集会,共有一千二百五十位比丘。朋友,在那次弟子集会中,所有成员皆是漏尽者。朋友,这位世尊的侍者比丘名为阿难(Ānanda),是最上的侍者。朋友,这位世尊的父亲是净饭王(Suddhodana),生母是摩耶王后。王城是迦毗罗卫(Kapilavatthu)。朋友,这位世尊便是这样出离、这样出家、这样精进、这样成道、这样转法轮的。朋友,我们正是在这位世尊的教法下修习梵行,脱离了对于欲乐的贪染之后,因此投生于此。’”
‘‘Tasmiṃyeva kho, bhikkhave, devanikāye anekāni devatāsahassāni anekāni devatāsatasahassāni yenāhaṃ tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā maṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu. Ekamantaṃ ṭhitā kho, bhikkhave, tā devatā maṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘imasmiṃyeva kho, mārisā, bhaddakappe bhagavā etarahi arahaṃ sammāsambuddho loke uppanno. Bhagavā, mārisā, khattiyo jātiyā khattiyakule uppanno. Bhagavā, mārisā, gotamo gottena. Bhagavato, mārisā, appakaṃ āyuppamāṇaṃ parittaṃ lahukaṃ yo ciraṃ jīvati, so vassasataṃ appaṃ vā bhiyyo. Bhagavā, mārisā, assatthassa mūle abhisambuddho. Bhagavato, mārisā, sāriputtamoggallānaṃ nāma sāvakayugaṃ ahosi aggaṃ bhaddayugaṃ . Bhagavato, mārisā, eko sāvakānaṃ sannipāto ahosi aḍḍhateḷasāni bhikkhusatāni. Bhagavato, mārisā, ayaṃ eko sāvakānaṃ sannipāto ahosi sabbesaṃyeva khīṇāsavānaṃ. Bhagavato, mārisā, ānando nāma bhikkhu upaṭṭhāko ahosi aggupaṭṭhāko. Bhagavato, mārisā, suddhodano nāma rājā pitā ahosi. Māyā nāma devī mātā ahosi janetti. Kapilavatthu nāma nagaraṃ rājadhānī ahosi. Bhagavato, mārisā, evaṃ abhinikkhamanaṃ ahosi evaṃ pabbajjā evaṃ padhānaṃ evaṃ abhisambodhi evaṃ dhammacakkappavattanaṃ. Te mayaṃ, mārisā, bhagavati brahmacariyaṃ caritvā kāmesu kāmacchandaṃ virājetvā idhūpapannā’ti.
92“接着,诸比丘,我与无烦天的天人一同前往无热天的天人那里……接着,诸比丘,我又与无烦天、无热天的天人一同前往善现天的天人那里。接着,诸比丘,我又与无烦天、无热天、善现天的天人一同前往善见(Sudassa)天的天人那里。接着,诸比丘,我又与无烦天、无热天、善现天、善见天的天人一同,前往色究竟天的天人那里。在那个天众中,有数千、数十万天人来到我面前,来到后,向我礼敬,退立一面。
‘‘Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, avihehi devehi saddhiṃ yena atappā devā tenupasaṅkamiṃ…pe… atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, avihehi ca devehi atappehi ca devehi saddhiṃ yena sudassā devā tenupasaṅkamiṃ. Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, avihehi ca devehi atappehi ca devehi sudassehi ca devehi saddhiṃ yena sudassī devā tenupasaṅkamiṃ. Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, avihehi ca devehi atappehi ca devehi sudassehi ca devehi sudassīhi ca devehi saddhiṃ yena akaniṭṭhā devā tenupasaṅkamiṃ. Tasmiṃ, bhikkhave, devanikāye anekāni devatāsahassāni anekāni devatāsatasahassāni yenāhaṃ tenupasaṅkamiṃsu, upasaṅkamitvā maṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu .
