223 如是我闻:一时,世尊住在拘舍弥城的瞿师罗园。那时,游方者散达葛正与五百位游方者组成的大众,一起住在毕陵伽洞窟。傍晚时分,阿难尊者从静修处出来,对诸比丘说:“道友们,我们到天造水池去看看那洞窟吧。”那些比丘回答阿难尊者:“好的,道友。”于是,阿难尊者和众多比丘一同前往天造水池。当时,游方者散达葛正与他的大众坐在一起,他们高声喧闹,发出种种嘈杂的谈论,说的都是些无益的闲谈,例如:国王论、盗贼论、大臣论、军队论、恐惧论、战争论、食物论、饮料论、衣服论、卧具论、花鬘论、香料论、亲戚论、车辆论、村庄论、城镇论、城市论、地方论、女人论、勇士论、街巷论、井边论、亡灵论、杂论、关于世界与大海的传说,以及有无论。游方者散达葛远远望见阿难尊者走来,便让大众安静下来:“诸位,请安静,不要发出声音。那位沙门乔达摩的弟子——沙门阿难来了。在拘舍弥居住的沙门乔达摩弟子中,这位沙门阿难是其中之一。这些尊者喜爱安静,修习寂静,称赞寂静;或许他看到我们是安静的大众,会认为值得前来。”于是,那些游方者便默然无声。显示巴利原文
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā kosambiyaṃ viharati ghositārāme. Tena kho pana samayena sandako paribbājako pilakkhaguhāyaṃ paṭivasati mahatiyā paribbājakaparisāya saddhiṃ pañcamattehi paribbājakasatehi. Atha kho āyasmā ānando sāyanhasamayaṃ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘āyāmāvuso, yena devakatasobbho tenupasaṅkamissāma guhādassanāyā’’ti. ‘‘Evamāvuso’’ti kho te bhikkhū āyasmato ānandassa paccassosuṃ. Atha kho āyasmā ānando sambahulehi bhikkhūhi saddhiṃ yena devakatasobbho tenupasaṅkami. Tena kho pana samayena sandako paribbājako mahatiyā paribbājakaparisāya saddhiṃ nisinno hoti unnādiniyā uccāsaddamahāsaddāya anekavihitaṃ tiracchānakathaṃ kathentiyā, seyyathidaṃ – rājakathaṃ corakathaṃ mahāmattakathaṃ senākathaṃ bhayakathaṃ yuddhakathaṃ annakathaṃ pānakathaṃ vatthakathaṃ sayanakathaṃ mālākathaṃ gandhakathaṃ ñātikathaṃ yānakathaṃ gāmakathaṃ nigamakathaṃ nagarakathaṃ janapadakathaṃ itthikathaṃ sūrakathaṃ visikhākathaṃ kumbhaṭṭhānakathaṃ pubbapetakathaṃ nānattakathaṃ lokakkhāyikaṃ samuddakkhāyikaṃ itibhavābhavakathaṃ iti vā. Addasā kho sandako paribbājako āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ dūratova āgacchantaṃ. Disvāna sakaṃ parisaṃ saṇṭhāpesi – ‘‘appasaddā bhonto hontu, mā bhonto saddamakattha; ayaṃ samaṇassa gotamassa sāvako āgacchati samaṇo ānando. Yāvatā kho pana samaṇassa gotamassa sāvakā kosambiyaṃ paṭivasanti, ayaṃ tesaṃ aññataro samaṇo ānando. Appasaddakāmā kho pana te āyasmanto appasaddavinītā appasaddassa vaṇṇavādino; appeva nāma appasaddaṃ parisaṃ viditvā upasaṅkamitabbaṃ maññeyyā’’ti. Atha kho te paribbājakā tuṇhī ahesuṃ.
224 于是,阿难尊者便前往游方者散达葛那里。游方者散达葛对阿难尊者说:“来吧,阿难尊者!欢迎您,阿难尊者!您真是久违了,难得您会来这里。请坐,阿难尊者,这里已为您备好座位。”阿难尊者便在铺设好的座位上坐下。游方者散达葛则取了一个较低的座位,在一旁坐下。坐定后,阿难尊者对游方者散达葛这样说:“散达葛,你们现在聚集在一起,讨论的是什么呢?你们方才中断的话题又是什么?”“阿难尊者,我们刚才聚集谈论的话题,暂且搁置一边吧。那个话题,您日后听闻并不难。最好还是请阿难尊者来开示您自己师门的教法。”“那么,散达葛,你仔细听,好好用心思惟,我这就说来。”“好的,尊者。”游方者散达葛应答道。于是,阿难尊者这样说道:“散达葛,那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者、世尊,开示了四种非梵行的生活,也开示了四种不能给人带来慰藉的清净行。在这类法中,一个有智慧的人不会勉强自己去修习清净行;即使修习了,也无法证得那如法与善的成就。”“那么,阿难尊者,那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者、世尊,所开示的四种非梵行的生活是哪些呢?——于此,一个有智慧的人不会勉强自己去修习清净行;即使修习了,也无法证得那如法与善的成就。”显示巴利原文
Atha kho āyasmā ānando yena sandako paribbājako tenupasaṅkami. Atha kho sandako paribbājako āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘etu kho bhavaṃ ānando, svāgataṃ bhoto ānandassa. Cirassaṃ kho bhavaṃ ānando imaṃ pariyāyamakāsi yadidaṃ idhāgamanāya. Nisīdatu bhavaṃ ānando, idamāsanaṃ paññatta’’nti. Nisīdi kho āyasmā ānando paññatte āsane. Sandakopi kho paribbājako aññataraṃ nīcaṃ āsanaṃ gahetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho sandakaṃ paribbājakaṃ āyasmā ānando etadavoca – ‘‘kāyanuttha, sandaka, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā, kā ca pana vo antarākathā vippakatā’’ti? ‘‘Tiṭṭhatesā, bho ānanda, kathā yāya mayaṃ etarahi kathāya sannisinnā. Nesā bhoto ānandassa kathā dullabhā bhavissati pacchāpi savanāya. Sādhu vata bhavantaṃyeva ānandaṃ paṭibhātu sake ācariyake dhammīkathā’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi, sandaka, suṇāhi , sādhukaṃ manasi karohi, bhāsissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ bho’’ti kho sandako paribbājako āyasmato ānandassa paccassosi. Āyasmā ānando etadavoca – ‘‘cattārome , sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena abrahmacariyavāsā akkhātā cattāri ca anassāsikāni brahmacariyāni akkhātāni, yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusala’’nti. ‘‘Katame pana te, bho ānanda, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena cattāro abrahmacariyavāsā akkhātā, yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusala’’nti?
225 “散达葛,在此世间,有某位导师抱持这样的主张、这样的见解:‘布施无有,供养无有,祭祀无有;善业、恶业皆无果报、无异熟;此世非有,他世非有;母亲非有,父亲非有;化生有情非有;在世间,没有那些行于正道、如理修行的沙门、婆罗门,能以自身的证智证知此世与他世并宣说出来。人由四大种和合而成,当命终时,地界归入地界、随之而去;水界归入水界、随之而去;火界归入火界、随之而去;风界归入风界、随之而去;诸根门则移入虚空。人们用第五人也就是担架,抬着死者离去,直到火葬场,足迹都还看得见;骨头变成灰白色;供养的祭品终成灰烬。布施,那只是愚者预设之说。凡是宣称有什么存在的那些论调,都是空洞、虚假、无意义的戏论。愚者与智者,在身体破裂之后,皆断灭、消失,死后便不复存在。’显示巴利原文
‘‘Idha, sandaka, ekacco satthā evaṃvādī hoti evaṃdiṭṭhi – ‘natthi dinnaṃ, natthi yiṭṭhaṃ, natthi hutaṃ, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko, natthi ayaṃ loko, natthi paroloko, natthi mātā, natthi pitā, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi loke samaṇabrāhmaṇā sammaggatā sammāpaṭipannā ye imañca lokaṃ parañca lokaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedenti. Cātumahābhūtiko ayaṃ puriso yadā kālaṅkaroti, pathavī pathavīkāyaṃ anupeti anupagacchati, āpo āpokāyaṃ anupeti anupagacchati, tejo tejokāyaṃ anupeti anupagacchati, vāyo vāyokāyaṃ anupeti anupagacchati , ākāsaṃ indriyāni saṅkamanti. Āsandipañcamā purisā mataṃ ādāya gacchanti, yāvāḷāhanā padāni paññāyanti. Kāpotakāni aṭṭhīni bhavanti. Bhassantā āhutiyo; dattupaññattaṃ yadidaṃ dānaṃ. Tesaṃ tucchā musā vilāpo ye keci atthikavādaṃ vadanti. Bāle ca paṇḍite ca kāyassa bhedā ucchijjanti vinassanti na honti paraṃ maraṇā’ti.
