4. 种德经
4. Soṇadaṇḍasuttaṃ
瞻波城的婆罗门居士众
Campeyyakabrāhmaṇagahapatikā
300如是我闻:一时,世尊与大比丘僧众约五百人,在鸯伽国游行,抵达瞻波城,住于伽伽罗莲花池畔。那时,种德婆罗门住在瞻波城。此城人口稠密,草薪、水源丰足,谷物丰饶,是摩揭陀王斯尼亚·频婆娑罗赐予的王家封授、梵天供养地。
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā aṅgesu cārikaṃ caramāno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ pañcamattehi bhikkhusatehi yena campā tadavasari. Tatra sudaṃ bhagavā campāyaṃ viharati gaggarāya pokkharaṇiyā tīre. Tena kho pana samayena soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo campaṃ ajjhāvasati sattussadaṃ satiṇakaṭṭhodakaṃ sadhaññaṃ rājabhoggaṃ raññā māgadhena seniyena bimbisārena dinnaṃ rājadāyaṃ brahmadeyyaṃ.
301瞻波城的婆罗门和在家居士们听闻:‘诸君,那位释迦族的出家人、释迦族之子——沙门乔达摩,正在鸯伽国游行教化,与大约五百位比丘组成的大比丘众一起,已经抵达瞻波城,住在伽伽拉莲花池岸边。而关于这位乔达摩大师,已经有这样的善美名声传扬开来:"彼世尊是阿拉汉、正自觉者、明行足、善逝、世间解、无上调御丈夫、天人师、佛陀、世尊。"他亲自以证智证知、亲证之后,便向包括天、魔、梵在内的世间,向包括沙门、婆罗门、天与人等一切众生宣说。他所宣说的法,开头是善美的,中间是善美的,结尾也是善美的;他所开显的梵行,无论是意义还是文句,都圆满具足、完全清净。能得见这样的阿拉汉,实在是极大的善事。’于是,瞻波城的婆罗门和在家居士们从城中出来,成群结队,三五成群,向伽伽拉莲花池的方向走去。
Assosuṃ kho campeyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā – ‘‘samaṇo khalu bho gotamo sakyaputto sakyakulā pabbajito aṅgesu cārikaṃ caramāno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ pañcamattehi bhikkhusatehi campaṃ anuppatto campāyaṃ viharati gaggarāya pokkharaṇiyā tīre. Taṃ kho pana bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggato – ‘itipi so bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā’ti. So imaṃ lokaṃ sadevakaṃ samārakaṃ sabrahmakaṃ sassamaṇabrāhmaṇiṃ pajaṃ sadevamanussaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedeti. So dhammaṃ deseti ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāseti. Sādhu kho pana tathārūpānaṃ arahataṃ dassanaṃ hotī’’ti. Atha kho campeyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā campāya nikkhamitvā saṅghasaṅghī gaṇībhūtā yena gaggarā pokkharaṇī tenupasaṅkamanti.
302那时,种德婆罗门正在楼阁上层午休。他看见瞻波城的婆罗门与在家居士们出城后,正一队队、一群群地朝伽伽拉莲花池的方向走去。见此情景,他便唤来差役,问道:“朋友差役,瞻波城的婆罗门与居士们,为何出城后一队队、一群群地,都往伽伽拉莲花池那边去了?”差役回禀:“先生,那位释迦族出身的出家人——释迦之子沙门乔达摩,正游化于鸯伽国,他与约五百位比丘的大僧团一同抵达了瞻波城,现住在伽伽拉莲花池畔。关于那位乔达摩大师,这样美好的名声已流传开来:‘彼世尊是阿拉汉、正自觉者、明行具足、善逝、世间解、无上调御丈夫、天人师、佛陀、世尊。’这些人正是前去拜见那位乔达摩大师的。”种德说:“那么,差役,你去到那些瞻波城的婆罗门与居士们跟前,这样告诉他们:‘诸位先生,种德婆罗门有言:请诸位稍候片刻,种德婆罗门也要前去拜见沙门乔达摩。’”差役应声:“好的,先生。”便前往那些婆罗门与居士们跟前,告知道:“诸位先生,种德婆罗门有言:‘请诸位稍候片刻,种德婆罗门也要前去拜见沙门乔达摩。’”
Tena kho pana samayena soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo uparipāsāde divāseyyaṃ upagato hoti. Addasā kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo campeyyake brāhmaṇagahapatike campāya nikkhamitvā saṅghasaṅghī gaṇībhūte yena gaggarā pokkharaṇī tenupasaṅkamante. Disvā khattaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho, bho khatte, campeyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā campāya nikkhamitvā saṅghasaṅghī gaṇībhūtā yena gaggarā pokkharaṇī tenupasaṅkamantī’’ti? ‘‘Atthi kho, bho, samaṇo gotamo sakyaputto sakyakulā pabbajito aṅgesu cārikaṃ caramāno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ pañcamattehi bhikkhusatehi campaṃ anuppatto campāyaṃ viharati gaggarāya pokkharaṇiyā tīre. Taṃ kho pana bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggato – ‘itipi so bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā’ti. Tamete bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamantī’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi, bho khatte, yena campeyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā tenupasaṅkama, upasaṅkamitvā campeyyake brāhmaṇagahapatike evaṃ vadehi – ‘soṇadaṇḍo, bho, brāhmaṇo evamāha – āgamentu kira bhavanto, soṇadaṇḍopi brāhmaṇo samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamissatī’’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bho’’ti kho so khattā soṇadaṇḍassa brāhmaṇassa paṭissutvā yena campeyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā campeyyake brāhmaṇagahapatike etadavoca – ‘‘soṇadaṇḍo bho brāhmaṇo evamāha – ‘āgamentu kira bhavanto, soṇadaṇḍopi brāhmaṇo samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamissatī’’’ti.
种德之功德
Soṇadaṇḍaguṇakathā
303正当那时,约五百位从各地前来的婆罗门,为一些事务暂住在瞻波城。他们听闻了这样的消息:“据说种德婆罗门也将去拜见沙门乔达摩。”于是,那些婆罗门便前往种德婆罗门处,到后对种德婆罗门这样说:“种德尊者,听说您将去拜见沙门乔达摩,这是真的吗?”“诸位,我确实有此意——‘我自己也要去拜见沙门乔达摩。’”
Tena kho pana samayena nānāverajjakānaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ pañcamattāni brāhmaṇasatāni campāyaṃ paṭivasanti kenacideva karaṇīyena. Assosuṃ kho te brāhmaṇā – ‘‘soṇadaṇḍo kira brāhmaṇo samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamissatī’’ti. Atha kho te brāhmaṇā yena soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā soṇadaṇḍaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘saccaṃ kira bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamissatī’’ti? ‘‘Evaṃ kho me, bho, hoti – ‘ahampi samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamissāmī’’’ti.
“种德大师,请您千万不要去拜见沙门乔达摩!您去拜见沙门乔达摩并不合适。如果您去了,您的声誉将减损,而沙门乔达摩的声誉将增长。正因为您的声誉会减损,沙门乔达摩的声誉会增长,所以您不应去拜见沙门乔达摩;相反,应当是沙门乔达摩来拜见您。”
‘‘Mā bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkami. Na arahati bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ. Sace bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamissati, bhoto soṇadaṇḍassa yaso hāyissati, samaṇassa gotamassa yaso abhivaḍḍhissati. Yampi bhoto soṇadaṇḍassa yaso hāyissati, samaṇassa gotamassa yaso abhivaḍḍhissati , imināpaṅgena na arahati bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ; samaṇotveva gotamo arahati bhavantaṃ soṇadaṇḍaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ.
“种德大师,您从母系和父系两边,上溯七代,血统纯正清白,在种姓之说上无可指摘、无有非难。正因为您血统高贵、出身清白,无可指摘、无有非难,所以您不应去拜见沙门乔达摩;应当是沙门乔达摩来拜见您。”
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo ubhato sujāto mātito ca pitito ca, saṃsuddhagahaṇiko yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena. Yampi bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo ubhato sujāto mātito ca pitito ca, saṃsuddhagahaṇiko yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena, imināpaṅgena na arahati bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ; samaṇotveva gotamo arahati bhavantaṃ soṇadaṇḍaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ.
