234如是我闻:一时,世尊住在舍卫城的祇树给孤独园。那时,一位名叫阿利德的比丘,往昔曾为捕秃鹫者,心中生起了这样的恶见:‘我如来了知世尊所教导的法:世尊说那些法是障碍,但即使去实行它们,也决不足以构成障碍。’有几位比丘听闻:‘那位往昔曾为捕秃鹫者的阿利德比丘,竟生起了这样的恶见:我如来了知世尊所教导的法——世尊说那些法是障碍,但实行它们也决不足以构成障碍。’于是,那些比丘便前往往昔曾为捕秃鹫者的阿利德比丘处。到了之后,对往昔曾为捕秃鹫者的阿利德比丘这样说道:‘贤友阿利德,听说你真的生起了这样的恶见——我如来了知世尊所教导的法:世尊说那些法是障碍,但实行它们也决不足以构成障碍,这是真的吗?’他答道:‘贤友们,确实如此。我如来了知世尊所教导的法:世尊说那些法是障碍,但实行它们也决不足以构成障碍。’
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena ariṭṭhassa nāma bhikkhuno gaddhabādhipubbassa evarūpaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ uppannaṃ hoti – ‘‘tathāhaṃ bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’’ti. Assosuṃ kho sambahulā bhikkhū – ‘‘ariṭṭhassa kira nāma bhikkhuno gaddhabādhipubbassa evarūpaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ uppannaṃ – ‘tathāhaṃ bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’’’ti. Atha kho te bhikkhū yena ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘saccaṃ kira te, āvuso ariṭṭha, evarūpaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ uppannaṃ – ‘tathāhaṃ bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃbyākho ahaṃ, āvuso, bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’’ti.
为了令过去曾捕杀秃鹫的阿利德比丘脱离这个恶见,比丘们反复询问、反复追诘、反复教诫他:“贤友阿利德,不要这样说,不要诽谤世尊;诽谤世尊是不善的,世尊绝不会那样说。贤友阿利德,世尊以种种方式宣说障碍法确实是障碍,而且对于实行它们的人来说,足以成为障碍。世尊说欲乐是少味、多苦、多恼的,其中过患更为深重。世尊说欲乐如同骨骸……世尊说欲乐如同肉块……世尊说欲乐如同草火炬……世尊说欲乐如同火炭坑……世尊说欲乐如同梦境……世尊说欲乐如同借来之物……世尊说欲乐如同树上果实……世尊说欲乐如同屠刀与砧板……世尊说欲乐如同刀矛……世尊说欲乐如同蛇头,是多苦、多恼的,其中过患更为深重。”尽管被那些比丘们如此反复询问、反复追诘、反复教诫,过去曾捕杀秃鹫的阿利德比丘依然固执地执取、坚持并宣扬那个恶见:“贤友们,我确实这样了知世尊所教导的法:那些被世尊说为障碍的法,即便去实行,也绝不足以成为障碍。”
Atha kho tepi bhikkhū ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ etasmā pāpakā diṭṭhigatā vivecetukāmā samanuyuñjanti samanugāhanti samanubhāsanti – ‘‘mā hevaṃ, āvuso ariṭṭha, avaca, mā bhagavantaṃ abbhācikkhi; na hi sādhu bhagavato abbhakkhānaṃ , na hi bhagavā evaṃ vadeyya. Anekapariyāyenāvuso ariṭṭha, antarāyikā dhammā antarāyikā vuttā bhagavatā, alañca pana te paṭisevato antarāyāya. Appassādā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā,ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo. Aṭṭhikaṅkalūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā…pe… maṃsapesūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā… tiṇukkūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā… aṅgārakāsūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā… supinakūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā… yācitakūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā… rukkhaphalūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā… asisūnūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā… sattisūlūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā… sappasirūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā, ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo’’ti. Evampi kho ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo tehi bhikkhūhi samanuyuñjiyamāno samanugāhiyamāno samanubhāsiyamāno tadeva pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ thāmasā parāmāsā abhinivissa voharati – ‘‘evaṃbyākho ahaṃ, āvuso, bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’’ti.
235当那些比丘们已无法使曾捕杀秃鹫的阿利德比丘舍离此恶见时,他们便前往世尊那里。去到后,礼敬世尊,坐在一旁。坐在一旁的比丘们对世尊这样说:“尊者,那位曾捕杀秃鹫的阿利德比丘,心中生起了这样的恶见:‘我如是了知世尊所教导的法,即世尊所说为障碍的那些法,即便去行持,也绝不足以成为障碍。’尊者,我们听说了:听说那位曾捕杀秃鹫的阿利德比丘,生起了这样的恶见:‘我如是了知世尊所教导的法,即世尊所说为障碍的那些法,即便去行持,也绝不足以成为障碍。’于是,尊者,我们便去到那位曾捕杀秃鹫的阿利德比丘那里。去到后,我们这样问曾捕杀秃鹫的阿利德比丘:‘贤友阿利德,听说你确实生起了这样的恶见——我如是了知世尊所教导的法,即世尊所说为障碍的那些法,即便去行持,也绝不足以成为障碍——这是真的吗?’
Yato kho te bhikkhū nāsakkhiṃsu ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ etasmā pāpakā diṭṭhigatā vivecetuṃ, atha kho te bhikkhū yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Ekamantaṃ nisinnā kho te bhikkhū bhagavantaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘ariṭṭhassa nāma, bhante, bhikkhuno gaddhabādhipubbassa evarūpaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ uppannaṃ – ‘tathāhaṃ bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’ti. Assumha kho mayaṃ, bhante – ‘ariṭṭhassa kira nāma bhikkhuno gaddhabādhipubbassa evarūpaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ uppannaṃ – tathāhaṃ bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’ti. Atha kho mayaṃ, bhante, yena ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo tenupasaṅkamimha; upasaṅkamitvā ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ etadavocumha – ‘saccaṃ kira te, āvuso ariṭṭha, evarūpaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ uppannaṃ – tathāhaṃ bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’ti?
尊者,我们这样对他说时,曾以捕杀秃鹫为业的阿利德比丘回答我们:“贤友们,我确实这样理解世尊所教导的法:世尊所说的那些障碍之法,即使去行持也绝不足以构成障碍。”于是,尊者,为了让他舍离此恶见,我们反复诘问、反复追究、反复教诫那位曾以捕杀秃鹫为业的阿利德比丘:“贤友阿利德,不要这样说,不要诽谤世尊。诽谤世尊实为不善,世尊绝不如是说。贤友阿利德,世尊以种种方式说示障碍法确实是障碍,并且对行持它们的人,确实足以成为障碍。世尊曾说欲乐味少、苦多、恼多,其中过患更甚。世尊曾说欲乐如同骨骸……世尊曾说欲乐如同蛇头,苦多、恼多,其中过患更甚。”尊者,尽管我们这样反复诘问、反复追究、反复教诫,曾以捕杀秃鹫为业的阿利德比丘仍然顽固地执取、坚持并宣扬那个恶见:“贤友们,我确实这样理解世尊所教导的法:世尊所说的那些障碍之法,即使去行持也绝不足以构成障碍。”尊者,当我们无法使那曾以捕杀秃鹫为业的阿利德比丘舍离此恶见时,我们便将此事禀告世尊。
‘‘Evaṃ vutte, bhante, ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo amhe etadavoca – ‘evaṃbyākho ahaṃ, āvuso, bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’ti. Atha kho mayaṃ, bhante, ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ etasmā pāpakā diṭṭhigatā vivecetukāmā samanuyuñjimha samanugāhimha samanubhāsimha – ‘mā hevaṃ, āvuso ariṭṭha, avaca, mā bhagavantaṃ abbhācikkhi; na hi sādhu bhagavato abbhakkhānaṃ , na hi bhagavā evaṃ vadeyya. Anekapariyāyenāvuso ariṭṭha, antarāyikā dhammā antarāyikā vuttā bhagavatā, alañca pana te paṭisevato antarāyāya. Appassādā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā, ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo. Aṭṭhikaṅkalūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā…pe… sappasirūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā, ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo’ti. Evampi kho, bhante, ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo amhehi samanuyuñjiyamāno samanugāhiyamāno samanubhāsiyamāno tadeva pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ thāmasā parāmāsā abhinivissa voharati – ‘evaṃbyākho ahaṃ, āvuso, bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’ti. Yato kho mayaṃ, bhante, nāsakkhimha ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ etasmā pāpakā diṭṭhigatā vivecetuṃ, atha mayaṃ etamatthaṃ bhagavato ārocemā’’ti.