“散达葛,对此,有智慧的人这样反思:‘这位尊贵的导师持这样的主张、这样的见解:“没有布施,没有供养,没有祭祀,没有善行恶行的果报;没有此世,没有他世;没有母亲,没有父亲;没有化生的众生;世上没有那些正道正行的沙门、婆罗门,能以自证智证知此世与他世,并予以宣说。此人是四大所成,当命终时,地归地身,水归水身,火归火身,风归风身,诸根则融入虚空。人们以担架为第五,抬着死者离去,直至火葬场,足迹尚可辨认;白骨成为鸽灰色;供物尽成灰烬;所谓的布施,只是愚者所设。任何人若说有业有果,其言便是虚妄、空洞、无稽之谈。愚者与智者,在身体破裂之后,都断灭、消失,死后不复存在。” 如果这位导师的话是真实的,那么,我虽然什么也没做,在这里却好像已经达到了同样的果位;我虽然从未修习梵行,在这里却好像已经过完了清净行。我们两个在此处完全一样,达到了同等的沙门果位,但我并不像导师那样宣称:“我们两个在身体破裂后,都将断灭、消失,死后不复存在。” 而且,这位导师额外还修那些裸形、剃发、蹲踞苦行、拔除须发的事;而我呢,住在儿孙拥挤的俗家,享用迦尸的旃檀香,佩戴花鬘、香料、涂油,接受金银,却会和这位导师落得完全一样的归宿。那么,关于来世,我凭什么要依凭着某种知见,而在这位导师门下过清净行呢?他看清了:“这是非梵行住。”因此对那种清净行感到厌离,从而离去。散达葛,这就是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉的世尊所开示的第一种非梵行住。有智慧的人不会勉强自己去过这种清净行;即使勉强去过,也无法证得那如理如法的善法。’”显示巴利原文
‘‘Tatra , sandaka, viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ayaṃ kho bhavaṃ satthā evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi – natthi dinnaṃ, natthi yiṭṭhaṃ, natthi hutaṃ, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko, natthi ayaṃ loko, natthi paroloko, natthi mātā, natthi pitā, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi loke samaṇabrāhmaṇā sammaggatā sammāpaṭipannā ye imañca lokaṃ parañca lokaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedenti. Cātumahābhūtiko ayaṃ puriso yadā kālaṅkaroti, pathavī pathavīkāyaṃ anupeti anupagacchati, āpo āpokāyaṃ anupeti anupagacchati, tejo tejokāyaṃ anupeti anupagacchati, vāyo vāyokāyaṃ anupeti anupagacchati, ākāsaṃ indriyāni saṅkamanti. Āsandipañcamā purisā mataṃ ādāya gacchanti, yāvāḷāhanā padāni paññāyanti. Kāpotakāni aṭṭhīni bhavanti. Bhassantā āhutiyo; dattupaññattaṃ yadidaṃ dānaṃ. Tesaṃ tucchā musā vilāpo ye keci atthikavādaṃ vadanti. Bāle ca paṇḍite ca kāyassa bhedā ucchijjanti vinassanti na honti paraṃ maraṇā’ti. Sace imassa bhoto satthuno saccaṃ vacanaṃ, akatena me ettha kataṃ, avusitena me ettha vusitaṃ. Ubhopi mayaṃ ettha samasamā sāmaññaṃ pattā, yo cāhaṃ na vadāmi ‘ubho kāyassa bhedā ucchijjissāma, vinassissāma, na bhavissāma paraṃ maraṇā’ti. Atirekaṃ kho panimassa bhoto satthuno naggiyaṃ muṇḍiyaṃ ukkuṭikappadhānaṃ kesamassulocanaṃ yohaṃ puttasambādhasayanaṃ ajjhāvasanto kāsikacandanaṃ paccanubhonto mālāgandhavilepanaṃ dhārento jātarūparajataṃ sādiyanto iminā bhotā satthārā samasamagatiko bhavissāmi. Abhisamparāyaṃ sohaṃ kiṃ jānanto kiṃ passanto imasmiṃ satthari brahmacariyaṃ carissāmi? ‘So abrahmacariyavāso aya’nti – iti viditvā tasmā brahmacariyā nibbijja pakkamati . Ayaṃ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena paṭhamo abrahmacariyavāso akkhāto yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
228 “再者,散达葛,在此,有某位导师持这样的主张、这样的见解:‘自己造作,或指使他人造作;自己砍斫,或指使他人砍斫;自己烹煮,或指使他人烹煮;自己令悲伤,或指使他人令悲伤;自己令疲累,或指使他人令疲累;自己令颤栗,或指使他人令颤栗;杀生,不与取,破门入室,劫掠夺走,单闯他宅抢劫,拦路守候,与有夫之妇通奸,说虚妄语——造作这一切,并无罪恶。纵使有人用周边利如刀锋的大轮,将这地上的众生剁成一堆肉、一垛肉,也不会因此而有恶,不会有恶的降临。纵使有人沿着恒河南岸,一路行杀、戮、砍,或令砍,行烧、令烧,也不会因此而有恶,不会有恶的降临。纵使有人沿着恒河北岸,一路行布施、令布施,行供养、令供养,也不会因此而有福,不会有福的降临。透过布施、调伏、自制、说真实语,也没有福,没有福的降临。’显示巴利原文
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, sandaka, idhekacco satthā evaṃvādī hoti evaṃdiṭṭhi – ‘karoto kārayato chindato chedāpayato pacato pācāpayato socayato socāpayato kilamato kilamāpayato phandato phandāpayato pāṇamatipātayato adinnaṃ ādiyato sandhiṃ chindato nillopaṃ harato ekāgārikaṃ karoto paripanthe tiṭṭhato paradāraṃ gacchato musā bhaṇato karoto na karīyati pāpaṃ. Khurapariyantena cepi cakkena yo imissā pathaviyā pāṇe ekaṃ maṃsakhalaṃ ekaṃ maṃsapuñjaṃ kareyya, natthi tatonidānaṃ pāpaṃ, natthi pāpassa āgamo. Dakkhiṇañcepi gaṅgāya tīraṃ gaccheyya hananto ghātento chindanto chedāpento pacanto pacāpento, natthi tatonidānaṃ pāpaṃ, natthi pāpassa āgamo. Uttarañcepi gaṅgāya tīraṃ gaccheyya dadanto dāpento yajanto yajāpento, natthi tatonidānaṃ puññaṃ, natthi puññassa āgamo. Dānena damena saṃyamena saccavajjena natthi puññaṃ, natthi puññassa āgamo’ti.