种德尊者,您是位富甲一方的人,拥有广大的财富与丰厚的资财……
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo aḍḍho mahaddhano mahābhogo…pe…
种德尊者是位通晓圣典、善持咒语的人,通达三吠陀及其词汇、仪轨、音韵、语法,以及作为第五的古史传说;他是逐词明了文法的讲解者,于世间论与大人相之学亦无缺失……
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo ajjhāyako , mantadharo, tiṇṇaṃ vedānaṃ pāragū sanighaṇḍukeṭubhānaṃ sākkharappabhedānaṃ itihāsapañcamānaṃ padako veyyākaraṇo, lokāyatamahāpurisalakkhaṇesu anavayo…pe…
种德尊者面貌端严,令人乐见,清净庄严,成就了最为殊胜的容色;他身具梵天之肤色、梵天之威仪,令人瞻仰不倦……
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo abhirūpo dassanīyo pāsādiko paramāya vaṇṇapokkharatāya samannāgato brahmavaṇṇī brahmavacchasī akhuddāvakāso dassanāya…pe…
种德尊者持戒严谨,戒行成熟,具足成熟圆满的戒德……
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo sīlavā vuddhasīlī vuddhasīlena samannāgato…pe…
种德尊者言辞优雅,善巧表达,具足如都城雅士般的谈吐,话语流畅明晰,无有瑕疵,足以阐明义趣……
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo kalyāṇavāco kalyāṇavākkaraṇo poriyā vācāya samannāgato vissaṭṭhāya anelagalāya atthassa viññāpaniyā…pe…
种德尊者是众多学子的导师,乃至导师之师,教授三百位年轻婆罗门学生讽诵咒语。更有诸多来自各个地区、各个国度的年轻婆罗门,为求咒语、渴望通达咒语,远道来到种德尊者座前……
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo bahūnaṃ ācariyapācariyo tīṇi māṇavakasatāni mante vāceti. Bahū kho pana nānādisā nānājanapadā māṇavakā āgacchanti bhoto soṇadaṇḍassa santike mantatthikā mante adhiyitukāmā …pe…
种德尊者年迈、年长、高龄,已到了人生的最后阶段;而沙门乔达摩年纪尚轻,且于年轻之时出家……
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo jiṇṇo vuddho mahallako addhagato vayoanuppatto; samaṇo gotamo taruṇo ceva taruṇapabbajito ca…pe…
种德尊者为摩揭陀国色尼亚·频婆娑罗王所恭敬、尊重、尊崇、敬仰和礼遇……
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo rañño māgadhassa seniyassa bimbisārassa sakkato garukato mānito pūjito apacito…pe…
种德尊者为婆罗门逋伽沙帝所恭敬、尊重、尊崇、敬仰和礼遇……
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇassa pokkharasātissa sakkato garukato mānito pūjito apacito…pe…
“种德尊者住于瞻波城。此城人口稠密,水草、薪木、谷物丰饶,是摩揭陀国色尼亚·频婆娑罗王所赐的王室封地、梵天赠礼。种德尊者住在这样一座人口稠密,水草、薪木、谷物丰饶,由摩揭陀国色尼亚·频婆娑罗王赐予的王室封地、梵天赠礼——仅凭这一项,种德尊者便不应前去拜见沙门乔达摩;反倒是沙门乔达摩应当来拜访种德尊者。”
‘‘Bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo campaṃ ajjhāvasati sattussadaṃ satiṇakaṭṭhodakaṃ sadhaññaṃ rājabhoggaṃ, raññā māgadhena seniyena bimbisārena dinnaṃ, rājadāyaṃ brahmadeyyaṃ. Yampi bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo campaṃ ajjhāvasati sattussadaṃ satiṇakaṭṭhodakaṃ sadhaññaṃ rājabhoggaṃ, raññā māgadhena seniyena bimbisārena dinnaṃ, rājadāyaṃ brahmadeyyaṃ. Imināpaṅgena na arahati bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ; samaṇotveva gotamo arahati bhavantaṃ soṇadaṇḍaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamitu’’nti.
佛功德论
Buddhaguṇakathā
304待他们说完,种德婆罗门便对众婆罗门说:
Evaṃ vutte, soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo te brāhmaṇe etadavoca –
“那么,诸位,也请听我说。正是我们应当去拜见那位乔达摩尊者,而非让乔达摩尊者来见我们。诸位,沙门乔达摩从母系与父系两方面皆出身良善,血统纯正,七代祖系清净无染,在种姓上全无指摘与訾议。正因沙门乔达摩从母系与父系两方面皆出身良善,血统纯正,七代祖系清净无染,于种姓无可指摘、无可訾议,仅此一项,那位乔达摩尊者便不宜来见我们;相反,我们才应当去拜见那位乔达摩尊者。”
‘‘Tena hi, bho, mamapi suṇātha, yathā mayameva arahāma taṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ; natveva arahati so bhavaṃ gotamo amhākaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ. Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo ubhato sujāto mātito ca pitito ca, saṃsuddhagahaṇiko yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā, akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena. Yampi bho samaṇo gotamo ubhato sujāto mātito ca pitito ca saṃsuddhagahaṇiko yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā, akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena, imināpaṅgena na arahati so bhavaṃ gotamo amhākaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ ; atha kho mayameva arahāma taṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ.
“诸位,沙门乔达摩确实舍离了庞大的亲族而出家……”
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo mahantaṃ ñātisaṅghaṃ ohāya pabbajito…pe…
“诸位,沙门乔达摩确实舍弃了大量金银财宝而出家——无论地下的窖藏,还是高处的积聚……”
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo pahūtaṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ ohāya pabbajito bhūmigatañca vehāsaṭṭhaṃ ca…pe…
沙门乔达摩确实年少出家,那时他还年轻,头发乌黑亮泽,正值青春盛年,人生初度,便舍离家庭,过着无家的生活……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo daharova samāno yuvā susukāḷakeso bhadrena yobbanena samannāgato paṭhamena vayasā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajito…pe…
沙门乔达摩确实在父母心不情愿,泪流满面,哭泣之际,剃除须发,披上袈裟,舍家离俗,出家而过无家之生活……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo akāmakānaṃ mātāpitūnaṃ assumukhānaṃ rudantānaṃ kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajito…pe…
沙门乔达摩确实容貌端正,相好庄严,具足最上等的容色光采,有梵天之容貌、梵天之威仪,身相无有局促,堪为瞻仰……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo abhirūpo dassanīyo pāsādiko paramāya vaṇṇapokkharatāya samannāgato, brahmavaṇṇī, brahmavacchasī, akhuddāvakāso dassanāya…pe…
那位沙门乔达摩确实有戒行,具足圣者之戒与善戒,为善戒所成就。
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo sīlavā ariyasīlī kusalasīlī kusalasīlena samannāgato…pe…
那位沙门乔达摩确实辞令优美、演说善巧,具足文雅、流畅、清晰、无过失、能善达义理的语言。
