390如是我闻:一时,世尊住在舍卫城东园鹿母讲堂。那时,天帝释来到世尊前,顶礼世尊后,立于一旁。立于一旁的天帝释对世尊这样说:“尊者,一位比丘如何才是简要地从渴爱灭尽中得究竟解脱,达到究竟的终点、究竟的安稳、究竟的梵行、究竟的圆满,成为天与人中的最上者?”
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati pubbārāme migāramātupāsāde. Atha kho sakko devānamindo yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Ekamantaṃ ṭhito kho sakko devānamindo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, bhikkhu saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimutto hoti accantaniṭṭho accantayogakkhemī accantabrahmacārī accantapariyosāno seṭṭho devamanussāna’’nti?
“帝释天,于此,有比丘闻如是:‘一切法皆不应执取。’帝释天,比丘如是闻:‘一切法皆不应执取’。他了知一切法;了知一切法已,遍知一切法;遍知一切法已,凡所感受之受——或乐、或苦、或不苦不乐,于彼诸受,他安住于随观无常,安住于随观离贪,安住于随观灭尽,安住于随观舍遣。彼于彼诸受安住于随观无常、离贪、灭尽、舍遣而住时,于世间一切无所执取。无所执取,则无有恐慌;无有恐慌,他自身便证入般涅槃。他彻知:‘生已尽,梵行已立,所作已作,不受后有。’帝释天,比丘能如是简要地以渴爱灭尽而解脱,达至究竟终点、究竟安稳、究竟梵行、究竟圆满,而为天界与人中之上首者。”
‘‘Idha, devānaminda, bhikkhuno sutaṃ hoti – ‘sabbe dhammā nālaṃ abhinivesāyā’ti. Evañcetaṃ, devānaminda, bhikkhuno sutaṃ hoti – ‘sabbe dhammā nālaṃ abhinivesāyā’ti. So sabbaṃ dhammaṃ abhijānāti; sabbaṃ dhammaṃ abhiññāya sabbaṃ dhammaṃ parijānāti; sabbaṃ dhammaṃ pariññāya yaṃ kiñci vedanaṃ vedeti – sukhaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vā, so tāsu vedanāsu aniccānupassī viharati, virāgānupassī viharati, nirodhānupassī viharati, paṭinissaggānupassī viharati. So tāsu vedanāsu aniccānupassī viharanto, virāgānupassī viharanto, nirodhānupassī viharanto, paṭinissaggānupassī viharanto na kiñci loke upādiyati. Anupādiyaṃ na paritassati, aparitassaṃ paccattaññeva parinibbāyati – ‘khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānāti. Ettāvatā kho, devānaminda, bhikkhu saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimutto hoti accantaniṭṭho accantayogakkhemī accantabrahmacārī accantapariyosāno seṭṭho devamanussāna’’nti.
那时,帝释天对世尊的教导欢喜、随喜赞叹,顶礼世尊,右绕之后,便在那里消失不见。
Atha kho sakko devānamindo bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā tatthevantaradhāyi.
391那时,目犍连尊者正坐在离世尊不远处。目犍连尊者心里生起这样的念头:“那位天神是真正领会并随喜了世尊的教导,还是没有呢?让我去了解一下那位天神,看他是领会随喜了世尊的教导,还是并非如此。”于是,目犍连尊者犹如力士屈伸臂顷,从东园鹿母讲堂消失,出现在三十三天界。当时,帝释天在纯白莲花游园里,备齐了五百件天界乐器,正自娱享乐。帝释天远远望见目犍连尊者走来,见后便撤去那些五百件天界乐器,走到目犍连尊者跟前,对他说:“目犍连尊者,请来!目犍连尊者,欢迎!目犍连尊者,您别来已久,未曾如此方便地来到这里。请坐,目犍连尊者,这里已铺好座位。”目犍连尊者在铺好的座位上坐下。帝释天则取了一张较矮的座位,坐在一旁。目犍连尊者对坐在一旁的帝释天这样说:“枸悉迦,世尊是怎样简要开示渴爱灭尽解脱的?若能让我们也听到这番话,那便很好。”
Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā mahāmoggallāno bhagavato avidūre nisinno hoti. Atha kho āyasmato mahāmoggallānassa etadahosi – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho so yakkho bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhisamecca anumodi udāhu no; yaṃnūnāhaṃ taṃ yakkhaṃ jāneyyaṃ – yadi vā so yakkho bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhisamecca anumodi yadi vā no’’ti? Atha kho āyasmā mahāmoggallāno – seyyathāpi nāma balavā puriso samiñjitaṃ vā bāhaṃ pasāreyya, pasāritaṃ vā bāhaṃ samiñjeyya, evameva – pubbārāme migāramātupāsāde antarahito devesu tāvatiṃsesu pāturahosi. Tena kho pana samayena sakko devānamindo ekapuṇḍarīke uyyāne dibbehi pañcahi tūriyasatehi samappito samaṅgībhūto paricāreti. Addasā kho sakko devānamindo āyasmantaṃ mahāmoggallānaṃ dūratova āgacchantaṃ. Disvāna tāni dibbāni pañca tūriyasatāni paṭippaṇāmetvā yenāyasmā mahāmoggallāno tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā āyasmantaṃ mahāmoggallānaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ehi kho, mārisa moggallāna, svāgataṃ, mārisa moggallāna! Cirassaṃ kho, mārisa moggallāna, imaṃ pariyāyaṃ akāsi yadidaṃ idhāgamanāya. Nisīda, mārisa moggallāna, idamāsanaṃ paññatta’’nti. Nisīdi kho āyasmā mahāmoggallāno paññatte āsane. Sakkopi kho devānamindo aññataraṃ nīcaṃ āsanaṃ gahetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho sakkaṃ devānamindaṃ āyasmā mahāmoggallāno etadavoca – ‘‘yathā kathaṃ pana kho, kosiya, bhagavā saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimuttiṃ abhāsi? Sādhu mayampi etissā kathāya bhāgino assāma savanāyā’’ti.
392“目犍连尊者,我们事务繁多,有许多该做的,不光为己,更为了三十三天众的事务。再者,目犍连尊者,即便是善听、善持、善作意、善领受的法,也会很快便从我们这里隐没。目犍连尊者,过去曾发生过一场天人与阿修罗的大战。在那场战争中,目犍连尊者,天人们赢了,阿修罗们败了。我成为战胜者归来后,便兴建了一座名为韦迦亚塔的宫殿。目犍连尊者,那座韦迦亚塔宫殿有一百座尖塔,每一座尖塔内有七百座高楼,每一座高楼中有七位天女,每一位天女有七位侍从。目犍连尊者,您可想看看韦迦亚塔宫殿的优美景致吗?”目犍连尊者默然应允。
‘‘Mayaṃ kho, mārisa moggallāna, bahukiccā bahukaraṇīyā – appeva sakena karaṇīyena, api ca devānaṃyeva tāvatiṃsānaṃ karaṇīyena. Api ca, mārisa moggallāna, sussutaṃyeva hoti suggahitaṃ sumanasikataṃ sūpadhāritaṃ, yaṃ no khippameva antaradhāyati. Bhūtapubbaṃ, mārisa moggallāna, devāsurasaṅgāmo samupabyūḷho ahosi. Tasmiṃ kho pana, mārisa moggallāna, saṅgāme devā jiniṃsu, asurā parājiniṃsu. So kho ahaṃ, mārisa moggallāna, taṃ saṅgāmaṃ abhivijinitvā vijitasaṅgāmo tato paṭinivattitvā vejayantaṃ nāma pāsādaṃ māpesiṃ. Vejayantassa kho, mārisa moggallāna, pāsādassa ekasataṃ niyyūhaṃ. Ekekasmiṃ niyyūhe satta satta kūṭāgārasatāni. Ekamekasmiṃ kūṭāgāre satta satta accharāyo . Ekamekissā accharāya satta satta paricārikāyo. Iccheyyāsi no tvaṃ , mārisa moggallāna, vejayantassa pāsādassa rāmaṇeyyakaṃ daṭṭhu’’nti? Adhivāsesi kho āyasmā mahāmoggallāno tuṇhībhāvena.
