272如是我闻:一时,世尊住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。那时,世尊于清晨披衣,持钵与袈裟,入舍卫城乞食。当时,众多比丘来到具寿阿难处,对他说:“阿难贤友,我们很久没有在世尊面前听闻法的谈论了。阿难贤友,若能让我们在世尊面前听闻法的谈论,那真是太好了。”“那么,各位具寿,请前往拉马咖婆罗门的隐居处;在那里,或许你们能获得在世尊面前听闻法的机会。”“好的,贤友。”那些比丘回答具寿阿难。
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Atha kho bhagavā pubbaṇhasamayaṃ nivāsetvā pattacīvaramādāya sāvatthiṃ piṇḍāya pāvisi. Atha kho sambahulā bhikkhū yenāyasmā ānando tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘cirassutā no, āvuso ānanda, bhagavato sammukhā dhammī kathā. Sādhu mayaṃ, āvuso ānanda, labheyyāma bhagavato sammukhā dhammiṃ kathaṃ savanāyā’’ti. ‘‘Tena hāyasmanto yena rammakassa brāhmaṇassa assamo tenupasaṅkamatha; appeva nāma labheyyātha bhagavato sammukhā dhammiṃ kathaṃ savanāyā’’ti. ‘‘Evamāvuso’’ti kho te bhikkhū āyasmato ānandassa paccassosuṃ.
那时,世尊在舍卫城乞食归来,用斋之后,对具寿阿难说:“来吧,阿难,我们去东园弥迦罗母讲堂作日间的休息。”“是的,尊者。”具寿阿难回答。于是,世尊与具寿阿难一同前往东园弥迦罗母讲堂作日间休息。傍晚,世尊从独自禅修中起身,对具寿阿难说:“来吧,阿难,我们去东门池沐浴。”“是的,尊者。”具寿阿难回答。
Atha kho bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ piṇḍāya caritvā pacchābhattaṃ piṇḍapātapaṭikkanto āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘āyāmānanda, yena pubbārāmo migāramātupāsādo tenupasaṅkamissāma divāvihārāyā’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bhante’’ti kho āyasmā ānando bhagavato paccassosi. Atha kho bhagavā āyasmatā ānandena saddhiṃ yena pubbārāmo migāramātupāsādo tenupasaṅkami divāvihārāya. Atha kho bhagavā sāyanhasamayaṃ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘āyāmānanda, yena pubbakoṭṭhako tenupasaṅkamissāma gattāni parisiñcitu’’nti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bhante’’ti kho āyasmā ānando bhagavato paccassosi.
273那时,世尊与具寿阿难一同前往东门浴池沐浴。在东门浴池沐浴后,他从水中出,单衣而立,晾干身体。这时,具寿阿难对世尊这样说:“尊者,拉马咖婆罗门的隐居处离此不远。尊者,拉马咖婆罗门的隐居处令人愉悦;尊者,拉马咖婆罗门的隐居处令人喜爱。尊者,愿世尊出于悲悯,前往拉马咖婆罗门的隐居处。”世尊默然应允。
Atha kho bhagavā āyasmatā ānandena saddhiṃ yena pubbakoṭṭhako tenupasaṅkami gattāni parisiñcituṃ. Pubbakoṭṭhake gattāni parisiñcitvā paccuttaritvā ekacīvaro aṭṭhāsi gattāni pubbāpayamāno. Atha kho āyasmā ānando bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ayaṃ, bhante, rammakassa brāhmaṇassa assamo avidūre. Ramaṇīyo, bhante, rammakassa brāhmaṇassa assamo; pāsādiko, bhante, rammakassa brāhmaṇassa assamo. Sādhu, bhante, bhagavā yena rammakassa brāhmaṇassa assamo tenupasaṅkamatu anukampaṃ upādāyā’’ti. Adhivāsesi bhagavā tuṇhībhāvena.
于是,世尊便前往拉马咖婆罗门的隐居处。那时,众多比丘正聚在拉马咖婆罗门的隐居处,作法的谈论。世尊站在门外等候,待谈论结束。当知道谈论结束,世尊轻咳一声,叩了叩门闩。比丘们为世尊开了门。世尊便进入拉马咖婆罗门的隐居处,在敷设好的座位坐下。坐定后,世尊对比丘们说:“诸比丘,你们刚才聚在一起谈论什么?你们中断的话题是什么?”“尊者,我们正在谈论与世尊有关的法义,就在这时世尊来到了。”“善哉!诸比丘。诸比丘,你们这些出于信心从在家而出家、过无家生活的善男子,聚集一处进行法的谈论,这是适当的。诸比丘,你们集会时,应做两件事:法的谈论,或圣者的沉默。”
Atha kho bhagavā yena rammakassa brāhmaṇassa assamo tenupasaṅkami. Tena kho pana samayena sambahulā bhikkhū rammakassa brāhmaṇassa assame dhammiyā kathāya sannisinnā honti. Atha kho bhagavā bahidvārakoṭṭhake aṭṭhāsi kathāpariyosānaṃ āgamayamāno. Atha kho bhagavā kathāpariyosānaṃ viditvā ukkāsitvā aggaḷaṃ ākoṭesi. Vivariṃsu kho te bhikkhū bhagavato dvāraṃ. Atha kho bhagavā rammakassa brāhmaṇassa assamaṃ pavisitvā paññatte āsane nisīdi. Nisajja kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘kāyanuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā? Kā ca pana vo antarākathā vippakatā’’ti ? ‘‘Bhagavantameva kho no, bhante, ārabbha dhammī kathā vippakatā, atha bhagavā anuppatto’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu, bhikkhave! Etaṃ kho, bhikkhave, tumhākaṃ patirūpaṃ kulaputtānaṃ saddhā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajitānaṃ yaṃ tumhe dhammiyā kathāya sannisīdeyyātha. Sannipatitānaṃ vo, bhikkhave, dvayaṃ karaṇīyaṃ – dhammī vā kathā, ariyo vā tuṇhībhāvo’’.
274诸比丘,有两种寻求:圣的寻求与非圣的寻求。
‘‘Dvemā, bhikkhave, pariyesanā – ariyā ca pariyesanā, anariyā ca pariyesanā.
诸比丘,什么是非圣的寻求呢?诸比丘,此处有人自身具足生法,却去寻求生法;自身具足老法,却去寻求老法;自身具足病法,却去寻求病法;自身具足死法,却去寻求死法;自身具足愁法,却去寻求愁法;自身具足杂染法,却去寻求杂染法。
‘‘Katamā ca, bhikkhave, anariyā pariyesanā? Idha, bhikkhave, ekacco attanā jātidhammo samāno jātidhammaṃyeva pariyesati, attanā jarādhammo samāno jarādhammaṃyeva pariyesati, attanā byādhidhammo samāno byādhidhammaṃyeva pariyesati, attanā maraṇadhammo samāno maraṇadhammaṃyeva pariyesati, attanā sokadhammo samāno sokadhammaṃyeva pariyesati, attanā saṃkilesadhammo samāno saṃkilesadhammaṃyeva pariyesati.
诸比丘,什么是生法呢?妻儿是生法,奴婢是生法,山羊与绵羊是生法,鸡与猪是生法,象、牛、马、驴是生法,金银是生法。诸比丘,这些执取物正是生法。而那本身就是生法的人,却对此迷恋、沉醉、深陷其中,进而追逐这些同样是生法的事物。
‘‘Kiñca, bhikkhave, jātidhammaṃ vadetha? Puttabhariyaṃ, bhikkhave, jātidhammaṃ, dāsidāsaṃ jātidhammaṃ, ajeḷakaṃ jātidhammaṃ, kukkuṭasūkaraṃ jātidhammaṃ, hatthigavāssavaḷavaṃ jātidhammaṃ, jātarūparajataṃ jātidhammaṃ. Jātidhammā hete, bhikkhave, upadhayo. Etthāyaṃ gathito mucchito ajjhāpanno attanā jātidhammo samāno jātidhammaṃyeva pariyesati.
诸比丘,什么是老法呢?妻儿是老法,奴婢是老法,山羊与绵羊是老法,鸡与猪是老法,象、牛、马、驴是老法,金银是老法。诸比丘,这些执取物正是老法。而那本身就是老法的人,却对此迷恋、沉醉、深陷其中,进而追逐这些同样是老法的事物。
‘‘Kiñca, bhikkhave, jarādhammaṃ vadetha? Puttabhariyaṃ, bhikkhave, jarādhammaṃ, dāsidāsaṃ jarādhammaṃ, ajeḷakaṃ jarādhammaṃ, kukkuṭasūkaraṃ jarādhammaṃ, hatthigavāssavaḷavaṃ jarādhammaṃ , jātarūparajataṃ jarādhammaṃ. Jarādhammā hete, bhikkhave, upadhayo. Etthāyaṃ gathito mucchito ajjhāpanno attanā jarādhammo samāno jarādhammaṃyeva pariyesati.