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo kalyāṇavāco kalyāṇavākkaraṇo poriyā vācāya samannāgato vissaṭṭhāya anelagalāya atthassa viññāpaniyā…pe…
那位沙门乔达摩确实是众多人的导师,也是导师们的导师。
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo bahūnaṃ ācariyapācariyo…pe…
那位沙门乔达摩啊,确已灭尽欲染,远离轻浮……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo khīṇakāmarāgo vigatacāpallo…pe…
那位沙门乔达摩啊,确实是业论者、行为论者,对婆罗门族群,不以邪恶为先导……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo kammavādī kiriyavādī apāpapurekkhāro brahmaññāya pajāya…pe…
那位沙门乔达摩啊,确是从高贵家族出家,从血统纯正的刹帝利家族出家……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo uccā kulā pabbajito asambhinnakhattiyakulā…pe…
“那位沙门乔达摩,确实是从富足豪贵、资财丰饶的家族出家的……”
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo aḍḍhā kulā pabbajito mahaddhanā mahābhogā…pe…
“各位,这位沙门乔达摩,远方诸国、诸城的人们都前来向他请问……”
‘‘Samaṇaṃ khalu, bho, gotamaṃ tiroraṭṭhā tirojanapadā pañhaṃ pucchituṃ āgacchanti…pe…
“各位,这位沙门乔达摩,有数以千计的天众,以生命皈依了他……”
‘‘Samaṇaṃ khalu, bho, gotamaṃ anekāni devatāsahassāni pāṇehi saraṇaṃ gatāni…pe…
朋友,这位沙门乔达摩有如此美名传扬:‘彼世尊是阿拉汉、正自觉者、明行足、善逝、世间解、无上士、调御丈夫、天人师、佛、世尊’……
‘‘Samaṇaṃ khalu, bho, gotamaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggato – ‘itipi so bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā’ ti…pe…
朋友,这位沙门乔达摩具足三十二种大丈夫相……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo dvattiṃsamahāpurisalakkhaṇehi samannāgato…pe…
朋友,这位沙门乔达摩常以欢迎之语待人,和蔼可亲,令人欢喜,从不皱眉,面容舒展,主动先与人说话……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo ehisvāgatavādī sakhilo sammodako abbhākuṭiko uttānamukho pubbabhāsī…pe…
朋友,这位沙门乔达摩受到四众的恭敬、尊重、崇仰、尊崇与礼遇……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo catunnaṃ parisānaṃ sakkato garukato mānito pūjito apacito…pe…
朋友,众多天神与众人对沙门乔达摩生起了深厚的净信……
‘‘Samaṇe khalu, bho, gotame bahū devā ca manussā ca abhippasannā…pe…
朋友,沙门乔达摩所住的村落或城镇,非人便不会侵扰那里的人们……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo yasmiṃ gāme vā nigame vā paṭivasati, na tasmiṃ gāme vā nigame vā amanussā manusse viheṭhenti…pe…
朋友,沙门乔达摩统领僧团,为大众之师,被尊为众多宗派开创者中的最上者。而其他沙门、婆罗门的名声,是以这样或那样的方式得来的,沙门乔达摩的名声却并非如此得来。他的名声,是凭借无上的明行具足而获得的。
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo saṅghī gaṇī gaṇācariyo puthutitthakarānaṃ aggamakkhāyati. Yathā kho pana, bho, etesaṃ samaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ yathā vā tathā vā yaso samudāgacchati, na hevaṃ samaṇassa gotamassa yaso samudāgato. Atha kho anuttarāya vijjācaraṇasampadāya samaṇassa gotamassa yaso samudāgato…pe…
朋友,摩揭陀国频婆娑罗王率同其子、后妃、眷属及大臣,尽形寿皈依沙门乔达摩。
‘‘Samaṇaṃ khalu, bho, gotamaṃ rājā māgadho seniyo bimbisāro saputto sabhariyo sapariso sāmacco pāṇehi saraṇaṃ gato…pe…
朋友,憍萨罗国波斯匿王亦率同其子、后妃、眷属及大臣,尽形寿皈依沙门乔达摩。
‘‘Samaṇaṃ khalu, bho, gotamaṃ rājā pasenadi kosalo saputto sabhariyo sapariso sāmacco pāṇehi saraṇaṃ gato…pe…
朋友,婆罗门逋伽沙帝也携同儿子、妻子、眷属与大臣,尽形寿皈依沙门乔达摩……
‘‘Samaṇaṃ khalu, bho, gotamaṃ brāhmaṇo pokkharasāti saputto sabhariyo sapariso sāmacco pāṇehi saraṇaṃ gato…pe…
朋友,沙门乔达摩受到摩揭陀国频婆娑罗王的恭敬、尊重、礼敬、供养与崇敬……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo rañño māgadhassa seniyassa bimbisārassa sakkato garukato mānito pūjito apacito…pe…
朋友,沙门乔达摩受到憍萨罗国波斯匿王的恭敬、尊重、礼敬、供养与崇敬……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo rañño pasenadissa kosalassa sakkato garukato mānito pūjito apacito…pe…
诸位,沙门乔达摩为逋伽沙帝婆罗门所恭敬、尊重、礼敬、供养、敬奉……
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo brāhmaṇassa pokkharasātissa sakkato garukato mānito pūjito apacito…pe…
诸位,沙门乔达摩已抵达瞻波,住在城外的伽伽拉莲花池畔。诸位当知,任何沙门或婆罗门,但凡来到我们的村落范围,便是我们的客人。客人理应受到我们的恭敬、尊重、礼敬、供养与敬奉。沙门乔达摩既已来到瞻波,住在伽伽拉莲花池畔,这位沙门乔达摩就是我们的客人。身为客人,他应当受到我们的恭敬、尊重、礼敬、供养与敬奉。单凭此理,那位尊贵的乔达摩便不应来见我们,反倒是我们应当去拜见他。诸位,我所知道的那位乔达摩的功德,只有这些。然而那位乔达摩的功德绝非仅此,他的功德实是无量。
‘‘Samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo campaṃ anuppatto, campāyaṃ viharati gaggarāya pokkharaṇiyā tīre. Ye kho pana, bho, keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā amhākaṃ gāmakhettaṃ āgacchanti atithī no te honti. Atithī kho panamhehi sakkātabbā garukātabbā mānetabbā pūjetabbā apacetabbā. Yampi, bho, samaṇo gotamo campaṃ anuppatto campāyaṃ viharati gaggarāya pokkharaṇiyā tīre, atithimhākaṃ samaṇo gotamo; atithi kho panamhehi sakkātabbo garukātabbo mānetabbo pūjetabbo apacetabbo. Imināpaṅgena na arahati so bhavaṃ gotamo amhākaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ. Atha kho mayameva arahāma taṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ. Ettake kho ahaṃ, bho, tassa bhoto gotamassa vaṇṇe pariyāpuṇāmi, no ca kho so bhavaṃ gotamo ettakavaṇṇo. Aparimāṇavaṇṇo hi so bhavaṃ gotamo’’ti.
305如此说罢,那些婆罗门便对种德婆罗门说道:“正如尊贵的种德所赞叹的那样,即使那位乔达摩尊者住于百由旬之外,也足以令有信心的善男子背上干粮前去拜见。”种德说:“那么,诸位,我们大家都去拜见沙门乔达摩吧。”
Evaṃ vutte, te brāhmaṇā soṇadaṇḍaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘yathā kho bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo samaṇassa gotamassa vaṇṇe bhāsati ito cepi so bhavaṃ gotamo yojanasate viharati, alameva saddhena kulaputtena dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ api puṭosenā’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi, bho, sabbeva mayaṃ samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamissāmā’’ti.