393于是,帝释天与四大王天的毗沙门大王(多闻天王)请目犍连尊者为前导,前往韦迦亚塔宫殿。帝释天的侍从天女们远远望见目犍连尊者走来,见后惭愧羞耻,各自躲进了自己的房间。犹如媳妇见到公公时会感到惭愧羞耻一般,帝释天的侍从天女们见到目犍连尊者,同样感到惭愧羞耻,各自躲进了自己的房间。然后,帝释天与毗沙门大王(多闻天王)引导目犍连尊者在韦迦亚塔宫殿里漫步参观,说:“尊敬的目犍连,您看,韦迦亚塔宫殿这一部分的美景;尊敬的目犍连,您看,韦迦亚塔宫殿这一部分的美景。”目犍连尊者说:“这位枸悉迦尊者的住处确实辉煌,这与他的宿世福业相符。往昔人们见到任何美景,都会这样赞叹:‘真是美丽啊,简直像三十三天界的一样!’这位枸悉迦尊者的住处确实辉煌,这与他的宿世福业相符。”那时,目犍连尊者心想:“这位天神实在过于放逸,耽著享乐。让我来警醒他一下。”于是,目犍连尊者施展如是的如意神通,以脚趾令韦迦亚塔宫殿震动、剧烈震动、上下颤摇。那时,帝释天、毗沙门大王(多闻天王)及三十三天的天众都心生惊奇,觉得不可思议,想道:“诸位,真是稀有啊!真是不可思议啊!这位沙门竟有如此大神通、大威力,能以脚趾令天宫震动、剧烈震动、上下颤摇!”那时,目犍连尊者知道帝释天已惊惧得汗毛竖立,便对帝释天说:“枸悉迦,世尊是如何简要地宣说渴爱灭尽解脱的呢?若我们也能听闻这番话,那就太好了。”
Atha kho sakko ca devānamindo vessavaṇo ca mahārājā āyasmantaṃ mahāmoggallānaṃ purakkhatvā yena vejayanto pāsādo tenupasaṅkamiṃsu. Addasaṃsu kho sakkassa devānamindassa paricārikāyo āyasmantaṃ mahāmoggallānaṃ dūratova āgacchantaṃ; disvā ottappamānā hirīyamānā sakaṃ sakaṃ ovarakaṃ pavisiṃsu. Seyyathāpi nāma suṇisā sasuraṃ disvā ottappati hirīyati, evameva sakkassa devānamindassa paricārikāyo āyasmantaṃ mahāmoggallānaṃ disvā ottappamānā hirīyamānā sakaṃ sakaṃ ovarakaṃ pavisiṃsu. Atha kho sakko ca devānamindo vessavaṇo ca mahārājā āyasmantaṃ mahāmoggallānaṃ vejayante pāsāde anucaṅkamāpenti anuvicarāpenti – ‘‘idampi, mārisa moggallāna, passa vejayantassa pāsādassa rāmaṇeyyakaṃ; idampi, mārisa moggallāna, passa vejayantassa pāsādassa rāmaṇeyyaka’’nti. ‘‘Sobhati idaṃ āyasmato kosiyassa, yathā taṃ pubbe katapuññassa. Manussāpi kiñcideva rāmaṇeyyakaṃ disvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘sobhati vata bho yathā devānaṃ tāvatiṃsāna’nti. Tayidaṃ āyasmato kosiyassa sobhati, yathā taṃ pubbe katapuññassā’’ti. Atha kho āyasmato mahāmoggallānassa etadahosi – ‘‘atibāḷhaṃ kho ayaṃ yakkho pamatto viharati. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ imaṃ yakkhaṃ saṃvejeyya’’nti. Atha kho āyasmā mahāmoggallāno tathārūpaṃ iddhābhisaṅkhāraṃ abhisaṅkhāsi yathā vejayantaṃ pāsādaṃ pādaṅguṭṭhakena saṅkampesi sampakampesi sampavedhesi . Atha kho sakko ca devānamindo, vessavaṇo ca mahārājā, devā ca tāvatiṃsā acchariyabbhutacittajātā ahesuṃ – ‘‘acchariyaṃ vata, bho, abbhutaṃ vata, bho, samaṇassa mahiddhikatā mahānubhāvatā, yatra hi nāma dibbabhavanaṃ pādaṅguṭṭhakena saṅkampessati sampakampessati sampavedhessatī’’ti! Atha kho āyasmā mahāmoggallāno sakkaṃ devānamindaṃ saṃviggaṃ lomahaṭṭhajātaṃ viditvā sakkaṃ devānamindaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘yathā kathaṃ pana kho, kosiya, bhagavā saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimuttiṃ abhāsi? Sādhu mayampi etissā kathāya bhāgino assāma savanāyā’’ti.
394目犍连贤友,那时我前往世尊之处。到了之后,向世尊礼敬,立于一旁。目犍连贤友,我立于一旁后,这样问世尊:‘尊者,一位比丘如何才堪称渴爱灭尽而解脱、达于究竟、达于究竟安稳、达于究竟梵行、达于究竟终点,成为天与人中最上者呢?’
