246如是我闻:一时,世尊住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。那时,世尊呼唤比丘们:“比丘们!”那些比丘回应世尊:“尊者!”世尊这样说:
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘bhikkhavo’’ti. ‘‘Bhadante’’ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca –
诸比丘,愚者有此三种愚者的特征、愚者的印记、愚者的表现。哪三种?诸比丘,这里,愚者是思惟不善者、言语不善者、造作不善者。诸比丘,假若愚者不是思惟不善、言语不善、造作不善,智者们又怎能知道:‘这位愚者是不善之人’呢?诸比丘,正因为愚者是思惟不善、言语不善、造作不善,所以智者们才知:‘这位愚者是不善之人’。诸比丘,那愚者在现世便会经历三种苦与忧。诸比丘,如果愚者坐在大众厅堂中,或坐在路边,或坐在十字路口,而那里的人们正谈论着与彼相应之事;诸比丘,如果这愚者又是杀生者、不与取者、行邪淫者、说妄语者、饮酒放逸者,那么,诸比丘,愚者心中便会这样想:‘人们所谈论的与彼相应之事,那些法确实存在于我身上,而我也住于那些法之中。’诸比丘,这是愚者在现世经历的第一种苦与忧。
‘‘Tīṇimāni, bhikkhave, bālassa bālalakkhaṇāni bālanimittāni bālāpadānāni. Katamāni tīṇi? Idha, bhikkhave, bālo duccintitacintī ca hoti dubbhāsitabhāsī ca dukkaṭakammakārī ca. No cetaṃ , bhikkhave, bālo duccintitacintī ca abhavissa dubbhāsitabhāsī ca dukkaṭakammakārī ca kena naṃ paṇḍitā jāneyyuṃ – ‘bālo ayaṃ bhavaṃ asappuriso’ti? Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bālo duccintitacintī ca hoti dubbhāsitabhāsī ca dukkaṭakammakārī ca tasmā naṃ paṇḍitā jānanti – ‘bālo ayaṃ bhavaṃ asappuriso’ti. Sa kho so, bhikkhave, bālo tividhaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti. Sace, bhikkhave, bālo sabhāyaṃ vā nisinno hoti, rathikāya vā nisinno hoti, siṅghāṭake vā nisinno hoti; tatra ce jano tajjaṃ tassāruppaṃ kathaṃ manteti. Sace, bhikkhave, bālo pāṇātipātī hoti, adinnādāyī hoti, kāmesumicchācārī hoti, musāvādī hoti, surāmerayamajjapamādaṭṭhāyī hoti, tatra, bhikkhave, bālassa evaṃ hoti – ‘yaṃ kho jano tajjaṃ tassāruppaṃ kathaṃ manteti, saṃvijjanteva te dhammā mayi, ahañca tesu dhammesu sandissāmī’ti. Idaṃ, bhikkhave, bālo paṭhamaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti.
247再者,诸比丘,愚者看见国王们捉拿作恶的盗贼后,施以种种刑罚:鞭打,棒打,棍打;断手,断脚,断手脚;割耳,割鼻,割耳鼻;施‘稀粥锅’刑、‘螺壳秃’刑、‘罗睺口’刑、‘火焰鬘’刑、‘手烛’刑、‘芦苇绞’刑、‘树皮衣’刑、‘羚羊’刑、‘钩肉’刑、‘钱币’刑、‘碱水浇’刑、‘门闩转’刑、‘稻草墩’刑;以滚油浇淋,令狗啃咬,活活贯穿在桩上,用剑砍头。那时,诸比丘,愚者心中便会这样想:‘国王们正是因为这些种种恶行的缘故,才捉拿作恶的盗贼,施以种种刑罚:鞭打……乃至……用剑砍头。那些法确实存在于我身上,而我也住于那些法之中。如果国王们知道我的事,国王们也会捉拿我,对我施以种种刑罚:鞭打我……乃至……活活贯穿在桩上,用剑砍我的头。’诸比丘,这是愚者在现世经历的第二种苦与忧。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bālo passati rājāno coraṃ āgucāriṃ gahetvā vividhā kammakāraṇā kārente – kasāhipi tāḷente vettehipi tāḷente addhadaṇḍakehipi tāḷente hatthampi chindante pādampi chindante hatthapādampi chindante kaṇṇampi chindante nāsampi chindante kaṇṇanāsampi chindante bilaṅgathālikampi karonte saṅkhamuṇḍikampi karonte rāhumukhampi karonte jotimālikampi karonte hatthapajjotikampi karonte erakavattikampi karonte cīrakavāsikampi karonte eṇeyyakampi karonte baḷisamaṃsikampi karonte kahāpaṇikampi karonte khārāpatacchikampi karonte palighaparivattikampi karonte palālapīṭhakampi karonte tattenapi telena osiñcante sunakhehipi khādāpente jīvantampi sūle uttāsente asināpi sīsaṃ chindante. Tatra, bhikkhave, bālassa evaṃ hoti – ‘yathārūpānaṃ kho pāpakānaṃ kammānaṃ hetu rājāno coraṃ āgucāriṃ gahetvā vividhā kammakāraṇā kārenti – kasāhipi tāḷenti…pe… asināpi sīsaṃ chindanti; saṃvijjanteva te dhammā mayi, ahañca tesu dhammesu sandissāmi. Maṃ cepi rājāno jāneyyuṃ, mampi rājāno gahetvā vividhā kammakāraṇā kāreyyuṃ – kasāhipi tāḷeyyuṃ…pe… jīvantampi sūle uttāseyyuṃ, asināpi sīsaṃ chindeyyu’nti. Idampi, bhikkhave, bālo dutiyaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti.