种德生起疑虑
Soṇadaṇḍaparivitakko
306于是,种德婆罗门与一大群婆罗门一起,前往伽伽拉莲花池。当种德婆罗门走到树林那边时,他心中生起了这样的思惟:“如果我去向沙门乔达摩提问,而沙门乔达摩这样对我说:‘婆罗门,这个问题不该这样问;婆罗门,这个问题应当这样问。’那么在场的大众就会轻视我,说:‘种德婆罗门既愚钝又不明事理,连如何适当向沙门乔达摩提问都不懂。’倘被大众轻视,我的名声便会受损;名声受损,我的财富也会减损,须知我们的财富是依名声而得。再者,如果沙门乔达摩反问我一个问题,我的回答不能令他满意,他这样说:‘婆罗门,这个问题不该这样回答;婆罗门,这个问题应当这样回答。’那么在场的大众也会轻视我,说:‘种德婆罗门既愚钝又不明事理,竟没有能力回答沙门乔达摩的问题。’倘被大众轻视,我的名声便会受损;名声受损,我的财富也会减损,须知我们的财富是依名声而得。又或者,我已走到如此近的地方,却没有见到沙门乔达摩便转身返回,那么在场的大众就会轻视我,说:‘种德婆罗门既愚钝又不明事理,傲慢固执,胆小畏缩,竟不敢去见沙门乔达摩。哪有已经走到这么近的地方,却不看一眼沙门乔达摩就掉头返回的道理?’倘被大众轻视,名声便会受损;名声受损,财富也会减损,须知我们的财富是依名声而得。”
Atha kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo mahatā brāhmaṇagaṇena saddhiṃ yena gaggarā pokkharaṇī tenupasaṅkami. Atha kho soṇadaṇḍassa brāhmaṇassa tirovanasaṇḍagatassa evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi – ‘‘ahañceva kho pana samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ pañhaṃ puccheyyaṃ; tatra ce maṃ samaṇo gotamo evaṃ vadeyya – ‘na kho esa, brāhmaṇa, pañho evaṃ pucchitabbo, evaṃ nāmesa, brāhmaṇa , pañho pucchitabbo’ti, tena maṃ ayaṃ parisā paribhaveyya – ‘bālo soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo abyatto, nāsakkhi samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ yoniso pañhaṃ pucchitu’nti. Yaṃ kho panāyaṃ parisā paribhaveyya, yasopi tassa hāyetha. Yassa kho pana yaso hāyetha, bhogāpi tassa hāyeyyuṃ. Yasoladdhā kho panamhākaṃ bhogā. Mamañceva kho pana samaṇo gotamo pañhaṃ puccheyya, tassa cāhaṃ pañhassa veyyākaraṇena cittaṃ na ārādheyyaṃ; tatra ce maṃ samaṇo gotamo evaṃ vadeyya – ‘na kho esa, brāhmaṇa, pañho evaṃ byākātabbo, evaṃ nāmesa, brāhmaṇa, pañho byākātabbo’ti, tena maṃ ayaṃ parisā paribhaveyya – ‘bālo soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo abyatto, nāsakkhi samaṇassa gotamassa pañhassa veyyākaraṇena cittaṃ ārādhetu’nti. Yaṃ kho panāyaṃ parisā paribhaveyya, yasopi tassa hāyetha. Yassa kho pana yaso hāyetha, bhogāpi tassa hāyeyyuṃ. Yasoladdhā kho panamhākaṃ bhogā. Ahañceva kho pana evaṃ samīpagato samāno adisvāva samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ nivatteyyaṃ, tena maṃ ayaṃ parisā paribhaveyya – ‘bālo soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo abyatto mānathaddho bhīto ca, no visahati samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamituṃ, kathañhi nāma evaṃ samīpagato samāno adisvā samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ nivattissatī’ti. Yaṃ kho panāyaṃ parisā paribhaveyya, yasopi tassa hāyetha. Yassa kho pana yaso hāyetha, bhogāpi tassa hāyeyyuṃ, yasoladdhā kho panamhākaṃ bhogā’’ti.
307那时,种德婆罗门来到世尊面前。相见后,与世尊互相问候,彼此叙说亲切、值得忆念的话语后,退坐一旁。那些瞻波城的婆罗门与居士们,有的向世尊顶礼后退坐一旁;有的与世尊互相问候,互致亲切、值得忆念之语后退坐一旁;有的朝世尊合掌鞠躬后退坐一旁;有的通报姓名与族姓后退坐一旁;有的则默然退坐一旁。
Atha kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Campeyyakāpi kho brāhmaṇagahapatikā appekacce bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu; appekacce bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodiṃsu; sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu; appekacce yena bhagavā tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu; appekacce nāmagottaṃ sāvetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu; appekacce tuṇhībhūtā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu.
308那时,种德婆罗门坐在那里,心中仍被种种念头所困扰:'如果我先向沙门乔达摩提问,而沙门乔达摩却这样说我:“婆罗门,这个问题不应该这样问,婆罗门,这个问题应当这样问。”那么,在场的众人便会因此轻视我,说:“这个种德婆罗门既愚笨又笨拙,连向沙门乔达摩恰当地提问都不会。”一旦遭到众人轻视,我的声望就会下降。谁的声望下降了,他的财富也会随之减损。毕竟,我们的财富是依凭声望得来的。如果沙门乔达摩先向我提问,而我的回答未能令他心满意,沙门乔达摩又这样说我:“婆罗门,这个问题不应该这样回答,婆罗门,这个问题应当这样回答。”那么,在场的众人便会因此轻视我,说:“这个种德婆罗门既愚笨又笨拙,连令沙门乔达摩心满意的回答都给不出来。”一旦遭到众人轻视,我的声望就会下降。谁的声望下降了,他的财富也会随之减损。毕竟,我们的财富是依凭声望得来的。唉,要是沙门乔达摩问及我自家师承的三吠陀学问就好了,那我定能给他的心一个满意的回答。'
Tatrapi sudaṃ soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo etadeva bahulamanuvitakkento nisinno hoti – ‘‘ahañceva kho pana samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ pañhaṃ puccheyyaṃ; tatra ce maṃ samaṇo gotamo evaṃ vadeyya – ‘na kho esa, brāhmaṇa, pañho evaṃ pucchitabbo, evaṃ nāmesa, brāhmaṇa, pañho pucchitabbo’ti, tena maṃ ayaṃ parisā paribhaveyya – ‘bālo soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo abyatto, nāsakkhi samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ yoniso pañhaṃ pucchitu’nti. Yaṃ kho panāyaṃ parisā paribhaveyya, yasopi tassa hāyetha. Yassa kho pana yaso hāyetha, bhogāpi tassa hāyeyyuṃ. Yasoladdhā kho panamhākaṃ bhogā. Mamañceva kho pana samaṇo gotamo pañhaṃ puccheyya, tassa cāhaṃ pañhassa veyyākaraṇena cittaṃ na ārādheyyaṃ; tatra ce maṃ samaṇo gotamo evaṃ vadeyya – ‘na kho esa, brāhmaṇa, pañho evaṃ byākātabbo, evaṃ nāmesa, brāhmaṇa, pañho byākātabbo’ti, tena maṃ ayaṃ parisā paribhaveyya – ‘bālo soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo abyatto, nāsakkhi samaṇassa gotamassa pañhassa veyyākaraṇena cittaṃ ārādhetu’nti. Yaṃ kho panāyaṃ parisā paribhaveyya, yasopi tassa hāyetha. Yassa kho pana yaso hāyetha, bhogāpi tassa hāyeyyuṃ. Yasoladdhā kho panamhākaṃ bhogā. Aho vata maṃ samaṇo gotamo sake ācariyake tevijjake pañhaṃ puccheyya, addhā vatassāhaṃ cittaṃ ārādheyyaṃ pañhassa veyyākaraṇenā’’ti.
婆罗门的建立
Brāhmaṇapaññatti
309那时,世尊以自心了知种德婆罗门心中的种种思虑,便这样想:'这位种德婆罗门正受自心思虑所困。我何不就他自家师承的三吠陀学问,向他提个问题呢?'于是,世尊对种德婆罗门说:'婆罗门,成就几项条件后,婆罗门们才会认定一个人是婆罗门,而且当他说“我是婆罗门”时,能说得合乎道理,不犯妄语呢?'
Atha kho bhagavato soṇadaṇḍassa brāhmaṇassa cetasā cetoparivitakkamaññāya etadahosi – ‘‘vihaññati kho ayaṃ soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo sakena cittena. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ soṇadaṇḍaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ sake ācariyake tevijjake pañhaṃ puccheyya’’nti. Atha kho bhagavā soṇadaṇḍaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘katihi pana, brāhmaṇa, aṅgehi samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapenti; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyyā’’ti?