‘‘Idhāhaṃ , mārisa moggallāna, yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhāsiṃ. Ekamantaṃ ṭhito kho ahaṃ, mārisa moggallāna, bhagavantaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, bhikkhu saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimutto hoti accantaniṭṭho accantayogakkhemī accantabrahmacārī accantapariyosāno seṭṭho devamanussāna’’’nti?
“目犍连贤友,我这样问后,世尊对我这样说:‘天王,是这样的:一位比丘听闻了“一切法皆不值得执著”之法。天王,比丘就是如此闻得“一切法皆不值得执著”。他遍知一切法;遍知一切法之后,他全然了知一切法;全然了知一切法之后,当他感受乐受、苦受,或不苦不乐受时,他便安住于随观彼受之无常,安住于随观离贪,安住于随观灭尽,安住于随观舍遣。当他如此如理安住,便不再执取世间的任何事物。不执取,便无怖畏;无怖畏,便自己彻底般涅槃。他如实了知:“生已尽,梵行已立,应作已作,不再有后有。”天王,比丘正是在这个意义上,可简要地称为渴爱灭尽而解脱、达于究竟、达于究竟安稳、达于究竟梵行、达于究竟终点,成为天与人中最上者。’目犍连贤友,世尊便是这样为我简要开示了渴爱灭尽的解脱。”
‘‘Evaṃ vutte, mārisa moggallāna, bhagavā maṃ etadavoca – ‘idha, devānaminda, bhikkhuno sutaṃ hoti – sabbe dhammā nālaṃ abhinivesāyā’ti. Evaṃ cetaṃ devānaminda bhikkhuno sutaṃ hoti ‘sabbe dhammā nālaṃ abhinivesāyā’ti. So sabbaṃ dhammaṃ abhijānāti, sabbaṃ dhammaṃ abhiññāya sabbaṃ dhammaṃ parijānāti, sabbaṃ dhammaṃ pariññāya yaṃ kiñci vedanaṃ vedeti sukhaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vā. So tāsu vedanāsu aniccānupassī viharati, virāgānupassī viharati, nirodhānupassī viharati, paṭinissaggānupassī viharati. So tāsu vedanāsu aniccānupassī viharanto, virāgānupassī viharanto, nirodhānupassī viharanto, paṭinissaggānupassī viharanto na kiñci loke upādiyati, anupādiyaṃ na paritassati, aparitassaṃ paccattaññeva parinibbāyati – ‘khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānāti. Ettāvatā kho, devānaminda, bhikkhu saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimutto hoti accantaniṭṭho accantayogakkhemī accantabrahmacārī accantapariyosāno seṭṭho devamanussānanti. Evaṃ kho me, mārisa moggallāna, bhagavā saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimuttiṃ abhāsī’’ti.
那时,目犍连尊者对帝释天王所说的话生起欢喜,予以赞同。接着,他就像一位大力士屈伸手臂那样,瞬间从三十三天中消失,出现在东园鹿母讲堂。目犍连尊者离开后不久,帝释天的侍女们便问帝释天王:“主人,那位就是您的导师世尊吗?”帝释天王回答:“不,那位不是我的导师世尊。那是我的梵行同伴目犍连尊者。”侍女们感叹道:“主人,您真是有大福德,竟有如此神通广大、威德庄严的梵行同伴!那您的导师世尊,又该是何等殊胜啊!”
Atha kho āyasmā mahāmoggallāno sakkassa devānamindassa bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā – seyyathāpi nāma balavā puriso samiñjitaṃ vā bāhaṃ pasāreyya, pasāritaṃ vā bāhaṃ samiñjeyya evameva – devesu tāvatiṃsesu antarahito pubbārāme migāramātupāsāde pāturahosi. Atha kho sakkassa devānamindassa paricārikāyo acirapakkante āyasmante mahāmoggallāne sakkaṃ devānamindaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘eso nu te, mārisa, so bhagavā satthā’’ti? ‘‘Na kho me, mārisa, so bhagavā satthā. Sabrahmacārī me eso āyasmā mahāmoggallāno’’ti. ‘‘Lābhā te, mārisa, (suladdhaṃ te, mārisa) yassa te sabrahmacārī evaṃmahiddhiko evaṃmahānubhāvo! Aho nūna te so bhagavā satthā’’ti.