诸比丘,什么是病法呢?妻儿是病法,奴婢是病法,山羊与绵羊是病法,鸡与猪是病法,象、牛、马、驴是病法。诸比丘,这些执取物正是病法。而那本身就是病法的人,却对此迷恋、沉醉、深陷其中,进而追逐这些同样是病法的事物。
‘‘Kiñca, bhikkhave, byādhidhammaṃ vadetha? Puttabhariyaṃ, bhikkhave, byādhidhammaṃ, dāsidāsaṃ byādhidhammaṃ, ajeḷakaṃ byādhidhammaṃ, kukkuṭasūkaraṃ byādhidhammaṃ, hatthigavāssavaḷavaṃ byādhidhammaṃ. Byādhidhammā hete, bhikkhave, upadhayo. Etthāyaṃ gathito mucchito ajjhāpanno attanā byādhidhammo samāno byādhidhammaṃyeva pariyesati.
诸比丘,什么是死法?妻子儿女是死法,奴婢是死法,山羊绵羊是死法,鸡与猪是死法,象、牛、马、母马是死法。诸比丘,这些便是死法之物,是依著。他自己本是死法,却对此迷恋、沉醉、深陷,追逐这些同样是死法的事物。
‘‘Kiñca, bhikkhave, maraṇadhammaṃ vadetha? Puttabhariyaṃ, bhikkhave, maraṇadhammaṃ, dāsidāsaṃ maraṇadhammaṃ, ajeḷakaṃ maraṇadhammaṃ, kukkuṭasūkaraṃ maraṇadhammaṃ, hatthigavāssavaḷavaṃ maraṇadhammaṃ. Maraṇadhammā hete, bhikkhave, upadhayo. Etthāyaṃ gathito mucchito ajjhāpanno attanā maraṇadhammo samāno maraṇadhammaṃyeva pariyesati.
诸比丘,什么是愁法?妻子儿女是愁法,奴婢是愁法,山羊绵羊是愁法,鸡与猪是愁法,象、牛、马、驴是愁法。诸比丘,这些便是愁法之物,是依著。他自己本是愁法,却对此迷恋、沉醉、深陷,追逐这些同样是愁法的事物。
‘‘Kiñca, bhikkhave, sokadhammaṃ vadetha? Puttabhariyaṃ, bhikkhave, sokadhammaṃ, dāsidāsaṃ sokadhammaṃ, ajeḷakaṃ sokadhammaṃ, kukkuṭasūkaraṃ sokadhammaṃ, hatthigavāssavaḷavaṃ sokadhammaṃ. Sokadhammā hete, bhikkhave, upadhayo. Etthāyaṃ gathito mucchito ajjhāpanno attanā sokadhammo samāno sokadhammaṃyeva pariyesati.
诸比丘,什么是杂染法?妻子儿女是杂染法,奴婢是杂染法,山羊绵羊是杂染法,鸡与猪是杂染法,象、牛、马、驴是杂染法,金银是杂染法。诸比丘,这些便是杂染法之物,是依著。他自己本是杂染法,却对此迷恋、沉醉、深陷,追逐这些同样是杂染法的事物。诸比丘,这就是非圣的寻求。
‘‘Kiñca, bhikkhave, saṃkilesadhammaṃ vadetha? Puttabhariyaṃ, bhikkhave, saṃkilesadhammaṃ, dāsidāsaṃ saṃkilesadhammaṃ, ajeḷakaṃ saṃkilesadhammaṃ , kukkuṭasūkaraṃ saṃkilesadhammaṃ, hatthigavāssavaḷavaṃ saṃkilesadhammaṃ, jātarūparajataṃ saṃkilesadhammaṃ. Saṃkilesadhammā hete, bhikkhave, upadhayo. Etthāyaṃ gathito mucchito ajjhāpanno attanā saṃkilesadhammo samāno saṃkilesadhammaṃyeva pariyesati. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, anariyā pariyesanā.
275那么,诸比丘,什么是圣的寻求呢?诸比丘,在此,有一种人,自己是有生法者,了知生法的过患后,便寻求那无生、无上、安稳的涅槃;自己是有老法者,了知老法的过患后,便寻求那不老的、无上、安稳的涅槃;自己是有病法者,了知病法的过患后,便寻求那无病的、无上、安稳的涅槃;自己是有死法者,了知死法的过患后,便寻求那不死的、无上、安稳的涅槃;自己是有愁法者,了知愁法的过患后,便寻求那无愁的、无上、安稳的涅槃;自己是杂染法者,了知杂染法的过患后,便寻求那无杂染的、无上、安稳的涅槃。诸比丘,这就是圣的寻求。
‘‘Katamā ca, bhikkhave, ariyā pariyesanā? Idha, bhikkhave, ekacco attanā jātidhammo samāno jātidhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā ajātaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesati, attanā jarādhammo samāno jarādhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā ajaraṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesati, attanā byādhidhammo samāno byādhidhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā abyādhiṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesati, attanā maraṇadhammo samāno maraṇadhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā amataṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesati, attanā sokadhammo samāno sokadhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā asokaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesati, attanā saṃkilesadhammo samāno saṃkilesadhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā asaṃkiliṭṭhaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesati. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, ariyā pariyesanā.
276诸比丘,我未证悟之前,尚是未彻悟的菩萨时,自身是生法者,却去追求生法;自身是老法者,却去追求老法;自身是病法者,却去追求病法;自身是死法者,却去追求死法;自身是愁法者,却去追求愁法;自身是杂染法者,却去追求杂染法。诸比丘,当时我生起这样的念头:‘为何自身是生法者,却去追求生法?自身是老法者……病法者……死法者……愁法者……自身是杂染法者,为何却去追求杂染法呢?既然自身是生法者,了知生法的过患,不如我去寻求那无生、无上、安稳的涅槃!既然自身是老法者,了知老法的过患,不如我去寻求那不老、无上、安稳的涅槃!自身是病法者,了知病法的过患,不如我去寻求那无病、无上、安稳的涅槃!自身是死法者,了知死法的过患,不如我去寻求那不死、无上、安稳的涅槃!自身是愁法者,了知愁法的过患,不如我去寻求那不愁、无上、安稳的涅槃!自身是杂染法者,了知杂染法的过患,不如我去寻求那无杂染、无上、安稳的涅槃!’
‘‘Ahampi sudaṃ, bhikkhave, pubbeva sambodhā anabhisambuddho bodhisattova samāno attanā jātidhammo samāno jātidhammaṃyeva pariyesāmi, attanā jarādhammo samāno jarādhammaṃyeva pariyesāmi, attanā byādhidhammo samāno byādhidhammaṃyeva pariyesāmi, attanā maraṇadhammo samāno maraṇadhammaṃyeva pariyesāmi, attanā sokadhammo samāno sokadhammaṃyeva pariyesāmi, attanā saṃkilesadhammo samāno saṃkilesadhammaṃyeva pariyesāmi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘kiṃ nu kho ahaṃ attanā jātidhammo samāno jātidhammaṃyeva pariyesāmi, attanā jarādhammo samāno…pe… byādhidhammo samāno… maraṇadhammo samāno… sokadhammo samāno… attanā saṃkilesadhammo samāno saṃkilesadhammaṃyeva pariyesāmi? Yaṃnūnāhaṃ attanā jātidhammo samāno jātidhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā ajātaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyeseyyaṃ, attanā jarādhammo samāno jarādhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā ajaraṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyeseyyaṃ, attanā byādhidhammo samāno byādhidhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā abyādhiṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyeseyyaṃ, attanā maraṇadhammo samāno maraṇadhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā amataṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyeseyyaṃ, attanā sokadhammo samāno sokadhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā asokaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyeseyyaṃ, attanā saṃkilesadhammo samāno saṃkilesadhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā asaṃkiliṭṭhaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyeseyya’nti.