310那时,种德婆罗门心中思忖:“这正是我所期待、我所希求、我心所念、我志所向之事——啊,但愿沙门乔达摩能就我们自己的师传、三吠陀的学问向我提问,若能以对问题的解答令他的心完全满足,我必定能做到!”而今,沙门乔达摩果真问起了我们自己师传的三吠陀学问。我必能以对问题的解答,令他的心完全满足。”
Atha kho soṇadaṇḍassa brāhmaṇassa etadahosi – ‘‘yaṃ vata no ahosi icchitaṃ, yaṃ ākaṅkhitaṃ, yaṃ adhippetaṃ, yaṃ abhipatthitaṃ – ‘aho vata maṃ samaṇo gotamo sake ācariyake tevijjake pañhaṃ puccheyya, addhā vatassāhaṃ cittaṃ ārādheyyaṃ pañhassa veyyākaraṇenā’ti, tatra maṃ samaṇo gotamo sake ācariyake tevijjake pañhaṃ pucchati. Addhā vatassāhaṃ cittaṃ ārādhessāmi pañhassa veyyākaraṇenā’’ti.
311于是,种德婆罗门挺直身体,环顾大众,对世尊说道:“乔达摩尊者,具足这五支的,婆罗门们便认定他为婆罗门;当他说‘我是婆罗门’时,既能说得如理,又不致犯下妄语。是哪五支呢?乔达摩尊者,在此,一位婆罗门从母方与父方两系皆是血统纯正,家世清净,向上追溯七代祖先,皆清白无瑕,在种姓论议上无可指摘、无可非难;他通达经典、受持圣典,于三部吠陀——连同词汇详解、仪轨规则、音韵剖析及作为第五部的古史记传——悉皆究竟,他是知字明辨、精通文法的,并于世间学问与大人相无不晓了;他相貌端正,令人见即欣悦,肤色极为清净,具足梵天般的庄严威仪与光明,无少可讥;他戒行具足,且于戒久已修习,具备了为有德者所称叹的戒;他又聪敏,具智慧,是那些手持祭祀汤勺者中的第一或第二。乔达摩尊者,具足这五支的,婆罗门们便认定他为婆罗门;当他说‘我是婆罗门’时,既能说得如理,又不致犯下妄语。”
Atha kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo abbhunnāmetvā kāyaṃ anuviloketvā parisaṃ bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘pañcahi, bho gotama, aṅgehi samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapenti; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyya. Katamehi pañcahi? Idha, bho gotama, brāhmaṇo ubhato sujāto hoti mātito ca pitito ca, saṃsuddhagahaṇiko yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena; ajjhāyako hoti mantadharo tiṇṇaṃ vedānaṃ pāragū sanighaṇḍukeṭubhānaṃ sākkharappabhedānaṃ itihāsapañcamānaṃ padako veyyākaraṇo lokāyatamahāpurisalakkhaṇesu anavayo; abhirūpo hoti dassanīyo pāsādiko paramāya vaṇṇapokkharatāya samannāgato brahmavaṇṇī brahmavacchasī akhuddāvakāso dassanāya; sīlavā hoti vuddhasīlī vuddhasīlena samannāgato; paṇḍito ca hoti medhāvī paṭhamo vā dutiyo vā sujaṃ paggaṇhantānaṃ. Imehi kho, bho gotama, pañcahi aṅgehi samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapenti; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyyā’’ti.
“那么,婆罗门,于这五种条件中,是否可舍去一种,仅以四种条件,婆罗门便认定其为婆罗门,且当他自称‘我是婆罗门’时,所说合理,不犯妄语呢?” “可以,乔达摩尊者。乔达摩尊者,于这五种条件中,我们可将容貌舍去。容貌又能起何关键作用呢?乔达摩尊者,只要一位婆罗门母系与父系双方血统纯正,上溯七代祖先,家世清白,于血统论中无可指责、无有非议;又是通晓经典、受持圣典者,通达三部吠陀,兼明其词汇解释、仪轨规则、音韵分说,以及作为第五部的古代史传,熟知字句,通晓文法,于世间论和大人相上无所不达;又具足戒行,久修戒行,戒行成熟;又具足智慧,聪慧明利,是持祭勺者中的第一或第二。乔达摩尊者,具足此四种条件的,婆罗门便认定其为婆罗门,且当他自称‘我是婆罗门’时,所说合理,不犯妄语。”
‘‘Imesaṃ pana, brāhmaṇa, pañcannaṃ aṅgānaṃ sakkā ekaṃ aṅgaṃ ṭhapayitvā catūhaṅgehi samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapetuṃ; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyyā’’ti? ‘‘Sakkā , bho gotama. Imesañhi, bho gotama, pañcannaṃ aṅgānaṃ vaṇṇaṃ ṭhapayāma. Kiñhi vaṇṇo karissati? Yato kho, bho gotama, brāhmaṇo ubhato sujāto hoti mātito ca pitito ca saṃsuddhagahaṇiko yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena; ajjhāyako ca hoti mantadharo ca tiṇṇaṃ vedānaṃ pāragū sanighaṇḍukeṭubhānaṃ sākkharappabhedānaṃ itihāsapañcamānaṃ padako veyyākaraṇo lokāyatamahāpurisalakkhaṇesu anavayo; sīlavā ca hoti vuddhasīlī vuddhasīlena samannāgato; paṇḍito ca hoti medhāvī paṭhamo vā dutiyo vā sujaṃ paggaṇhantānaṃ. Imehi kho bho gotama catūhaṅgehi samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapenti; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyyā’’ti.
312“那么,婆罗门,在这四项条件中,是否可能舍去其中一项,仅凭其余三项,婆罗门们便可认定他为婆罗门,他自称‘我是婆罗门’时,说得正当,又不会违犯妄语呢?”“可能的,乔达摩尊者。乔达摩尊者,在这四项条件中,我们可舍去咒语。咒语又有什么用呢?只要一位婆罗门从父母双方皆是善生,血统纯净,上溯七代皆无争议,不受种姓方面的非难;他又具戒行,成就了圆满的戒行;并且他有智慧,在那些手持祭勺的人中,堪称第一或第二聪慧者——乔达摩尊者,具足这三项条件,婆罗门们便认定他为婆罗门,他自称‘我是婆罗门’时,说得正当,又不会违犯妄语。”
‘‘Imesaṃ pana, brāhmaṇa, catunnaṃ aṅgānaṃ sakkā ekaṃ aṅgaṃ ṭhapayitvā tīhaṅgehi samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapetuṃ; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyyā’’ti? ‘‘Sakkā, bho gotama. Imesañhi, bho gotama, catunnaṃ aṅgānaṃ mante ṭhapayāma. Kiñhi mantā karissanti? Yato kho, bho gotama, brāhmaṇo ubhato sujāto hoti mātito ca pitito ca saṃsuddhagahaṇiko yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena; sīlavā ca hoti vuddhasīlī vuddhasīlena samannāgato; paṇḍito ca hoti medhāvī paṭhamo vā dutiyo vā sujaṃ paggaṇhantānaṃ. Imehi kho, bho gotama, tīhaṅgehi samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapenti; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyyā’’ti.
“那么,婆罗门,在这三项条件中,是否可能再舍去一项,仅凭两项,婆罗门们便可认定他为婆罗门,他自称‘我是婆罗门’时,说得正当,又不会违犯妄语呢?”“可能的,乔达摩尊者。乔达摩尊者,在这三项条件中,我们可舍去出身。出身又有什么用呢?只要一位婆罗门有戒行,成就了圆满的戒行;并且他有智慧,在那些手持祭勺的人中,堪称第一或第二聪慧者——乔达摩尊者,具足这两项条件,婆罗门们便认定他为婆罗门,他自称‘我是婆罗门’时,说得正当,又不会违犯妄语。”
‘‘Imesaṃ pana, brāhmaṇa, tiṇṇaṃ aṅgānaṃ sakkā ekaṃ aṅgaṃ ṭhapayitvā dvīhaṅgehi samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapetuṃ; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyyā’’ti? ‘‘Sakkā, bho gotama. Imesañhi, bho gotama, tiṇṇaṃ aṅgānaṃ jātiṃ ṭhapayāma. Kiñhi jāti karissati? Yato kho, bho gotama, brāhmaṇo sīlavā hoti vuddhasīlī vuddhasīlena samannāgato; paṇḍito ca hoti medhāvī paṭhamo vā dutiyo vā sujaṃ paggaṇhantānaṃ. Imehi kho, bho gotama, dvīhaṅgehi samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapenti; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyyā’’ti.