248再者,诸比丘,当愚者坐在椅子上,或躺在床上,或躺在地上时,他过去造作的那些恶业——身恶行、语恶行、意恶行,在那一刻便会降临、垂覆、完全罩住他。诸比丘,正如傍晚时分,大山的峰影降临、垂覆、完全罩住大地;同样地,诸比丘,当愚者坐在椅子上,或躺在床上,或躺在地上时,他过去造作的那些恶业——身恶行、语恶行、意恶行,在那一刻便会降临、垂覆、完全罩住他。那时,诸比丘,愚者心中便会这样想:‘我确实未修善、未造善业、未作能防护怖畏者;我造了恶,行了残忍,作了罪过。死后,我将走向那些未修善、未造善业、未作防护怖畏,却造恶、行残忍、作罪过的人所去的地方。’他忧愁、疲惫、哀号、捶胸痛哭,陷入迷乱。诸比丘,这是愚者在现世经历的第三种苦与忧。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bālaṃ pīṭhasamārūḷhaṃ vā mañcasamārūḷhaṃ vā chamāyaṃ vā semānaṃ, yānissa pubbe pāpakāni kammāni katāni kāyena duccaritāni vācāya duccaritāni manasā duccaritāni tānissa tamhi samaye olambanti ajjholambanti abhippalambanti. Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, mahataṃ pabbatakūṭānaṃ chāyā sāyanhasamayaṃ pathaviyā olambanti ajjholambanti abhippalambanti; evameva kho, bhikkhave, bālaṃ pīṭhasamārūḷhaṃ vā mañcasamārūḷhaṃ vā chamāyaṃ vā semānaṃ, yānissa pubbe pāpakāni kammāni katāni kāyena duccaritāni vācāya duccaritāni manasā duccaritāni tānissa tamhi samaye olambanti ajjholambanti abhippalambanti. Tatra, bhikkhave, bālassa evaṃ hoti – ‘akataṃ vata me kalyāṇaṃ, akataṃ kusalaṃ, akataṃ bhīruttāṇaṃ; kataṃ pāpaṃ, kataṃ luddaṃ, kataṃ kibbisaṃ. Yāvatā, bho, akatakalyāṇānaṃ akatakusalānaṃ akatabhīruttāṇānaṃ katapāpānaṃ kataluddānaṃ katakibbisānaṃ gati taṃ gatiṃ pecca gacchāmī’ti. So socati kilamati paridevati urattāḷiṃ kandati sammohaṃ āpajjati. Idampi, bhikkhave, bālo tatiyaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti.