277诸比丘,后来,我尚在年少之时,头发乌黑润泽,具足青春年华、正当人生初盛之际,不顾不愿的父母含泪哭泣、泪流满面,我剃除须发,披上袈裟衣,舍离居家而出家。如此出家之后,作为一位寻求善法、探寻无上寂静圣道的人,我前往阿罗逻迦兰的所在。到了之后,我对阿罗逻迦兰这样说:‘迦兰友,我想在此法与律中修习梵行。’诸比丘,当我这样说时,阿罗逻迦兰对我说:‘尊者请住下吧!这个法正是如此,一位有识之人不用太久,就能亲自以证智证悟自己师长的法,达到并安住其中。’诸比丘,于是,我确实在不久之后,很快就掌握了那个法。诸比丘,我仅仅凭着这么一点程度——只是唇舌的重复与鹦鹉学舌般的谈论——便宣称智者的言说、上座的言说,也称‘我知、我见’,不仅我如此,别人也如此。诸比丘,那时我生起了这样的念头:‘阿罗逻迦兰并非仅凭信心便宣称:我以证智亲自证悟这个法,达到并安住其中。显然,阿罗逻迦兰是已知、已见此法而安住的。’
‘‘So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, aparena samayena daharova samāno susukāḷakeso , bhadrena yobbanena samannāgato paṭhamena vayasā akāmakānaṃ mātāpitūnaṃ assumukhānaṃ rudantānaṃ kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajiṃ. So evaṃ pabbajito samāno kiṃ kusalagavesī anuttaraṃ santivarapadaṃ pariyesamāno yena āḷāro kālāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃ. Upasaṅkamitvā āḷāraṃ kālāmaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘icchāmahaṃ, āvuso kālāma, imasmiṃ dhammavinaye brahmacariyaṃ caritu’nti. Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, āḷāro kālāmo maṃ etadavoca – ‘viharatāyasmā; tādiso ayaṃ dhammo yattha viññū puriso nacirasseva sakaṃ ācariyakaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihareyyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇiṃ. So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, tāvatakeneva oṭṭhapahatamattena lapitalāpanamattena ñāṇavādañca vadāmi theravādañca, ‘jānāmi passāmī’ti ca paṭijānāmi ahañceva aññe ca. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘na kho āḷāro kālāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ kevalaṃ saddhāmattakena sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedeti; addhā āḷāro kālāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ jānaṃ passaṃ viharatī’ti.
那时,诸比丘,我便前往阿罗逻·迦罗摩处。到了之后,我对阿罗逻·迦罗摩这样说:‘贤友迦罗摩,您自称以胜智证悟此法、达到并安住其中,所证悟的境界是怎样的呢?’诸比丘,我这样说后,阿罗逻·迦罗摩便为我解说了无所有处。诸比丘,那时我心中生起如是念头:‘并非唯独阿罗逻·迦罗摩具足信心,我亦具足信心;并非唯独他具足精进,我亦具足精进;并非唯独他具足念,我亦具足念;并非唯独他具足定,我亦具足定;并非唯独他具足慧,我亦具足慧。既然阿罗逻·迦罗摩自称以胜智证悟此法、达到并安住其中,我何不精勤努力,为亲证此法而修习呢?’诸比丘,于是我不久便亲自以胜智证悟此法,达到并安住于其中。
‘‘Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, yena āḷāro kālāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā āḷāraṃ kālāmaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘kittāvatā no, āvuso kālāma, imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesī’ti ? Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, āḷāro kālāmo ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ pavedesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘na kho āḷārasseva kālāmassa atthi saddhā, mayhaṃpatthi saddhā; na kho āḷārasseva kālāmassa atthi vīriyaṃ, mayhaṃpatthi vīriyaṃ; na kho āḷārasseva kālāmassa atthi sati, mayhaṃpatthi sati; na kho āḷārasseva kālāmassa atthi samādhi, mayhaṃpatthi samādhi; na kho āḷārasseva kālāmassa atthi paññā, mayhaṃpatthi paññā. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ yaṃ dhammaṃ āḷāro kālāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedeti, tassa dhammassa sacchikiriyāya padaheyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihāsiṃ.
那时,诸比丘,我便去见阿罗逻·迦罗摩,来到后对他这样说:
‘‘Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, yena āḷāro kālāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā āḷāraṃ kālāmaṃ etadavocaṃ –
‘贤友迦罗摩,您以胜智证悟此法、达到并安住其中,所宣称的证悟就是如此吗?’
‘Ettāvatā no, āvuso kālāma, imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesī’ti?
“朋友们,我亲身证知、体证此法,具足之后,至此而宣说。”
‘Ettāvatā kho ahaṃ, āvuso, imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedemī’ti.
朋友,我亦亲身证知、体证此法,具足之后,至此而住。
‘Ahampi kho, āvuso, ettāvatā imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmī’ti.
“朋友,我们得此大利,获此善得!我们得以见到像您这样的同梵行者。罗摩亲身证知、体证、具足后所教导的法,您亦亲身证知、体证、具足后而安住;您所安住之法,罗摩亦亲身证知、体证、具足后而教导。因此,罗摩所证知,您皆知;您所知,罗摩皆证知。如是,罗摩如何,您便如何;您如何,罗摩便如何。朋友,来吧,现在请您带领这个团体。”诸位比丘,就这样,郁陀罗·罗摩子这位同梵行者,将我置于师位,并以最上礼遇礼敬于我。诸位比丘,当时我心中这样思惟:“此法不导向厌离、不导向离欲、不导向灭尽、不导向寂静、不导向证智、不导向正觉、不导向涅槃,只导向非想非非想处天的投生。”诸位比丘,于是我不尊奉此法,对此法生起厌离,便离去了。
‘Lābhā no, āvuso, suladdhaṃ no, āvuso, ye mayaṃ āyasmantaṃ tādisaṃ sabrahmacāriṃ passāma. Iti yaṃ dhammaṃ rāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesi, taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi. Yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi, taṃ dhammaṃ rāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesi. Iti yaṃ dhammaṃ rāmo abhiññāsi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi, yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi, taṃ dhammaṃ rāmo abhiññāsi. Iti yādiso rāmo ahosi tādiso tuvaṃ, yādiso tuvaṃ tādiso rāmo ahosi. Ehi dāni, āvuso, tuvaṃ imaṃ gaṇaṃ pariharā’ti . Iti kho, bhikkhave , udako rāmaputto sabrahmacārī me samāno ācariyaṭṭhāne maṃ ṭhapesi, uḷārāya ca maṃ pūjāya pūjesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘nāyaṃ dhammo nibbidāya na virāgāya na nirodhāya na upasamāya na abhiññāya na sambodhāya na nibbānāya saṃvattati, yāvadeva nevasaññānāsaññāyatanūpapattiyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, taṃ dhammaṃ analaṅkaritvā tasmā dhammā nibbijja apakkamiṃ.
278诸比丘,我——一个求善法者,为寻求无上寂静之胜境,在摩揭陀国次第游行,渐至优楼频螺的将军村。在那里,我看见一片宜人的地境、一座清净可爱的林园,还有一条清澈流动的河,提岸平缓,令人愉悦,四周又有可托钵的村落。诸比丘,那时我心想:‘这土地实在宜人,林园清净可爱,河水清澈流淌,提岸平缓,令人愉悦,附近又有可托钵的村落。对一个志在精勤的善男子而言,这确是好一个精修之处。’诸比丘,我就在那里坐下,心想:‘这正是精修之地。’
‘‘So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, kiṃ kusalagavesī anuttaraṃ santivarapadaṃ pariyesamāno magadhesu anupubbena cārikaṃ caramāno yena uruvelā senānigamo tadavasariṃ. Tatthaddasaṃ ramaṇīyaṃ bhūmibhāgaṃ, pāsādikañca vanasaṇḍaṃ, nadiñca sandantiṃ setakaṃ supatitthaṃ ramaṇīyaṃ, samantā ca gocaragāmaṃ . Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘ramaṇīyo vata, bho, bhūmibhāgo, pāsādiko ca vanasaṇḍo, nadī ca sandati setakā supatitthā ramaṇīyā, samantā ca gocaragāmo. Alaṃ vatidaṃ kulaputtassa padhānatthikassa padhānāyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, tattheva nisīdiṃ – alamidaṃ padhānāyāti.
诸比丘,于是我便去优陀迦·罗摩子处。见面后,我对优陀迦·罗摩子说:‘朋友,罗摩曾如何宣称自己亲证、体证并具足安住于这个法呢?’诸比丘,听了这话,优陀迦·罗摩子宣示了非想非非想处。诸比丘,那时我心中便如此思惟:‘罗摩有信,我亦有信;罗摩有精进,我亦有精进;罗摩有念,我亦有念;罗摩有定,我亦有定;罗摩有慧,我亦有慧。我何不为证得罗摩所宣称亲证、体证并具足安住的法而精进努力呢?’诸比丘,未久之间,我便亲证、体证了那个法,具足安住。
‘‘Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, yena udako rāmaputto tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā udakaṃ rāmaputtaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘kittāvatā no, āvuso, rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesī’ti? Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, udako rāmaputto nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ pavedesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘na kho rāmasseva ahosi saddhā, mayhaṃpatthi saddhā; na kho rāmasseva ahosi vīriyaṃ , mayhaṃpatthi vīriyaṃ; na kho rāmasseva ahosi sati, mayhaṃpatthi sati; na kho rāmasseva ahosi samādhi, mayhaṃpatthi samādhi, na kho rāmasseva ahosi paññā, mayhaṃpatthi paññā. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ yaṃ dhammaṃ rāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesi, tassa dhammassa sacchikiriyāya padaheyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihāsiṃ.
诸比丘,于是我前去优陀迦·罗摩子处。见面之后,我对优陀迦·罗摩子这样说:
‘‘Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, yena udako rāmaputto tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā udakaṃ rāmaputtaṃ etadavocaṃ –
朋友,拉马是到了这样的程度,以自胜智证悟此法、亲证具足之后,而宣称此法吗?
‘Ettāvatā no, āvuso, rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesī’ti?