313听了这话,那些婆罗门便对种德婆罗门说:“尊贵的种德婆罗门莫这样说!尊贵的种德婆罗门莫这样说!您这是在诋毁容貌,诋毁咒语,彻底否弃出身。尊贵的种德婆罗门,您这是一边倒向沙门乔达摩的论调啊!”
Evaṃ vutte, te brāhmaṇā soṇadaṇḍaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘mā bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo evaṃ avaca, mā bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo evaṃ avaca. Apavadateva bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo vaṇṇaṃ, apavadati mante, apavadati jātiṃ ekaṃsena. Bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo samaṇasseva gotamassa vādaṃ anupakkhandatī’’ti.
314这时,世尊对那些婆罗门这样说:“诸位婆罗门,若你们心里这样想:‘种德婆罗门学识浅薄,种德婆罗门口才不善,种德婆罗门智慧不足,种德婆罗门没有能力就这段话与沙门乔达摩对谈。’那么,就让种德婆罗门退下,你们来与我讨论这段话。但若你们心里这样想:‘种德婆罗门多闻广博,种德婆罗门口才出众,种德婆罗门智慧深妙,种德婆罗门有能力就这段话与沙门乔达摩对谈。’那么,你们就退下,让种德婆罗门来与我讨论。”
Atha kho bhagavā te brāhmaṇe etadavoca – ‘‘sace kho tumhākaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ evaṃ hoti – ‘appassuto ca soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo, akalyāṇavākkaraṇo ca soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo, duppañño ca soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo, na ca pahoti soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo samaṇena gotamena saddhiṃ asmiṃ vacane paṭimantetu’nti, tiṭṭhatu soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo, tumhe mayā saddhiṃ mantavho asmiṃ vacane. Sace pana tumhākaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ evaṃ hoti – ‘bahussuto ca soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo, kalyāṇavākkaraṇo ca soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo, paṇḍito ca soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo, pahoti ca soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo samaṇena gotamena saddhiṃ asmiṃ vacane paṭimantetu’nti, tiṭṭhatha tumhe, soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo mayā saddhiṃ paṭimantetū’’ti.
315听了这话,种德婆罗门对世尊这样说:“请乔达摩尊者暂且停下,请乔达摩尊者默然,我当以如法的方式亲自回应他们。”然后,种德婆罗门对那些婆罗门这样说:“诸位大人请不要这样说,诸位大人请不要这样说:‘种德大人这简直是在诋毁容貌,诋毁咒语,彻底诋毁出身。种德大人您只是一味地附和沙门乔达摩的论调。’诸位,我并没有诋毁容貌,也没有诋毁咒语,更没有诋毁出身。”
Evaṃ vutte, soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘tiṭṭhatu bhavaṃ gotamo, tuṇhī bhavaṃ gotamo hotu, ahameva tesaṃ sahadhammena paṭivacanaṃ karissāmī’’ti. Atha kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo te brāhmaṇe etadavoca – ‘‘mā bhavanto evaṃ avacuttha, mā bhavanto evaṃ avacuttha – ‘apavadateva bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo vaṇṇaṃ, apavadati mante, apavadati jātiṃ ekaṃsena. Bhavaṃ soṇadaṇḍo samaṇasseva gotamassa vādaṃ anupakkhandatī’ti. Nāhaṃ, bho, apavadāmi vaṇṇaṃ vā mante vā jātiṃ vā’’ti.
316那时,种德婆罗门的外甥——一位名叫盎迦的青年,正坐在那集会中。于是,种德婆罗门对诸婆罗门这样说:“诸位,你们看见那位青年盎迦——我的外甥了吗?”“是的,尊者。”“诸位,青年盎迦英俊、好看、令人悦目,具足最上等的容貌与光彩,犹如梵天之容貌、梵天之威仪,相貌不凡,无有琐碎之处。在这整个集会中,除了沙门乔达摩,没有人在容貌上能与他相提并论。青年盎迦通晓咒语,善于持诵,精通三部吠陀,连同它们的词汇、仪轨、音韵,以及作为第五支的历史传说;熟稔字句与文法,于顺世论及大人相方面亦无有不足。他正是由我教导咒语的。青年盎迦从父母双方皆是善生,血统纯净,上溯七代皆不受质疑,未受到种姓方面的非难。他的父母我都认识。然而,假如青年盎迦也杀生、偷盗、与他人妻子通奸、说谎、饮酒,诸位,到了这个地步,容貌又有何用?咒语又有何用?出身又有何用?因此,诸位,只要一位婆罗门具足戒行,成就圆满的戒行,并且拥有智慧,能在那些手持祭勺的人中,成为第一或第二聪慧者——诸位,只要具备此二法,婆罗门们便认定他为婆罗门,而当他自称‘我是婆罗门’时,此语正确,且不犯妄语。”
Tena kho pana samayena soṇadaṇḍassa brāhmaṇassa bhāgineyyo aṅgako nāma māṇavako tassaṃ parisāyaṃ nisinno hoti. Atha kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo te brāhmaṇe etadavoca – ‘‘passanti no bhonto imaṃ aṅgakaṃ māṇavakaṃ amhākaṃ bhāgineyya’’nti? ‘‘Evaṃ, bho’’. ‘‘Aṅgako kho, bho, māṇavako abhirūpo dassanīyo pāsādiko paramāya vaṇṇapokkharatāya samannāgato brahmavaṇṇī brahmavacchasī akhuddāvakāso dassanāya, nāssa imissaṃ parisāyaṃ samasamo atthi vaṇṇena ṭhapetvā samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ. Aṅgako kho māṇavako ajjhāyako mantadharo, tiṇṇaṃ vedānaṃ pāragū sanighaṇḍukeṭubhānaṃ sākkharappabhedānaṃ itihāsapañcamānaṃ padako veyyākaraṇo lokāyatamahāpurisalakkhaṇesu anavayo. Ahamassa mante vācetā. Aṅgako kho māṇavako ubhato sujāto mātito ca pitito ca saṃsuddhagahaṇiko yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena. Ahamassa mātāpitaro jānāmi. Aṅgako kho māṇavako pāṇampi haneyya, adinnampi ādiyeyya , paradārampi gaccheyya, musāvādampi bhaṇeyya, majjampi piveyya, ettha dāni, bho, kiṃ vaṇṇo karissati, kiṃ mantā, kiṃ jāti? Yato kho, bho, brāhmaṇo sīlavā ca hoti vuddhasīlī vuddhasīlena samannāgato, paṇḍito ca hoti medhāvī paṭhamo vā dutiyo vā sujaṃ paggaṇhantānaṃ. Imehi kho, bho, dvīhaṅgehi samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapenti; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyyā’’ti.
