非法说之生起
Adhammavāduppatti
这便是从最初便成为教法垢染的非法说之兴起。据说,在阿育王时代,那些被勒令还俗并驱摈的外道,未能在佛教中取得立足之处,被嗔恚所制伏,便离开华氏城,聚集在王舍城附近的那烂陀,如此商议道:“为令大众无法深入佛教,须毁灭释迦子的法与律;而此事若不在他们不备之时,便无法成办,因此无论如何必须再度于此处出家。”他们如此商议后,再度前来。因无法掺入纯粹的上座部长老之中,便前往其他十七个部派之处,如大众部等,在不令人察觉其外道身份的情况下出家。学习三藏后,又加以篡改,随后前往拘睒弥,共谋毁灭法与律的方法。佛灭后二百五十三年,他们分住六处,衍生出九个新部派,即:(1)雪山部、(2)王山部、(3)悉达多部、(4)东山部、(5)西山部、(6)金刚部、(7)方等部、(8)暗部、(9)余大众部。这些部派的名称与见解,在《论事注》中已有记载。
Ayaṃ pana ādito paṭṭhāya sāsanamalabhūtānaṃ adhammavādānaṃ uppatti. Asokarañño hi kāle uppabbājetvā nikkaḍḍhitā aññatitthiyā buddhasāsane aladdhapatiṭṭhā kodhābhibhūtā pāṭaliputtato nikkhamitvā rājagahasamīpe nālandāyaṃ sannipatitvā evaṃ sammantayiṃsu ‘‘mahājanassa buddhasāsane anavagāhatthāya sakyānaṃ dhammavinayo nāsetabbo, tañca kho tesaṃ samayaṃ ajānantehi na sakkā kātuṃ, tasmā yena kenaci upāyena punapi tattha pabbajitabbamevā’’ti. Te evaṃ sammantayitvā puna āgantvā visuddhattheravādīnamantaraṃ pavisituṃ asakkontā tadaññesaṃ sattarasannaṃ mahāsaṅghikādinikāyānaṃ santikaṃ upasaṅkamitvā attano aññatitthiyabhāvaṃ ajānāpetvā pabbajitvā piṭakattayamuggaṇhitvā tañca viparivattetvā tato kosambiṃ gantvā dhammavinayanāsanāya upāyaṃ mantayitvā 253-buddhavasse chasu ṭhānesu vasantā (1) hemavatiko (2) rājagiriko (3) siddhatthiko (4) pubbaseliyo (5) aparaseliyo (6) vājiriyo (7) vetullo (8) andhako (9) aññamahāsaṅghikoti nava abhinave nikāye uppādesuṃ . Tesaṃ nāmāni ca laddhiyo ca kathāvatthuaṭṭhakathāyaṃ āgatāyeva.
其中,雪山部将相似正法标榜为佛所说,
Tesu hemavatikā saddhammapatirūpakaṃ buddhabhāsitabhāvena dassetvā
(1) 撰集了一部名为《色藏》的典籍。
(1) Vaṇṇapiṭakaṃ nāma ganthaṃ akaṃsu.
王山部所作《鸯掘摩罗藏》,
Rājagirikā (2) aṅgulimālapiṭakaṃ,
悉达多部所作《隐秘毗山多罗》,
Siddhatthikā (3) gūḷhavessantaraṃ,
东山部所作《罗吒波罗吼》,
Pubbaseliyā (4) raṭṭhapālagajjitaṃ,
西山部编撰了(5)《阿罗婆迦吼》,
Aparaseliyā (5) āḷavakagajjitaṃ,
住在金刚山者即金刚部,编撰了一部名为《隐秘律》的著作。
Vajirapabbatavāsino vājiriyā (6) gūḷhavinayaṃ nāma ganthaṃ akaṃsu.
他们更共同编撰了众多续部典籍,如《幻网续》《集会续》等,以及众多劫部典籍,如《阳焰劫》《金胎劫》等。
Teyeva sabbe māyājālatanta-samājatantādike aneke tantaganthe ca, marīcikappa-herambhakappādike aneke kappaganthe ca akaṃsu.