236于是,世尊对某位比丘说:“来,比丘,以我的名义去唤那位曾为捕鹫者的阿利德比丘:‘阿利德学友,导师召唤你。’”“是,尊者。”那位比丘答问世尊后,便走到曾为捕鹫者的阿利德比丘那里,对他说:“阿利德学友,导师召唤你。”“好,学友。”曾为捕鹫者的阿利德比丘答问那位比丘后,便来到世尊所在之处,到了之后,向世尊礼敬,然后退坐一面。世尊对退坐一面的曾为捕鹫者的阿利德比丘说:“阿利德,听说你生起如此恶见:‘我了知世尊所教的法,世尊说这些法是障碍,但受用它们其实并不足以构成障碍。’这是真的吗?”
Atha kho bhagavā aññataraṃ bhikkhuṃ āmantesi – ‘‘ehi tvaṃ, bhikkhu, mama vacanena ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ āmantehi – ‘satthā taṃ, āvuso ariṭṭha, āmantetī’’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ , bhante’’ti kho so bhikkhu bhagavato paṭissutvā, yena ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘satthā taṃ, āvuso ariṭṭha, āmantetī’’ti. ‘‘Evamāvuso’’ti kho ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo tassa bhikkhuno paṭissutvā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ bhagavā etadavoca – ‘‘saccaṃ kira te, ariṭṭha, evarūpaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ uppannaṃ – ‘tathāhaṃ bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’’’ti?
“尊者,确实是这样。我对世尊所教导的法是这样理解的:那些被世尊说为障碍的法,对于实行它们的人来说,绝对不足以成为障碍。”世尊说:“愚痴人!你究竟是从何处了知我曾这样教导过法呢?愚痴人!难道我不是以种种方式说过,障碍法确实是障碍吗?而且对于实行它们的人,确实足以成为障碍。我说过欲乐是少味的、多苦的、多忧恼的,其中有更多的过患。我说过欲乐如同骨骸……我说过欲乐如同肉块……我说过欲乐如同草炬……我说过欲乐如同火炭坑……我说过欲乐如同梦境……我说过欲乐如同借来之物……我说过欲乐如同树上的果实……我说过欲乐如同屠刀与砧板……我说过欲乐如同刀矛……我说过欲乐如同蛇头,是多苦的、多忧恼的,其中有更多的过患。然而,愚痴人,你却以自己错误的执取诽谤了我们,也伤害了自己,并积集了众多非福。愚痴人,这必将长久地带给你无益与痛苦。”
‘‘Evaṃbyākho ahaṃ, bhante, bhagavatā dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāmi – ‘yathā yeme antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’’’ti. ‘‘Kassa kho nāma tvaṃ, moghapurisa, mayā evaṃ dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānāsi? Nanu mayā, moghapurisa, anekapariyāyena antarāyikā dhammā antarāyikā vuttā? Alañca pana te paṭisevato antarāyāya. Appassādā kāmā vuttā mayā, bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā, ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo. Aṭṭhikaṅkalūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā… maṃsapesūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā… tiṇukkūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā… aṅgārakāsūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā… supinakūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā… yācitakūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā… rukkhaphalūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā… asisūnūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā… sattisūlūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā… sappasirūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā, bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā, ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo. Atha ca pana tvaṃ, moghapurisa, attanā duggahitena amhe ceva abbhācikkhasi, attānañca khanasi, bahuñca apuññaṃ pasavasi. Tañhi te, moghapurisa, bhavissati dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāyā’’ti.
这时,世尊对诸比丘说:“诸比丘,你们怎么想?这位曾为捕鹫者的阿利德比丘,于此法与律中,可曾生起哪怕一丝热忱?”“这怎么可能,尊者?不,尊者。”这话说出,曾为捕鹫者的阿利德比丘便沉默地坐着,惭愧懊恼,双肩低垂,低头思虑,无言以对。世尊看见他这般沉默不语,惭愧懊恼,双肩低垂,低头思虑,无言以对,便对他说:“愚痴人,你将因自己这邪恶的见解而被认出。现在我就在这里盘问诸比丘。”
Atha kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, api nāyaṃ ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo usmīkatopi imasmiṃ dhammavinaye’’ti? ‘‘Kiñhi siyā, bhante; no hetaṃ, bhante’’ti. Evaṃ vutte, ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo tuṇhībhūto maṅkubhūto pattakkhandho adhomukho pajjhāyanto appaṭibhāno nisīdi. Atha kho bhagavā ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ tuṇhībhūtaṃ maṅkubhūtaṃ pattakkhandhaṃ adhomukhaṃ pajjhāyantaṃ appaṭibhānaṃ viditvā ariṭṭhaṃ bhikkhuṃ gaddhabādhipubbaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘paññāyissasi kho tvaṃ, moghapurisa, etena sakena pāpakena diṭṭhigatena. Idhāhaṃ bhikkhū paṭipucchissāmī’’ti.
237那时,世尊对诸比丘说:“诸比丘,你们也像我教导的法这样去理解吗——如同这位曾是秃鹫者的阿利德比丘,由于错误的把握,既在毁谤我们,也在伤害自己,并积集大量非福呢?”“尊者,并非如此。尊者,世尊已以种种方式宣说,障碍法即是障碍法;而且,这些法对于造作它的人,确实足以构成障碍。世尊曾说,感官欲乐是少乐、多苦、多忧,其中过患更重。世尊曾说,感官欲乐如白骨链……乃至……世尊曾说,感官欲乐如蛇头,是多苦、多忧,其中过患更重。”“善哉,善哉,诸比丘!善哉,诸比丘,你们能这样理解我所教导的法。诸比丘,我确实已以种种方式宣说,障碍法即是障碍法,而且,这些法对于造作它的人,确实足以构成障碍。我曾说,感官欲乐是少乐、多苦、多忧,其中过患更重。我曾说,感官欲乐如白骨链……乃至……我曾说,感官欲乐如蛇头,是多苦、多忧,其中过患更重。然而,这位曾是秃鹫者的阿利德比丘,却由于自己错误的把握,既在毁谤我们,也在伤害自己,并积集大量非福。这确实将为那个愚人带来长久的不利与痛苦。诸比丘,若人离于欲乐、离于欲想、离于欲寻思,却还能耽著欲乐,这是不可能的,绝无此理。”
Atha kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘tumhepi me, bhikkhave , evaṃ dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānātha yathāyaṃ ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo attanā duggahitena amhe ceva abbhācikkhati, attānañca khanati, bahuñca apuññaṃ pasavatī’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante. Anekapariyāyena hi no, bhante, antarāyikā dhammā antarāyikā vuttā bhagavatā; alañca pana te paṭisevato antarāyāya. Appassādā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā, ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo. Aṭṭhikaṅkalūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā…pe… sappasirūpamā kāmā vuttā bhagavatā bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā , ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu sādhu, bhikkhave, sādhu, kho me tumhe, bhikkhave, evaṃ dhammaṃ desitaṃ ājānātha. Anekapariyāyena hi kho, bhikkhave, antarāyikā dhammā vuttā mayā, alañca pana te paṭisevato antarāyāya. Appassādā kāmā vuttā mayā , bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā, ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo. Aṭṭhikaṅkalūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā…pe… sappasirūpamā kāmā vuttā mayā, bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā, ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo. Atha ca panāyaṃ ariṭṭho bhikkhu gaddhabādhipubbo attanā duggahitena amhe ceva abbhācikkhati, attānañca khanati, bahuñca apuññaṃ pasavati. Tañhi tassa moghapurisassa bhavissati dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāya. So vata, bhikkhave, aññatreva kāmehi aññatra kāmasaññāya aññatra kāmavitakkehi kāme paṭisevissatīti – netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjati’’.