317“婆罗门,在这两支之中,可否搁置其中一支,仅凭另一支,婆罗门便能安立某人为婆罗门;如此一来,当他声称‘我是婆罗门’时,所说即为如实,而不致犯下妄语呢?”“乔达摩尊者,这并不可行。乔达摩尊者,慧是由戒所清净的,戒是由慧所清净的。有戒之处即是有慧,有慧之处即是有戒。具戒者即具慧,具慧者即具戒。而且,戒与慧,在世间被尊为最上。乔达摩尊者,就譬如以手洗手,或以脚洗脚;同样地,乔达摩尊者,慧是由戒所清净的,戒是由慧所清净的。有戒之处即是有慧,有慧之处即是有戒。具戒者即具慧,具慧者即具戒。而且,戒与慧,在世间被尊为最上。”“正是如此,婆罗门,正是如此,婆罗门。慧的确是由戒所清净的,戒是由慧所清净的。有戒之处即是有慧,有慧之处即是有戒。具戒者即具慧,具慧者即具戒。而且,戒与慧,在世间被尊为最上。婆罗门,就譬如以手洗手,或以脚洗脚;同样地,婆罗门,慧是由戒所清净的,戒是由慧所清净的。有戒之处即是有慧,有慧之处即是有戒。具戒者即具慧,具慧者即具戒。而且,戒与慧,在世间被尊为最上。”
‘‘Imesaṃ pana, brāhmaṇa, dvinnaṃ aṅgānaṃ sakkā ekaṃ aṅgaṃ ṭhapayitvā ekena aṅgena samannāgataṃ brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇaṃ paññapetuṃ; ‘brāhmaṇosmī’ti ca vadamāno sammā vadeyya, na ca pana musāvādaṃ āpajjeyyā’’ti? ‘‘No hidaṃ, bho gotama. Sīlaparidhotā hi, bho gotama, paññā; paññāparidhotaṃ sīlaṃ. Yattha sīlaṃ tattha paññā, yattha paññā tattha sīlaṃ. Sīlavato paññā, paññavato sīlaṃ. Sīlapaññāṇañca pana lokasmiṃ aggamakkhāyati. Seyyathāpi, bho gotama, hatthena vā hatthaṃ dhoveyya, pādena vā pādaṃ dhoveyya; evameva kho, bho gotama, sīlaparidhotā paññā, paññāparidhotaṃ sīlaṃ. Yattha sīlaṃ tattha paññā, yattha paññā tattha sīlaṃ. Sīlavato paññā, paññavato sīlaṃ. Sīlapaññāṇañca pana lokasmiṃ aggamakkhāyatī’’ti. ‘‘Evametaṃ, brāhmaṇa, evametaṃ, brāhmaṇa, sīlaparidhotā hi, brāhmaṇa, paññā, paññāparidhotaṃ sīlaṃ. Yattha sīlaṃ tattha paññā, yattha paññā tattha sīlaṃ. Sīlavato paññā, paññavato sīlaṃ. Sīlapaññāṇañca pana lokasmiṃ aggamakkhāyati. Seyyathāpi, brāhmaṇa, hatthena vā hatthaṃ dhoveyya, pādena vā pādaṃ dhoveyya; evameva kho, brāhmaṇa, sīlaparidhotā paññā, paññāparidhotaṃ sīlaṃ. Yattha sīlaṃ tattha paññā, yattha paññā tattha sīlaṃ. Sīlavato paññā, paññavato sīlaṃ. Sīlapaññāṇañca pana lokasmiṃ aggamakkhāyati .
318“那么,婆罗门,什么是那‘戒’?什么是那‘慧’呢?”
“乔达摩尊者,关于这个道理,我们所知的仅有这些了。善哉,愿乔达摩尊者亲自为此所说的道理开显其义。”
“那么,婆罗门,你仔细谛听,善加用心思惟,我将宣说。”
“是的,尊者。”种德婆罗门回答世尊。世尊这样说道:
“婆罗门,于此,如来出现于世,是阿拉汉、正自觉者……(中间省略,广说可依照经文段落的详述展开)。婆罗门,如是,比丘便具足戒。婆罗门,此即是那‘戒’……(中间省略,广说可依经展开)他进入并安住于初禅……进入并安住于第二禅……进入并安住于第三禅……进入并安住于第四禅……他引导心、转向于智见,这便成为他的慧……他彻知‘不再有后有’,这便成为他的慧。婆罗门,此即是那‘慧’。”
‘‘Katamaṃ pana taṃ, brāhmaṇa, sīlaṃ? Katamā sā paññā’’ti? ‘‘Ettakaparamāva mayaṃ, bho gotama, etasmiṃ atthe. Sādhu vata bhavantaṃyeva gotamaṃ paṭibhātu etassa bhāsitassa attho’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi, brāhmaṇa, suṇohi; sādhukaṃ manasikarohi; bhāsissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bho’’ti kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo bhagavato paccassosi. Bhagavā etadavoca – ‘‘idha, brāhmaṇa, tathāgato loke uppajjati arahaṃ sammāsambuddho…pe… (yathā 190-212 anucchedesu tathā vitthāretabbaṃ). Evaṃ kho, brāhmaṇa, bhikkhu sīlasampanno hoti. Idaṃ kho taṃ, brāhmaṇa, sīlaṃ…pe… paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati…pe… dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ…pe… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ…pe… catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati…pe… ñāṇadassanāya cittaṃ abhinīharati, abhininnāmeti. Idampissa hoti paññāya…pe… nāparaṃ itthattāyāti pajānāti, idampissa hoti paññāya ayaṃ kho sā, brāhmaṇa, paññā’’ti.
种德表明成为近事男
Soṇadaṇḍaupāsakattapaṭivedanā
319听了这话,种德婆罗门对世尊这样说:“真是殊胜啊,乔达摩尊者!真是殊胜啊,乔达摩尊者!乔达摩尊者,就好像有人把倒下的扶起来,把隐藏的揭开,为迷路的人指明道路,又好像在黑暗中举着油灯,让有眼者能看见诸色;同样地,乔达摩尊者以种种方式把法讲得清清楚楚。我从今以后,尽形寿,皈依乔达摩尊者、皈依法、皈依比丘僧团。请您忆持我为近事男。乔达摩尊者,请您答应我,明日与比丘僧团一同来我家中应供。”世尊默然应允。
Evaṃ vutte, soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘abhikkantaṃ , bho gotama, abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama . Seyyathāpi, bho gotama, nikkujjitaṃ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṃ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṃ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya, ‘cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantī’ti; evamevaṃ bhotā gotamena anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Esāhaṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi, dhammañca, bhikkhusaṅghañca. Upāsakaṃ maṃ bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ saraṇaṃ gataṃ . Adhivāsetu ca me bhavaṃ gotamo svātanāya bhattaṃ saddhiṃ bhikkhusaṅghenā’’ti. Adhivāsesi bhagavā tuṇhībhāvena.
320那时,种德婆罗门知道世尊已经应允,便从座起身,向世尊行礼,右绕之后离去。当夜过后,种德婆罗门在自己家中备好了上等的嚼食和啖食,然后派人去禀告世尊:“乔达摩尊者,时间到了,饭食已经备好。”于是,世尊在午前时分,穿好下衣,持钵与衣,与比丘僧团一同前往种德婆罗门的住处。抵达后,在已铺设好的座位上坐下。那时,种德婆罗门亲手以上等的嚼食和啖食供养以佛陀为首的比丘僧团,令他们饱足。
Atha kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo bhagavato adhivāsanaṃ viditvā uṭṭhāyāsanā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā pakkāmi. Atha kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo tassā rattiyā accayena sake nivesane paṇītaṃ khādanīyaṃ bhojanīyaṃ paṭiyādāpetvā bhagavato kālaṃ ārocāpesi – ‘‘kālo, bho gotama, niṭṭhitaṃ bhatta’’nti. Atha kho bhagavā pubbaṇhasamayaṃ nivāsetvā pattacīvaramādāya saddhiṃ bhikkhusaṅghena yena soṇadaṇḍassa brāhmaṇassa nivesanaṃ tenupasaṅkami ; upasaṅkamitvā paññatte āsane nisīdi. Atha kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo buddhappamukhaṃ bhikkhusaṅghaṃ paṇītena khādanīyena bhojanīyena sahatthā santappesi sampavāresi.