散达葛,对此,一位有智慧的人会这样反思:‘这位尊贵的导师持这样的主张、这样的见解:“自己造作……(中略)……没有福的降临。”如果这位导师的话是真实的,那么,我在未作此事的情况下,于此便如成就者一般;我在未过此梵行生活的情况下,于此便如已过者一般。我们两人在此处完全相同,都达到了同等的沙门果位。但我并不宣称:“造作这些行为没有罪恶。”而且,这位导师额外还要修习那些裸形、剃发、久蹲的苦行,拔除须发;而我呢,住在子孙拥挤的俗家,享用迦尸的旃檀香,佩戴花鬘、香料、涂油,受用金银,却会与这位导师得到完全一样的归宿。既然如此,关于来世,我凭什么要凭着知道什么、见到什么,而在这位导师门下过清净行呢?他看清了:“这并非梵行住。”因此对这种清净行感到厌离,从而离去。散达葛,这就是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者、世尊所开示的第二种非梵行住。一位有智慧的人不会勉强自己去过这种清净行;即使过了,也无法证得那些如法、善妙的法。’显示巴利原文
‘‘Tatra, sandaka, viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ayaṃ kho bhavaṃ satthā evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi – karoto kārayato chindato chedāpayato pacato pācāpayato socato socāpayato kilamato kilamāpayato phandato phandāpayato pāṇamatipātayato adinnaṃ ādiyato sandhiṃ chindato nillopaṃ harato ekāgārikaṃ karoto paripanthe tiṭṭhato paradāraṃ gacchato musā bhaṇato karoto na karīyati pāpaṃ khurapariyantena cepi cakkena yo imissā pathaviyā pāṇe ekaṃ maṃsakhalaṃ ekaṃ maṃsapuñjaṃ kareyya, natthi tatonidānaṃ pāpaṃ, natthi pāpassa āgamo. Dakkhiṇañcepi gaṅgāya tīraṃ gaccheyya hananto ghātento chindanto chedāpento pacanto pacāpento, natthi tatonidānaṃ pāpaṃ, natthi pāpassa āgamo. Uttarañcepi gaṅgāya tīraṃ gaccheyya dadanto dāpento yajanto yajāpento, natthi tatonidānaṃ puññaṃ, natthi puññassa āgamo. Dānena damena saṃyamena saccavajjena natthi puññaṃ, natthi puññassa āgamo’ti. Sace imassa bhoto satthuno saccaṃ vacanaṃ, akatena me ettha kataṃ, avusitena me ettha vusitaṃ. Ubhopi mayaṃ ettha samasamā sāmaññaṃ pattā, yo cāhaṃ na vadāmi ‘ubhinnaṃ kurutaṃ na karīyati pāpa’nti. Atirekaṃ kho panimassa bhoto satthuno naggiyaṃ muṇḍiyaṃ ukkuṭikappadhānaṃ kesamassulocanaṃ yohaṃ puttasambādhasayanaṃ ajjhāvasanto kāsikacandanaṃ paccanubhonto mālāgandhavilepanaṃ dhārento jātarūparajataṃ sādiyanto iminā bhotā satthārā samasamagatiko bhavissāmi. Abhisamparāyaṃ sohaṃ kiṃ jānanto kiṃ passanto imasmiṃ satthari brahmacariyaṃ carissāmi? ‘So abrahmacariyavāso aya’nti iti viditvā tasmā brahmacariyā nibbijja pakkamati. Ayaṃ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena dutiyo abrahmacariyavāso akkhāto yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
226 “再者,散达葛,在此,有某位导师持这样的学说、这样的见解:‘没有因、没有缘,导致众生染污;众生是无因、无缘而染污的。没有因、没有缘,导致众生清净;众生是无因、无缘而清净的。没有力,没有精进,没有人的力量,没有人的勇猛;一切众生、一切有气息者、一切有情、一切生命,都没有自在、没有力量、没有精进,只是被命运、境遇、本性所转变,在六种生类中感受苦乐。’”显示巴利原文
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, sandaka, idhekacco satthā evaṃvādī hoti evaṃdiṭṭhi – ‘natthi hetu, natthi paccayo sattānaṃ saṃkilesāya; ahetū appaccayā sattā saṃkilissanti; natthi hetu, natthi paccayo sattānaṃ visuddhiyā; ahetū appaccayā sattā visujjhanti; natthi balaṃ, natthi vīriyaṃ, natthi purisathāmo , natthi purisaparakkamo; sabbe sattā sabbe pāṇā sabbe bhūtā sabbe jīvā avasā abalā avīriyā niyatisaṅgatibhāvapariṇatā chasvevābhijātīsu sukhadukkhaṃ paṭisaṃvedentī’ti.
“于此,散达葛,有智慧的人会这样反思:‘这位导师大人持有这样的学说、这样的见解:“没有因,没有缘,令众生染污;众生是无因无缘而染污的。没有因,没有缘,令众生清净;众生是无因无缘而清净的。”如果这位导师大人所言真实,那么我虽未造作,也等于已造作;我虽未修习,也等于已修毕。在这一点上,我们二人是平等地、同样地达到了沙门果位。而我却不能说:“我们两者都将无因无缘而清净。”可是,这位导师大人有这些过于严苛的苦行:裸形、剃发、长时蹲踞、拔除须发。而我呢,安住在家屋的拥挤中,受用迦尸的檀香,佩戴花鬘、香料和化妆品,受持金银。我却与此导师大人趣向同一归宿。既如此,对于来世,我又能知什么、见什么,而继续在这位导师的教法中修习梵行呢?’他明白了:‘这不是梵行住。’知道之后,他便对那种梵行生活生起厌离而离开。散达葛,这便是彼世尊——知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者——所开示的第三种非梵行住。于此,一个有智慧的人绝不会主动修习梵行;即便修习了,也绝不可能证得那正确、善妙的法。”显示巴利原文
‘‘Tatra, sandaka, viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ayaṃ kho bhavaṃ satthā evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi – natthi hetu, natthi paccayo sattānaṃ saṃkilesāya, ahetū appaccayā sattā saṃkilissanti. Natthi hetu natthi paccayo sattānaṃ visuddhiyā, ahetū appaccayā sattā visujjhanti. Natthi balaṃ, natthi vīriyaṃ, natthi purisathāmo, natthi purisaparakkamo, sabbe sattā sabbe pāṇā sabbe bhūtā sabbe jīvā avasā abalā avīriyā niyatisaṅgatibhāvapariṇatā chasvevābhijātīsu sukhadukkhaṃ paṭisaṃvedentī’ti. Sace imassa bhoto satthuno saccaṃ vacanaṃ, akatena me ettha kataṃ, avusitena me ettha vusitaṃ. Ubhopi mayaṃ ettha samasamā sāmaññaṃ pattā, yo cāhaṃ na vadāmi ‘ubho ahetū appaccayā visujjhissāmā’ti. Atirekaṃ kho panimassa bhoto satthuno naggiyaṃ muṇḍiyaṃ ukkuṭikappadhānaṃ kesamassulocanaṃ yohaṃ puttasambādhasayanaṃ ajjhāvasanto kāsikacandanaṃ paccanubhonto mālāgandhavilepanaṃ dhārento jātarūparajataṃ sādiyanto iminā bhotā satthārā samasamagatiko bhavissāmi. Abhisamparāyaṃ sohaṃ kiṃ jānanto kiṃ passanto imasmiṃ satthari brahmacariyaṃ carissāmi? ‘So abrahmacariyavāso aya’nti – iti viditvā tasmā brahmacariyā nibbijja pakkamati. Ayaṃ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena tatiyo abrahmacariyavāso akkhāto yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
227 “再者,散达葛,于此,有某位导师持这样的学说、持这样的见解:‘有七种聚集,非造作、非令造作、非创生、非令创生,无生殖力,坚立如山巅,安住如柱。它们不移动、不变异、不相互侵扰,亦不足以相互带来乐、或苦、或苦乐。哪七种?地聚、水聚、火聚、风聚、乐、苦,命为第七。此七种聚集,非造作、非令造作、非创生、非令创生,无生殖力,坚立如山巅,安住如柱。它们不移动、不变异、不相互侵扰,亦不足以相互带来乐、或苦、或苦乐。在此处,无有杀者,亦无令杀者;无有听者,亦无令听者;无有知者,亦无令知者。纵使有人以锋利的刀斩断他人头颅,亦无任何人夺去任何人的生命;刀唯是从此七种聚集之间的空隙穿过。复有这十四万种生门、六百、六百、五百种业、五业、三业,业与半业,六十二道、六十二中劫,六种生类,八种人地,四千九百种活命者,四千九百种游方者,四千九百种龙住处,二千种根,三千种地狱,三十六尘界,七种有想胎,七种无想胎,七种离系胎,七种天,七种人,七种鬼,七种湖,七种结,七种悬崖,七百种悬崖,七种梦,七百种梦,八十四万大劫;愚者与智者在其中流转、轮回之后,都将达成苦的终结。于此之中,并无这些之事:我以此戒、或禁行、或苦行、或梵行,令未成熟的业成熟,或触受已成熟的业而令其消尽。如是,苦乐皆有定量,轮回已有边际;无有减少与增长,无有增上与低下。犹如抛出的线球,唯是一边解开、一边滚至尽头;正如是,愚者与智者在流转、轮回之后,都将达成苦的终结。’”显示巴利原文