238“诸比丘,在此,有一类愚人学习法——修多罗、祇夜、授记、偈陀、自说、本事、本生、希有法、方广。学了那些法后,他们不以智慧审察那些法的义理;对于这些法的义理,他们既不以智慧审察,便不能通达其义。他们学习法,是为了诘难的利益,也为了言论解脱的利益,而并未达到学习法的真正目的。那些法被他们错误地把握,会带来长久的不利和痛苦。为什么呢?诸比丘,是因为诸法被错误地把握了。”
‘‘Idha, bhikkhave, ekacce moghapurisā dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti – suttaṃ, geyyaṃ, veyyākaraṇaṃ, gāthaṃ, udānaṃ, itivuttakaṃ, jātakaṃ, abbhutadhammaṃ, vedallaṃ. Te taṃ dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇitvā tesaṃ dhammānaṃ paññāya atthaṃ na upaparikkhanti. Tesaṃ te dhammā paññāya atthaṃ anupaparikkhataṃ na nijjhānaṃ khamanti. Te upārambhānisaṃsā ceva dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti itivādappamokkhānisaṃsā ca. Yassa catthāya dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti tañcassa atthaṃ nānubhonti. Tesaṃ te dhammā duggahitā dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāya saṃvattanti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Duggahitattā, bhikkhave, dhammānaṃ.
“诸比丘,譬如有人需要蛇、寻找蛇、到处寻找蛇。他看见一条大蛇,抓住了它的身体或尾巴。那条蛇便反身咬他的手、手臂或其他某个肢体。他可能因此致死,或遭受近乎致死的痛苦。为什么呢?诸比丘,那是因为蛇被错误地抓住了。同样地,诸比丘,在此,有一类愚人学习法——修多罗、祇夜、授记……乃至方广。学了那些法后,他们不以智慧审察那些法的义理;对于这些法的义理,他们既不以智慧审察,便不能通达其义。他们学习法,是为了诘难的利益,也为了言论解脱的利益,而并未达到学习法的真正目的。那些法被他们错误地把握,会带来长久的不利和痛苦。为什么呢?诸比丘,是因为诸法被错误地把握了。”
‘‘Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, puriso alagaddatthiko alagaddagavesī alagaddapariyesanaṃ caramāno. So passeyya mahantaṃ alagaddaṃ. Tamenaṃ bhoge vā naṅguṭṭhe vā gaṇheyya. Tassa so alagaddo paṭiparivattitvā hatthe vā bāhāya vā aññatarasmiṃ vā aṅgapaccaṅge ḍaṃseyya . So tatonidānaṃ maraṇaṃ vā nigaccheyya maraṇamattaṃ vā dukkhaṃ. Taṃ kissa hetu? Duggahitattā, bhikkhave, alagaddassa. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, idhekacce moghapurisā dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti – suttaṃ, geyyaṃ, veyyākaraṇaṃ, gāthaṃ, udānaṃ, itivuttakaṃ, jātakaṃ, abbhutadhammaṃ, vedallaṃ. Te taṃ dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇitvā tesaṃ dhammānaṃ paññāya atthaṃ na upaparikkhanti. Tesaṃ te dhammā paññāya atthaṃ anupaparikkhataṃ na nijjhānaṃ khamanti. Te upārambhānisaṃsā ceva dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti itivādappamokkhānisaṃsā ca. Yassa catthāya dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti tañcassa atthaṃ nānubhonti. Tesaṃ te dhammā duggahitā dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāya saṃvattanti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Duggahitattā bhikkhave dhammānaṃ.
239“诸比丘,在此,有一类善家子学习法——修多罗、祇夜、授记、偈陀、自说、本事、本生、希有法、方广。他们学了这些法之后,便以智慧审察其义理。当他们以智慧审察时,那些法便得到认可。他们学习法,既不是为了诘难他人,也不是为了能言善辩的解脱之利,而是为了学法本身的真正目的;他们达到了这个目的。那些法已为他们所善执,能带来长远的利益与快乐。为什么呢?诸比丘,那是因为法被善执了。”
‘‘Idha pana, bhikkhave, ekacce kulaputtā dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti – suttaṃ, geyyaṃ, veyyākaraṇaṃ, gāthaṃ, udānaṃ, itivuttakaṃ, jātakaṃ, abbhutadhammaṃ, vedallaṃ. Te taṃ dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇitvā tesaṃ dhammānaṃ paññāya atthaṃ upaparikkhanti. Tesaṃ te dhammā paññāya atthaṃ upaparikkhataṃ nijjhānaṃ khamanti. Te na ceva upārambhānisaṃsā dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti na itivādappamokkhānisaṃsā ca . Yassa catthāya dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti tañcassa atthaṃ anubhonti. Tesaṃ te dhammā suggahitā dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya saṃvattanti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Suggahitattā bhikkhave dhammānaṃ.
“诸比丘,譬如有人需要蛇、寻找蛇、到处寻找蛇。他看见一条大蛇,便用带叉的棍子将它牢牢压住。用带叉的棍子牢牢压住后,他正确地抓住它的颈部。诸比丘,即使那条蛇缠住此人的手、臂或其他肢体,他也不会因此而死,或遭受近乎致命的痛苦。为什么呢?诸比丘,那是因为蛇被善执了。同样地,诸比丘,在此,有一类善家子学习法——修多罗、祇夜、授记……方广。他们学了这些法之后,便以智慧审察其义理。当他们以智慧审察时,那些法便得到认可。他们学习法,既不是为了诘难他人,也不是为了能言善辩的解脱之利,而是为了学法本身的真正目的;他们达到了这个目的。那些法已为他们所善执,能带来长远的利益与快乐。为什么呢?诸比丘,那是因为法被善执了。因此,诸比丘,对我所说的法,你们若能理解其义,就应当这样受持;若不能理解,则应向我或那些有智慧、有经验的比丘们进一步询问。”
‘‘Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, puriso alagaddatthiko alagaddagavesī alagaddapariyesanaṃ caramāno. So passeyya mahantaṃ alagaddaṃ. Tamenaṃ ajapadena daṇḍena suniggahitaṃ niggaṇheyya. Ajapadena daṇḍena suniggahitaṃ niggahitvā, gīvāya suggahitaṃ gaṇheyya. Kiñcāpi so, bhikkhave , alagaddo tassa purisassa hatthaṃ vā bāhaṃ vā aññataraṃ vā aṅgapaccaṅgaṃ bhogehi paliveṭheyya, atha kho so neva tatonidānaṃ maraṇaṃ vā nigaccheyya maraṇamattaṃ vā dukkhaṃ. Taṃ kissa hetu? Suggahitattā, bhikkhave, alagaddassa. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, idhekacce kulaputtā dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti – suttaṃ, geyyaṃ, veyyākaraṇaṃ, gāthaṃ, udānaṃ, itivuttakaṃ, jātakaṃ, abbhutadhammaṃ, vedallaṃ. Te taṃ dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇitvā tesaṃ dhammānaṃ paññāya atthaṃ upaparikkhanti. Tesaṃ te dhammā paññāya atthaṃ upaparikkhataṃ nijjhānaṃ khamanti. Te na ceva upārambhānisaṃsā dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti, na itivādappamokkhānisaṃsā ca. Yassa catthāya dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇanti, tañcassa atthaṃ anubhonti. Tesaṃ te dhammā suggahitā dīgharattaṃ atthāya hitāya sukhāya saṃvattanti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Suggahitattā, bhikkhave, dhammānaṃ. Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, yassa me bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājāneyyātha, tathā naṃ dhāreyyātha. Yassa ca pana me bhāsitassa atthaṃ na ājāneyyātha, ahaṃ vo tattha paṭipucchitabbo, ye vā panāssu viyattā bhikkhū.