321那时,种德婆罗门见世尊用餐已毕、手离钵盂,便取来一张矮座,坐于一旁。坐于一旁的种德婆罗门对世尊这样说道:“乔达摩尊者,若我身在大众之中,从座起身向乔达摩尊者行礼,大众便会轻慢于我。若大众轻慢我,我的名望便会衰减;名望既衰,财富也会随之衰减。我们的财富实乃依名望所得。乔达摩尊者,若我身在大众之中,我双手合十,便请乔达摩尊者以此视为我已从座起身行礼。乔达摩尊者,若我身在大众之中,我解下头巾,便请乔达摩尊者以此视为我已行头顶礼。乔达摩尊者,若我乘于车驾,从车驾下来向乔达摩尊者行礼,大众便会轻慢于我。若大众轻慢我,我的名望便会衰减;名望既衰,财富也会随之衰减。我们的财富实乃依名望所得。乔达摩尊者,若我乘于车驾,我举起刺棒,便请乔达摩尊者以此视为我已从车驾下来。乔达摩尊者,若我乘于车驾,我压低伞盖,便请乔达摩尊者以此视为我已行头顶礼。”
Atha kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo bhagavantaṃ bhuttāviṃ onītapattapāṇiṃ aññataraṃ nīcaṃ āsanaṃ gahetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ahañceva kho pana, bho gotama, parisagato samāno āsanā vuṭṭhahitvā bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ abhivādeyyaṃ, tena maṃ sā parisā paribhaveyya. Yaṃ kho pana sā parisā paribhaveyya, yasopi tassa hāyetha. Yassa kho pana yaso hāyetha, bhogāpi tassa hāyeyyuṃ. Yasoladdhā kho panamhākaṃ bhogā. Ahañceva kho pana, bho gotama, parisagato samāno añjaliṃ paggaṇheyyaṃ, āsanā me taṃ bhavaṃ gotamo paccuṭṭhānaṃ dhāretu. Ahañceva kho pana, bho gotama, parisagato samāno veṭhanaṃ omuñceyyaṃ, sirasā me taṃ bhavaṃ gotamo abhivādanaṃ dhāretu. Ahañceva kho pana, bho gotama, yānagato samāno yānā paccorohitvā bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ abhivādeyyaṃ, tena maṃ sā parisā paribhaveyya. Yaṃ kho pana sā parisā paribhaveyya, yasopi tassa hāyetha, yassa kho pana yaso hāyetha, bhogāpi tassa hāyeyyuṃ. Yasoladdhā kho panamhākaṃ bhogā. Ahañceva kho pana, bho gotama, yānagato samāno patodalaṭṭhiṃ abbhunnāmeyyaṃ, yānā me taṃ bhavaṃ gotamo paccorohanaṃ dhāretu. Ahañceva kho pana, bho gotama, yānagato samāno chattaṃ apanāmeyyaṃ, sirasā me taṃ bhavaṃ gotamo abhivādanaṃ dhāretū’’ti.
322那时,世尊以法语教导、策励、令种德婆罗门欢喜之后,从座而起,便离去了。
Atha kho bhagavā soṇadaṇḍaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ dhammiyā kathāya sandassetvā samādapetvā samuttejetvā sampahaṃsetvā uṭṭhāyāsanā pakkāmīti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 世尊、本法的主角 |
| Soṇadaṇḍa | 种德 | 瞻波城的大婆罗门、本法的主要对话者 |
| khatta | 差役 | 为种德传话 |
| nānāverajjakā brāhmaṇā | 从各地前来的婆罗门 | 劝阻种德去见佛陀,后被种德说服 |
| campeyyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā | 瞻波城的婆罗门和在家居士 | 大众,事件的缘起之一及旁观者 |
| Seniya Bimbisāra | 频婆娑罗 | 摩揭陀国国王,赏赐领地给种德 |
| Pokkharasāti | 逋伽沙帝 | 一位受人尊敬的婆罗门 |
地点
佛陀与大比丘僧团在鸯伽国游行,抵达瞻波城,住在城外的嘎嘎拉莲花池畔。
事件
佛陀的盛名传到瞻波城,婆罗门居士们纷纷前去拜见。大婆罗门种德也决定前往,却遭到五百名婆罗门的劝阻,他们认为以种德的高贵出身、财富、学识和地位,应该是佛陀来拜见他。种德并未恼怒,反而如数列举佛陀更为殊胜、远胜于己的种种功德,说服大众一同前往。会面时,种德内心忐忑,怕提问不当遭人耻笑,佛陀以他心通知晓其虑,直接切入主题,与他探讨什么才是真正的婆罗门。
经文摘要
众人劝阻种德拜见佛陀(A)→ 种德以佛功德巨大为由说服众人(B)→ 佛陀与种德展开关于“真正婆罗门”标准的对话,最终归结为戒与慧(C)→ 种德皈依并请求佛陀应供(D)。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:一场关于“身份”的极限拉扯
这部经一开始就火力全开,充满了戏剧性。大婆罗门种德想去见佛陀,结果一群同行跳出来,用学历、财富、血统、颜值、国王恩宠等一堆“世俗成功学”指标来证明:你比他牛多了,该他来见你!
这像不像今天人们常说的“我是什么身份,怎么能主动去见他”?
2. 核心:种德的反击——用“功德”碾压“身份”
种德没有被这些恭维冲昏头,反而给同僚们上了一课。他逐一比对:
- 你们说我血统好?“沙门乔达摩父母双方都是善生”。
- 你们说我富有?“沙门乔达摩出家前是刹帝利王子,出身高贵、财产丰厚”。
- 你们说我学问高?“远方的国土、远方的城镇的人们都来向沙门乔达摩请教问题”。
- 你们说我受国王尊敬?“马嘎达国的色尼亚·宾比萨拉王与其子、妻子、眷属、大臣们都皈命归依了沙门乔达摩”。
最后,他抛出了一个最狠的对比:“那些沙门婆罗门的名声是以各种方式获得的,但沙门乔达摩的名声不是那样获得的。沙门乔达摩的名声是以无上的明行足获得的”。
→ 拆开看: 这是在直接点破,世间的名声靠包装和炒作,但佛陀的名声是靠内在的智慧(明)和德行(行)自然赢得的,这才是硬通货。这一下就把论一个人的价值标准,从外在的“标签”拉回到了内在的“品质”。
3. 要旨:回到根本——什么是真正的“厉害”?
真正的交锋在于佛陀问:婆罗门凭什么自称婆罗门而不算妄语?经过讨论,答案锁死在“戒”与“慧”这两支。种德甚至用最生活化的比喻来理解它:
“‘慧被戒洗净;戒被慧洗净。有戒之处即有慧,有慧之处即有戒。’……‘犹如以手洗手,或以足洗足’”。
→ 拆开看: 这不是在玩文字游戏。“手洗手”这个比喻绝妙:你很难分清到底是左手洗了右手,还是右手洗了左手,它们互相成就、缺一不可。同样,没有智慧的戒律是僵化的束缚,没有戒行的智慧是空谈和狂慧。
→ 一句话要旨: 这部经本质上在说,一个生灵的“种姓”或“价值”不取决于出身或外在成就,而取决于其戒行(道德修养)与智慧(对实相的洞察)是否清净圆满,二者如手洗手,一体不二。
关键术语锚
- sīla → 戒/戒行
为何易错: 容易被误解为消极的“禁止做什么”。在本经中,它是主动的、清净的生活方式,是慧的基石,是用来“洗”慧的那只手。
- paññā → 慧(三学之一)
为何易错: 不是一般的聪明或知识,特指对身心实相(如四圣谛、缘起)的观照和洞察力。这里是与戒互相成就,破除烦恼的根本力量。
- vijjācaraṇa-sampanna →明行足
为何易错: 种德反复用这个词称赞佛陀,它是一个复合词,“明”(vijjā)指智慧,“行”(caraṇa)指德行,合起来指佛陀具足圆满的智慧与德行。这就是种德拿来碾压一切世俗成就的终极标准。
- samaṇa → 沙门
为何易错: 本经高频出现,不仅指佛教出家人,泛指古印度反婆罗门传统的修行者。婆罗门用此词时带一点他者意味,而佛陀用它指真正的、追求寂静的修行者。
- brāhmaṇa → 婆罗门
为何易错: 在本经中意义在不断解构和重构。从世俗的、以血统定义的“婆罗门”,通过对话,佛陀将其重新定义为以“戒”和“慧”作为实质、道德的“真婆罗门”。