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, sandaka, idhekacco satthā evaṃvādī hoti evaṃdiṭṭhi – ‘sattime kāyā akaṭā akaṭavidhā animmitā animmātā vañjhā kūṭaṭṭhā esikaṭṭhāyiṭṭhitā, te na iñjanti na vipariṇamanti na aññamaññaṃ byābādhenti nālaṃ aññamaññassa sukhāya vā dukkhāya vā sukhadukkhāya vā. Katame satta? Pathavīkāyo āpokāyo tejokāyo vāyokāyo sukhe dukkhe jīve sattame – ime sattakāyā akaṭā akaṭavidhā animmitā animmātā vañjhā kūṭaṭṭhā esikaṭṭhāyiṭṭhitā. Te na iñjanti na vipariṇamanti na aññamaññaṃ byābādhenti. Nālaṃ aññamaññassa sukhāya vā dukkhāya vā sukhadukkhāya vā. Tattha natthi hantā vā ghātetā vā sotā vā sāvetā vā viññātā vā viññāpetā vā. Yopi tiṇhena satthena sīsaṃ chindati, na koci kañci jīvitā voropeti. Sattannaṃtveva kāyānamantarena satthaṃ vivaramanupatati. Cuddasa kho panimāni yonipamukhasatasahassāni saṭṭhi ca satāni cha ca satāni pañca ca kammuno satāni pañca ca kammāni tīṇi ca kammāni, kamme ca aḍḍhakamme ca, dvaṭṭhipaṭipadā, dvaṭṭhantarakappā, chaḷābhijātiyo, aṭṭha purisabhūmiyo, ekūnapaññāsa ājīvakasate, ekūnapaññāsa paribbājakasate, ekūnapaññāsa nāgāvāsasate, vīse indriyasate, tiṃse nirayasate, chattiṃsa rajodhātuyo, satta saññīgabbhā, satta asaññīgabbhā, satta nigaṇṭhigabbhā, satta devā, satta mānusā, satta pesācā, satta sarā, satta pavuṭā, satta papātā, satta papātasatāni, satta supinā, satta supinasatāni, cullāsīti mahākappino satasahassāni, yāni bāle ca paṇḍite ca sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karissanti. Tattha natthi imināhaṃ sīlena vā vatena vā tapena vā brahmacariyena vā aparipakkaṃ vā kammaṃ paripācessāmi, paripakkaṃ vā kammaṃ phussa phussa byantiṃ karissāmīti. Hevaṃ natthi doṇamite sukhadukkhe pariyantakate saṃsāre, natthi hāyanavaḍḍhane, natthi ukkaṃsāvakaṃse. Seyyathāpi nāma suttaguḷe khitte nibbeṭhiyamānameva paleti, evameva bāle ca paṇḍite ca sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karissantī’ti.
“散达葛,在此,有智慧之人会这样反思:‘这位导师大人有这样的学说、这样的见解:“存在着七种集合体,它们不是被造作的,不是被塑造成形的,不是被创造的,不是被令生的,是不生育的,坚立如柱,安住不动。它们不摇动、不变异,彼此不侵害。”如果这位导师的话是真实的,那么,我虽未造作,也算已造作;我虽未经历,也算已修毕。在这一点上,我们两人平等、同样地达到了沙门果。而我却不会说:“我们二者在流转轮回之后,都将彻底终结苦。”可是,这位导师却修习如此极端严苛的苦行:裸体、剃发、长时蹲踞、拔除须发。而我呢,却住在儿女成群的家中,享受着迦尸的檀香,佩戴着花鬘、香料和化妆品,受用着金银。我与这位导师却会有着同样的归宿。对于来世,我还能知晓什么、看见什么,而继续在这位导师的教法中修习梵行呢?’他明白了:‘这不是梵行住。’了知这一点后,他便对那种梵行生活生起厌离,并舍离而去。散达葛,这就是彼世尊、知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者所开示的第四种非梵行住。处于其中,有智慧之人决不会主动修习这种梵行;即便修习,也绝不可能证得正确、善妙的法。”显示巴利原文
‘‘Tatra, sandaka, viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ayaṃ kho bhavaṃ satthā evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhi – sattime kāyā akaṭā akaṭavidhā animmitā animmātā vañjhā kūṭaṭṭhā esikaṭṭhāyiṭṭhitā. Te na iñjanti na vipariṇamanti na aññamaññaṃ byābādhenti. Nālaṃ aññamaññassa sukhāya vā dukkhāya vā sukhadukkhāya vā. Katame satta ? Pathavīkāyo āpokāyo tejokāyo vāyokāyo sukhe dukkhe jīve sattame – ime satta kāyā akaṭā akaṭavidhā animmitā animmātā vañjhā kūṭaṭṭhā esikaṭṭhāyiṭṭhitā. Te na iñjanti na vipariṇamanti na aññamaññaṃ byābādhenti. Nālaṃ aññamaññassa sukhāya vā dukkhāya vā sukhadukkhāya vā. Tattha natthi hantā vā ghātetā vā sotā vā sāvetā vā viññātā vā viññāpetā vā. Yopi tiṇhena satthena sīsaṃ chindati, na koci kañci jīvitā voropeti . Sattannaṃtveva kāyānamantarena satthaṃ vivaramanupatati. Cuddasa kho panimāni yonipamukhasatasahassāni saṭṭhi ca satāni cha ca satāni pañca ca kammuno satāni pañca ca kammāni tīṇi ca kammāni, kamme ca aḍḍhakamme ca, dvaṭṭhipaṭipadā, dvaṭṭhantarakappā, chaḷābhijātiyo, aṭṭha purisabhūmiyo, ekūnapaññāsa ājīvakasate, ekūnapaññāsa paribbājakasate, ekūnapaññāsa nāgāvāsasate, vīse indriyasate, tiṃse nirayasate, chattiṃsa rajodhātuyo, satta saññīgabbhā, satta asaññīgabbhā, satta nigaṇṭhigabbhā, satta devā, satta mānusā, satta pesācā, satta sarā, satta pavuṭā, satta papātā, satta papātasatāni, satta supinā, satta supinasatāni, cullāsīti mahākappino satasahassāni, yāni bāle ca paṇḍite ca sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karissanti. Tattha natthi imināhaṃ sīlena vā vatena vā tapena vā brahmacariyena vā aparipakkaṃ vā kammaṃ paripācessāmi, paripakkaṃ vā kammaṃ phussa phussa byantiṃ karissāmīti, hevaṃ natthi doṇamite sukhadukkhe pariyantakate saṃsāre, natthi hāyanavaḍḍhane, natthi ukkaṃsāvakaṃse. Seyyathāpi nāma suttaguḷe khitte nibbeṭhiyamānameva paleti, evameva bāle ca paṇḍite ca sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karissantī’ti. Sace pana imassa bhoto satthuno saccaṃ vacanaṃ, akatena me ettha kataṃ, avusitena me ettha vusitaṃ. Ubhopi mayaṃ ettha samasamā sāmaññaṃ pattā, yo cāhaṃ na vadāmi. ‘Ubho sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karissāmā’ti. Atirekaṃ kho panimassa bhoto satthuno naggiyaṃ muṇḍiyaṃ ukkuṭikappadhānaṃ kesamassulocanaṃ yohaṃ puttasambādhasayanaṃ ajjhāvasanto kāsikacandanaṃ paccanubhonto mālāgandhavilepanaṃ dhārento jātarūparajataṃ sādiyanto iminā bhotā satthārā samasamagatiko bhavissāmi. Abhisamparāyaṃ sohaṃ kiṃ jānanto kiṃ passanto imasmiṃ satthari brahmacariyaṃ carissāmi? ‘So abrahmacariyavāso aya’nti – iti viditvā tasmā brahmacariyā nibbijja pakkamati. Ayaṃ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena catuttho abrahmacariyavāso akkhāto yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
“散达葛,这些就是彼世尊——知者、见者,阿拉汉、正自觉者——所开示的四种非梵行住。对此,一个有智慧的人决不会主动去修习这样的梵行生活;即便修习了,也绝不可能证得那正确、善妙的法。”显示巴利原文
‘‘Ime kho te, sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena cattāro abrahmacariyavāsā akkhātā yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusala’’nti.