240诸比丘,我将为你们宣说筏喻之法,此法为渡越而说,非为执取。你们仔细聆听,善加思惟,我当宣说。“是的,尊者。”那些比丘回答世尊。世尊说道:“诸比丘,犹如一人行于远路。他看见一片广阔大水,此岸险恶可怖,彼岸安稳无怖;却无船可渡,亦无桥梁从此岸至彼岸。他这样思惟:‘这片广阔大水,此岸险恶可怖,彼岸安稳无怖,却无船可渡,亦无桥梁从此岸至彼岸。我何不收集草、木、枝、叶,扎成筏子,凭此筏子,手足并用,奋力划水,安全渡抵彼岸?’诸比丘,于是那人收集草、木、枝、叶,扎成筏子,凭此筏子,手足并用,奋力划水,安全渡抵彼岸。诸比丘,那人渡抵彼岸后,这样想:‘此筏对我有大帮助;我凭此筏,手足并用,奋力划水,安全渡抵彼岸。我何不将此筏顶在头上,或扛在肩上,随心所往而行?’诸比丘,你们认为如何,这人若如此做,对此筏可算做了应做之事吗?”“不能,尊者。”“诸比丘,那么,此人应如何对待此筏,才算做了应做之事?诸比丘,此人渡抵彼岸后,应这样思惟:‘此筏对我有大帮助;我凭此筏,手足并用,奋力划水,安全渡抵彼岸。我何不将此筏搁置岸上,或沉入水中,然后随心所往而行?’诸比丘,如此而行,此人对此筏才算做了应做之事。正如是,诸比丘,筏喻之法乃我为渡越而说,非为执取。诸比丘,筏喻之法已为你们宣说,你们当知,法尚应舍,何况非法。”
‘‘Kullūpamaṃ vo, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ desessāmi nittharaṇatthāya, no gahaṇatthāya. Taṃ suṇātha, sādhukaṃ manasikarotha, bhāsissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bhante’’ti kho te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca – ‘‘seyyathāpi , bhikkhave, puriso addhānamaggappaṭipanno. So passeyya mahantaṃ udakaṇṇavaṃ, orimaṃ tīraṃ sāsaṅkaṃ sappaṭibhayaṃ, pārimaṃ tīraṃ khemaṃ appaṭibhayaṃ; na cassa nāvā santāraṇī uttarasetu vā apārā pāraṃ gamanāya. Tassa evamassa – ‘ayaṃ kho mahāudakaṇṇavo, orimaṃ tīraṃ sāsaṅkaṃ sappaṭibhayaṃ, pārimaṃ tīraṃ khemaṃ appaṭibhayaṃ; natthi ca nāvā santāraṇī uttarasetu vā apārā pāraṃ gamanāya. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ tiṇakaṭṭhasākhāpalāsaṃ saṃkaḍḍhitvā, kullaṃ bandhitvā, taṃ kullaṃ nissāya hatthehi ca pādehi ca vāyamamāno sotthinā pāraṃ uttareyya’nti. Atha kho so, bhikkhave, puriso tiṇakaṭṭhasākhāpalāsaṃ saṃkaḍḍhitvā, kullaṃ bandhitvā taṃ kullaṃ nissāya hatthehi ca pādehi ca vāyamamāno sotthinā pāraṃ uttareyya. Tassa purisassa uttiṇṇassa pāraṅgatassa evamassa – ‘bahukāro kho me ayaṃ kullo; imāhaṃ kullaṃ nissāya hatthehi ca pādehi ca vāyamamāno sotthinā pāraṃ uttiṇṇo. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ imaṃ kullaṃ sīse vā āropetvā khandhe vā uccāretvā yena kāmaṃ pakkameyya’nti. Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, api nu so puriso evaṃkārī tasmiṃ kulle kiccakārī assā’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’. ‘‘Kathaṃkārī ca so, bhikkhave, puriso tasmiṃ kulle kiccakārī assa? Idha, bhikkhave, tassa purisassa uttiṇṇassa pāraṅgatassa evamassa – ‘bahukāro kho me ayaṃ kullo; imāhaṃ kullaṃ nissāya hatthehi ca pādehi ca vāyamamāno sotthinā pāraṃ uttiṇṇo. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ imaṃ kullaṃ thale vā ussādetvā udake vā opilāpetvā yena kāmaṃ pakkameyya’nti. Evaṃkārī kho so, bhikkhave, puriso tasmiṃ kulle kiccakārī assa. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, kullūpamo mayā dhammo desito nittharaṇatthāya, no gahaṇatthāya. Kullūpamaṃ vo, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ desitaṃ, ājānantehi dhammāpi vo pahātabbā pageva adhammā.
241诸比丘,有六种见之立足处。是哪六种呢?诸比丘,有无闻凡夫,未曾见圣者,于圣者之法未娴熟,未受圣者之法调教;未曾见善士,于善士之法未娴熟,未受善士之法调教。他如是观察色:“这是我的,这是我,这是我的自我。”他如是观察受:“这是我的,这是我,这是我的自我。”他如是观察想:“这是我的,这是我,这是我的自我。”他如是观察行:“这是我的,这是我,这是我的自我。”对于那所见、所闻、所觉、所识、所得、所寻求、心意所寻伺的一切,他也如是观察:“这是我的,这是我,这是我的自我。”还有那种见之立足处,即:“此即是世界,此即是自我,我死后将成为恒常、坚固、永恒、不变异之法,我将永远如是存在。”他也如是观察:“这是我的,这是我,这是我的自我。”然而,诸比丘,有闻之圣弟子,已见圣者,于圣者之法娴熟,于圣者之法善受调教;已见善士,于善士之法娴熟,于善士之法善受调教。他如是观察色:“这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。”他如是观察受:“这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。”他如是观察想:“这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。”他如是观察行:“这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。”对于那所见、所闻、所觉、所识、所得、所寻求、心意所寻伺的一切,他也如是观察:“这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。”还有那种见之立足处,即:“此即是世界,此即是自我,我死后将成为恒常、坚固、永恒、不变异之法,我将永远如是存在。”他也如是观察:“这不是我的,这不是我,这不是我的自我。”他如此观察时,对于不存在的事物,便无有恐惧。
‘‘Chayimāni, bhikkhave, diṭṭhiṭṭhānāni. Katamāni cha? Idha, bhikkhave, assutavā puthujjano ariyānaṃ adassāvī ariyadhammassa akovido ariyadhamme avinīto, sappurisānaṃ adassāvī sappurisadhammassa akovido sappurisadhamme avinīto, rūpaṃ ‘etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’ti samanupassati; vedanaṃ ‘etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’ti samanupassati; saññaṃ ‘etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’ti samanupassati; saṅkhāre ‘etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’ti samanupassati; yampi taṃ diṭṭhaṃ sutaṃ mutaṃ viññātaṃ pattaṃ pariyesitaṃ, anuvicaritaṃ manasā tampi ‘etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’ti samanupassati; yampi taṃ diṭṭhiṭṭhānaṃ – so loko so attā, so pecca bhavissāmi nicco dhuvo sassato avipariṇāmadhammo , sassatisamaṃ tatheva ṭhassāmīti – tampi ‘etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’ti samanupassati. Sutavā ca kho, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako ariyānaṃ dassāvī ariyadhammassa kovido ariyadhamme suvinīto, sappurisānaṃ dassāvī sappurisadhammassa kovido sappurisadhamme suvinīto, rūpaṃ ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti samanupassati; vedanaṃ ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti samanupassati; saññaṃ ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti samanupassati; saṅkhāre ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti samanupassati; yampi taṃ diṭṭhaṃ sutaṃ mutaṃ viññātaṃ pattaṃ pariyesitaṃ, anuvicaritaṃ manasā, tampi ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti samanupassati; yampi taṃ diṭṭhiṭṭhānaṃ – so loko so attā, so pecca bhavissāmi nicco dhuvo sassato avipariṇāmadhammo, sassatisamaṃ tatheva ṭhassāmīti – tampi ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti samanupassati. So evaṃ samanupassanto asati na paritassatī’’ti.
242闻此,一位比丘问世尊:“尊者,若外在事物不存在,也可能生起惊惶不安吗?”世尊说:“比丘,有此可能。比丘,在此,有人这样想:‘啊,那曾经是我的,现在却不再是我的了;啊,但愿那是我的,我却得不到。’他便忧愁、疲惫、悲叹、捶胸哭泣、陷入迷乱。比丘,这便是于不存在的外在事物生起惊惶不安。”
Evaṃ vutte, aññataro bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘siyā nu kho, bhante, bahiddhā asati paritassanā’’ti? ‘‘Siyā, bhikkhū’’ti – bhagavā avoca. ‘‘Idha bhikkhu ekaccassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahu vata me, taṃ vata me natthi; siyā vata me, taṃ vatāhaṃ na labhāmī’ti. So socati kilamati paridevati urattāḷiṃ kandati sammohaṃ āpajjati. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhu, bahiddhā asati paritassanā hotī’’ti.
