非法说的产生
Adhammavāduppatti
这是讲非法说从最初开始成为圣教垢秽的起源。阿育王在位的时候,那些被勒令还俗、赶出僧团的外道,在佛教里找不到立足之地,被愤怒冲昏了头,就离开华氏城,跑到王舍城附近的那烂陀聚在一起商量:为了让大众没法深入佛教,得把释迦子的法与律搞垮;可要是不了解他们的教义,这事就办不成,所以不管用什么办法,都得再混进去出家。他们这样商量好之后又回来了。因为没办法混进持纯净上座部主张者中间,就转到其他十七个部派那里去,比如大众部等,不让人发现自己是外道,出了家,学了经律论三藏,又把三藏篡改了一番,然后去憍赏弥,一起谋划毁灭法与律的办法。佛灭后二百五十三年,他们分住六个地方,搞出了九个新部派:雪山部、王山部、悉达多部、东山部、西山部、金刚部、方等部、安特咖部、余大众部。这些部派的名称和主张,在《论事注》里已经记载了。
Ayaṃ pana ādito paṭṭhāya sāsanamalabhūtānaṃ adhammavādānaṃ uppatti. Asokarañño hi kāle uppabbājetvā nikkaḍḍhitā aññatitthiyā buddhasāsane aladdhapatiṭṭhā kodhābhibhūtā pāṭaliputtato nikkhamitvā rājagahasamīpe nālandāyaṃ sannipatitvā evaṃ sammantayiṃsu ‘‘mahājanassa buddhasāsane anavagāhatthāya sakyānaṃ dhammavinayo nāsetabbo, tañca kho tesaṃ samayaṃ ajānantehi na sakkā kātuṃ, tasmā yena kenaci upāyena punapi tattha pabbajitabbamevā’’ti. Te evaṃ sammantayitvā puna āgantvā visuddhattheravādīnamantaraṃ pavisituṃ asakkontā tadaññesaṃ sattarasannaṃ mahāsaṅghikādinikāyānaṃ santikaṃ upasaṅkamitvā attano aññatitthiyabhāvaṃ ajānāpetvā pabbajitvā piṭakattayamuggaṇhitvā tañca viparivattetvā tato kosambiṃ gantvā dhammavinayanāsanāya upāyaṃ mantayitvā 253-buddhavasse chasu ṭhānesu vasantā (1) hemavatiko (2) rājagiriko (3) siddhatthiko (4) pubbaseliyo (5) aparaseliyo (6) vājiriyo (7) vetullo (8) andhako (9) aññamahāsaṅghikoti nava abhinave nikāye uppādesuṃ . Tesaṃ nāmāni ca laddhiyo ca kathāvatthuaṭṭhakathāyaṃ āgatāyeva.
其中,雪山部把相似正法说成是佛所说的。
Tesu hemavatikā saddhammapatirūpakaṃ buddhabhāsitabhāvena dassetvā
他们编了一部叫《色藏》的书。
(1) Vaṇṇapiṭakaṃ nāma ganthaṃ akaṃsu.
王山部(2)《指鬘藏》
Rājagirikā (2) aṅgulimālapiṭakaṃ,
悉达多部所作的《隐秘韦桑德拉》,
Siddhatthikā (3) gūḷhavessantaraṃ,
东山部所作的《拉塔巴拉吼》,
Pubbaseliyā (4) raṭṭhapālagajjitaṃ,
西山部(5)《阿罗婆迦吼》,
Aparaseliyā (5) āḷavakagajjitaṃ,
住在金刚山的人,也就是金刚部,编写了一部叫《隐秘律》的著作。
Vajirapabbatavāsino vājiriyā (6) gūḷhavinayaṃ nāma ganthaṃ akaṃsu.
正是他们所有人编写了许多续部典籍,比如《幻网续》《集会续》等,以及许多劫部典籍,比如《阳焰劫》《贺兰婆劫》等。
Teyeva sabbe māyājālatanta-samājatantādike aneke tantaganthe ca, marīcikappa-herambhakappādike aneke kappaganthe ca akaṃsu.