“诸比丘,那些立于一旁的天神对我这样说:‘朋友,就在九十一劫之前,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间。朋友,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者出身于刹帝利种姓,生于刹帝利家族。朋友,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者的族姓是孔丹尼亚。朋友,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者的寿量有八万岁。朋友,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者于波吒厘树下证得正觉。朋友,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者有两位上首双贤弟子,名为堪达与帝萨。朋友,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者曾有过三次弟子集会:一次弟子集会有六百八十万比丘,一次有十万比丘,一次有八万比丘。朋友,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者这三次弟子集会,所有比丘皆已尽诸漏。朋友,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者有一位名为阿索咖的比丘担任侍者,是其上首侍者。朋友,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者的父亲是班土玛国王,生母是班土玛蒂王后。班土玛王的都城名为班土玛蒂城。朋友,维巴斯佛、阿拉汉、正自觉者便是如此出离、如此出家、如此精勤、如此证得正觉、如此转于法轮。朋友,我们曾在维巴斯佛座下修持梵行,从对诸欲的贪染中得以离欲,因此投生于此。’诸比丘,就在那天众之中,有无数千、无数十万的天人前来我处。他们来到之后,向我敬礼,然后立于一面。诸比丘,那些立于一面的天人对我这样说:‘朋友,就在三十一劫之前,斯奇(Sikhī)佛……(中略)……朋友,我们曾在斯奇佛座下……朋友,就在那三十一劫中,韦萨布佛(Vessabhū)……(中略)……朋友,我们曾在韦萨布佛座下……(中略)……朋友,就在此贤劫中,咖咕桑特佛(Kakusandha)、果纳嘎玛那佛(Koṇāgamana)、迦叶佛……(中略)……朋友,我们曾在咖咕桑特佛、果纳嘎玛那佛、迦叶佛座下修持梵行,从对诸欲的贪染中得以离欲,因此投生于此。’”
‘‘Ekamantaṃ ṭhitā kho, bhikkhave, tā devatā maṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘ito so, mārisā, ekanavutikappe yaṃ vipassī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho loke udapādi. Vipassī, mārisā, bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho khattiyo jātiyā ahosi. Khattiyakule udapādi. Vipassī, mārisā, bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho koṇḍañño gottena ahosi. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa asītivassasahassāni āyuppamāṇaṃ ahosi. Vipassī, mārisā, bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho pāṭaliyā mūle abhisambuddho. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa khaṇḍatissaṃ nāma sāvakayugaṃ ahosi aggaṃ bhaddayugaṃ. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa tayo sāvakānaṃ sannipātā ahesuṃ. Eko sāvakānaṃ sannipāto ahosi aṭṭhasaṭṭhibhikkhusatasahassaṃ. Eko sāvakānaṃ sannipāto ahosi bhikkhusatasahassaṃ. Eko sāvakānaṃ sannipāto ahosi asītibhikkhusahassāni. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa ime tayo sāvakānaṃ sannipātā ahesuṃ sabbesaṃyeva khīṇāsavānaṃ. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa asoko nāma bhikkhu upaṭṭhāko ahosi aggupaṭṭhāko. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa bandhumā nāma rājā pitā ahosi bandhumatī nāma devī mātā ahosi janetti. Bandhumassa rañño bandhumatī nāma nagaraṃ rājadhānī ahosi. Vipassissa, mārisā, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa evaṃ abhinikkhamanaṃ ahosi evaṃ pabbajjā evaṃ padhānaṃ evaṃ abhisambodhi, evaṃ dhammacakkappavattanaṃ. Te mayaṃ, mārisā, vipassimhi bhagavati brahmacariyaṃ caritvā kāmesu kāmacchandaṃ virājetvā idhūpapannā’ti. Tasmiṃyeva kho, bhikkhave, devanikāye anekāni devatāsahassāni anekāni devatāsatasahassāni yenāhaṃ tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā maṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu. Ekamantaṃ ṭhitā kho, bhikkhave, tā devatā maṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘ito so, mārisā, ekatiṃse kappe yaṃ sikhī bhagavā…pe… te mayaṃ, mārisā, sikhimhi bhagavati tasmiññeva kho mārisā, ekatiṃse kappe yaṃ vessabhū bhagavā…pe… te mayaṃ, mārisā, vessabhumhi bhagavati…pe… imasmiṃyeva kho, mārisā, bhaddakappe kakusandho koṇāgamano kassapo bhagavā…pe… te mayaṃ, mārisā, kakusandhamhi koṇāgamanamhi kassapamhi bhagavati brahmacariyaṃ caritvā kāmesu kāmacchandaṃ virājetvā idhūpapannā’ti.
