395如是我闻:一时,世尊住在舍卫城的祇树给孤独园。那时,具寿富楼那在傍晚时分,从独处禅修中起身,前往世尊所在之处。到了之后,向世尊礼敬,退坐一面。退坐一面的具寿富楼那对世尊说:“萨度!尊者,愿世尊以简略的教诫教导我,让我听闻世尊的法之后,得以独处、远离、不放逸、精勤、自我策励而安住。”“那么,富楼那,你仔细听,善加思惟,我这就说。”“是的,尊者。”具寿富楼那回应世尊。世尊这样说道:
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Atha kho āyasmā puṇṇo sāyanhasamayaṃ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho āyasmā puṇṇo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘sādhu maṃ, bhante, bhagavā saṃkhittena ovādena ovadatu, yamahaṃ bhagavato dhammaṃ sutvā eko vūpakaṭṭho appamatto ātāpī pahitatto vihareyya’’nti. ‘‘Tena hi, puṇṇa, suṇāhi, sādhukaṃ manasi karohi; bhāsissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bhante’’ti kho āyasmā puṇṇo bhagavato paccassosi. Bhagavā etadavoca –
“富楼那,有眼识所认知的色,是悦意、可爱、可意、令人欢喜、伴随欲望、能引发染着的。若有比丘对此欢喜、欢迎、持续执取,则当他欢喜、欢迎、持续执取时,欢喜便生起。富楼那,我说:‘由欢喜的集起,便有苦的集起。’
‘‘Santi kho, puṇṇa, cakkhuviññeyyā rūpā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā. Taṃ ce bhikkhu abhinandati abhivadati ajjhosāya tiṭṭhati. Tassa taṃ abhinandato abhivadato ajjhosāya tiṭṭhato uppajjati nandī . ‘Nandīsamudayā dukkhasamudayo, puṇṇā’ti vadāmi.
“富楼那,有耳识所认知的声音……有鼻识所认知的气味……有舌识所认知的味道……有身识所认知的触觉……有意识所认知的法,这些皆是悦意、可爱、可意、令人欢喜、伴随欲望、能引发染着的。若有比丘对此欢喜、欢迎、持续执取,则当他欢喜、欢迎、持续执取时,欢喜便生起。富楼那,我说:‘由欢喜的集起,便有苦的集起。’”
‘‘Santi kho, puṇṇa, sotaviññeyyā saddā… ghānaviññeyyā gandhā… jivhāviññeyyā rasā… kāyaviññeyyā phoṭṭhabbā… manoviññeyyā dhammā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā. Taṃ ce bhikkhu abhinandati abhivadati ajjhosāya tiṭṭhati. Tassa taṃ abhinandato abhivadato ajjhosāya tiṭṭhato uppajjati nandī. ‘Nandīsamudayā dukkhasamudayo, puṇṇā’ti vadāmi.
然而,富楼那,有眼识认知的色——可意、可爱、悦意、令人欢喜、伴随欲乐、能生染着的色。若比丘对此不欢喜、不欢迎、不执取,当他如此不欢喜、不欢迎、不执取时,欢喜便灭。富楼那,我说:‘由欢喜灭故,则有苦灭。’
‘‘Santi ca kho, puṇṇa, cakkhuviññeyyā rūpā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā. Taṃ ce bhikkhu nābhinandati nābhivadati nājjhosāya tiṭṭhati. Tassa taṃ anabhinandato anabhivadato anajjhosāya tiṭṭhato nandī nirujjhati. ‘Nandīnirodhā dukkhanirodho, puṇṇā’ti vadāmi.
然而,富楼那,有耳识所认知的声音,有鼻识所认知的气味,有舌识所认知的味道,有身识所认知的触,有意识所认知的法,这些法令人渴望、可爱、悦意、令人欢喜、与欲相伴、能引生染着。若比丘对此不欢喜、不欢迎、不耽着,则当他如此不欢喜、不欢迎、不耽着时,欢喜便熄灭。富楼那,我说:‘由欢喜灭,则有苦灭。’
‘‘Santi ca kho, puṇṇa, sotaviññeyyā saddā… ghānaviññeyyā gandhā… jivhāviññeyyā rasā… kāyaviññeyyā phoṭṭhabbā… manoviññeyyā dhammā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā. Taṃ ce bhikkhu nābhinandati nābhivadati nājjhosāya tiṭṭhati. Tassa taṃ anabhinandato anabhivadato anajjhosāya tiṭṭhato nandī nirujjhati. ‘Nandīnirodhā dukkhanirodho, puṇṇā’ti vadāmi.
“富楼那,你已领受我此简要教诫,准备前往何处安住呢?”