“诸比丘,那位愚者造作身恶行、语恶行、意恶行,于身体坏灭之后,死后便投生到无幸处、恶趣、险难处、地狱。诸比丘,若有什么可被如实地说为“全然不如意、全然不乐意、全然不合意”,那么如实说所指的,便是地狱——“全然不如意、全然不乐意、全然不合意”。诸比丘,纵使以譬喻来显示地狱有多苦,也绝非易事。”
‘‘Sa kho so, bhikkhave, bālo kāyena duccaritaṃ caritvā vācāya duccaritaṃ caritvā manasā duccaritaṃ caritvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapajjati. Yaṃ kho taṃ, bhikkhave, sammā vadamāno vadeyya – ‘ekantaṃ aniṭṭhaṃ ekantaṃ akantaṃ ekantaṃ amanāpa’nti, nirayameva taṃ sammā vadamāno vadeyya – ‘ekantaṃ aniṭṭhaṃ ekantaṃ akantaṃ ekantaṃ amanāpa’nti. Yāvañcidaṃ, bhikkhave, upamāpi na sukarā yāva dukkhā nirayā’’ti.
249听了这番话之后,有一位比丘对世尊这样说:“尊者,可否为此说个譬喻?”“比丘,可以的。”世尊回答道。“诸比丘,正如一位转轮王,具足七宝与四神足,并因此而领受快乐与喜悦。哪七宝呢?诸比丘,在此,一位灌顶的刹帝利王,于十五布萨日,沐浴洗发,受持布萨戒,登上宫殿最上层的那个日子,天界的轮宝便会向他显现,此轮宝具千辐,轮辋与轮毂悉皆具足,一切相状悉皆圆满。灌顶的刹帝利王见此之后,心中这样想:‘我听闻过:若有灌顶的刹帝利王,于十五布萨日,沐浴洗发,受持布萨戒,登上宫殿最上层的那个日子,天界的千辐轮宝,轮辋与轮毂悉皆具足,一切相状悉皆圆满地显现,彼王便成为转轮王。那么,我是否成为转轮王呢?’
Evaṃ vutte, aññataro bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘sakkā pana, bhante, upamaṃ kātu’’nti? ‘‘Sakkā bhikkhū’’ti bhagavā avoca. ‘‘Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī sattahi ratanehi samannāgato catūhi ca iddhīhi tatonidānaṃ sukhaṃ somanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti. Katamehi sattahi? Idha, bhikkhave, rañño khattiyassa muddhāvasittassa tadahuposathe pannarase sīsaṃnhātassa uposathikassa uparipāsādavaragatassa dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ pātubhavati sahassāraṃ sanemikaṃ sanābhikaṃ sabbākāraparipūraṃ. Taṃ disvāna rañño khattiyassa muddhāvasittassa evaṃ hoti – ‘sutaṃ kho pana metaṃ yassa rañño khattiyassa muddhāvasittassa tadahuposathe pannarase sīsaṃnhātassa uposathikassa uparipāsādavaragatassa dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ pātubhavati sahassāraṃ sanemikaṃ sanābhikaṃ sabbākāraparipūraṃ, so hoti rājā cakkavattīti. Assaṃ nu kho ahaṃ rājā cakkavattī’’’ti?
250那时,世尊拾起一块手掌大小的石头,对诸比丘说:‘诸比丘,你们以为如何?哪个更大——是我手中这块手掌大小的石头,还是那雪山之王?’‘世尊,您拾起的这块手掌大小的石头极其微小。与雪山之王相比,根本不值一提,不及其一分一毫,完全无法比较。’‘正是如此,诸比丘,那个被三百支长矛刺穿的人,由此感受的痛苦与忧恼,比起地狱众生的痛苦,也根本不值一提,不及其一分一毫,完全无法比拟。’
Atha kho bhagavā parittaṃ pāṇimattaṃ pāsāṇaṃ gahetvā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, katamo nu kho mahantataro – yo cāyaṃ mayā paritto pāṇimatto pāsāṇo gahito, yo ca himavā pabbatarājā’’ti? ‘‘Appamattako ayaṃ, bhante, bhagavatā paritto pāṇimatto pāsāṇo gahito, himavantaṃ pabbatarājānaṃ upanidhāya saṅkhampi na upeti, kalabhāgampi na upeti, upanidhampi na upeti’’. ‘‘Evameva kho, bhikkhave, yaṃ so puriso tīhi sattisatehi haññamāno tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti taṃ nirayakassa dukkhassa upanidhāya saṅkhampi na upeti, kalabhāgampi na upeti, upanidhampi na upeti’’.