“真是殊胜啊,阿难尊者!真是不可思议啊,阿难尊者!彼世尊——知者、见者,阿拉汉、正自觉者——竟把这本身就是四种非梵行住的情况,明确地开示为‘非梵行住’。对此,一个有智慧的人决不会主动去修习这种梵行生活;即便修习了,也绝不可能证得那正确、善妙的法。然而,阿难尊者,彼世尊——知者、见者,阿拉汉、正自觉者——所指出的,让人哪怕尽力也不会去安住,即便安住了也证悟不到那正确、善妙之法的四种不可信赖的梵行生活,又是哪些呢?”显示巴利原文
‘‘Acchariyaṃ , bho ānanda, abbhutaṃ, bho ānanda! Yāvañcidaṃ tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena cattāro abrahmacariyavāsāva samānā ‘abrahmacariyavāsā’ti akkhātā yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalanti. Katamāni pana tāni, bho ānanda, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena cattāri anassāsikāni brahmacariyāni akkhātāni yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusala’’nti?
229 散达葛,有这样一种导师,他宣称自己是全知者、全见者,拥有无余的智见:‘无论我在行走、站立、睡眠还是醒觉时,那智见都恒常不断地现前于我。’他却走进空无一人的屋宅,却讨不到任何食物;他被狗咬伤;他遭遇暴烈的象、暴烈的马、暴烈的牛;他向女人或男人询问名字与家世;他打听村庄或城镇的名称与道路。当被人问起‘这是怎么回事?’时,他便说:‘我命中注定要进入空屋,所以我进入了。’‘我命中注定讨不到食物,所以我未得到。’‘我命中注定要被狗咬,所以我被咬伤。’‘我命中注定要遭遇暴烈的象,所以我遇见了。’‘我命中注定要遭遇暴烈的马,所以我遇见了。’‘我命中注定要遭遇暴烈的牛,所以我遇见了。’‘我命中注定要询问女人或男人的名字与家世,所以我询问了。’‘我命中注定要打听村庄或城镇的名称与道路,所以我询问了。’散达葛,对此,有智慧的人会这样反思:‘这位导师宣称自己是全知者、全见者,拥有无余的智见,还声称无论行走、站立、睡眠还是醒觉,智见恒常现前。然而,他却走进空屋,讨不到食物;被狗咬伤;遭遇暴烈的象、暴烈的马、暴烈的牛;询问女人或男人的名字与家世;打听村庄或城镇的名称与道路。当被问起时,他又说:我命中注定要进入空屋,所以我进入了;我命中注定讨不到食物,所以我未得到;我命中注定要被狗咬,所以我被咬伤;我命中注定要遭遇暴烈的象,所以我遇见了;我命中注定要遭遇暴烈的马,所以我遇见了;我命中注定要遭遇暴烈的牛,所以我遇见了;我命中注定要询问女人或男人的名字与家世,所以我询问了;我命中注定要打听村庄或城镇的名称与道路,所以我询问了。’他明了‘这样的梵行生活是无可信赖的’之后,便对它心生厌离,转身离去。散达葛,这就是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者、世尊所开示的第一种情形。显示巴利原文
‘‘Idha, sandaka, ekacco satthā sabbaññū sabbadassāvī aparisesaṃ ñāṇadassanaṃ paṭijānāti – ‘carato ca me tiṭṭhato ca suttassa ca jāgarassa ca satataṃ samitaṃ ñāṇadassanaṃ paccupaṭṭhita’nti. So suññampi agāraṃ pavisati, piṇḍampi na labhati, kukkuropi ḍaṃsati, caṇḍenapi hatthinā samāgacchati, caṇḍenapi assena samāgacchati, caṇḍenapi goṇena samāgacchati, itthiyāpi purisassapi nāmampi gottampi pucchati, gāmassapi nigamassapi nāmampi maggampi pucchati. So ‘kimida’nti puṭṭho samāno ‘suññaṃ me agāraṃ pavisitabbaṃ ahosi’, tena pāvisiṃ; ‘piṇḍampi aladdhabbaṃ ahosi’, tena nālatthaṃ ; ‘kukkurena ḍaṃsitabbaṃ ahosi’, tenamhi daṭṭho; ‘caṇḍena hatthinā samāgantabbaṃ ahosi’, tena samāgamiṃ; ‘caṇḍena assena samāgantabbaṃ ahosi’, tena samāgamiṃ; ‘caṇḍena goṇena samāgantabbaṃ ahosi’, tena samāgamiṃ; ‘itthiyāpi purisassapi nāmampi gottampi pucchitabbaṃ ahosi’, tena pucchiṃ; ‘gāmassapi nigamassapi nāmampi maggampi pucchitabbaṃ ahosi’, tena pucchinti. Tatra, sandaka, viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ayaṃ kho bhavaṃ satthā sabbaññū sabbadassāvī aparisesaṃ ñāṇadassanaṃ paṭijānāti…pe… ‘gāmassapi nigamassapi nāmampi maggampi pucchitabbaṃ ahosi, tena pucchi’nti . So ‘anassāsikaṃ idaṃ brahmacariya’nti – iti viditvā tasmā brahmacariyā nibbijja pakkamati. Idaṃ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena paṭhamaṃ anassāsikaṃ brahmacariyaṃ akkhātaṃ yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
230 再者,散达葛,世间有一种导师,他依凭传闻,以传闻为真实。他以传闻、代代相承的传说、经藏的汇集来教导法。然而,散达葛,对于这种依凭传闻、以传闻为真实的导师,所传的法有的听闻准确,有的听闻讹误,有的合乎实相,有的则背离实相。散达葛,面对这种情况,有智慧的人会这样省思:‘这位导师依凭传闻,以传闻为真实,他以传闻、代代相承的传说、经藏的汇集来教导法。而对于依凭传闻、以传闻为真实的导师,所传的法有的听闻准确,有的听闻讹误,有的合乎实相,有的则背离实相。’他明白了‘这一梵行并不可靠’之后,便对它感到厌离,转身离去。散达葛,这便是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者、世尊所开示的第二种不可信赖的梵行。于其中,有智慧的人即使努力,也不会乐于遵行这样的梵行;即使勉强行之,也无法证得那正确而善妙的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, sandaka, idhekacco satthā anussaviko hoti anussavasacco. So anussavena itihitihaparamparāya piṭakasampadāya dhammaṃ deseti. Anussavikassa kho pana, sandaka , satthuno anussavasaccassa sussutampi hoti dussutampi hoti tathāpi hoti aññathāpi hoti. Tatra, sandaka, viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ayaṃ kho bhavaṃ satthā anussaviko anussavasacco so anussavena itihitihaparamparāya piṭakasampadāya dhammaṃ deseti. Anussavikassa kho pana satthuno anussavasaccassa sussutampi hoti dussutampi hoti tathāpi hoti aññathāpi hoti’. So ‘anassāsikaṃ idaṃ brahmacariya’nti – iti viditvā tasmā brahmacariyā nibbijja pakkamati. Idaṃ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena dutiyaṃ anassāsikaṃ brahmacariyaṃ akkhātaṃ yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
231 再者,散达葛,世间有一种导师,他是推论者、审察者。他依循推论所得、沿着审察的路径、凭自身辩才而宣说出法,作为教导。然而,散达葛,对于这位推论者、审察者导师,他所推论的中有巧妙的推论,也有拙劣的推论,有的合乎实相,有的则背离实相。散达葛,面对这种情况,有智慧的人会这样省思:‘这位导师是推论者、审察者,他依循推论所得、沿着审察的路径、凭自身辩才而宣说出法。而对于推论者、审察者导师,他所推论的中有巧妙的推论,也有拙劣的推论,有的合乎实相,有的则背离实相。’他明白了‘这一梵行并不可靠’之后,便对它感到厌离,转身离去。散达葛,这便是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者、世尊所开示的第三种不可信赖的梵行。于其中,有智慧的人即使努力,也不会乐于遵行这样的梵行;即使勉强行之,也无法证得那正确而善妙的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, sandaka, idhekacco satthā takkī hoti vīmaṃsī. So takkapariyāhataṃ vīmaṃsānucaritaṃ sayaṃpaṭibhānaṃ dhammaṃ deseti. Takkissa kho pana, sandaka, satthuno vīmaṃsissa sutakkitampi hoti duttakkitampi hoti tathāpi hoti aññathāpi hoti. Tatra, sandaka, viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ayaṃ kho bhavaṃ satthā takkī vīmaṃsī. So takkapariyāhataṃ vīmaṃsānucaritaṃ sayaṃpaṭibhānaṃ dhammaṃ deseti. Takkissa kho pana satthuno vīmaṃsissa sutakkitampi hoti duttakkitampi hoti tathāpi hoti aññathāpi hoti’. So ‘anassāsikaṃ idaṃ brahmacariya’nti – iti viditvā tasmā brahmacariyā nibbijja pakkamati. Idaṃ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena tatiyaṃ anassāsikaṃ brahmacariyaṃ akkhātaṃ yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
