五、皮革犍度
5. Cammakkhandhako
索那拘利维萨事等的注释
Soṇakoḷivisakathādivaṇṇanā
242皮革犍度中所说的‘毛被覆’:是指将两面之毛竖立而制成的毛质被覆。也有将两面棉絮竖立而织成的被覆,为了区别于彼,才称为‘毛被覆’。
242. Cammakkhandhake uṇṇapāvāraṇanti ubhato lomāni uṭṭhāpetvā kataṃ uṇṇamayaṃ pāvāraṇaṃ, ubhato kappāsapicuṃ uṭṭhāpetvā vītapāvāropi atthi, tato nivattanatthaṃ ‘‘uṇṇapāvāraṇa’’nti vuttaṃ.
‘半月石’是指嵌在阶梯底部,将一半埋入地中而安置的半圆形石板。在经文中,‘精舍的背阴处’是指精舍边缘的阴影,也有人说是指精舍阴影逐渐延长之处。
Aḍḍhacandapāsāṇeti sopānamūle upaḍḍhaṃ anto pavesetvā ṭhapite aḍḍhapāsāṇe. Pāḷiyaṃ vihārapacchāyāyanti vihārapaccante chāyāya, vihārassa vaḍḍhamānacchāyāyantipi vadanti.
243243. ‘诸受用’是目的格用作主格的词。‘过度’是指过于拉长、生硬而沉闷。‘具妙音’是指具足甜美柔和的音调。‘过于松缓’是指沉闷微弱。‘精进之止’是指与精进相应的止。所谓‘于此处取相’,意思是:在那种平衡状态存在时,会有如镜中脸影一般的相生起,你应当执取那止的相、观的相、道的相、果的相,令其生起。如此,便为他开示了以阿罗汉果为究竟的业处。
243.Bhogāti upayogatthe paccattavacanaṃ. Accāyatāti atiāyatā kharamucchanā. Saravatīti madhurasarasaṃyuttā. Atisithilā mandamucchanā. Vīriyasamathanti vīriyasampayuttasamathaṃ. Tattha ca nimittaṃ gaṇhāhīti tasmiñca samabhāve sati yaṃ ādāse mukhanimittaṃ viya nimittaṃ uppajjati, taṃ samathanimittaṃ, vipassanānimittaṃ, magganimittaṃ, phalanimittañca gaṇhāhi nibbattehīti, evamassa arahattapariyosānaṃ kammaṭṭhānaṃ kathitaṃ.
244244. ‘六因’是指六种原因。‘决意’是指通达之后安住于其中。‘决意于出离’等一切说法,都是依阿罗汉果而说的。因为阿罗汉果从一切烦恼中出离,故称为‘出离’;正因为远离了那些烦恼,故称为‘远离’;由于没有嗔害,故称为‘无嗔’;因在执取灭尽之边际生起,故称为‘执取灭尽’;因在渴爱灭尽之边际生起,故称为‘渴爱灭尽’;由于没有愚痴,故称为‘无痴’。
244.Chaṭhānānīti cha kāraṇāni. Adhimuttoti paṭivijjhitvā ṭhito. Nekkhammādhimuttotiādi sabbaṃ arahattavasena vuttaṃ. Arahattañhi sabbakilesehi nikkhantattā nekkhammaṃ, teheva ca pavivittattā paviveko, byāpajjābhāvato abyāpajjaṃ, upādānassa khayante uppannattā upādānakkhayo, taṇhakkhayante uppannattā taṇhakkhayo, sammohābhāvato asammohoti ca vuccati.
‘唯纯信’指纯粹、不杂证悟之慧,唯以信为根本。‘累积’指由反复修习而得增长。‘因离贪故’指因藉由道证悟,贪已灭尽,故通达、证知名为‘出离’的阿罗汉果而安住。其余文句亦同此理。‘决意于远离’意为:‘我决意于远离’,如此记说阿罗汉果。
Kevalaṃ saddhāmattakanti kevalaṃ paṭivedhapaññāya asammissaṃ saddhāmattakaṃ. Paṭicayanti punappunaṃ karaṇena vaḍḍhiṃ. Vītarāgattāti maggapaṭivedhena rāgassa vigatattā eva nekkhammasaṅkhātaṃ arahattaṃ paṭivijjhitvā sacchikatvā ṭhito hoti. Sesapadesupi eseva nayo. Pavivekādhimuttoti ‘‘paviveke adhimutto aha’’nti evaṃ arahattaṃ byākarotīti attho.