是的,朋友,拉马是到了这样的程度,以自胜智证悟此法、亲证具足之后,而宣称此法。
‘Ettāvatā kho, āvuso, rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesī’ti.
朋友,我也是到了这样的程度,以自胜智证悟此法、亲证具足之后,安住于此法。
‘Ahampi kho, āvuso, ettāvatā imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmī’ti.
“朋友,我们真是获益良多!朋友,我们真是善得利益!能见到像您这样的同梵行者。我所亲证、现观、具足而宣说的法,正是您亲证、现观、具足而安住的法;您所亲证、现观、具足而安住的法,也正是我所亲证、现观、具足而宣说的法。如此,我所知的法,即是您所知的法;您所知的法,也正是我所知的法。我是什么样的为人,您就是什么样的为人;您是什么样的为人,我就是什么样的为人。来吧,朋友,现在你我二人一同带领这个僧团吧。”比丘们,就这样,优陀迦·罗摩子——这位罗摩的儿子,虽是我的同修,却将我置于师长的位置,并以最殊胜的礼遇恭敬我。比丘们,那时我心中思惟:‘这个法不导向厌离,不导向离欲,不导向灭尽,不导向寂静,不导向证智,不导向正觉,也不导向涅槃,它只导向生于非想非非想处。’比丘们,我对那个法不生欢喜,厌离之后便离去了。”
‘Lābhā no, āvuso, suladdhaṃ no, āvuso, ye mayaṃ āyasmantaṃ tādisaṃ sabrahmacāriṃ passāma. Iti yāhaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedemi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi. Yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi tamahaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedemi. Iti yāhaṃ dhammaṃ jānāmi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi, yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi tamahaṃ dhammaṃ jānāmi. Iti yādiso ahaṃ tādiso tuvaṃ, yādiso tuvaṃ tādiso ahaṃ. Ehi dāni, āvuso, ubhova santā imaṃ gaṇaṃ pariharāmā’ti. Iti kho, bhikkhave, āḷāro kālāmo ācariyo me samāno (attano) antevāsiṃ maṃ samānaṃ attanā samasamaṃ ṭhapesi, uḷārāya ca maṃ pūjāya pūjesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘nāyaṃ dhammo nibbidāya na virāgāya na nirodhāya na upasamāya na abhiññāya na sambodhāya na nibbānāya saṃvattati, yāvadeva ākiñcaññāyatanūpapattiyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, taṃ dhammaṃ analaṅkaritvā tasmā dhammā nibbijja apakkamiṃ.
279比丘们,我作为希求善法者,为寻求那无上的寂静最胜处,便去见优陀迦·罗摩子。见到后,我对优陀迦·罗摩子说:‘朋友,我愿在此法、此律中修习梵行。’比丘们,听了这话,优陀迦·罗摩子对我说:‘尊者,请住下吧。这个法就是这样:有智慧的人不久就能以自身的证智证知、现观并具足安住于其师所教导的法。’比丘们,我很快就通达了那个法。比丘们,我只凭些许唇齿之间的言说,就能声称具足智者的言教与长老的言教,宣称‘我知、我见’,而他人也这样看待我。比丘们,那时我心中思惟:‘罗摩并非仅凭信仰而宣称自己以证智证知、现观并具足安住于这个法;罗摩确是如实知见此法而安住的。’
‘‘So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, kiṃ kusalagavesī anuttaraṃ santivarapadaṃ pariyesamāno yena udako rāmaputto tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā udakaṃ rāmaputtaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘icchāmahaṃ, āvuso , imasmiṃ dhammavinaye brahmacariyaṃ caritu’nti. Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, udako rāmaputto maṃ etadavoca – ‘viharatāyasmā; tādiso ayaṃ dhammo yattha viññū puriso nacirasseva sakaṃ ācariyakaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihareyyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇiṃ. So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, tāvatakeneva oṭṭhapahatamattena lapitalāpanamattena ñāṇavādañca vadāmi theravādañca, ‘jānāmi passāmī’ti ca paṭijānāmi ahañceva aññe ca. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘na kho rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ kevalaṃ saddhāmattakena sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesi; addhā rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ jānaṃ passaṃ vihāsī’ti.
280诸比丘,我自身本为生法所摄,见生法之过患已,为求无生、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃,我证得无生、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃。我自身本为老法所摄,见老法之过患已,为求无老、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃,我证得无老、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃。我自身本为病法所摄,见病法之过患已,为求无病、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃,我证得无病、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃。我自身本为死法所摄,见死法之过患已,为求无死、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃,我证得无死、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃。我自身本为愁法所摄,见愁法之过患已,为求无忧、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃,我证得无忧、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃。我自身本为杂染法所摄,见杂染法之过患已,为求无杂染、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃,我证得无杂染、无上、离轭安稳之涅槃。同时,我生起了如是知见:‘我的解脱不可动摇,此为最后生,再无后有。’
‘‘So kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, attanā jātidhammo samāno jātidhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā ajātaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesamāno ajātaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ ajjhagamaṃ, attanā jarādhammo samāno jarādhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā ajaraṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesamāno ajaraṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ ajjhagamaṃ, attanā byādhidhammo samāno byādhidhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā abyādhiṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesamāno abyādhiṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ ajjhagamaṃ, attanā maraṇadhammo samāno maraṇadhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā amataṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ ajjhagamaṃ, attanā sokadhammo samāno sokadhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā asokaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ ajjhagamaṃ, attanā saṃkilesadhammo samāno saṃkilesadhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā asaṃkiliṭṭhaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesamāno asaṃkiliṭṭhaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ ajjhagamaṃ. Ñāṇañca pana me dassanaṃ udapādi – ‘akuppā me vimutti, ayamantimā jāti, natthi dāni punabbhavo’ti.
281诸比丘,那时我心中思惟:‘我所证悟的此法,深邃、难见、难悟,寂静、殊胜,超越思议,微细,唯智者方能知。然而,此诸众生乐于阿赖耶、喜于阿赖耶、悦于阿赖耶。对于这乐于阿赖耶、喜于阿赖耶、悦于阿赖耶的众生而言,此理实为难见——即此缘性、缘起;此理亦为难见——即一切行的止息、一切依着的彻底舍离、渴爱的灭尽、离欲、灭、涅槃。我若宣说法,而他人不能解了,于我唯是疲劳,唯是困扰。’诸比丘,那时,前所未闻的偈颂,虽非奇特,却自然涌现于心——
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo gambhīro duddaso duranubodho santo paṇīto atakkāvacaro nipuṇo paṇḍitavedanīyo. Ālayarāmā kho panāyaṃ pajā ālayaratā ālayasammuditā. Ālayarāmā kho panāyaṃ pajā ālayaratāya ālayasammuditāya duddasaṃ idaṃ ṭhānaṃ yadidaṃ – idappaccayatā paṭiccasamuppādo. Idampi kho ṭhānaṃ duddasaṃ yadidaṃ – sabbasaṅkhārasamatho sabbūpadhipaṭinissaggo taṇhākkhayo virāgo nirodho nibbānaṃ. Ahañceva kho pana dhammaṃ deseyyaṃ, pare ca me na ājāneyyuṃ, so mamassa kilamatho, sā mamassa vihesā’ti. Apissu maṃ, bhikkhave, imā anacchariyā gāthāyo paṭibhaṃsu pubbe assutapubbā –
“我历尽艰辛证得此法,今实不必再行宣说;
为贪与瞋所制伏之人,此法实难觉悟。”
逆流而行,微妙、深邃、难见、极细微,
为贪所迷者不得见,因他们被黑暗的积聚所覆蔽。
‘Kicchena me adhigataṃ, halaṃ dāni pakāsituṃ; Rāgadosaparetehi, nāyaṃ dhammo susambudho. ‘Paṭisotagāmiṃ nipuṇaṃ, gambhīraṃ duddasaṃ aṇuṃ; Rāgarattā na dakkhanti, tamokhandhena āvuṭā’’’ti .