395于是,目犍连尊者前往世尊处。到后,向世尊顶礼,坐于一旁。坐定后,目犍连尊者对世尊说:“尊者!世尊可还记得,曾为某位有名望、有大威力的夜叉神,简要开示过渴爱灭尽的解脱吗?”世尊回答:“目犍连,我记得。那时,帝释天王来见我,行礼后立于一旁。站定后,他这样问我:‘尊者!一位比丘应如何修行,才能简要地称为:渴爱灭尽而解脱,到达究竟,到达究竟安稳,成就究竟梵行,到达究竟终点,成为天神与人中最上的那一位呢?’”
Atha kho āyasmā mahāmoggallāno yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho āyasmā mahāmoggallāno bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘abhijānāti no, bhante, bhagavā ahu ñātaññatarassa mahesakkhassa yakkhassa saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimuttiṃ bhāsitā’’ti ? ‘‘Abhijānāmahaṃ, moggallāna, idha sakko devānamindo yenāhaṃ tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā maṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Ekamantaṃ ṭhito kho, moggallāna, sakko devānamindo maṃ etadavoca – ‘kittāvatā nu kho, bhante , bhikkhu saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimutto hoti accantaniṭṭho accantayogakkhemī accantabrahmacārī accantapariyosāno seṭṭho devamanussāna’’nti.
“目犍连,他这样问后,我便对帝释天王说:‘天王,是这样:一位比丘听闻了“一切法都不值得执取”的教义。天王,比丘如此听闻“一切法都不值得执取”后,他便遍知一切法;遍知一切法后,他完全了知一切法;完全了知一切法后,无论感受乐受、苦受,还是不苦不乐受,他都安住于随观感受的无常,随观离贪,随观灭去,随观舍遣。当他这样随观而住时,对世间的任何事物都不再执取。不执取,便无恐惧;无恐惧,便自己证入般涅槃。他清楚地了知:“生已尽,梵行已立,应作已作,不受后有。”天王,一位比丘到了这个地步,便可以简要地称为:渴爱灭尽而解脱,到达究竟,到达究竟安稳,成就究竟梵行,到达究竟终点,成为天神与人中最上的那一位。’目犍连,正因如此,我记得曾为帝释天王简要开示渴爱灭尽的解脱。”
Evaṃ vutte ahaṃ, moggallāna, sakkaṃ devānamindaṃ etadavocaṃ ‘‘idha devānaminda bhikkhuno sutaṃ hoti ‘sabbe dhammā nālaṃ abhinivesāyā’ti. Evaṃ cetaṃ devānaminda bhikkhuno sutaṃ hoti ‘sabbe dhammā nālaṃ abhinivesāyā’ti. So sabbaṃ dhammaṃ abhijānāti, sabbaṃ dhammaṃ abhiññāya sabbaṃ dhammaṃ parijānāti , sabbaṃ dhammaṃ pariññāya yaṃ kiñci vedanaṃ vedeti sukhaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vā. So tāsu vedanāsu aniccānupassī viharati, virāgānupassī viharati, nirodhānupassī viharati, paṭinissaggānupassī viharati. So tāsu vedanāsu aniccānupassī viharanto, virāgānupassī viharanto, nirodhānupassī viharanto, paṭinissaggānupassī viharanto na kiñci loke upādiyati, anupādiyaṃ na paritassati, aparitassaṃ paccattaññeva parinibbāyati – ‘khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ , kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānāti. Ettāvatā kho, devānaminda, bhikkhu saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimutto hoti accantaniṭṭho accantayogakkhemī accantabrahmacārī accantapariyosāno seṭṭho devamanussānanti. Evaṃ kho ahaṃ, moggallāna, abhijānāmi sakkassa devānamindassa saṃkhittena taṇhāsaṅkhayavimuttiṃ bhāsitā’’ti.
世尊如此教导。目犍连尊者心满意足,对世尊的教导随喜赞叹。
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamano āyasmā mahāmoggallāno bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandīti.