‘戒禁取’指执取戒与禁制而持守的邪执。‘从核心返回’指了知其为核心而返回。‘决意于无嗔’指记说无嗔的阿罗汉果。
Sīlabbataparāmāsanti sīlañca vatañca parāmasitvā gahitaggahaṇamattaṃ. Sārato paccāgacchantoti sārabhāvena jānanto. Abyāpajjādhimuttoti abyāpajjaṃ arahattaṃ byākaroti.
‘不混杂’指未被混杂的状态。烦恼会使心与所缘相杂,因烦恼已断,故称为不混杂。‘强风暴雨’指猛烈的风团。
Amissīkatanti amissakataṃ. Kilesā hi ārammaṇena saddhiṃ cittaṃ missaṃ karonti, tesaṃ abhāvā amissīkataṃ. Bhusā vātavuṭṭhīti balavavātakkhandho.
‘及取灭尽’是为目的格义而用的属格。‘见处之生起’是指见到了眼等诸处的生与灭后。‘心解脱’是说依此观修,由果等至而心得解脱。
Upādānakkhayassa cāti upayogatthe sāmivacanaṃ. Disvā āyatanuppādanti cakkhādiāyatanānaṃ uppādañca vayañca disvā. Cittaṃ vimuccatīti imāya vipassanāpaṭipattiyā phalasamāpattivasena cittaṃ vimuccati.
禁止双层等鞋履之事的注释
Diguṇādiupāhanapaṭikkhepakathāvaṇṇanā
245245. ‘车运’是指由两辆车所限定的运载量。‘运’虽为复数,但在作为‘黄金’的修饰语时,依其共相而用单数‘黄金’。
245.Sakaṭavāheti dvīhi sakaṭehi paricchinne vāhe. ‘‘Vāhe’’ti bahuvacanassa hiraññavisesanattepi sāmaññāpekkhāya ‘‘hirañña’’nti ekavacanaṃ kataṃ.
246246. ‘阿达利他果色’是指新鲜阿达利他果实的颜色,也有人说是像沾湿的乌鸦翅膀色。‘染色’是就涂上的蓝等颜色而言。因此说‘用布擦拭后’。因为那样擦拭,颜色便会褪去。然而,为了去除皮革的臭味而以黑、红等染料染成黑、红等色的,便无法用布等去除,已成为皮革的本色,因此应知那是许可的。
246.Addāriṭṭhakavaṇṇāti allāriṭṭhaphalavaṇṇā, tintakākapakkhavaṇṇātipi vadanti. Rajananti upalittaṃ nīlādivaṇṇaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘coḷakena puñchitvā’’ti. Tañhi tathā puñchite vigacchati. Yaṃ pana cammassa duggandhāpanayanatthaṃ kāḷarattādirajanehi rañjitattā kāḷarattādivaṇṇaṃ hoti, taṃ coḷādīhi apanetuṃ na sakkā cammagatikameva, tasmā taṃ vaṭṭatīti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
所谓“革履”,是指覆盖整个脚跟的皮革,为防止脱落,仅以绑覆的方式置于脚跟上方,这是允许的。“彩色的”是指在形状上多彩的布,非指颜色,因为这类布已归入须完全舍弃的革履等物之中。“鸟猫”指脸似猫、因而被称为“鸟猫”的大猫头鹰,其所谓“皮”即指羽毛。
Khallakanti sabbapaṇhipidhānacammaṃ, aparigaḷanatthaṃ paṇhiuparibhāge apidhāya āropanabandhanamattaṃ vaṭṭati. Vicitrāti saṇṭhānato vicitrapaṭā adhippetā, na vaṇṇato sabbaso apanetabbesu khallakādīsu paviṭṭhattā. Biḷālasadisamukhattā mahāulūkā ‘‘pakkhibiḷālā’’ti vuccati, tesaṃ cammaṃ nāma pakkhalomameva.