“尊者,那么,若外在事物不存在,也可能不生起惊惶不安吗?”世尊说:“比丘,有此可能。比丘,在此,有人不会这样想:‘啊,那曾经是我的,现在却不再是我的了;但愿那是我的,我却得不到。’他便不忧愁、不疲惫、不悲叹、不捶胸哭泣、不陷入迷乱。比丘,这便是于不存在的外在事物不生惊惶不安。”
‘‘Siyā pana, bhante, bahiddhā asati aparitassanā’’ti? ‘‘Siyā, bhikkhū’’ti – bhagavā avoca. ‘‘Idha bhikkhu ekaccassa na evaṃ hoti – ‘ahu vata me, taṃ vata me natthi; siyā vata me, taṃ vatāhaṃ na labhāmī’ti. So na socati na kilamati na paridevati na urattāḷiṃ kandati na sammohaṃ āpajjati. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhu, bahiddhā asati aparitassanā hotī’’ti.
“尊者,那么,对于内在不存在的东西,会有惊惶不安吗?”“比丘,会的。”世尊说。“比丘,在此,有人持有这样的见解:‘这就是世界,这就是自我,我死后将成为恒常、坚固、永恒、不变异的法,我将如同永恒之物那般长久住立。’ 当他听闻如来或如来的弟子为根除一切见的立足处、执持、缠缚、执取与随眠,为令一切行止息,为舍离一切生有的依着,为令渴爱灭尽、离染、寂灭、涅槃而说法时,他便这样想:‘我将被毁灭,我将被破坏,我将不复存在了。’ 于是他忧愁、疲惫、悲叹,捶胸哭泣,陷入迷乱。比丘,这便是对于内在不存在的东西所生起的惊惶不安。”
‘‘Siyā nu kho, bhante, ajjhattaṃ asati paritassanā’’ti? ‘‘Siyā, bhikkhū’’ti – bhagavā avoca. ‘‘Idha, bhikkhu, ekaccassa evaṃ diṭṭhi hoti – ‘so loko so attā, so pecca bhavissāmi nicco dhuvo sassato avipariṇāmadhammo, sassatisamaṃ tatheva ṭhassāmī’ti. So suṇāti tathāgatassa vā tathāgatasāvakassa vā sabbesaṃ diṭṭhiṭṭhānādhiṭṭhānapariyuṭṭhānābhinivesānusayānaṃ samugghātāya sabbasaṅkhārasamathāya sabbūpadhipaṭinissaggāya taṇhākkhayāya virāgāya nirodhāya nibbānāya dhammaṃ desentassa. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ucchijjissāmi nāmassu, vinassissāmi nāmassu, nassu nāma bhavissāmī’ti. So socati kilamati paridevati urattāḷiṃ kandati sammohaṃ āpajjati. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhu, ajjhattaṃ asati paritassanā hotī’’ti.
“尊者,对于内在并不存在的事物,可能无有恐惧不安吗?”“比丘,这是可能的,”世尊说。“比丘,在此,有人不持有这样的见解:‘那就是世界,那就是自我,我死后将成为恒常、坚固、永恒、不变异之法,如同永恒般一直存在。’他听闻如来或如来弟子说法,为的是根除一切见的安立处、执持、缠缚、执取与随眠,为的是止息一切行,为的是舍离一切生存的依着,为的是渴爱的灭尽,为的是离染,为的是息灭,为的是涅槃。他并不这样想:‘我将会被灭除,我将会被毁灭,我将不存在了。’他便不会忧伤,不会倦怠,不会悲恸,不会捶胸哭泣,不会陷入迷乱。比丘,像这样,便是对于内在不存在的事物而不生起恐惧不安。”
‘‘Siyā pana, bhante, ajjhattaṃ asati aparitassanā’’ti? ‘‘Siyā, bhikkhū’’ti bhagavā avoca. ‘‘Idha, bhikkhu, ekaccassa na evaṃ diṭṭhi hoti – ‘so loko so attā, so pecca bhavissāmi nicco dhuvo sassato avipariṇāmadhammo, sassatisamaṃ tatheva ṭhassāmī’ti. So suṇāti tathāgatassa vā tathāgatasāvakassa vā sabbesaṃ diṭṭhiṭṭhānādhiṭṭhānapariyuṭṭhānābhinivesānusayānaṃ samugghātāya sabbasaṅkhārasamathāya sabbūpadhipaṭinissaggāya taṇhākkhayāya virāgāya nirodhāya nibbānāya dhammaṃ desentassa. Tassa na evaṃ hoti – ‘ucchijjissāmi nāmassu, vinassissāmi nāmassu, nassu nāma bhavissāmī’ti. So na socati na kilamati na paridevati na urattāḷiṃ kandati na sammohaṃ āpajjati. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhu, ajjhattaṃ asati aparitassanā hoti’’.
243“诸比丘,若有某种所有物是恒常、坚固、永恒、不变异、如同永恒般长存的,那执取它是合理的。诸比丘,你们可曾见过这样的所有物吗?”“尊者,不曾见过。”“善哉,诸比丘。我也未曾见过任何这样的所有物——它是恒常、坚固、永恒、不变异,能如同永恒般长存的。”
‘‘Taṃ , bhikkhave, pariggahaṃ pariggaṇheyyātha, yvāssa pariggaho nicco dhuvo sassato avipariṇāmadhammo, sassatisamaṃ tatheva tiṭṭheyya. Passatha no tumhe, bhikkhave, taṃ pariggahaṃ yvāssa pariggaho nicco dhuvo sassato avipariṇāmadhammo, sassatisamaṃ tatheva tiṭṭheyyā’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’. ‘‘Sādhu, bhikkhave. Ahampi kho taṃ, bhikkhave, pariggahaṃ na samanupassāmi yvāssa pariggaho nicco dhuvo sassato avipariṇāmadhammo sassatisamaṃ tatheva tiṭṭheyya.
“诸比丘,若有一种自我执取,执取它时不会生起忧愁、悲伤、痛苦、忧恼和绝望,你们会执取它吗?诸比丘,你们见过这样的自我执取吗?“尊者,没有。”“很好,诸比丘。我也不见有任何这样的自我执取,执取它时不会生起忧愁、悲伤、痛苦、忧恼和绝望。”
‘‘Taṃ, bhikkhave, attavādupādānaṃ upādiyetha, yaṃsa attavādupādānaṃ upādiyato na uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā. Passatha no tumhe, bhikkhave, taṃ attavādupādānaṃ yaṃsa attavādupādānaṃ upādiyato na uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’. ‘‘Sādhu, bhikkhave. Ahampi kho taṃ, bhikkhave, attavādupādānaṃ na samanupassāmi yaṃsa attavādupādānaṃ upādiyato na uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā.
“诸比丘,若有一种见解依止,依靠它时不会生起忧愁、悲伤、痛苦、忧恼和绝望,你们会依靠它吗?诸比丘,你们见过这样的见解依止吗?“尊者,没有。”“很好,诸比丘。我也不见有任何这样的见解依止,依靠它时不会生起忧愁、悲伤、痛苦、忧恼和绝望。”
‘‘Taṃ, bhikkhave, diṭṭhinissayaṃ nissayetha yaṃsa diṭṭhinissayaṃ nissayato na uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā. Passatha no tumhe, bhikkhave, taṃ diṭṭhinissayaṃ yaṃsa diṭṭhinissayaṃ nissayato na uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’. ‘‘Sādhu, bhikkhave. Ahampi kho taṃ, bhikkhave, diṭṭhinissayaṃ na samanupassāmi yaṃsa diṭṭhinissayaṃ nissayato na uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’.
244“诸比丘,如果有「我」,便会有「我所」吗?”
‘‘Attani vā, bhikkhave, sati attaniyaṃ me ti assā’’ti?
“是的,尊者。”
‘‘Evaṃ, bhante’’.
“诸比丘,有‘我所’时,便会有‘我’这种想法吗?”“是的,尊者。”
‘‘Attaniye vā, bhikkhave, sati attā me ti assā’’ti? ‘‘Evaṃ, bhante’’.