《小渴爱灭尽经》终 第七
Cūḷataṇhāsaṅkhayasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ sattamaṃ.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 佛陀,教导渴爱灭尽解脱的简要方法 |
| Sakka | 帝释天 | 三十三天之王,向世尊请问渴爱灭尽解脱,并亲口复述世尊的教导 |
| Mahāmoggallāna | 大目犍连 | 佛陀十大弟子之一,神通第一,为检验帝释天的理解而前往三十三天 |
| Vessavaṇa | 毗沙门天 | 四大天王之一,多闻天王,陪同帝释天接待大目犍连 |
| accharā | 帝释天的侍女们 | 天界侍从,因大目犍连的神通力感到惭愧、羞耻 |
地点
舍卫城,东园鹿母讲堂,以及三十三天上的韦迦亚塔宫殿。
事件
帝释天向世尊请问,一位比丘如何能简要地达到渴爱灭尽的解脱。世尊开示说,比丘听闻“一切法都不值得执著”后遍知一切法,在对苦乐等任何感受时,都能持续观照其无常、离贪、灭去和舍遣,最终因不执取任何事物而获得内在的止息。
大目犍连尊者目睹此事后,想知道帝释天是否真正领悟,便以神通前往三十三天。面对帝释天沉溺于天宫享乐的放逸状态,大目犍连用足趾震动其宫殿令其警醒,随后询问世尊的教导。帝释天一字不差地复述了佛陀的开示,大目犍连听后满意返回,并向佛陀确认了此事,全经皆大欢喜。
经文摘要
帝释天问法,佛陀开示“一切法不值得执著”的解脱总纲;大目犍连为勘验帝释天,用神通震醒其放逸并促其复述教法;最后佛陀确认此即为渴爱灭尽解脱的简要教导。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
这部经的核心,就是在讲一个非常干脆、直截了当的解脱总纲。它不只是说给比丘听,连天界最享福的天王也是同一套标准。
背景:天人也需要不执着
故事开场是帝释天来请教。他虽然是天界之王,福报享不尽,但他很清楚这些都会过去,所以他问的是“究竟终极”的安稳。佛陀给他的答案,不是教他修个什么法门去享受更久的福报,而是一个非常简洁的核心原则:“一切法不值得执着”。这就定调了:解脱的路,不管是在人间还是在天界,都不靠抓住什么,而靠彻底放下心里的抓取。
核心:一个解构执着的完整心理流程
经文最有力量的地方,是它描述了一个从“听闻”到“解脱”的完整内心运作链条。我们可以拆开看:
佛陀说:“遍知一切法后,无论他感受何种受——或乐、或苦、或不苦不乐。他于那些受随观无常而住,随观离贪而住,随观灭而住,随观舍遣而住。他于那些受…不执取世间的任何事物,不执取则不战栗,不战栗则自己般涅槃。”
→ 拆开看: 这段话不是让你去压抑或否认感受,而是训练一种面对感受的智慧姿态。你一样会感受到快乐或痛苦,但你不再顺着感觉跑,而是如实看着它的“无常”,看着你对它抓取的“贪”是如何消退的,看着感受本身的“灭去”,最终练习一种“舍遣”(放手)的心态。这样做的结果,就是不执取任何事物。因为你内心不再投资任何东西,所以当它变化时,你根本不会“战栗”、恐慌。那个彻底不恐慌的安稳状态,本身就是涅槃。
要旨:从现象直接看到本质
帝释天可能以为得到一个秘密口诀,但佛陀给的,是一种在任何生活情境下都能使用的“观”:把每一个当下发生的感受,都当成练习放手的对象。整部经后来大目犍连去测试帝释天,甚至用神通吓他,目的就是在活生生地检验:当你的天宫都地动山摇时,你还记不记得那个“不执着”?你到底是只会在快乐时重复理论,还是真的在惊怖中也能实践“不执取则不战栗”?
→ 一句话要旨: 解脱不在于掌控外境或追求更好的体验,而在于彻底看清一切经验(包括快乐和享福)都不值得抓取,从而在一切感受中训练放手,抵达内心彻底不恐慌的安稳。
关键术语锚
- taṇhā → 爱/渴爱:容易误解成普通的爱欲。这里是驱动轮回的核心引擎,一种对于“有”和“无”的深层贪求,灭尽它就是解脱。
- upādāna → 取/执取:容易误解为物质上的拿取。这里指心对经验、见解、感受的执着和抓取。佛陀强调“不执取世间任何事物”,就是连对“法”的执着也要放下。
- dhamma → 法:在本经中特指“一切法”,即所有被认知的经验与事物。其普适性极强,意味着没有任何一个可以被经验的对象值得执著。
- loka → 世间:容易误解为物理世界。在这里结合“不执取世间任何事物”,更多指由执取建构起来的、能被我们身心所经验的主观世界。
- vedanā → 受:在这里贯穿修行核心。修行的战场就在“或乐、或苦、或不苦不乐”的感受上,修的是对这些感受的如实观照,而不是回避。