282诸比丘,当我如此反复思惟时,心便倾向于少事安住,不欲说法。那时,诸比丘,娑婆主梵天以自心了知我心中所思,便这样想:‘唉!这世间真要亡了,这世间真要灭了!因为如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者的心,竟倾向于少事安住,不欲说法。’诸比丘,于是娑婆主梵天——犹如力士将弯曲的手臂伸直,或将伸直的手臂弯曲,如是疾速——从梵天界隐没,出现在我面前。之后,诸比丘,娑婆主梵天将上衣搭于一肩,向我合掌,这样说道:‘世尊,请说法!善逝,请说法!有些众生眼中只覆少许尘垢,若不闻法,便会退堕。世间将会出现能了知法的人。’诸比丘,娑婆主梵天如此说了之后,又进一步说道——
‘‘Itiha me, bhikkhave, paṭisañcikkhato appossukkatāya cittaṃ namati, no dhammadesanāya. Atha kho, bhikkhave, brahmuno sahampatissa mama cetasā cetoparivitakkamaññāya etadahosi – ‘nassati vata bho loko, vinassati vata bho loko, yatra hi nāma tathāgatassa arahato sammāsambuddhassa appossukkatāya cittaṃ namati , no dhammadesanāyā’ti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, brahmā sahampati – seyyathāpi nāma balavā puriso samiñjitaṃ vā bāhaṃ pasāreyya, pasāritaṃ vā bāhaṃ samiñjeyya, evameva – brahmaloke antarahito mama purato pāturahosi. Atha kho, bhikkhave, brahmā sahampati ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsaṅgaṃ karitvā yenāhaṃ tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā maṃ etadavoca – ‘desetu, bhante, bhagavā dhammaṃ, desetu sugato dhammaṃ. Santi sattā apparajakkhajātikā, assavanatā dhammassa parihāyanti. Bhavissanti dhammassa aññātāro’ti. Idamavoca, bhikkhave, brahmā sahampati. Idaṃ vatvā athāparaṃ etadavoca –
往昔,摩揭陀国曾出现一种法,
那是垢秽者所思惟的不清净法。
犹如立于山顶岩上之人,
能遍见四方人群;
正如那样,智者以法筑起殿堂,
登上殿堂,具足遍眼者,
俯察沉溺忧伤的世人,自身却远离忧伤。
‘Pāturahosi magadhesu pubbe, Dhammo asuddho samalehi cintito; Apāpuretaṃ amatassa dvāraṃ, Suṇantu dhammaṃ vimalenānubuddhaṃ. ‘Sele yathā pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito, Yathāpi passe janataṃ samantato; Tathūpamaṃ dhammamayaṃ sumedha, Pāsādamāruyha samantacakkhu; Sokāvatiṇṇaṃ janatamapetasoko, Avekkhassu jātijarābhibhūtaṃ. ‘Uṭṭhehi vīra vijitasaṅgāma, Satthavāha aṇaṇa vicara loke; Desassu bhagavā dhammaṃ, Aññātāro bhavissantī’’’ti.
283那时,诸比丘,我既领会了梵天的劝请,又出于对众生的悲悯,便以佛眼观察世间。诸比丘,当我以佛眼观察世间时,我看见众生之中,有的尘垢极少,有的满是尘垢;有的根器敏锐,有的根器迟钝;有的品性良善,有的品性不善;有的容易教导,有的难以教导。我还看见有一部分人,他们安住于对来世过患与危险的明见之中;而另一部分人,则并未安住于这种明见之中。如同在一块青莲池、红莲池或白莲池中,有些青莲、红莲或白莲,生于水中、长于水中、依水滋养,却沉在水下生长;有些青莲、红莲或白莲,生于水中、长于水中、依水滋养,恰与水面齐平;还有些青莲、红莲或白莲,生于水中、长于水中、依水滋养,却高高挺出水面,不为水所沾染。正是这样,诸比丘,我以佛眼观察世间时,看见众生有的尘垢极少,有的满是尘垢;有的根器敏锐,有的根器迟钝;有的品性良善,有的品性不善;有的容易教导,有的难以教导;有一部分人安住于对来世过患与危险的明见之中,而另一部分人并未安住于这种明见之中。于是,诸比丘,我以偈颂回应了娑婆主梵天——
‘‘Atha kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, brahmuno ca ajjhesanaṃ viditvā sattesu ca kāruññataṃ paṭicca buddhacakkhunā lokaṃ volokesiṃ. Addasaṃ kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, buddhacakkhunā lokaṃ volokento satte apparajakkhe mahārajakkhe, tikkhindriye mudindriye, svākāre dvākāre, suviññāpaye duviññāpaye, appekacce paralokavajjabhayadassāvine viharante, appekacce na paralokavajjabhayadassāvine viharante. Seyyathāpi nāma uppaliniyaṃ vā paduminiyaṃ vā puṇḍarīkiniyaṃ vā appekaccāni uppalāni vā padumāni vā puṇḍarīkāni vā udake jātāni udake saṃvaḍḍhāni udakānuggatāni antonimuggaposīni, appekaccāni uppalāni vā padumāni vā puṇḍarīkāni vā udake jātāni udake saṃvaḍḍhāni udakānuggatāni samodakaṃ ṭhitāni, appekaccāni uppalāni vā padumāni vā puṇḍarīkāni vā udake jātāni udake saṃvaḍḍhāni udakaṃ accuggamma ṭhitāni anupalittāni udakena; evameva kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, buddhacakkhunā lokaṃ volokento addasaṃ satte apparajakkhe mahārajakkhe, tikkhindriye mudindriye, svākāre dvākāre, suviññāpaye duviññāpaye, appekacce paralokavajjabhayadassāvine viharante, appekacce na paralokavajjabhayadassāvine viharante. Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, brahmānaṃ sahampatiṃ gāthāya paccabhāsiṃ –
不死之门已为他们敞开;
那些有耳能听者,应发起信乐吧!
我曾虑及可能带来的扰恼,故虽已证得此殊胜法,亦未曾宣说。
‘Apārutā tesaṃ amatassa dvārā, Ye sotavanto pamuñcantu saddhaṃ; Vihiṃsasaññī paguṇaṃ na bhāsiṃ, Dhammaṃ paṇītaṃ manujesu brahme’’’ti.
“那时,诸比丘,娑婆主梵天心想:“世尊已为我开许说法。”便向我作礼,右绕之后,实时隐没于彼处。”
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, brahmā sahampati ‘katāvakāso khomhi bhagavatā dhammadesanāyā’ti maṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā tatthevantaradhāyi.
284“诸比丘,那时我心想:“我应当先为谁说法?谁能迅速领悟此法?”接着我思惟:“这位阿罗逻迦兰聪明、敏慧、有智,长久以来内心尘垢微薄。我何不先为阿罗逻迦兰说法?他必能迅速领悟此法。”诸比丘,那时有一位天神来到我面前,对我说:“尊者,阿罗逻迦兰已经去世七天了。”而我的心中也生起如是知见:“阿罗逻迦兰确已于七日前去世。”诸比丘,我心想:“阿罗逻迦兰真是巨大的损失。如果他能听到此法,一定很快就能证悟。”
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘kassa nu kho ahaṃ paṭhamaṃ dhammaṃ deseyyaṃ; ko imaṃ dhammaṃ khippameva ājānissatī’ti? Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘ayaṃ kho āḷāro kālāmo paṇḍito viyatto medhāvī dīgharattaṃ apparajakkhajātiko. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ āḷārassa kālāmassa paṭhamaṃ dhammaṃ deseyyaṃ. So imaṃ dhammaṃ khippameva ājānissatī’ti. Atha kho maṃ, bhikkhave, devatā upasaṅkamitvā etadavoca – ‘sattāhakālaṅkato, bhante, āḷāro kālāmo’ti. Ñāṇañca pana me dassanaṃ udapādi – ‘sattāhakālaṅkato āḷāro kālāmo’ti. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘mahājāniyo kho āḷāro kālāmo. Sace hi so imaṃ dhammaṃ suṇeyya, khippameva ājāneyyā’ti.
诸比丘,那时我心想:‘我应当先为谁说法呢?谁能迅速领悟此法?’随之我心中浮现:‘这位郁多迦·罗摩子聪明、敏慧、具足智慧,长久以来尘垢极少。我何不先为郁多迦·罗摩子说法呢?他定能迅速领悟此法。’然而,诸比丘,那时有天神来到我面前禀告:‘尊者,郁多迦·罗摩子已于昨夜去世了。’我心中也确凿地了知:‘郁多迦·罗摩子已于昨夜去世。’诸比丘,于是我心想:‘郁多迦·罗摩子真是莫大的损失。若他能听闻此法,必当迅速领悟。’
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘kassa nu kho ahaṃ paṭhamaṃ dhammaṃ deseyyaṃ; ko imaṃ dhammaṃ khippameva ājānissatī’ti? Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘ayaṃ kho udako rāmaputto paṇḍito viyatto medhāvī dīgharattaṃ apparajakkhajātiko. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ udakassa rāmaputtassa paṭhamaṃ dhammaṃ deseyyaṃ. So imaṃ dhammaṃ khippameva ājānissatī’ti. Atha kho maṃ, bhikkhave, devatā upasaṅkamitvā etadavoca – ‘abhidosakālaṅkato, bhante, udako rāmaputto’ti. Ñāṇañca pana me dassanaṃ udapādi – ‘abhidosakālaṅkato udako rāmaputto’ti. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘mahājāniyo kho udako rāmaputto. Sace hi so imaṃ dhammaṃ suṇeyya , khippameva ājāneyyā’ti.