“诸比丘,‘我’与‘我所’既然真实、确然地不可得,那么那个见解的立足处——‘此世间即此我,我死后将成为常、稳固、永恒、不变异之法,我将如此恒常地安住’——诸比丘,这岂不全然是愚者之法吗?”
‘‘Attani ca, bhikkhave, attaniye ca saccato thetato anupalabbhamāne, yampi taṃ diṭṭhiṭṭhānaṃ – ‘so loko so attā, so pecca bhavissāmi nicco dhuvo sassato avipariṇāmadhammo, sassatisamaṃ tatheva ṭhassāmī’ti – nanāyaṃ , bhikkhave, kevalo paripūro bāladhammo’’’ti?
“尊者,这怎么可能不是呢?这全然是十足的愚者之法。”
‘‘Kiñhi no siyā, bhante, kevalo hi, bhante, paripūro bāladhammo’’ti.
“诸比丘,你们意下如何?色是常,还是无常?”
‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, rūpaṃ niccaṃ vā aniccaṃ vā’’ti?
“是无常的,尊者。”
‘‘Aniccaṃ, bhante’’ .
“那么,凡为无常者,是苦还是乐?”
‘‘Yaṃ panāniccaṃ, dukkhaṃ vā taṃ sukhaṃ vā’’ti?
“是苦,尊者。”
‘‘Dukkhaṃ, bhante’’.
“凡是无常、苦、变易之法,适合把它看作‘这是我的,我是这个,这是我的我’吗?”
‘‘Yaṃ panāniccaṃ dukkhaṃ vipariṇāmadhammaṃ, kallaṃ nu taṃ samanupassituṃ – etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’’ti?
“不,尊者。”
‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’.
“诸比丘,你们认为如何?受……想……行……识,是常还是无常?”
‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, vedanā…pe… saññā… saṅkhārā… viññāṇaṃ niccaṃ vā aniccaṃ vā’’ti?
“无常的,尊者。”
‘‘Aniccaṃ, bhante’’.
“凡是无常者,是苦还是乐?”
‘‘Yaṃ panāniccaṃ, dukkhaṃ vā taṃ sukhaṃ vā’’ti?
“是苦,尊者。”
‘‘Dukkhaṃ, bhante’’.
“那么,这无常、苦、变易之法,适合作如是观:‘这是我的,我是这个,这是我的我’吗?”
‘‘Yaṃ panāniccaṃ dukkhaṃ vipariṇāmadhammaṃ, kallaṃ nu taṃ samanupassituṃ – etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’’ti?
“不,尊者。”
‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’.
“因此,诸比丘,对于任何色,无论是过去的、未来的、现在的,内在的或外在的,粗大的或微细的,低劣的或殊胜的,远的或近的——一切色,都应以正慧这样如实观察:‘这不是我的,我不是这个,这并非我的我。’对于任何受,无论是过去的、未来的、现在的,内在的或外在的,粗大的或微细的,低劣的或殊胜的,远的或近的——一切受,都应以正慧这样如实观察:‘这不是我的,我不是这个,这并非我的我。’对于任何想,无论是过去的、未来的、现在的,内在的或外在的,粗大的或微细的,低劣的或殊胜的,远的或近的——一切想,都应以正慧这样如实观察:‘这不是我的,我不是这个,这并非我的我。’对于任何行,无论是过去的、未来的、现在的,内在的或外在的,粗大的或微细的,低劣的或殊胜的,远的或近的——一切行,都应以正慧这样如实观察:‘这不是我的,我不是这个,这并非我的我。’对于任何识,无论是过去的、未来的、现在的,内在的或外在的,粗大的或微细的,低劣的或殊胜的,远的或近的——一切识,都应以正慧这样如实观察:‘这不是我的,我不是这个,这并非我的我。’”
‘‘Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, yaṃ kiñci rūpaṃ atītānāgatapaccuppannaṃ, ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā , oḷārikaṃ vā sukhumaṃ vā, hīnaṃ vā paṇītaṃ vā, yaṃ dūre santike vā, sabbaṃ rūpaṃ ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti – evametaṃ yathābhūtaṃ sammappaññāya daṭṭhabbaṃ. Yā kāci vedanā…pe… yā kāci saññā… ye keci saṅkhārā… yaṃ kiñci viññāṇaṃ atītānāgatapaccuppannaṃ, ajjhattaṃ vā bahiddhā vā, oḷārikaṃ vā sukhumaṃ vā, hīnaṃ vā paṇītaṃ vā, yaṃ dūre santike vā, sabbaṃ viññāṇaṃ ‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’ti – evametaṃ yathābhūtaṃ sammappaññāya daṭṭhabbaṃ’’.
245“诸比丘,当如此观察时,多闻的圣弟子对色生厌离,对受、想、行、识亦生厌离。由厌离而离贪,由离贪而解脱。于解脱中,生起‘我已解脱’之智。他了知:‘生已尽,梵行已立,应作已作,不受后有。’诸比丘,如此便称为比丘已举起横闩,已填平护城河,已拔除柱桩,已卸下门闩,是圣者、已卸旗帜者、已卸负担者、已无系缚者。”
‘‘Evaṃ passaṃ, bhikkhave, sutavā ariyasāvako rūpasmiṃ nibbindati, vedanāya nibbindati, saññāya nibbindati, saṅkhāresu nibbindati, viññāṇasmiṃ nibbindati, nibbidā virajjati , virāgā vimuccati , vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ hoti. ‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānāti. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ukkhittapaligho itipi, saṃkiṇṇaparikkho itipi, abbūḷhesiko itipi, niraggaḷo itipi, ariyo pannaddhajo pannabhāro visaṃyutto itipi.
“诸比丘,比丘如何是已举起横闩者呢?诸比丘,比丘断除了无明,截断其根,犹如截断多罗树根,归于无有,未来不再生起。诸比丘,这样的比丘就是已举起横闩者。”
‘‘Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ukkhittapaligho hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno avijjā pahīnā hoti, ucchinnamūlā tālāvatthukatā anabhāvaṃkatā, āyatiṃ anuppādadhammā. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ukkhittapaligho hoti.
“诸比丘,比丘如何是已填平护城河者呢?诸比丘,在此,比丘那导致再生的生死轮回已被断除,其根已断,如同截断的多罗树根,归于无有,于未来不再生起。诸比丘,比丘便是如此填平了护城河。”
‘‘Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu saṃkiṇṇaparikkho hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno ponobbhaviko jātisaṃsāro pahīno hoti, ucchinnamūlo tālāvatthukato anabhāvaṃkato, āyatiṃ anuppādadhammo. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu saṃkiṇṇaparikkho hoti.
诸比丘,比丘如何是已拔除城门的闩柱者呢?诸比丘,在此,比丘的渴爱已被断除,其根已断,如同截断的多罗树根,归于无有,于未来不再生起。诸比丘,比丘便是如此拔除了城门的闩柱。
‘‘Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu abbūḷhesiko hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno taṇhā pahīnā hoti, ucchinnamūlā tālāvatthukatā anabhāvaṃkatā, āyatiṃ anuppādadhammā. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu abbūḷhesiko hoti.
诸比丘,比丘如何是没有门闩者呢?诸比丘,在此,比丘的五下分结已被断除,其根已断,如同截断的多罗树根,归于无有,于未来不再生起。诸比丘,比丘便是如此成为没有门闩者。
‘‘Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu niraggaḷo hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno pañca orambhāgiyāni saṃyojanāni pahīnāni honti, ucchinnamūlāni tālāvatthukatāni anabhāvaṃkatāni, āyatiṃ anuppādadhammāni . Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu niraggaḷo hoti.
诸比丘,比丘如何才成为舍离旗帜、卸下重担、脱离系缚的圣者?诸比丘,于此,比丘的我慢已断除,从根切断,犹如截断的多罗树桩,不复存在,于未来不再生起。诸比丘,这样便是舍离旗帜、卸下重担、脱离系缚的圣者比丘。
‘‘Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ariyo pannaddhajo pannabhāro visaṃyutto hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno asmimāno pahīno hoti, ucchinnamūlo tālāvatthukato anabhāvaṃkato , āyatiṃ anuppādadhammo . Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ariyo pannaddhajo pannabhāro visaṃyutto hoti.