“尊者,我领受世尊这简要教诫后,有一个名叫苏那巴兰答的地区,我打算去那里安住。”
‘‘Iminā ca tvaṃ puṇṇa, mayā saṃkhittena ovādena ovadito katarasmiṃ janapade viharissasī’’ti? ‘‘Imināhaṃ, bhante, bhagavatā saṃkhittena ovādena ovadito, atthi sunāparanto nāma janapado, tatthāhaṃ viharissāmī’’ti.
396“富楼那,苏那巴兰答人生性粗暴;富楼那,苏那巴兰答人生性粗鲁。富楼那,如果那些苏那巴兰答人辱骂你、毁谤你,那时你会怎么想?”“尊者,如果那些苏那巴兰答人辱骂我、毁谤我,那时我会这样想:‘这些苏那巴兰答人真是善良,这些苏那巴兰答人真是非常善良——他们毕竟没有用手打我。’世尊,那时我会这样想;善逝,那时我会这样想。”
‘‘Caṇḍā kho, puṇṇa, sunāparantakā manussā; pharusā kho, puṇṇa, sunāparantakā manussā. Sace taṃ, puṇṇa, sunāparantakā manussā akkosissanti paribhāsissanti, tattha te, puṇṇa, kinti bhavissatī’’ti? ‘‘Sace maṃ, bhante, sunāparantakā manussā akkosissanti paribhāsissanti, tattha me evaṃ bhavissati – ‘bhaddakā vatime sunāparantakā manussā, subhaddakā vatime sunāparantakā manussā, yaṃ me nayime pāṇinā pahāraṃ dentī’ti. Evamettha , bhagavā, bhavissati; evamettha, sugata, bhavissatī’’ti.
“但是,富楼那,如果他们用手打你呢,富楼那,你会怎么想?”“尊者,如果他们用手打我,我会这样想:‘这些苏那巴兰答人真是善良,真是极为善良,他们还没有用土块打我。’世尊,这就是我的想法;善逝,这就是我的想法。”
‘‘Sace pana te, puṇṇa, sunāparantakā manussā pāṇinā pahāraṃ dassanti, tattha pana te, puṇṇa, kinti bhavissatī’’ti? ‘‘Sace me, bhante, sunāparantakā manussā pāṇinā pahāraṃ dassanti, tattha me evaṃ bhavissati – ‘bhaddakā vatime sunāparantakā manussā, subhaddakā vatime sunāparantakā manussā, yaṃ me nayime leḍḍunā pahāraṃ dentī’ti. Evamettha, bhagavā, bhavissati; evamettha, sugata, bhavissatī’’ti.
“但是,富楼那,如果他们用土块打你呢,富楼那,你会怎么想?”“尊者,如果他们用土块打我,我会这样想:‘这些苏那巴兰答人真是善良,真是极为善良,他们还没有用棍棒打我。’世尊,这就是我的想法;善逝,这就是我的想法。”
‘‘Sace pana te, puṇṇa, sunāparantakā manussā leḍḍunā pahāraṃ dassanti, tattha pana te, puṇṇa, kinti bhavissatī’’ti? ‘‘Sace me, bhante, sunāparantakā manussā leḍḍunā pahāraṃ dassanti, tattha me evaṃ bhavissati – ‘bhaddakā vatime sunāparantakā manussā, subhaddakā vatime sunāparantakā manussā, yaṃ me nayime daṇḍena pahāraṃ dentī’ti. Evamettha, bhagavā, bhavissati; evamettha, sugata, bhavissatī’’ti.
“富楼那,若那些苏那巴兰答人用棍棒打你,那时你当作何想?”“尊者,若那些苏那巴兰答人用棍棒打我,我会这样想:‘这些苏那巴兰答人真是善良,真是极为善良,因为他们没有用刀砍我。’世尊,我会这样想;善逝,我会这样想。”
‘‘Sace pana te, puṇṇa, sunāparantakā manussā daṇḍena pahāraṃ dassanti, tattha pana te, puṇṇa, kinti bhavissatī’’ti? ‘‘Sace me, bhante, sunāparantakā manussā daṇḍena pahāraṃ dassanti, tattha me evaṃ bhavissati – ‘bhaddakā vatime sunāparantakā manussā, subhaddakā vatime sunāparantakā manussā, yaṃ me nayime satthena pahāraṃ dentī’ti. Evamettha, bhagavā, bhavissati; evamettha, sugata, bhavissatī’’ti.