93“诸比丘,就在那天众中,有无数千、无数十万的天人来至我处。来到之后,他们向我敬礼,立于一面。诸比丘,那些立于一面的天人对我说:‘朋友,就在此贤劫中,今有世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间。朋友,世尊生于刹帝利种姓,出身刹帝利家族。朋友,世尊的族姓是乔达摩。朋友,世尊的寿量短促、微少而轻;人寿最长不过百岁,或略超百岁。朋友,世尊于毕钵罗树下成正觉。朋友,世尊有上首双贤弟子,名为舍利弗与目犍连。朋友,世尊有一次弟子集会,有一千二百五十位比丘。朋友,在那次集会中,所有比丘皆已尽诸漏。朋友,世尊有比丘侍者,名阿难,为上首侍者。朋友,世尊的父亲是净饭王,生母是摩耶王后。都城名为迦毗罗卫。朋友,世尊如此出离,如此出家,如此精勤,如此成正觉,如此转法轮。朋友,我们依于世尊修梵行,对诸欲离欲贪后,得生此处。’”
‘‘Tasmiṃyeva kho, bhikkhave, devanikāye anekāni devatāsahassāni anekāni devatāsatasahassāni yenāhaṃ tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā maṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu. Ekamantaṃ ṭhitā kho, bhikkhave, tā devatā maṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘imasmiṃyeva kho, mārisā, bhaddakappe bhagavā etarahi arahaṃ sammāsambuddho loke uppanno. Bhagavā, mārisā, khattiyo jātiyā, khattiyakule uppanno. Bhagavā, mārisā, gotamo gottena. Bhagavato, mārisā, appakaṃ āyuppamāṇaṃ parittaṃ lahukaṃ yo ciraṃ jīvati, so vassasataṃ appaṃ vā bhiyyo. Bhagavā, mārisā, assatthassa mūle abhisambuddho. Bhagavato, mārisā, sāriputtamoggallānaṃ nāma sāvakayugaṃ ahosi aggaṃ bhaddayugaṃ. Bhagavato , mārisā, eko sāvakānaṃ sannipāto ahosi aḍḍhateḷasāni bhikkhusatāni. Bhagavato, mārisā, ayaṃ eko sāvakānaṃ sannipāto ahosi sabbesaṃyeva khīṇāsavānaṃ. Bhagavato, mārisā, ānando nāma bhikkhu upaṭṭhāko aggupaṭṭhāko ahosi. Bhagavato, mārisā, suddhodano nāma rājā pitā ahosi. Māyā nāma devī mātā ahosi janetti. Kapilavatthu nāma nagaraṃ rājadhānī ahosi. Bhagavato, mārisā, evaṃ abhinikkhamanaṃ ahosi, evaṃ pabbajjā, evaṃ padhānaṃ, evaṃ abhisambodhi, evaṃ dhammacakkappavattanaṃ. Te mayaṃ, mārisā, bhagavati brahmacariyaṃ caritvā kāmesu kāmacchandaṃ virājetvā idhūpapannā’ti.
94“诸比丘,正是如此,这是如来自身所善巧通达的法界。由于善巧通达了这一法界,如来对于过去世那些已般涅槃、断除戏论、断诸径路、竭尽轮回、超越一切苦的佛陀,能忆念其种姓,能忆念其名字,能忆念其族姓,能忆念其寿量,能忆念其双贤弟子,能忆念其弟子集会,也能忆念:‘那些世尊是如此的种姓。’也能忆念:‘那些世尊是如此的名字、如此的族姓、如此的戒行、如此的法、如此的智慧、如此的住法、如此的解脱。’
‘‘Iti kho, bhikkhave, tathāgatassevesā dhammadhātu suppaṭividdhā, yassā dhammadhātuyā suppaṭividdhattā tathāgato atīte buddhe parinibbute chinnapapañce chinnavaṭume pariyādinnavaṭṭe sabbadukkhavītivatte jātitopi anussarati, nāmatopi anussarati, gottatopi anussarati, āyuppamāṇatopi anussarati, sāvakayugatopi anussarati, sāvakasannipātatopi anussarati ‘evaṃjaccā te bhagavanto ahesuṃ’ itipi. ‘Evaṃnāmā evaṃgottā evaṃsīlā evaṃdhammā evaṃpaññā evaṃvihārī evaṃvimuttā te bhagavanto ahesuṃ’ itipīti.
“天人也向如来告知了此事。依此,如来对于过去诸佛——已般涅槃、断除戏论、断诸径路、竭尽轮回、超越一切苦者——能忆念其种姓,能忆念其名,能忆念其族姓,能忆念其寿量,能忆念其双贤弟子,能忆念其弟子集会:‘彼诸世尊为如是种姓。’亦能忆念:‘彼诸世尊为如是名、如是族姓、如是戒行、如是法、如是智慧、如是住法、如是解脱。’”
‘‘Devatāpi tathāgatassa etamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ, yena tathāgato atīte buddhe parinibbute chinnapapañce chinnavaṭume pariyādinnavaṭṭe sabbadukkhavītivatte jātitopi anussarati, nāmatopi anussarati, gottatopi anussarati, āyuppamāṇatopi anussarati, sāvakayugatopi anussarati, sāvakasannipātatopi anussarati ‘evaṃjaccā te bhagavanto ahesuṃ’ itipi. ‘Evaṃnāmā evaṃgottā evaṃsīlā evaṃdhammā evaṃpaññā evaṃvihārī evaṃvimuttā te bhagavanto ahesuṃ’ itipī’’ti.