方等论者则编撰了(7)《方等藏》。
Vetullavādino pana (7) vetullapiṭakamakaṃsu.
暗部则编撰了(8)《宝聚》等典籍,
Andhakā ca (8) ratanakūṭādike ganthe,
其他大众部则编撰了(9)《字母传》等经。
Aññamahāsaṅghikā ca (9) akkharasāriyādisuttante akaṃsu .
然而,在那些相似正法中,仅有方等论、金刚论、宝聚论这三者传入楞伽岛等地,而其余如《色藏》等则只在赡部洲洲流传,此为《部派集》中所说。不过,《色藏》等传入楞伽岛的痕迹也确有可见。正如在《普端严》的律注中(第3册,第9页)
Tesu pana saddhammapatirūpakesu vetullavādo, vājiriyavādo, ratanakūṭasatthanti imāniyeva tīṇi laṅkādīpamupāgatāni, aññāni pana vaṇṇapiṭakādīni jambudīpeyeva nivattantīti nikāyasaṅgahe vuttaṃ. Vaṇṇapiṭakādīnampi pana laṅkādīpamupāgatacchāyā dissateva. Tathā hi samantapāsādikāya vinayaṭṭhakathāyaṃ (3, 9-piṭṭhe)
“而《色藏》、《鸯掘摩罗藏》、《罗吒波罗吼》、《阿罗婆迦吼》、《隐秘道》、《隐秘毗山多罗》、《隐秘律》、《方等藏》等,则被断定为非佛语。”
‘‘Vaṇṇapiṭaka aṅgulimālapiṭakaraṭṭhapālagajjitaāḷavakagajjitagūḷhamaggagūḷhavessantara gūḷhavinaya vedallapiṭakāni pana abuddhavacanāniyevāti vutta’’nti ca.
在《显扬心义》的相应部注里(第2册,第186页)也
Sāratthappakāsiniyā saṃyuttaṭṭhakathāyampi (2, 186-piṭṭhe)
《隐秘律》《隐秘毗山多罗》《隐秘大药》《色藏》《鸯掘摩罗藏》《罗吒波罗吼》《阿罗婆迦吼》《方等藏》——这些并非佛语,而被称为相似正法。
‘‘Gūḷhavinayaṃ gūḷhavessantaraṃ gūḷhamahosadhaṃ vaṇṇapiṭakaṃ aṅgulimālapiṭakaṃ raṭṭhapālagajjitaṃ āḷavakagajjitaṃ vedallapiṭakanti abuddhavacanaṃ saddhammapatirūpakaṃ nāmā’’ti ca–
可见其中含有对它们的否定。因为,若不听闻它们、不晓了其义,锡兰的注疏师们是不可能否定它们的;而且,那否定的语句也不可能是赡部洲洲注疏师们所说,因为在大玛欣德长老前往锡兰岛时,这些典籍尚不存在。因此,这些以及其他的大乘藏,应被理解为是在那个时期大量传入锡兰岛的。其中,属于跋耆子派的法喜部之藏的传入,前文已述;而其他部派之藏的传入,应如此了知。
Tesaṃ paṭikkhepo dissati. Na hi tāni asutvā, tesañca atthaṃ ajānitvā sīhaḷaṭṭhakathācariyehi tāni paṭikkhipituṃ sakkā, nāpi taṃ paṭikkhepavacanaṃ jambudīpikaṭṭhakathācariyānaṃ vacanaṃ bhavituṃ, mahāmahindattherassa sīhaḷadīpaṃ gamanasamaye tesaṃyeva abhāvato. Tasmā tāni ca tadaññāni ca mahāyānikapiṭakāni taṃkālikāni yebhuyyena sīhaḷadīpamupāgatānīti gahetabbāni. Tesu ca vajjiputtakagaṇapariyāpannassa dhammarucinikāyassa piṭakānaṃ tadupāgamanaṃ pubbeva vuttaṃ. Tadaññesaṃ pana tadupāgamanaṃ evaṃ veditabbaṃ.