232 再者,散达葛,世间有一种导师,他迟钝、愚昧。因为迟钝、愚昧,不论被问到什么问题,他便陷入言辞的闪躲回避,犹如鳝鱼一般滑溜溜的模棱两可:‘我不说是这样,也不说是那样,也不说是别的;并非不如此,也并非非不如此。’散达葛,面对这种情况,有智慧的人会这样省思:‘这位导师迟钝、愚昧。因为迟钝、愚昧,不论被问到什么问题,他便陷入言辞的闪躲回避,犹如鳝鱼一般滑溜溜的模棱两可:我不说是这样,也不说是那样,也不说是别的;并非不如此,也并非非不如此。’他明白了‘这一梵行并不可靠’之后,便对它感到厌离,转身离去。散达葛,这便是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者、世尊所开示的第四种不可信赖的梵行。于其中,有智慧的人即使努力,也不会乐于遵行这样的梵行;即使勉强行之,也无法证得那正确而善妙的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, sandaka, idhekacco satthā mando hoti momūho. So mandattā momūhattā tattha tattha pañhaṃ puṭṭho samāno vācāvikkhepaṃ āpajjati amarāvikkhepaṃ – ‘evantipi me no, tathātipi me no, aññathātipi me no, notipi me no, no notipi me no’ti. Tatra, sandaka, viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ayaṃ kho bhavaṃ satthā mando momūho. So mandattā momūhattā tattha tattha pañhaṃ puṭṭho samāno vācāvikkhepaṃ āpajjati amarāvikkhepaṃ – evantipi me no, tathātipi me no, aññathātipi me no, notipi me no, no notipi me no’ti. So ‘anassāsikaṃ idaṃ brahmacariya’nti – iti viditvā tasmā brahmacariyā nibbijja pakkamati. Idaṃ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena catutthaṃ anassāsikaṃ brahmacariyaṃ akkhātaṃ yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
散达葛,这四种不可信赖的梵行生活,便是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者、世尊所开示的。一个有智慧的人,尽其全力也不会安住于这样的梵行生活;纵使安住,也证悟不了那正确而善妙的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘Imāni kho, (tāni sandaka, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena cattāri anassāsikāni brahmacariyāni akkhātāni yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusala’’nti.
阿难尊者,真是殊胜稀有,真是不可思议!那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者、世尊,竟将此四种梵行生活明示为不可信赖的梵行生活。正因如此,一个有智慧的人,尽其全力也不应安住于其中,纵使安住,也证悟不了那正确而善妙的法。那么,阿难尊者,彼世尊又是如何宣说、如何教导的呢?在怎样的梵行生活中,一个有智慧的人才能全心安住,并在安住中证悟那正确而善妙的法呢?显示巴利原文
‘‘Acchariyaṃ, bho ānanda, abbhutaṃ, bho ānanda! Yāvañcidaṃ tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena cattāri anassāsikāneva brahmacariyāni anassāsikāni brahmacariyānīti akkhātāni yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ na vaseyya, vasanto ca nārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ. So pana, bho ānanda, satthā kiṃ vādī kiṃ akkhāyī yattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ vaseyya, vasanto ca ārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusala’’nti.
233 散达葛,如来出现于世间,他是阿拉汉、正自觉者、明行具足、善逝、世间解、无上调御丈夫、天人师、佛、世尊……他舍断这五种能令智慧羸弱的心之杂染——盖障后,由于远离感官欲乐,远离不善法,有寻有伺,由离所生的喜与乐,进入并安住于初禅。散达葛,若一位弟子能从导师处证得如此殊胜的特质,那么一个有智慧的人,定会全心全意地修习这样的梵行,并在修习中证悟那正确而善妙的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘Idha, sandaka, tathāgato loke uppajjati arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā…pe… so ime pañca nīvaraṇe pahāya cetaso upakkilese paññāya dubbalīkaraṇe vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Yasmiṃ kho , sandaka, satthari sāvako evarūpaṃ uḷāravisesaṃ adhigacchati tattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ vaseyya, vasanto ca ārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
再者,散达葛,比丘止息寻与伺……进入并安住于第二禅。散达葛,若有弟子于导师处证得如此殊胜的成就,智者定会尽己所能地修习梵行,修习之中,便能通达此正确、善巧的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, sandaka, bhikkhu vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā…pe... dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Yasmiṃ kho, sandaka, satthari sāvako evarūpaṃ uḷāravisesaṃ adhigacchati tattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ vaseyya, vasanto ca ārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
再者,散达葛,比丘因对喜的离染,住于舍心……进入并安住于第三禅。散达葛,若有弟子于导师处证得如此殊胜的成就,智者定会尽己所能地修习梵行,修习之中,便能通达此正确、善巧的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, sandaka, bhikkhu pītiyā ca virāgā upekkhako ca viharati…pe… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Yasmiṃ kho, sandaka, satthari sāvako evarūpaṃ uḷāravisesaṃ adhigacchati tattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ vaseyya, vasanto ca ārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
再者,散达葛,比丘以舍弃乐……进入并安住于第四禅。散达葛,若有弟子于导师处证得如此殊胜的成就,智者定会尽己所能地修习梵行,修习之中,便能通达此正确、善巧的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, sandaka, bhikkhu sukhassa ca pahānā…pe… catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Yasmiṃ kho, sandaka, satthari sāvako evarūpaṃ uḷāravisesaṃ adhigacchati tattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ vaseyya, vasanto ca ārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
当他的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离了随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住于不动摇的状态后,他将心导向宿命随念智。他回忆起种种过去世:一生、两生……乃至多生,连同其相状与细节。散达葛,若有一位弟子在导师座下证得如此殊胜的特质,有智慧的人定会全心全意地于此修习梵行;而当他修习时,便能通达这正确、善妙的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte pubbenivāsānussatiñāṇāya cittaṃ abhininnāmeti. So anekavihitaṃ pubbenivāsaṃ anussarati, seyyathidaṃ – ekampi jātiṃ dvepi jātiyo…pe… iti sākāraṃ sauddesaṃ anekavihitaṃ pubbenivāsaṃ anussarati. Yasmiṃ kho, sandaka, satthari sāvako evarūpaṃ uḷāravisesaṃ adhigacchati tattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ vaseyya, vasanto ca ārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
当他的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离了随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住于不动摇的状态后,他将心导向众生死生智。他以清净、超越凡人的天眼,见众生死去、投生,卑贱或高贵,美丽或丑陋,善趣或恶趣……了知众生各随其业而流转。散达葛,若有一位弟子在导师座下证得如此殊胜的特质,有智慧的人定会全心全意地于此修习梵行;而当他修习时,便能通达这正确、善妙的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte sattānaṃ cutūpapātañāṇāya cittaṃ abhininnāmeti. So dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passati cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate…pe… yathākammūpage satte pajānāti. Yasmiṃ kho, sandaka, satthari sāvako evarūpaṃ uḷāravisesaṃ adhigacchati tattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ vaseyya, vasanto ca ārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusalaṃ.