“富楼那,若那些苏那巴兰答人用刀砍你,那时你当作何想?”“尊者,若那些苏那巴兰答人用刀砍我,我会这样想:‘这些苏那巴兰答人真是善良,真是极为善良,因为他们没有用利刀取我性命。’世尊,我会这样想;善逝,我会这样想。”
‘‘Sace pana te, puṇṇa, sunāparantakā manussā satthena pahāraṃ dassanti, tattha pana te, puṇṇa, kinti bhavissatī’’ti? ‘‘Sace me, bhante, sunāparantakā manussā satthena pahāraṃ dassanti, tattha me evaṃ bhavissati – ‘bhaddakā vatime sunāparantakā manussā, subhaddakā vatime sunāparantakā manussā, yaṃ maṃ nayime tiṇhena satthena jīvitā voropentī’ti. Evamettha, bhagavā, bhavissati; evamettha, sugata, bhavissatī’’ti.
“富楼那,若那些苏那巴兰答人用利刀取你性命,那时你当作何想?”“尊者,若那些苏那巴兰答人用利刀取我性命,我会这样想:‘世尊有弟子,因对身体与生命感到厌离、羞愧、嫌恶,而寻求持刀者。我未经寻求,便得到了这位持刀者。’世尊,我会这样想;善逝,我会这样想。”“善哉,善哉,富楼那!富楼那,你具足这样的调伏与寂静,确实能够住于苏那巴兰答地方。富楼那,现在你认为是时候,便随意吧。”
‘‘Sace pana taṃ, puṇṇa, sunāparantakā manussā tiṇhena satthena jīvitā voropessanti, tattha pana te, puṇṇa, kinti bhavissatī’’ti? ‘‘Sace maṃ, bhante, sunāparantakā manussā tiṇhena satthena jīvitā voropessanti, tattha me evaṃ bhavissati – ‘santi kho bhagavato sāvakā kāye ca jīvite ca aṭṭīyamānā harāyamānā jigucchamānā satthahārakaṃ pariyesanti. Taṃ me idaṃ apariyiṭṭhaṃyeva satthahārakaṃ laddha’nti. Evamettha, bhagavā, bhavissati; evamettha, sugata, bhavissatī’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu, sādhu, puṇṇa! Sakkhissasi kho tvaṃ, puṇṇa, iminā damūpasamena samannāgato sunāparantasmiṃ janapade viharituṃ. Yassadāni tvaṃ, puṇṇa, kālaṃ maññasī’’ti.
397那时,富楼那尊者对世尊的教说欢喜信受,从座起身,顶礼世尊,右绕之后,收拾卧具,著衣持钵,向苏那巴兰答地区游行而去。他一路次第游行,抵达苏那巴兰答地区后,便在那里安住。就在那个雨安居期间,富楼那尊者使约五百位优婆塞通达正法;也于彼雨安居中,使约五百位优婆夷通达正法;恰在同一雨安居中,他自己证得了三明。其后,经过若干时日,富楼那尊者便般涅槃了。
Atha kho āyasmā puṇṇo bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā uṭṭhāyāsanā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā senāsanaṃ saṃsāmetvā pattacīvaramādāya yena sunāparanto janapado tena cārikaṃ pakkāmi. Anupubbena cārikaṃ caramāno yena sunāparanto janapado tadavasari. Tatra sudaṃ āyasmā puṇṇo sunāparantasmiṃ janapade viharati. Atha kho āyasmā puṇṇo tenevantaravassena pañcamattāni upāsakasatāni paṭivedesi , tenevantaravassena pañcamattāni upāsikasatāni paṭivedesi, tenevantaravassena tisso vijjā sacchākāsi. Atha kho āyasmā puṇṇo aparena samayena parinibbāyi.
那时,众多比丘一同来到世尊处。来到之后,向世尊礼敬,坐在一旁。坐在一旁后,那些比丘对世尊这样说:“尊者,那位名叫富楼那的善男子,曾受世尊简要教诫,现已命终。他往生何处?来世如何?”“诸比丘,富楼那善男子是位智者,他依法随法而行,并不曾以法义来困扰我。诸比丘,富楼那善男子已般涅槃。”
Atha kho sambahulā bhikkhū yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Ekamantaṃ nisinnā kho te bhikkhū bhagavantaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘yo so, bhante, puṇṇo nāma kulaputto bhagavatā saṃkhittena ovādena ovadito so kālaṅkato. Tassa kā gati, ko abhisamparāyo’’ti? ‘‘Paṇḍito, bhikkhave, puṇṇo kulaputto paccapādi dhammassānudhammaṃ, na ca maṃ dhammādhikaraṇaṃ viheṭhesi. Parinibbuto, bhikkhave, puṇṇo kulaputto’’ti.