在寺内禁止鞋履等事的注释
Ajjhārāmeupāhanapaṭikkhepakathādivaṇṇanā
251251.“以毛毯所制之履”:此处包含由毛毯所制之履。
251.Uṇṇāhikatapādukāti ettha uṇṇāmayakambalehi katā pādukā saṅgayhanti.
253253.“恒河节庆游乐”:即于恒河节庆时游乐。届时,男女乘车前去戏水。“板轿”:指以木板等制成的板车。“布兜轿”:即摇篮式轿。所有这些车乘,都是为那些无法穿鞋行走的病者所开许的。
253.Gaṅgāmahakīḷikāyāti gaṅgāmahe kīḷikāya. Tattha hi itthipurisā yānehi udakakīḷaṃ gacchanti. Pīṭhakasivikanti phalakādinā kataṃ pīṭhakayānaṃ. Paṭapotalikaṃ andolikā. Sabbampi yānaṃ upāhanenapi gantuṃ asamatthassa gilānassa anuññātaṃ.
254“猛兽图像”指所描绘的猛兽图像。“超过四指”是相对于双缘绒毯、单缘绒毯而言显示其差别;据说不足四指者才归入双缘绒毯等中。“彩织毛毯”指以各色毛线,依壁缝等织法而织成并带有图案的毯子。“厚密花纹”指厚密的染色花纹。“普通棉垫”指塞满棉花的坐垫。“图像形”因以狮形等织成彩色图案,故与彩织毯同列收摄。“双缘绒毯”在《长部注》中说是“两面皆有缘穗的毛毯”。“交织丝线嵌金缕者”指在丝线之间穿入金线而织成者。据说金线又称“嵌金缕”或“粗劣线”,因此阿阇梨法护长老说应称为“丝线粗劣混织物”。“宝石缝缀者”指涂以金泥者。“纯丝者”指无宝石缝缀的纯丝织物。
254.Vāḷarūpānīti āharimāni vāḷarūpāni. Caturaṅgulādhikānīti uddalomīekantalomīhi visesadassanaṃ. Caturaṅgulato hi ūnāni kira uddalomīādīsu pavisanti. Vānacitro uṇṇāmayattharaṇoti nānāvaṇṇehi uṇṇāmayasuttehi bhitticchedādivasena vāyitvā katacittattharaṇo. Ghanapupphakoti bahalarāgo. Pakatitūlikāti tūlapuṇṇā bhisi. Vikatikāti sīharūpādivasena vānacitrāva gayhati. Uddalomīti ‘‘ubhatodasaṃ uṇṇāmayattharaṇa’’nti dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttaṃ. Koseyyakaṭṭissamayanti kosiyasuttānaṃ antarā suvaṇṇamayasuttāni pavesetvā vītaṃ. Suvaṇṇasuttaṃ kira ‘‘kaṭṭissaṃ, kasaṭa’’nti ca vuccati. Teneva ‘‘koseyyakasaṭamaya’’nti ācariya-dhammapālattherena vuttanti vadanti. Ratanaparisibbitanti suvaṇṇalittaṃ. Suddhakoseyyanti ratanaparisibbanarahitaṃ.