当他的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离了随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住于不动摇的状态后,他将心导向诸漏灭尽的智慧。他如实了知:‘这是苦’……‘这是苦的集起’……‘这是苦的灭尽’……‘这是导向苦灭的道路’;如实了知:‘这些是漏’……‘这是漏的集起’……‘这是漏的灭尽’……‘这是导向漏灭的道路’。当他如此了知、如此看见时,心便从欲漏、有漏、无明漏中解脱。解脱时,生起了‘解脱’的了知。他了知:‘生已尽,梵行已立,应作已作,不受后有。’散达葛,无论在哪位导师座下,弟子能证得如此殊胜的成就,有智慧的人理当尽心尽力地于此修习梵行;而当修习时,便能证得那正确、善妙的法。显示巴利原文
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte āsavānaṃ khayañāṇāya cittaṃ abhininnāmeti. So ‘idaṃ dukkha’nti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ‘ayaṃ dukkhasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti; ‘ime āsavā’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ‘ayaṃ āsavasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ‘ayaṃ āsavanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ‘ayaṃ āsavanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti. Tassa evaṃ jānato evaṃ passato kāmāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccati, bhavāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccati, avijjāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccati. Vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ hoti. ‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānāti. Yasmiṃ kho, sandaka, satthari sāvako evarūpaṃ uḷāravisesaṃ adhigacchati tattha viññū puriso sasakkaṃ brahmacariyaṃ vaseyya, vasanto ca ārādheyya ñāyaṃ dhammaṃ kusala’’nti.
234 “那么,阿难尊者,那位阿拉汉比丘——已灭尽诸漏、已圆满修行、应作已作、已卸下重担、已达成目标、已彻底灭尽后有结缚、由正智而彻底解脱者——他还会受用感官欲乐吗?”“散达葛,那位阿拉汉比丘——已灭尽诸漏、已圆满修行、应作已作、已卸下重担、已达成目标、已彻底灭尽后有结缚、由正智而彻底解脱者——他绝无可能再违犯五件事。已灭尽诸漏的比丘,绝不可能故意夺取有情生命;已灭尽诸漏的比丘,绝不可能以偷盗意图拿取未予之物;已灭尽诸漏的比丘,绝不可能行淫欲之事;已灭尽诸漏的比丘,绝不可能故意说妄语;已灭尽诸漏的比丘,绝不可能像以前在家人身份时那样,以储藏的方式受用感官欲乐。散达葛,这位比丘——这位阿拉汉、已灭尽诸漏……由正智而彻底解脱者——绝不可能违犯这五件事。”显示巴利原文
‘‘Yo pana so, bho ānanda, bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññā vimutto paribhuñjeyya so kāme’’ti? ‘‘Yo so, sandaka, bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññā vimutto abhabbo so pañcaṭṭhānāni ajjhācarituṃ. Abhabbo khīṇāsavo bhikkhu sañcicca pāṇaṃ jīvitā voropetuṃ, abhabbo khīṇāsavo bhikkhu adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādātuṃ, abhabbo khīṇāsavo bhikkhu methunaṃ dhammaṃ paṭisevetuṃ, abhabbo khīṇāsavo bhikkhu sampajānamusā bhāsituṃ, abhabbo khīṇāsavo bhikkhu sannidhikārakaṃ kāme paribhuñjituṃ, seyyathāpi pubbe agāriyabhūto. Yo so, sandaka, bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññā vimutto abhabbo so imāni pañcaṭṭhānāni ajjhācaritu’’nti.
235 “那么,阿难尊者,那位阿拉汉比丘——已灭尽诸漏、已圆满修行、应作已作、已卸下重担、已达成目标、已彻底灭尽后有结缚、由正智而彻底解脱者——在他行走、站立、睡眠或醒着时,是否每时每刻、持续不断地现起‘我的诸漏已灭尽’的知见呢?”“既然如此,散达葛,我来给你说个譬喻。有智慧的人能通过譬喻了知所说之义。散达葛,就像有一个人手脚被砍断了。在他行走、站立、睡眠或醒着时,是每时每刻、持续不断地了知‘我的手脚被砍断了’呢,还是当他回顾反思时,才了知‘我的手脚被砍断了’?”“阿难尊者,那人并非每时每刻、持续不断地了知‘我的手脚被砍断了’。他是在回顾反思时,才了知‘我的手脚被砍断了’。”“同样的,散达葛,这位比丘——这位阿拉汉、已灭尽诸漏……由正智而彻底解脱者——在他行走、站立、睡眠或醒着时,并非每时每刻、持续不断地现起‘我的诸漏已灭尽’的知见。但是,当他回顾反思时,他便了知:‘我的诸漏已灭尽。’”显示巴利原文
‘‘Yo pana so, bho ānanda, bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññā vimutto tassa carato ceva tiṭṭhato ca suttassa ca jāgarassa ca satataṃ samitaṃ ñāṇadassanaṃ paccupaṭṭhitaṃ – ‘khīṇā me āsavā’’’ti? ‘‘Tena hi, sandaka, upamaṃ te karissāmi; upamāyapidhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti. Seyyathāpi, sandaka, purisassa hatthapādā chinnā; tassa carato ceva tiṭṭhato ca suttassa ca jāgarassa ca satataṃ samitaṃ (jānāti – ‘chinnā me hatthapādā’ti, udāhu paccavekkhamāno jānāti – ‘chinnā me hatthapādā’’’ti? ‘‘Na kho, bho ānanda, so puriso satataṃ samitaṃ jānāti – ‘chinnā me hatthapādā’ ti.) Api ca kho pana naṃ paccavekkhamāno jānāti – ‘chinnā me hatthapādā’’’ti. ‘‘Evameva kho, sandaka, yo so bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññā vimutto tassa carato ceva tiṭṭhato ca suttassa ca jāgarassa ca satataṃ samitaṃ (ñāṇadassanaṃ na paccupaṭṭhitaṃ – ‘khīṇā me āsavā’ti;) api ca kho pana naṃ paccavekkhamāno jānāti – ‘khīṇā me āsavā’’’ti.