“诸比丘,那时我心想:‘我应当先为谁说法呢?谁能迅速领悟此法?’随之我心中浮现:‘那五位比丘于我恩惠甚深,在我精进修行时,他们曾悉心照料我。我何不先为那五位比丘说法呢?’接着我又想:‘那五位比丘如今住在哪里呢?’诸比丘,我以清净、超越常人的天眼,看见那五位比丘正住在波罗奈的鹿野苑仙人坠处。于是,诸比丘,我在优楼频螺住到心满意足后,便启程向波罗奈的方向前行。”
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ , bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘kassa nu kho ahaṃ paṭhamaṃ dhammaṃ deseyyaṃ; ko imaṃ dhammaṃ khippameva ājānissatī’ti? Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘bahukārā kho me pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū, ye maṃ padhānapahitattaṃ upaṭṭhahiṃsu. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ pañcavaggiyānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ paṭhamaṃ dhammaṃ deseyya’nti. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, etadahosi – ‘kahaṃ nu kho etarahi pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū viharantī’ti? Addasaṃ kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena pañcavaggiye bhikkhū bārāṇasiyaṃ viharante isipatane migadāye. Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, uruvelāyaṃ yathābhirantaṃ viharitvā yena bārāṇasī tena cārikaṃ pakkamiṃ .
285诸比丘,那时邪命外道优波迦,在伽耶与菩提之间的道路上,看见我正行路。见到我之后,他对我说:‘朋友,你的诸根极为明净,肤色清净、光彩照人!你是依谁而出家的?谁是你的老师?你认可谁的法?’他如此问时,诸比丘,我便以偈颂回答邪命外道优波迦:
‘‘Addasā kho maṃ, bhikkhave, upako ājīvako antarā ca gayaṃ antarā ca bodhiṃ addhānamaggappaṭipannaṃ. Disvāna maṃ etadavoca – ‘vippasannāni kho te, āvuso, indriyāni, parisuddho chavivaṇṇo pariyodāto! Kaṃsi tvaṃ, āvuso, uddissa pabbajito, ko vā te satthā, kassa vā tvaṃ dhammaṃ rocesī’ti ? Evaṃ vutte, ahaṃ, bhikkhave, upakaṃ ājīvakaṃ gāthāhi ajjhabhāsiṃ –
我是降伏一切者、了知一切者,于一切法无染无著;
我已舍断一切,于渴爱灭尽中得解脱;自知自觉已,又何须以谁为师?
我无有老师,亦无与我等同者;
在这天与人同在的世间,我无有对手。
因为我于世间是阿拉汉,我是无上的导师;
我是独一的正自觉者,已得清凉,已证寂灭。
我将前往迦尸城,转动法轮;
在这盲目的世间,我将击响不死的大鼓。
像我这样的人,才是真正的战胜者——已证得诸漏灭尽者。
‘Sabbābhibhū sabbavidūhamasmi, sabbesu dhammesu anūpalitto; Sabbañjaho taṇhākkhaye vimutto, sayaṃ abhiññāya kamuddiseyyaṃ. ‘Na me ācariyo atthi, sadiso me na vijjati; Sadevakasmiṃ lokasmiṃ, natthi me paṭipuggalo. ‘Ahañhi arahā loke, ahaṃ satthā anuttaro; Ekomhi sammāsambuddho, sītibhūtosmi nibbuto. ‘Dhammacakkaṃ pavattetuṃ, gacchāmi kāsinaṃ puraṃ; Andhībhūtasmiṃ lokasmiṃ, āhañchaṃ amatadundubhi’nti. ‘Yathā kho tvaṃ, āvuso, paṭijānāsi, arahasi anantajino’ti! ‘Mādisā ve jinā honti, ye pattā āsavakkhayaṃ; Jitā me pāpakā dhammā, tasmāhamupaka jino’ti.
诸比丘,听罢此言,邪命外道乌巴咖说了句“但愿如此,贤友”,便摇了摇头,转上一条岔路离开了。
‘‘Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, upako ājīvako ‘hupeyyapāvuso’ti vatvā sīsaṃ okampetvā ummaggaṃ gahetvā pakkāmi.
286那时,诸比丘,我次第游行,到达波罗奈的仙人堕处鹿野苑,来到五比丘处。诸比丘,五比丘远远看见我正走过来,便彼此约定说:‘朋友们,这个沙门乔达摩来了。他变得放逸度日,舍弃了精进,退堕于安逸。我们不应向他顶礼,不应起身迎接,也不应接取他的衣钵。不过,可以为他设个座位,若他愿意,就坐下来吧。’然而,诸比丘,当我越走越近时,五比丘竟没能遵守自己的约定。有人迎上前来接过我的衣钵,有人为我铺设座位,有人为我端来洗脚水。可是,他们依然用名字和‘朋友’之称来招呼我。
‘‘Atha khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, anupubbena cārikaṃ caramāno yena bārāṇasī isipatanaṃ migadāyo yena pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū tenupasaṅkamiṃ. Addasaṃsu kho maṃ, bhikkhave, pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū dūrato āgacchantaṃ. Disvāna aññamaññaṃ saṇṭhapesuṃ – ‘ayaṃ kho, āvuso, samaṇo gotamo āgacchati bāhulliko padhānavibbhanto āvatto bāhullāya. So neva abhivādetabbo, na paccuṭṭhātabbo; nāssa pattacīvaraṃ paṭiggahetabbaṃ. Api ca kho āsanaṃ ṭhapetabbaṃ, sace ākaṅkhissati nisīdissatī’ti. Yathā yathā kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, upasaṅkamiṃ tathā tathā pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū nāsakkhiṃsu sakāya katikāya saṇṭhātuṃ. Appekacce maṃ paccuggantvā pattacīvaraṃ paṭiggahesuṃ, appekacce āsanaṃ paññapesuṃ, appekacce pādodakaṃ upaṭṭhapesuṃ. Api ca kho maṃ nāmena ca āvusovādena ca samudācaranti.
他们这样说时,诸比丘,我便对五比丘这样说道:“诸比丘,不可用名字和‘朋友’的称呼来称呼如来。诸比丘,如来是阿拉汉、正自觉者。诸比丘,谛听!我已证得不死,我来教导你们,我来为你们开示法。你们依所教导而修习,不久即能以最上的智慧,于现法之中亲自证悟、现观、圆满成就无上清净行——这正是良家子弟正确出家,从在家而出家、过无家生活所要达成的目标。”我说了这番话,诸比丘,五比丘却这样对我说:“乔达摩朋友,你过去以那样的修行、那样的精进、那样的苦行,尚且未能证得上人法、具足圣者殊胜智见;如今你生活安逸,舍弃精进,退堕于舒适之中,又怎能证得上人法、具足圣者殊胜智见呢?”听了这话,诸比丘,我再一次对五比丘这样说道:“诸比丘,如来不是生活安逸的人,未曾放弃精进,也不曾退回安逸。诸比丘,如来是阿拉汉、正自觉者。诸比丘,谛听!我已证得不死,我来教导你们,我来为你们开示法。你们依所教导而修习,不久即能以最上的智慧,于现法之中亲自证悟、现观、圆满成就无上清净行——这正是良家子弟正确出家,从在家而出家、过无家生活所要达成的目标。”第二次,诸比丘,五比丘又同样对我说:“乔达摩朋友,你过去以那样的修行、那样的精进、那样的苦行,尚且未能证得上人法、具足圣者殊胜智见……(中略)……又怎能证得上人法、具足圣者殊胜智见呢?”第二次,诸比丘,我仍这样对他们说:“诸比丘,如来不是生活安逸的人……”第三次,诸比丘,五比丘又再次那样对我说了同样的话。
‘‘Evaṃ vutte, ahaṃ, bhikkhave, pañcavaggiye bhikkhū etadavocaṃ – ‘mā, bhikkhave, tathāgataṃ nāmena ca āvusovādena ca samudācaratha . Arahaṃ, bhikkhave, tathāgato sammāsambuddho . Odahatha, bhikkhave, sotaṃ, amatamadhigataṃ, ahamanusāsāmi, ahaṃ dhammaṃ desemi. Yathānusiṭṭhaṃ tathā paṭipajjamānā nacirasseva – yassatthāya kulaputtā sammadeva agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajanti tadanuttaraṃ – brahmacariyapariyosānaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharissathā’ti. Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū maṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘tāyapi kho tvaṃ, āvuso gotama, iriyāya tāya paṭipadāya tāya dukkarakārikāya nājjhagamā uttarimanussadhammā alamariyañāṇadassanavisesaṃ, kiṃ pana tvaṃ etarahi bāhulliko padhānavibbhanto āvatto bāhullāya adhigamissasi uttarimanussadhammā alamariyañāṇadassanavisesa’nti? Evaṃ vutte, ahaṃ, bhikkhave, pañcavaggiye bhikkhū etadavocaṃ – ‘na, bhikkhave, tathāgato bāhulliko, na padhānavibbhanto, na āvatto bāhullāya . Arahaṃ, bhikkhave, tathāgato sammāsambuddho. Odahatha, bhikkhave, sotaṃ, amatamadhigataṃ, ahamanusāsāmi, ahaṃ dhammaṃ desemi. Yathānusiṭṭhaṃ tathā paṭipajjamānā nacirasseva – yassatthāya kulaputtā sammadeva agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajanti tadanuttaraṃ – brahmacariyapariyosānaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharissathā’ti. Dutiyampi kho, bhikkhave, pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū maṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘tāyapi kho tvaṃ, āvuso gotama, iriyāya tāya paṭipadāya tāya dukkarakārikāya nājjhagamā uttarimanussadhammā alamariyañāṇadassanavisesaṃ, kiṃ pana tvaṃ etarahi bāhulliko padhānavibbhanto āvatto bāhullāya adhigamissasi uttarimanussadhammā alamariyañāṇadassanavisesa’nti? Dutiyampi kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, pañcavaggiye bhikkhū etadavocaṃ – ‘na, bhikkhave, tathāgato bāhulliko…pe… upasampajja viharissathā’ti. Tatiyampi kho, bhikkhave, pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū maṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘tāyapi kho tvaṃ, āvuso gotama, iriyāya tāya paṭipadāya tāya dukkarakārikāya nājjhagamā uttarimanussadhammā alamariyañāṇadassanavisesaṃ, kiṃ pana tvaṃ etarahi bāhulliko padhānavibbhanto āvatto bāhullāya adhigamissasi uttarimanussadhammā alamariyañāṇadassanavisesa’nti?