246诸比丘,心如此解脱的比丘,帝释天、梵天、众生主与诸天众纵然遍寻,也找不到:‘如来的识以此为依止。’这是什么缘故?诸比丘,因为我说,如来即于现法之中不可得。诸比丘,我虽如此说、如此教,却有一些沙门、婆罗门以虚假、空洞、虚妄、不实之辞诽谤我:‘沙门乔达摩是断灭论者,他宣说现在有情的断灭、毁坏、不存在。’诸比丘,那些沙门、婆罗门正是以不实之言,将我所不是、非我所说着,拿来诽谤我:‘沙门乔达摩是断灭论者,他宣说现在有情的断灭、毁坏、不存在。’诸比丘,我过去与现在所教导的,唯是苦与苦的灭尽。诸比丘,若有人辱骂、毁谤、触怒、攻击如来,如来亦无嗔怒、无怨恼、无心的不悦。
‘‘Evaṃ vimuttacittaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuṃ saindā devā sabrahmakā sapajāpatikā anvesaṃ nādhigacchanti – ‘idaṃ nissitaṃ tathāgatassa viññāṇa’nti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Diṭṭhevāhaṃ, bhikkhave, dhamme tathāgataṃ ananuvijjoti vadāmi. Evaṃvādiṃ kho maṃ, bhikkhave, evamakkhāyiṃ eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā asatā tucchā musā abhūtena abbhācikkhanti – ‘venayiko samaṇo gotamo, sato sattassa ucchedaṃ vināsaṃ vibhavaṃ paññāpetī’ti. Yathā cāhaṃ na, bhikkhave , yathā cāhaṃ na vadāmi, tathā maṃ te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā asatā tucchā musā abhūtena abbhācikkhanti – ‘venayiko samaṇo gotamo, sato sattassa ucchedaṃ vināsaṃ vibhavaṃ paññāpetī’ti. Pubbe cāhaṃ bhikkhave, etarahi ca dukkhañceva paññāpemi, dukkhassa ca nirodhaṃ. Tatra ce, bhikkhave, pare tathāgataṃ akkosanti paribhāsanti rosenti vihesenti, tatra, bhikkhave, tathāgatassa na hoti āghāto na appaccayo na cetaso anabhiraddhi.
诸比丘,若他人恭敬、尊重、崇拜、供养如来,如来不生欢喜、不生喜悦、心不扬扬得意。诸比丘,若他人恭敬、尊重、崇拜、供养如来,如来则如是思惟:‘对于先前已遍知者,他们对我行此礼敬。’因此,诸比丘,若他人辱骂、诽谤、恼怒、攻击你们,你们不应生起嗔怒、不满、心的不悦。因此,诸比丘,若他人恭敬、尊重、崇拜、供养你们,你们不应生起欢喜、喜悦、心的扬扬得意。因此,诸比丘,若他人恭敬、尊重、崇拜、供养你们,你们应如是思惟:‘对于先前已遍知者,他们对我行此礼敬。’
‘‘Tatra ce, bhikkhave, pare tathāgataṃ sakkaronti garuṃ karonti mānenti pūjenti, tatra, bhikkhave, tathāgatassa na hoti ānando na somanassaṃ na cetaso uppilāvitattaṃ. Tatra ce, bhikkhave , pare vā tathāgataṃ sakkaronti garuṃ karonti mānenti pūjenti, tatra, bhikkhave, tathāgatassa evaṃ hoti – ‘yaṃ kho idaṃ pubbe pariññātaṃ tattha me evarūpā kārā karīyantī’ti. Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, tumhe cepi pare akkoseyyuṃ paribhāseyyuṃ roseyyuṃ viheseyyuṃ, tatra tumhe hi na āghāto na appaccayo na cetaso anabhiraddhi karaṇīyā. Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, tumhe cepi pare sakkareyyuṃ garuṃ kareyyuṃ māneyyuṃ pūjeyyuṃ, tatra tumhehi na ānando na somanassaṃ na cetaso uppilāvitattaṃ karaṇīyaṃ. Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, tumhe cepi pare sakkareyyuṃ garuṃ kareyyuṃ māneyyuṃ pūjeyyuṃ, tatra tumhākaṃ evamassa – ‘yaṃ kho idaṃ pubbe pariññātaṃ, tattha me evarūpā kārā karīyantī’ti.
247因此,诸比丘,凡是不属于你们的,便应当舍弃它。舍弃它,将为你们带来长久的利益与安乐。诸比丘,什么是不属于你们的呢?诸比丘,色不属于你们,应当舍弃它。舍弃它,将为你们带来长久的利益与安乐。诸比丘,受不属于你们,应当舍弃它。舍弃它,将为你们带来长久的利益与安乐。诸比丘,想不属于你们,应当舍弃它。舍弃它,将为你们带来长久的利益与安乐。诸比丘,诸行不属于你们,应当舍弃它们。舍弃它们,将为你们带来长久的利益与安乐。诸比丘,识不属于你们,应当舍弃它。舍弃它,将为你们带来长久的利益与安乐。诸比丘,你们如何想呢?在这祇树林中的草、薪、枝、叶,若有人将其拿走、焚烧,或随其所愿加以处置,你们会这样想吗:‘那个人正在把我们拿走、焚烧,或随其所愿加以处置’?”“不会,尊者。”“是何缘故呢?”“尊者,因为那既不是我们的我,也不是我们的我所。”“正是如此,诸比丘,凡是不属于你们的,便应当舍弃它。舍弃它,将为你们带来长久的利益与安乐。诸比丘,什么是不属于你们的呢?诸比丘,色不属于你们,应当舍弃它。舍弃它,将为你们带来长久的利益与安乐。诸比丘,受……想……诸行……识不属于你们,应当舍弃它。舍弃它,将为你们带来长久的利益与安乐。
‘‘Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, yaṃ na tumhākaṃ taṃ pajahatha; taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Kiñca, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ? Rūpaṃ, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ, taṃ pajahatha; taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Vedanā, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ, taṃ pajahatha; sā vo pahīnā dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Saññā, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ, taṃ pajahatha; sā vo pahīnā dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Saṅkhārā, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ, te pajahatha; te vo pahīnā dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissanti. Viññāṇaṃ, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ, taṃ pajahatha; taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, yaṃ imasmiṃ jetavane tiṇakaṭṭhasākhāpalāsaṃ, taṃ jano hareyya vā daheyya vā yathāpaccayaṃ vā kareyya. Api nu tumhākaṃ evamassa – ‘amhe jano harati vā dahati vā yathāpaccayaṃ vā karotī’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’. ‘‘Taṃ kissa hetu’’? ‘‘Na hi no etaṃ, bhante, attā vā attaniyaṃ vā’’ti. ‘‘Evameva kho, bhikkhave, yaṃ na tumhākaṃ taṃ pajahatha; taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Kiñca, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ? Rūpaṃ, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ, taṃ pajahatha; taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati. Vedanā, bhikkhave…pe… saññā, bhikkhave… saṅkhārā, bhikkhave…pe… viññāṇaṃ, bhikkhave, na tumhākaṃ, taṃ pajahatha; taṃ vo pahīnaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya bhavissati.