方等论者则编撰了(7)《方等藏》。
Vetullavādino pana (7) vetullapiṭakamakaṃsu.
安特咖人则(8)与《宝积》等典籍相关,
Andhakā ca (8) ratanakūṭādike ganthe,
其他大众部则编撰了(9)《字母传》等经。
Aññamahāsaṅghikā ca (9) akkharasāriyādisuttante akaṃsu .
不过,在那些似正法者当中,只有方等论、金刚论、宝积论这三种传到了兰卡岛,而其他像《色藏》这样的则只在赡部洲停留,这是《部派集》里说的。不过,《色藏》等传到兰卡岛的迹象也确实能看到。因为正如在《普端严》律注里(第3册,第9页)所说
Tesu pana saddhammapatirūpakesu vetullavādo, vājiriyavādo, ratanakūṭasatthanti imāniyeva tīṇi laṅkādīpamupāgatāni, aññāni pana vaṇṇapiṭakādīni jambudīpeyeva nivattantīti nikāyasaṅgahe vuttaṃ. Vaṇṇapiṭakādīnampi pana laṅkādīpamupāgatacchāyā dissateva. Tathā hi samantapāsādikāya vinayaṭṭhakathāyaṃ (3, 9-piṭṭhe)
而《色藏》《指鬘藏》《拉塔巴拉吼》《阿罗婆迦吼》《隐秘道》《隐秘韦桑德拉》《隐秘律》《方广藏》这些,则被说成根本不是佛所说。
‘‘Vaṇṇapiṭaka aṅgulimālapiṭakaraṭṭhapālagajjitaāḷavakagajjitagūḷhamaggagūḷhavessantara gūḷhavinaya vedallapiṭakāni pana abuddhavacanāniyevāti vutta’’nti ca.
在《显扬真义》的相应部注里(第2册,第186页)也
Sāratthappakāsiniyā saṃyuttaṭṭhakathāyampi (2, 186-piṭṭhe)
“《隐秘律》《隐秘韦桑德拉》《隐秘玛哈欧萨特》《色藏》《指鬘藏》《拉塔巴拉吼》《阿罗婆迦吼》《方广藏》——这些都不是佛说,而是被称为相似正法。”
‘‘Gūḷhavinayaṃ gūḷhavessantaraṃ gūḷhamahosadhaṃ vaṇṇapiṭakaṃ aṅgulimālapiṭakaṃ raṭṭhapālagajjitaṃ āḷavakagajjitaṃ vedallapiṭakanti abuddhavacanaṃ saddhammapatirūpakaṃ nāmā’’ti ca–
可以看出,他们对这些经典是加以否定的。因为如果不曾听闻这些经典、不了解它们的含义,锡兰的注疏师们根本不可能去否定它们;而且那些否定的话也不可能是赡部洲的注疏师们说的,因为大玛欣德长老前往锡兰岛的时候,这些经典还不存在。所以应当认为,这些经典以及其他大乘藏经,是在那个时期大多传入锡兰岛的。其中,属于跋耆子派法喜部的藏经传入的情况,前面已经说过;至于其他那些的传入,应当这样理解。
Tesaṃ paṭikkhepo dissati. Na hi tāni asutvā, tesañca atthaṃ ajānitvā sīhaḷaṭṭhakathācariyehi tāni paṭikkhipituṃ sakkā, nāpi taṃ paṭikkhepavacanaṃ jambudīpikaṭṭhakathācariyānaṃ vacanaṃ bhavituṃ, mahāmahindattherassa sīhaḷadīpaṃ gamanasamaye tesaṃyeva abhāvato. Tasmā tāni ca tadaññāni ca mahāyānikapiṭakāni taṃkālikāni yebhuyyena sīhaḷadīpamupāgatānīti gahetabbāni. Tesu ca vajjiputtakagaṇapariyāpannassa dhammarucinikāyassa piṭakānaṃ tadupāgamanaṃ pubbeva vuttaṃ. Tadaññesaṃ pana tadupāgamanaṃ evaṃ veditabbaṃ.