听他们说完,诸比丘,我便对五比丘说:‘诸比丘,你们过去可曾听我说过这样的话?’他们回答:‘从未听过,尊者。’‘诸比丘,如来是阿拉汉、正自觉者。谛听,诸比丘!我已证得不死,我当教导你们,我当开示法。你们依教修行,不久便能以最高的智慧,于现世自作证、究竟了知,达到那无上清净行的圆满——那正是良家子弟为正确出家、离家而过无家生活所追求的目标。’
‘‘Evaṃ vutte, ahaṃ, bhikkhave, pañcavaggiye bhikkhū etadavocaṃ – ‘abhijānātha me no tumhe, bhikkhave, ito pubbe evarūpaṃ pabhāvitameta’nti ? ‘No hetaṃ, bhante’. ‘Arahaṃ, bhikkhave, tathāgato sammāsambuddho. Odahatha, bhikkhave, sotaṃ, amatamadhigataṃ, ahamanusāsāmi, ahaṃ dhammaṃ desemi. Yathānusiṭṭhaṃ tathā paṭipajjamānā nacirasseva – yassatthāya kulaputtā sammadeva agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajanti tadanuttaraṃ – brahmacariyapariyosānaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharissathā’ti.
诸比丘,我得以说服五比丘。诸比丘,那时,我教导两位比丘,其余三位比丘去托钵乞食。三位比丘托钵带回的食物,我们六人便依此维持生活。我又教导三位比丘,其余两位比丘去托钵乞食。两位比丘带回的食物,我们六人便依此维持生活。诸比丘,当五比丘如此领受我的教导、如此领受我的教诫时,他们自身本具生法,彻见生法之过患后,便寻求那无生、无上、安稳的涅槃,并证得了那无生、无上、安稳的涅槃;他们自身本具老法,彻见老法之过患后,便寻求那不老、无上、安稳的涅槃,并证得了那不老、无上、安稳的涅槃;他们自身本具病法,彻见病法之过患后,便寻求那无病、无上、安稳的涅槃,并证得了那无病、无上、安稳的涅槃;他们自身本具死法,彻见死法之过患后,便寻求那无死、无上、安稳的涅槃,并证得了那无死、无上、安稳的涅槃;他们自身本具愁法,彻见愁法之过患后,便寻求那无愁、无上、安稳的涅槃,并证得了那无愁、无上、安稳的涅槃;他们自身本具杂染法,彻见杂染法之过患后,便寻求那无杂染、无上、安稳的涅槃,并证得了那无杂染、无上、安稳的涅槃。那时,他们心中生起如是智见:‘我们的解脱已不动摇,这是最后一生,不再有后有。’
‘‘Asakkhiṃ kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, pañcavaggiye bhikkhū saññāpetuṃ. Dvepi sudaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhū ovadāmi, tayo bhikkhū piṇḍāya caranti. Yaṃ tayo bhikkhū piṇḍāya caritvā āharanti tena chabbaggiyā yāpema. Tayopi sudaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhū ovadāmi, dve bhikkhū piṇḍāya caranti. Yaṃ dve bhikkhū piṇḍāya caritvā āharanti tena chabbaggiyā yāpema. Atha kho, bhikkhave, pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū mayā evaṃ ovadiyamānā evaṃ anusāsiyamānā attanā jātidhammā samānā jātidhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā ajātaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesamānā ajātaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ ajjhagamaṃsu, attanā jarādhammā samānā jarādhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā ajaraṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesamānā ajaraṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ ajjhagamaṃsu, attanā byādhidhammā samānā…pe… attanā maraṇadhammā samānā… attanā sokadhammā samānā… attanā saṃkilesadhammā samānā saṃkilesadhamme ādīnavaṃ viditvā asaṃkiliṭṭhaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ pariyesamānā asaṃkiliṭṭhaṃ anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ nibbānaṃ ajjhagamaṃsu. Ñāṇañca pana nesaṃ dassanaṃ udapādi – ‘akuppā no vimutti , ayamantimā jāti, natthi dāni punabbhavo’ti.
287诸比丘,有五种欲功德。哪五种呢?眼所识知的色,是可喜、可爱、悦意、令人喜爱、与欲相连、能引发贪染的;耳所识知的声……鼻所识知的香……舌所识知的味……身所识知的触,是可喜、可爱、悦意、令人喜爱、与欲相连、能引发贪染的。诸比丘,这便是五种欲功德。诸比丘,若有沙门或婆罗门,对这五种欲功德沉溺其中、迷醉其中、深陷其中,不见其过患,不具出离智慧而受用它们,就应当这么理解他们:‘他们已陷入不幸,已遭到毁灭,已成为魔罗随心所欲摆布的对象。’诸比丘,譬如一头林野的鹿,被捆缚着卧在一堆陷阱上,就应当这么理解它:‘它已陷入不幸,已遭到毁灭,已成为猎人随心所欲摆布的对象。猎人前来时,它无法随心所欲地逃向想去之处。’诸比丘,同样地,若有沙门或婆罗门,为这五种欲功德所缠缚、所迷醉、深深沉溺,不见其过患,不具出离智慧而受用它们,就应当理解为:‘他们已陷入不幸,已遭到毁灭,已成为魔罗随心所欲摆布的对象。’
‘‘Pañcime, bhikkhave, kāmaguṇā. Katame pañca? Cakkhuviññeyyā rūpā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā, sotaviññeyyā saddā…pe… ghānaviññeyyā gandhā… jivhāviññeyyā rasā… kāyaviññeyyā phoṭṭhabbā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā. Ime kho, bhikkhave, pañca kāmaguṇā. Ye hi keci, bhikkhave, samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā ime pañca kāmaguṇe gathitā mucchitā ajjhopannā anādīnavadassāvino anissaraṇapaññā paribhuñjanti, te evamassu veditabbā – ‘anayamāpannā byasanamāpannā yathākāmakaraṇīyā pāpimato’ . ‘Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, āraññako mago baddho pāsarāsiṃ adhisayeyya. So evamassa veditabbo – anayamāpanno byasanamāpanno yathākāmakaraṇīyo luddassa. Āgacchante ca pana ludde yena kāmaṃ na pakkamissatī’ti. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, ye hi keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā ime pañca kāmaguṇe gathitā mucchitā ajjhopannā anādīnavadassāvino anissaraṇapaññā paribhuñjanti, te evamassu veditabbā – ‘anayamāpannā byasanamāpannā yathākāmakaraṇīyā pāpimato’. Ye ca kho keci, bhikkhave, samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā ime pañca kāmaguṇe agathitā amucchitā anajjhopannā ādīnavadassāvino nissaraṇapaññā paribhuñjanti, te evamassu veditabbā – ‘na anayamāpannā na byasanamāpannā na yathākāmakaraṇīyā pāpimato’.
诸比丘,譬如一头林野的鹿,未被捆缚,卧在一堆陷阱上,就应当这么理解它:‘它并未陷入不幸,并未遭到毁灭,并非猎人随心所欲摆布的对象。猎人前来时,它能随心所欲地逃向想去之处。’诸比丘,完全一样地,若有沙门或婆罗门,对这五种欲功德不沉溺、不迷醉、不深陷,见到了过患,具备出离智慧而受用它们,就应当理解为:‘他们并未陷入不幸,并未遭到毁灭,并非魔罗随心所欲摆布的对象。’
‘‘Seyyathāpi , bhikkhave, āraññako mago abaddho pāsarāsiṃ adhisayeyya. So evamassa veditabbo – ‘na anayamāpanno na byasanamāpanno na yathākāmakaraṇīyo luddassa. Āgacchante ca pana ludde yena kāmaṃ pakkamissatī’ti. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, ye hi keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā ime pañca kāmaguṇe agathitā amucchitā anajjhopannā ādīnavadassāvino nissaraṇapaññā paribhuñjanti, te evamassu veditabbā – ‘na anayamāpannā na byasanamāpannā na yathākāmakaraṇīyā pāpimato’.