236 “那么,阿难尊者,在这法与律之中,有多少位出离者呢?”“散达葛,不只是一百,不只是两百,不只是三百,不只是四百,不只是五百,在这法与律之中,出离者的人数其实比这更多。”“真是奇妙啊,阿难尊者!真是稀有啊,阿难尊者!既不抬高自法,亦不贬损他法,仅仅是适时说法,竟能显现如此众多的出离者。而这些邪命外道,这些可怜女人的儿子们,一味抬高自己、贬低他人,他们所称说的出离者却只有三位,即是:难陀婆蹉、基萨桑基吒、末伽梨瞿舍利。”那时,游方者散达葛对自己的徒众说:“诸位,你们到沙门乔达摩座下修习梵行吧。至于我,如今要放下这利养、恭敬与名望,恐怕已不容易了。”就这样,游方者散达葛催促着自己的徒众,前往世尊座下修习梵行。显示巴利原文
‘‘Kīvabahukā pana, bho ānanda, imasmiṃ dhammavinaye niyyātāro’’ti? ‘‘Na kho, sandaka, ekaṃyeva sataṃ na dve satāni na tīṇi satāni na cattāri satāni na pañca satāni, atha kho bhiyyova ye imasmiṃ dhammavinaye niyyātāro’’ti. ‘‘Acchariyaṃ, bho ānanda, abbhutaṃ, bho ānanda! Na ca nāma sadhammokkaṃsanā bhavissati, na paradhammavambhanā, āyatane ca dhammadesanā tāva bahukā ca niyyātāro paññāyissanti. Ime panājīvakā puttamatāya puttā attānañceva ukkaṃsenti, pare ca vambhenti tayo ceva niyyātāro paññapenti, seyyathidaṃ – nandaṃ vacchaṃ, kisaṃ saṃkiccaṃ, makkhaliṃ gosāla’’nti. Atha kho sandako paribbājako sakaṃ parisaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘carantu bhonto samaṇe gotame brahmacariyavāso. Na dāni sukaraṃ amhehi lābhasakkārasiloke pariccajitu’’nti. Iti hidaṃ sandako paribbājako sakaṃ parisaṃ uyyojesi bhagavati brahmacariyeti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册 Pali 中文(经文用名) 角色 Bhagavā 世尊 佛陀,教法的源头 Sandaka 散德咖 (散陀咖) 游方者领袖,提问者 Ānanda 阿难 佛弟子,说法者 ekacco satthā 导师一 持无作邪见者 ekacco satthā 导师二 持业力无用邪见者 ekacco satthā 导师三 持无因论邪见者 ekacco satthā 导师四 持宿命决定论邪见者 Nanda Vaccha 难德瓦差 邪命外道出离者 Kisa Saṅkicca 基萨桑基吒 邪命外道出离者 Makkhali Gosāla 末伽梨瞿舍利 (马卡离果萨喇) 邪命外道出离者
事件 阿难尊者见游方者散德咖与大众高谈阔论世间闲话,便受邀为其说法。阿难依次阐述了佛陀批判的四种不堪的“非梵行住”(道德虚无论、行为无效论、无因论、宿命决定论),指出智者因此厌离这些教法。随后,他引出佛陀教法中,能让弟子通过戒定慧三学次第证得漏尽解脱的真实梵行,最终引导散德咖及其众会皈依佛陀。
经文摘要 阿难观察游方者闲散喧闹 → 应请批判四种邪见(道德无能、行为无功、一切无因、命运已定) → 宣说佛法中由戒生定、由定发慧、终至漏尽的真实修行之路。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解) 1. 为什么那些看起来很厉害的苦行没戏?
背景是,散德咖是个游方老师,他的圈子里流传着各种流行的“修行”理论,有的甚至主张极端苦行。阿难尊者帮他做了一次“思想排毒”,点出了四种看起来很玄乎,但逻辑上根本无法导向解脱的修行观。
2. 四种画大饼的毒思想
阿难用同一个逻辑模板来拆穿这些理论:如果一个理论是对的,那持戒苦行的人和纵欲享乐的人,死后下场居然完全一样。这明显逻辑不通,会导致一个追求智慧的人直接厌离 (“从彼梵行厌离而离去”)。这就好比说,无论你努力读书还是天天睡觉,期末成绩都自动清零,那谁还会去努力?
* 第一种:彻底的无作用论。 认为人死如灯灭,由地水火风四大分解,什么都没了。布施、善恶都是扯淡。
→ 拆开看:如果“死后不存在”是真的,那修行者和普通人死后都是“不存在”,二者归宿一样。苦行导师“过分地裸行、剃发……”,而我普通人“持用花鬘香涂料”,结果没差别。那我为什么还要跟着你过苦日子?
* 第二种:彻底的无罪福论。 认为“作者不作恶”,无论是杀人放火还是布施救人,都“无恶,无恶之来”。行为没有任何道德后果。
→ 拆开看:如果杀人和布施的结局一样,那慈悲的修行者和残忍的罪犯也没有区别。这种理论直接瓦解了一切修行的道德根基,把善与恶的界线抹杀了。
* 第三种:彻底的无因论。 认为众生变得污浊或清净,都没有原因,纯粹是随机发生。
→ 拆开看:如果清净与否全靠碰运气,“无力、无精进”,那你再怎么努力精进也毫无用处。这等于直接否定了修行本身的动力,把人的主观能动性一笔勾销。
* 第四种:宿命决定论。 认为有永恒的七大元素 (地、水、火、风、乐、苦、命),轮回的时间、次数、苦乐总量都是早已精确划分好的,就像绕线球一样,转完就完了,修行不能改变任何事。
→ 拆开看:既然“苦乐已被量定,轮回已被限定”,那你的苦行就像是做无用功,根本无法改变既定剧本。这不过是给随波逐流找了个精致的借口。
→ 一句话要旨:这四种理论表面谈修行,实则破坏根基,让修行者失去理智和动力,所以叫“非梵行住”,本质上是没法真正搞下去的伪修行。
3. 那什么才是真实可行的?
批判完后,阿难给出了佛陀的教育路线,这是一条可以亲自验证、步步推进的路:
* 看见希望: 首先,有智慧的导师出现,让居士生起信心,决定出家。这是基于信任和希望的开始。
* 打好地基: 出家后持守戒律,守护感官,在细节处培养正念正知,直到内心生起无瑕疵的喜悦。
* 内功修炼: 接着修习禅定 (初禅到四禅),让心变得“得定、清净、明净、无秽、柔软、适业”。
* 开启智慧: 最后,用这颗稳定而有力的心,去观察 宿住智 (回忆前世)、 天眼智 (看到众生随业流转),最终证得 漏尽智 。证得漏尽智,就是真的看透苦的原因并彻底断除,有了“生已尽,梵行已立,所作已办,不受后有”的最终确认。
* 关于漏尽者的误解: 散德咖疑惑,证了阿拉汉的人是不是每分每秒都在想“我漏尽了”?
→ 阿难用一个绝妙比喻反问:一个手脚被砍断的人,是每一秒都刻意想着“我手脚断了”,还是只在 回想/省察 时才知道?答案是后者。同样,漏尽者已在本质上断除烦恼,无需一直刻意标榜,只有在省察时才会清楚地现起“解脱”的智慧。这澄清了觉悟不是一种紧张的自证状态,而是一种自然的、已解决了根本问题的存在。
→ 一句话要旨:真实的梵行不是靠苦行消灭罪业或坐等命运安排,而是沿着戒、定、慧的训练体系,亲自开发内心力量去照见真相,最终彻底熄灭烦恼,而非靠任何外在的机械式命运去达成。
关键术语锚 - 梵行住 / 梵行 (brahmacariyavāsa / brahmacariya)→"梵行生活/清净行":本篇易误解为单指禁欲。这里泛指一种为了解脱而修的完整精神生活/教法体系,阿难批判的是“非梵行住”,即徒有形式而逻辑不自洽、无法导向解脱的伪清净生活。
- 宿住随念智 (pubbenivāsānussati-ñāṇa)→"宿命通/过去世记忆智":易误解为神通玄幻。在此是禅定基础上开发的如实观察能力,用以验证轮回真实和业力法则,是破除常见与断见的直接工具。
- 漏尽智 (āsavakkhaya-ñāṇa)→"烦恼灭尽的智慧":本篇的终极成就。āva(漏)指感官欲望、存在欲、无知等根本烦恼。漏尽智并非知识上的明白,而是通过观四圣谛,从“心从欲漏、有漏、无明漏解脱”的直接经验,永断苦因。
- 业 (kamma)→"有意图的行为/业力":四种邪见的核心在于否定或固化“业”的道德效力。佛法既反对道德虚无(第二种邪见),也反对宿命机械论(第四种邪见),强调“业”是能通过智慧与精进当下改变的,这为修行提供了可能与意义。