248诸比丘,我所善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀破布的法,已无隐覆。诸比丘,在这般善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀的法中,那些是阿拉汉、诸漏已尽、修行圆满、所作已办、已舍重担、达成己利、灭尽有结、正智解脱的比丘,对于他们,不再有轮回的安立。
诸比丘,我所善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀破布的法,已无隐覆。诸比丘,在这般善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀的法中,那些已断除五下分结的比丘,皆是化生者,于彼处般涅槃,不复还此世界。
诸比丘,我所善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀破布的法,已无隐覆。诸比丘,在这般善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀的法中,那些已断除三结,贪、嗔、痴薄弱的比丘,皆成一来者,唯还此世间一次,即作苦之边际。
诸比丘,我所善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀破布的法,已无隐覆。诸比丘,在这般善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀的法中,那些已断除三结的比丘,皆是入流者,不堕恶趣,决定,正向正觉。
诸比丘,我所善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀破布的法,已无隐覆。诸比丘,在这般善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀的法中,那些法随行者、信随行者比丘,皆正向彻底觉悟。
诸比丘,我所善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀破布的法,已无隐覆。诸比丘,在这般善说、明白开示、显了、如断补缀的法中,那些对我仅有少许信、少许爱的人,皆是天界的趣向者。
‘‘Evaṃ svākkhāto, bhikkhave, mayā dhammo uttāno vivaṭo pakāsito chinnapilotiko. Evaṃ svākkhāte, bhikkhave, mayā dhamme uttāne vivaṭe pakāsite chinnapilotike ye te bhikkhū arahanto khīṇāsavā vusitavanto katakaraṇīyā ohitabhārā anuppattasadatthā parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojanā sammadaññā vimuttā, vaṭṭaṃ tesaṃ natthi paññāpanāya. Evaṃ svākkhāto, bhikkhave, mayā dhammo uttāno vivaṭo pakāsito chinnapilotiko. Evaṃ svākkhāte, bhikkhave, mayā dhamme uttāne vivaṭe pakāsite chinnapilotike yesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ pañcorambhāgiyāni saṃyojanāni pahīnāni, sabbe te opapātikā, tattha parinibbāyino, anāvattidhammā tasmā lokā. Evaṃ svākkhāto, bhikkhave, mayā dhammo uttāno vivaṭo pakāsito chinnapilotiko. Evaṃ svākkhāte, bhikkhave, mayā dhamme uttāne vivaṭe pakāsite chinnapilotike yesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ tīṇi saṃyojanāni pahīnāni, rāgadosamohā tanubhūtā, sabbe te sakadāgāmino, sakideva imaṃ lokaṃ āgantvā dukkhassantaṃ karissanti. Evaṃ svākkhāto, bhikkhave, mayā dhammo uttāno vivaṭo pakāsito chinnapilotiko. Evaṃ svākkhāte, bhikkhave, mayā dhamme uttāne vivaṭe pakāsite chinnapilotike yesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ tīṇi saṃyojanāni pahīnāni, sabbe te sotāpannā, avinipātadhammā , niyatā sambodhiparāyanā. Evaṃ svākkhāto, bhikkhave, mayā dhammo uttāno vivaṭo pakāsito chinnapilotiko. Evaṃ svākkhāte, bhikkhave, mayā dhamme uttāne vivaṭe pakāsite chinnapilotike ye te bhikkhū dhammānusārino saddhānusārino sabbe te sambodhiparāyanā. Evaṃ svākkhāto, bhikkhave, mayā dhammo uttāno vivaṭo pakāsito chinnapilotiko. Evaṃ svākkhāte, bhikkhave, mayā dhamme uttāne vivaṭe pakāsite chinnapilotike yesaṃ mayi saddhāmattaṃ pemamattaṃ sabbe te saggaparāyanā’’ti.
世尊说了这番话。那些比丘心满意足,对世尊所说欢喜信受。
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
「不,尊者。」
‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 说法者 |
| Āḷidda | 阿利德 | 提出恶见的比丘,前秃鹫者 |
| Sambahulā bhikkhū | 众比丘 | 试图纠正阿利德的僧众,后世尊说法对象 |
事件
比丘阿利德对世尊所教导的“障碍法”产生了严重的错误见解,认为实行这些法不足以构成修行的障碍。众比丘听闻后前去反复追问、教诫,但阿利德顽固地坚持这一恶见。比丘们只得将此事禀告世尊。世尊唤来阿利德并呵责他,随后以此事为契机,向比丘们开示了不应错误执取法(如捉蛇身),而应正确执取法(如叉蛇颈),并进一步通过“筏喻”教导法尚应舍、何况非法的道理,最终导向对五蕴的舍离,以及对于毁誉保持心平等的教导。
经文摘要
阿利德比丘生起恶见 → 世尊呵斥并指正 → 以“蛇喻”阐明错误执取法义与正确执取法义之别 → 以“筏喻”阐明法只是渡越工具,不可执取 → 延伸至对五蕴的舍离,指出“非我所” → 结论:对各种修证境界的行者与法的受持应如何正确看待。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:一个危险的错误理解
有个叫阿利德的比丘,把他理解的佛陀教法当成放任感官享乐的借口,认为“世尊说的这些障碍法,真去做了也没什么大不了,不足以成为障碍”。其他人纠正不了他,只能请佛陀出面。佛陀严厉地批评他:“愚痴人,你从何处了知我如此说法?”这直接点出了问题的严重性:不是法有问题,是他“以自己的错误理解诽谤我们”。
2. 核心:学佛不是收集知识,而是智慧地运用工具
佛陀没有停留在批评,而是讲了两个极其精妙的比喻。
* 蛇喻: 有人想抓蛇,却愚蠢地抓蛇的身体或尾巴,结果反被蛇咬死。这就像有些人学法,“为了诘难的利益而学习法,也为了言论解脱的利益而学习法”,但“不以慧审察那些法的义理”,最终害了自己。→ 拆开看: “错误地执取了诸法”是核心所在。法(dhamma)本身是为了解脱,但如果怀着好辩、显摆的心态去学,就像错误抓蛇,不但无法获益,反而会被“法”所伤。另一些人“用有叉的棍子善加制伏它,会正确地抓住它的颈部”,这才是“正确地执取了诸法”,即用智慧理解其真义并用于实践。
* 筏喻: 一个人用筏安全渡过了危险的河流。如果他想:“这筏太有用了,我应该把它顶在头上带走。”佛陀说他这就做错了。正确的做法是,把它留在岸边或水里,然后轻松上路。→ 拆开看: “为了渡越的目的,不是为了执取的目的”是画龙点睛之笔。连“法”本身这个珍贵的渡河工具,到达彼岸后都应放下,更何况是那些错误的见解和世俗的欲贪?如果把工具当成目的,永远也无法到达彼岸。
3. 要旨:从舍离执取到心得解脱
这两个比喻层层递进,最终佛陀点明一个极为深刻的道理:“色不是你们的,你们应舍断它……受……想……诸行……识不是你们的,你们应舍断它。” 就像人们不会在意祇园里被人捡走的枯枝败叶,因为清楚知道“那不是我们的我,或我所”。整个修行的过程,就是用智慧这个“叉棍”正确执取教法这个“筏”,渡过欲望与错误的洪流。到达彼岸后,连构成身心的五蕴都要如实观照为“非我所”而彻底舍离。对于他人的毁谤或赞誉,也同样只是“以前已被遍知的”因果展现,内心不作贪嗔反应。这种彻底不执取一切法的状态,才是佛陀教导的真正目标。
→ 一句话要旨: 佛法如同抓蛇的工具和渡河的筏,是用来实践的智慧,不是用来辩论或执著的教条;连法本身都不应执取,才能彻证五蕴非我,从一切束缚中解脱。
关键术语锚
- dhamma=法(教法/事物):本篇最核心的多义词。既指佛陀的教法(抓蛇、用筏),又泛指一切精神与物质的“事物/现象”(如五蕴)。易错点在于,执着“教法”的概念本身,恰恰违背了它对“一切事物”不执著的教导。
- upādāna=取/执取:“蛇喻”和“筏喻”都在讲错误的“执取”(错误抓蛇、顶筏前行)与正确的运用。它在十二缘起中连接“爱”与“有”,是导致轮回的关键。在本经中,它用来形象地说明错误的学习心态。
- khandha=蕴(五蕴):佛陀最后将舍离的对象指向“色、受、想、行、识”五蕴。这是构成“我”和“我所”这个错觉的五个核心要素。经文用“草、薪、枝、叶”来比喻五蕴的“非我”性质,让人直观地理解应舍断它们。
- sara=箭/蛇头?:本经用蛇的头部比喻危险的核心(“诸欲如蛇头,多苦、多恼”)。在佛法中,“箭”也常比喻烦恼和世间的伤害。两者都指需要智慧辨认并谨慎对待的根源危险。
- āsava=漏/烦恼:阿拉汉是“漏尽者”,已无贪、嗔、痴等烦恼。此词点明了修行最终的成果——彻底摧毁内心的烦恼根源,与阿利德并为断除烦恼反而曲解法义形成对比。
- diṭṭhi=见/见解:阿利德持有的是“恶见”。正见是八正道之首,错误的见解(邪见、恶见)是修行最根本的障碍。如何处理和对待自己持有的“见”,是本经讨论的起点。