由于羚羊皮等皮革极其细软,将其做成双层或三层后缝制,故称为“兽皮辫”。“以红色帐幔”指全部为红色的帐幔。然而,若是各种颜色、或有彩绘、或有涂饰的,则是允许的。对于两端有红色靠垫的情况,也适用同样的原则。至于“或有彩绘的”一语,这是就总体为应许而言,并非指两端靠垫为不应许。因为“红色”一词并不适用于彩绘,而且“覆盖物”一词已涵盖有彩绘的敷具,但袈裟则不名为红色。因此,无论是帐幔还是两端靠垫,都是允许的。“若尺寸合适”等语,是为了显示超出其他规定尺寸的枕头是被禁止的,并非为了显示其为高广大床,因为不曾那样说。然而,那种靠垫在布萨日对在家众是允许的,因为那时对他们而言,只是高广大床不被允许。虽然在《长部》注释等中说“除了棉垫之外,一切如羊毛毯等,即使以宝石镶边也是允许的”等,但在判断应许与不应许时,应以《律藏》注释为准。
Ajinamigacammānaṃ atisukhumattā dupaṭṭatipaṭṭāni katvā sibbantīti vuttaṃ ‘‘ajinappaveṇī’’ti. Rattavitānenāti sabbarattena vitānena. Yaṃ pana nānāvaṇṇaṃ vānacittaṃ vā lepacittaṃ vā, taṃ vaṭṭati. Ubhatolohitakūpadhānepi eseva nayo. ‘‘Citraṃ vā’’ti idaṃ pana sabbathā kappiyattā vuttaṃ, na pana ubhatoupadhānesu akappiyattā. Na hi lohitaka-saddo citte vattati, paṭaliggahaṇeneva cittakassapi attharaṇassa saṅgahetabbappasaṅgato, kāsāvaṃ pana lohitakavohāraṃ na gacchati. Tasmā vitānepi ubhatoupadhānepi vaṭṭati. Sace pamāṇayuttantiādi aññappamāṇātikkantassa bibbohanassa paṭikkhittabhāvadassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ, na pana uccāsayanamahāsayanabhāvadassanatthaṃ tathā avuttattā. Taṃ pana upadhānaṃ uposathikānaṃ gahaṭṭhānaṃ vaṭṭati. Uccāsayanamahāsayanameva hi tadā tesaṃ na vaṭṭati. Dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathādīsu kiñcāpi ‘‘ṭhapetvā tūlikaṃ sabbāneva gonakādīni ratanaparisibbitāni vaṭṭantī’’tiādi vuttaṃ, vinayaṭṭhakathāyeva kappiyākappiyabhāve pamāṇanti gahetabbaṃ.
关于准许在家人制作之物等事的注释
Gihivikatānuññātādikathāvaṇṇanā
256“依止”指依靠。“异学之邪心散动”的意思是:处于对立面者的邪见与心念散动。
256.Abhinissāyāti apassāya. Visukāyikavipphanditānanti paṭipakkhabhūtānaṃ diṭṭhicittavipphanditānanti attho.
257257. “制根”,即以意根之力调御诸根。
257.Yatindriyanti manindriyavasena saññatindriyaṃ.
258258. 圣典中所说的“八颂品”,是指在《经集》(《经集》772偈等)中,属于八颂品的十六部经。“如此长久地未做”,意为:他为何如此长久地未出家,而住在俗家之中?据说他是在中年出家的,因此世尊这样说。了知此义后,即:了知“即使长久在家,由于见到欲爱的过患,也会投入出家生活”这一意义的方方面面后。
258. Pāḷiyaṃ aṭṭhakavaggikānīti suttanipāte (su. ni. 772 ādayo) aṭṭhakavaggabhūtāni soḷasa suttāni. Evaṃ ciraṃ akāsīti evaṃ cirakālaṃ pabbajjaṃ anupagantvā agāramajjhe kena kāraṇena vāsamakāsīti attho. So kira majjhimavaye pabbajito, tena bhagavā evamāha. Etamatthaṃ viditvāti kāmesu diṭṭhādīnavā cirāyitvāpi gharāvāsena pakkhandantīti etamatthaṃ sabbākārato viditvā.
“世间之过患”,即行世间中无常等过患。“无依”即涅槃。为了说明“圣者不乐于恶”的原因,而说“清净者不乐于恶”。其中,“清净者”是指清净之人。
Ādīnavaṃ loketi saṅkhāraloke aniccatādiādīnavaṃ. Nirupadhinti nibbānaṃ. ‘‘Ariyo na ramatī pāpe’’ti imassa hetumāha ‘‘pāpe na ramatī sucī’’ti. Tattha sucīti visuddhapuggalo.
259“黑狮”者,即一种黑脸猴。“其皮不可用”,意为:不得用来缝制坐具;但若作铺地敷物等,用作坐卧具受用,则是可以的。
259.Kāḷasīhoti kāḷamukhavānarajāti. Cammaṃ na vaṭṭatīti nisīdanattharaṇaṃ kātuṃ na vaṭṭati, bhūmattharaṇādivasena senāsanaparibhogo vaṭṭateva.