世尊如是说。那些比丘心满意足,对世尊所说欢喜信受。
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
事件
许多比丘在午食后聚在一起,自发地谈论起关于“宿住”(过去诸佛的生平事迹)的话题。世尊以天耳听闻后,便加入他们并主动提出开示。佛陀首先详述了包括他自己在内的过去七佛的种姓、族姓、寿量、成道树、双贤弟子、弟子集会等详细信息。
开示结束后,世尊离开,比丘们对佛陀为何能知晓这些过去佛的细节展开了讨论,琢磨这究竟是佛陀自身通达法界的智慧,还是天神的告知。世尊回来后,对此作了解释,确认两者皆是:他的宿命智(善通达法界)是主因,而来自净居天等天界的天神也向他报告了他们前生跟随过去佛修行的经历。
经文摘要
比丘谈论宿住(A)→ 佛开示七佛细节(B)→ 比丘疑佛宿命智来源(C)→ 佛确认乃自证法界兼得天众告知(D)。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:从一场闲聊开始的佛法开示
你可能会觉得,一群和尚饭后没事围坐在一起聊“前代祖师爷”的八卦,是一件挺神奇的事。这部经的开头就是这么一个场景。比丘们没在讨论高深的义理,而是在谈“宿住”,也就是过去佛的生平事迹。佛陀没有斥责他们不务正业,反而走过去说:“我来给你们系统地讲讲这个。”
2. 核心:佛陀的“宿命通”不是神话,是看见了“法”的规律
这部经最核心的要点,在于解释佛陀为什么能对亿万年前诸佛的细节知道得那么清楚。经文给出两个原因:
第一,“如来自己善通达的法界”。这指的是佛陀通过自己修行,彻底看清了宇宙运行的“法则”或“规律”(法界)。就像一个经验丰富的老农,一看季节、水土,就知道去年这片地里长的是什么庄稼、收成如何。佛陀通达了“法”的运作模式,所以能如实地忆念过去。经文说那些佛:“已般涅槃、断诸戏论、断诸径路、尽诸轮转、越一切苦”,意思是他们都走过了同样一条净化、解脱的道路。看清这条路,就能理解所有走上这条路的人。
第二,是天神的告知。经文的后面大段描述了佛陀遍访四禅天,特别是净居天(不还果圣者所生之处)。那里的天神前世曾在过去佛座下修行,他们亲口告诉佛陀:“朋友,我们于维巴斯佛处行梵行,从诸欲的欲欲离欲,生于此处。” → 拆开看: 这些天人不只是提供情报,他们本身就是“法”的见证者。他们的修行经历和最终的归宿,验证了佛法跨越时间的一致性。佛陀的知见和天神的经验,两者互为印证。
3. 要旨:佛法的“宿住”,并非执着过往,而是揭示一条可复制、可验证的解脱之路
经文不单是为了满足大家对过去佛的好奇心。它通过列出七佛高度雷同的“履历”——出生、出家、成道、有双贤弟子、弟子集会等等——来揭示一个深刻的道理:觉醒之路是条铁律,充满了“法性”(Dhammatā)。无论佛是谁,在哪出生,活多久,他们证悟的过程和教化的模式都惊人地相似。
→ 一句话要旨: 佛陀的宿命通不是炫耀神通,而是通过展示过去无数佛都走过同一条路,来为我们现在走的这条路提供最坚实的背书,让我们生起“这也是我能走到终点的路”的信。
关键术语锚
- dhamma → 法:本篇中的“法界”(dhammadhātu)极易被理解为“元素界”,但它实指“法”作为一种客观规律、法则本身。佛陀通达的是解脱的底层法则,故而能知一切遵循此法则的过去佛。
- saṅgha → 僧:此处指过去佛的“弟子集会”,易错译为单纯的“僧团”。它在经文中特指那一批在当时成道的、全部是漏尽者(阿拉汉)的比丘团体,是僧宝在特定时代的辉煌具现。
- khandha → 蕴:虽未直译,但“断诸径路”(chinnapapañca)等描述,正是针对构成轮回的“五蕴”(色、受、想、行、识)的彻底超越,易忽略这组词背后的实体不如说。
- saraṇa → 皈依:在讲述诸天神前生的“行梵行”时,隐含了他们找到了真正的皈依处。此处易错解为单纯的仪式皈依,其实是过去佛作为他们精神庇护所的实修经验。
- bhagavato → 世尊:在经文中反复出现,用于称呼过去诸佛和现在的释迦牟尼佛,显示这是一个通用的、对觉悟者的尊称,而非单指释迦佛。
- deva → 天:经文大量涉及“天众”。易错译为全能的神。这里的“天”是有情众生的一种高级存在形式,寿命极长、福报很大,但仍在轮回中,他们也需要依佛修行才能解脱,是佛法有效性的旁证。