世尊作了这番教示。众比丘心生欢喜,对世尊所说深心随喜。
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
《富楼那教诫经》终,第三。
Puṇṇovādasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ tatiyaṃ.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 说法者、教导者 |
| Puṇṇa | 富楼那 | 请法比丘,受教后前往苏那巴兰答弘法,证三明、般涅槃 |
| Bhikkhū | 诸比丘 | 向世尊询问富楼那尊者去处 |
地点
舍卫城祇树给孤独园;本那尊者后来前往并住于苏那巴兰答地区。
事件
具寿本那请求世尊给予简要教诫,以便独自精进修行。世尊教导他:对于六根所对的可爱境,若心生欢喜、欢迎、执取,则“由欢喜之集而有苦之集”;若不欢喜、不欢迎、不执取,则“由欢喜之灭而有苦之灭”。
随后,世尊考验本那的忍辱能力,假设他前往的苏那巴兰答地区民风粗鲁,问他若遭遇辱骂乃至刀剑加害将如何应对。本那依次回答,即使遭遇杀身之祸,也会感念对方为自己厌恶色身提供了持刀者。世尊印可本那具备调伏与寂止,允其前往。本那在该地度化众多男女居士,并于当季证得三明,随后般涅槃。
经文摘要
本那求简要教诫 → 世尊阐明“欢喜集则苦集,欢喜灭则苦灭”的核心法义 → 为本那开示忍辱调伏的心行,本那圆满证悟并般涅槃。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:一个比丘要去危险地区实践他所听到的法
本那向佛陀请法,不是要搞理论研究,而是为了“独自远离、不放逸”地去实修。他拿到了法,就立刻要去一个民风彪悍、充满敌意的地区——苏那巴兰答去住,这就像一个学生刚上完课,马上选择最难的考卷来检验自己。
2. 核心:苦的开关不在外面,在你对境界的反应
佛陀的核心教诫极其简短,但直指要害。他说,眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意遇到那些让人流口水、起贪爱的对象时,关键点在于你有没有“欢喜它、欢迎它、持续执取它”。
- 他引原话说:“由欢喜之集而有苦之集……由欢喜之灭而有苦之灭。”
- → 拆开看: 佛陀没说要消灭那些“好看的、好听的、好闻的”东西,也没说它们是坏蛋。他精准地指向了内心对它们的“欢喜(nandī)”反应。这个“欢喜”不是普通的快乐,而是一种带有粘性的、想抓取的心理能量。这个“欢喜”一旦生起并聚集,就等于你把“苦”的能量也接通了。反过来,不喂这个“欢喜”,苦的开关就断电了。这就是最简化的修行地图。
3. 要旨:把法内化成匪夷所思的柔软心
最精彩的部分是佛陀和本那关于忍辱的推演。本那的回答层层递进,像剥洋葱一样展示了什么是真正的“调伏”:
- 别人骂他,他反而觉得“这些人真善良,至少没打我”。
- 别人打他,他感恩“真善良,至少没用土块”。
- 别人用土块,他感恩没用棍棒。
- 别人用棍棒,他感恩没用刀。
- 别人用刀取他性命,他感恩“真善良,给了我一个我不必去主动寻求的、对身体和生命的终结方式”。
- → 拆开看: 本那的内心完全没有“受害者”模式。他不在“他人-对我的伤害”这个因果链条里反应。他把每一次外来的敌意,都转化成了一个观察善意的机会。这不是阿Q精神,而是一种彻底不被“嗔恨”触动的自由。他已经把佛陀教的“不欢喜、不欢迎、不执取”运用到了最极致的人生场景里。
→ 一句话要旨: 解脱不是换个好地方,而是换一颗无论遭遇什么,都能熄灭内心“欢喜”与“嗔恨”开关的心。
关键术语锚
- nandī → 欢喜(或喜):容易误解为普通的“快乐”。在本经它特指对可意境生起的、带着执取和粘着的“贪喜”,是连接感官对象和“苦”的关键环节。不是笑一笑就叫nandī,而是心扑上去的那种“欢欣”。
- phassa → 触:容易误解为单纯的物理接触。在经文中,“眼识所识之色”等表述,指的是根、境、识三者和合带来的完整经验,即“触”。苦与乐不是来自“物”,而是来自“触”之后心的反应。
- āsava → 漏:虽未明言,但“伴随着欲的、能引起染着的”对象,正是滋养“漏(烦恼)”的养分。本那的走向,正是漏尽、证得三明的过程。
- paṇḍito → 智者:佛陀称赞本那为“贤智者”。这里的“智”不是知识多少,而是能“随法而行法”,在极端对境中实践教法、不恼害师长的实践智慧。