诸比丘,犹如一头森林中的野鹿,在林野间游走,安然行走,安然站立,安然坐下,安然躺卧。这是什么原因呢?诸比丘,因为它不在猎人的射程之内。同样地,诸比丘,比丘远离感官欲乐、远离不善法,有寻有伺,由远离而生的喜与乐,进入并安住于初禅。诸比丘,这样的比丘称为:他使魔罗成为盲者,摧毁了魔罗的眼目,已行至邪恶者看不见的地方。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, āraññako mago araññe pavane caramāno vissattho gacchati, vissattho tiṭṭhati, vissattho nisīdati, vissattho seyyaṃ kappeti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Anāpāthagato, bhikkhave, luddassa. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, bhikkhu andhamakāsi māraṃ apadaṃ, vadhitvā māracakkhuṃ adassanaṃ gato pāpimato.
再者,诸比丘,比丘平息了寻与伺,内心澄净,心一境性,无寻无伺,定生喜乐,进入并安住于第二禅。诸比丘,此比丘称为……乃至……邪恶者看不见的地方。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā ajjhattaṃ sampasādanaṃ cetaso ekodibhāvaṃ avitakkaṃ avicāraṃ samādhijaṃ pītisukhaṃ dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave…pe… pāpimato.
再者,诸比丘,比丘于喜离染,住于舍,具念、正知,以身感受乐——圣者们说他是‘住于舍、具念、住于乐者’——进入并安住于第三禅。诸比丘,此比丘称为……乃至……邪恶者看不见的地方。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu pītiyā ca virāgā upekkhako ca viharati, sato ca sampajāno, sukhañca kāyena paṭisaṃvedeti yaṃ taṃ ariyā ācikkhanti ‘upekkhako satimā sukhavihārī’ti tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave…pe… pāpimato.
再者,诸比丘,比丘舍断乐与苦,并随先前的喜与忧灭尽,进入不苦不乐、舍念清净的第四禅那,安住其中。诸比丘,这样的比丘称为……乃至……邪恶者不能看见。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sukhassa ca pahānā dukkhassa ca pahānā pubbeva somanassadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamā adukkhamasukhaṃ upekkhāsatipārisuddhiṃ catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave…pe… pāpimato.
再者,诸比丘,比丘全然超越一切色想,灭没有对想,不作意种种想,觉知‘虚空无边’,进入空无边处,安住其中。诸比丘,这样的比丘称为……乃至……邪恶者不能看见。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sabbaso rūpasaññānaṃ samatikkamā paṭighasaññānaṃ atthaṅgamā nānattasaññānaṃ amanasikārā ‘ananto ākāso’ti ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave…pe… pāpimato.
再者,诸比丘,比丘全然超越一切空无边处,觉知‘识是无边的’,进入识无边处,安住其中。诸比丘,这样的比丘称为……乃至……邪恶者不能看见。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sabbaso ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘anantaṃ viññāṇa’nti viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave…pe… pāpimato.
再者,诸比丘,一位比丘完全超越识无边处,作意‘无所有’,进入并安住于无所有处。诸比丘,这位比丘弄瞎魔罗,令其无迹可寻,摧毁魔罗之眼,使魔罗无法见到他。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sabbaso viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘natthi kiñcī’ti ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave…pe… pāpimato.
再者,诸比丘,一位比丘完全超越无所有处,进入并安住于非想非非想处。诸比丘,这位比丘弄瞎魔罗,令其无迹可寻,摧毁魔罗之眼,使魔罗无法见到他。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sabbaso ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave…pe… pāpimato.
再者,诸比丘,比丘完全超越非想非非想处,进入并安住于想受灭定,以智慧照见之后,他的诸漏灭尽无余。诸比丘,这位比丘即称为:已令魔罗盲暗、踪迹全无,已击毁魔罗之眼、使邪恶者不能窥见。他已越度世间之执取,安然而行,安然而立,安然而坐,安然而卧。何以故?诸比丘,因他已不在邪恶者所及的领域之内。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sabbaso nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma saññāvedayitanirodhaṃ upasampajja viharati, paññāya cassa disvā āsavā parikkhīṇā honti. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, bhikkhu andhamakāsi māraṃ apadaṃ, vadhitvā māracakkhuṃ adassanaṃ gato pāpimato. Tiṇṇo loke visattikaṃ vissattho gacchati, vissattho tiṭṭhati, vissattho nisīdati, vissattho seyyaṃ kappeti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Anāpāthagato, bhikkhave, pāpimato’’ti.
世尊说了这番话。比丘们心满意足,随喜世尊所说。
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 佛陀,说法者 |
| Ānanda | 阿难 | 具寿,世尊侍者 |
| sambahulā bhikkhū | 众多比丘 | 听众,法的谈论者 |
| Āḷāra Kālāma | 阿喇喇·咖喇马 | 世尊成佛前的第一位老师 |
| Uddaka Rāmaputta | 伍达咖·喇嘛子 | 世尊成佛前的第二位老师 |
事件
比丘们久未闻法,托阿难请法,世尊带领他们至一处隐居所。世尊询问比丘们聚会的主题,并以此为契机,开示了两种截然不同的“寻求”:一种是凡夫沉溺于生老病死等一切无常事物中的“非圣寻求”;另一种是智者看到无常的过患,转而追求不生不老的涅槃的“圣寻求”。世尊随后详述自己出家、求道、超越两位老师,并最终证悟的完整心路历程。
经文摘要
两种寻求的对比(非圣 vs 圣)→ 世尊自述从菩萨求道到正觉的亲身经历 → 以“林中鹿”为喻,说明沉迷五欲者被束缚,而修习禅定、漏尽者超越魔罗的掌控。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:我们到底在找什么?
经文一开头就点出了人生的根本方向问题。世尊把人的追求分成了两种:一种是“非圣的寻求”,就是我们满脑子想的都是怎么让“自己”这个会生老病死、会忧愁烦恼的身心,去抓取更多同样会生老病死、会忧愁烦恼的东西,比如妻子儿女、金银财宝、牛羊牲口。世尊说,这就像一个人明明自己掉进流沙里,却还想抓住旁边的浮木,结果是一起沉下去。
2. 核心:看见“陷阱”,调转方向
经文的核心在于思维的“转向”。世尊说他成佛前也面临同样的问题,但他起了这样一个念头:“为何我自己是生法者,却寻求生法呢?” → 拆开看:这个反问句是整部经的轴心。世尊没有继续问“我该找个什么样的妻子/房子/乐子”,而是直接质疑追求行为本身与追求者“无常”本质之间的矛盾。他看到自己无论抓取什么,那个“能抓取的自己”和“被抓取的对象”都在坏灭,所以追求的结果注定是失望。因此,真正的出路不是换个东西抓,而是去寻找一个“不生、不老、不病、不死、不愁、无杂染”的“涅槃”。这就把修行从“世间法的优化”直接拔高到了“出世间法的解脱”。
3. 要旨:成为那只自由的“林中鹿”
世尊用了一个非常生动的比喻来总结。沉迷五欲的人,就像一只被罗网缠住的林野鹿,猎人(比喻魔王)随时可以抓住它。而解脱的圣者,就像一只已经走出猎人活动范围的鹿,它“有信心地行走,有信心地站立”,这并非因为猎人发了善心,而是因为它到达了“猎人不能及之处”。对于比丘们来说,这个安全区就是通过禅那逐步深化,最终断尽一切烦恼。→ 一句话要旨:真正的安全不是靠抓取更多,而是通过看清一切抓取物的过患,从而抵达一个“魔王看不见”的、超越一切“有”的境地。
关键术语锚
- chanda → 欲/意愿(中性):世尊在讲述五种欲功德时提到的“伴随欲的”(chanda)非中性,而是对感官对象的渴望。区别于导向解脱的善法欲(kusalacchanda),此处的chanda是捆绑性的,是陷阱本身。
- kamma → 业/(善恶)行:文中“妻子儿女是生法,奴婢是生法…”强调的是“行为”必然会导致与“生老病死”绑定的结果。追求这些,就是不断在造作与苦相连的业。
- loka → 世间/世界:经文最后说圣者“已超越世间的执着”。这里的loka不是物理世界,而是指被生老病死等五取蕴所构成的、充满执着与痛苦的存在界域。
- sacca → 谛/真理:世尊证悟的内容,与跟随外道老师所证得的“无所有处”、“非想非非想处”形成对比。后者是有为的、缘生的境界,而四圣谛的真理是不生不灭的。
- saṅgha → 僧/僧团:经文开头提到“比丘聚集应做两件事:法的谈论,或圣者的沉默”,这为僧团共住指明了核心志业,指出了共修的本质是互相砥砺导向解脱,而非世间社交。