诸比丘,接着,地狱的守卫对他们施以名为“五支束缚”的刑罚:他们将一根烧红的铁桩打入他的一只手,将一根烧红的铁桩打入他的另一只手,将一根烧红的铁桩打入他的一只脚,将一根烧红的铁桩打入他的另一只脚,再将一根烧红的铁桩打入他胸膛的中央。他在那里领受着痛苦、剧烈、猛烈、辛辣的感受,然而只要那恶业还未耗尽,他便不会死去。诸比丘,接着,地狱的守卫将他按倒,用斧头削割他。他在那里领受着痛苦、剧烈……(中略)……只要恶业还未耗尽,他便不会死去。诸比丘,接着,地狱的守卫将他头下脚上地捉住,用利凿削割他。他在那里领受着痛苦、剧烈……只要恶业还未耗尽,他便不会死去。诸比丘,接着,地狱的守卫将他套在车上,驱赶着他在一片炽燃、灼热、火焰升腾的地面上来回拖行。他在那里领受着痛苦、剧烈……只要恶业还未耗尽,他便不会死去。诸比丘,接着,地狱的守卫驱赶他爬上一座巨大的、炽燃着、灼热着、火焰升腾的火炭山,又驱赶他从山上下来。他在那里领受着痛苦、剧烈、猛烈、辛辣的感受,然而只要那恶业还未耗尽,他便不会死去。诸比丘,接着,地狱的守卫将他头下脚上地捉住,投入一个烧红、炽燃、灼热、火焰升腾的铜锅之中。他在那里被烹煮得浮起泡沫。就这样,当他在泡沫中浮沉时,有时上浮,有时下沉,有时又横向漂移。他在那里领受着痛苦、剧烈、猛烈、辛辣的感受,然而只要那恶业还未耗尽,他便不会死去。诸比丘,接着,地狱的守卫便将他投入大地狱之中。而那个大地狱,诸比丘——
‘‘Tamenaṃ, bhikkhave, nirayapālā pañcavidhabandhanaṃ nāma kammakāraṇaṃ karonti – tattaṃ ayokhilaṃ hatthe gamenti, tattaṃ ayokhilaṃ dutiye hatthe gamenti, tattaṃ ayokhilaṃ pāde gamenti, tattaṃ ayokhilaṃ dutiye pāde gamenti, tattaṃ ayokhilaṃ majjhe urasmiṃ gamenti. So tattha dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedeti, na ca tāva kālaṃ karoti yāva na taṃ pāpakammaṃ byantīhoti . Tamenaṃ, bhikkhave, nirayapālā saṃvesetvā kuṭhārīhi tacchanti. So tattha dukkhā tibbā…pe… byantīhoti. Tamenaṃ, bhikkhave, nirayapālā uddhaṃpādaṃ adhosiraṃ gahetvā vāsīhi tacchanti. So tattha dukkhā tibbā…pe… byantīhoti. Tamenaṃ, bhikkhave, nirayapālā rathe yojetvā ādittāya pathaviyā sampajjalitāya sajotibhūtāya sārentipi paccāsārentipi . So tattha dukkhā tibbā…pe… byantīhoti. Tamenaṃ, bhikkhave, nirayapālā mahantaṃ aṅgārapabbataṃ ādittaṃ sampajjalitaṃ sajotibhūtaṃ āropentipi oropentipi. So tattha dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedeti, na ca tāva kālaṃ karoti yāva na taṃ pāpakammaṃ byantīhoti. Tamenaṃ, bhikkhave, nirayapālā uddhaṃpādaṃ adhosiraṃ gahetvā tattāya lohakumbhiyā pakkhipanti ādittāya sampajjalitāya sajotibhūtāya. So tattha pheṇuddehakaṃ paccati. So tattha pheṇuddehakaṃ paccamāno sakimpi uddhaṃ gacchati, sakimpi adho gacchati, sakimpi tiriyaṃ gacchati. So tattha dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedeti, na ca tāva kālaṅkaroti yāva na taṃ pāpakammaṃ byantīhoti. Tamenaṃ, bhikkhave, nirayapālā mahāniraye pakkhipanti. So kho pana, bhikkhave, mahānirayo –
其有四角,四门分明,划分整齐,界限井然;
铁墙环绕为城,顶覆铁板一层。
其地是铁所成,燃烧着,充满炽热的火焰;
它遍满方圆一百由旬,恒常如是安住。
‘‘Catukkaṇṇo catudvāro, vibhatto bhāgaso mito; Ayopākārapariyanto, ayasā paṭikujjito. ‘‘Tassa ayomayā bhūmi, jalitā tejasā yutā; Samantā yojanasataṃ, pharitvā tiṭṭhati sabbadā’’.
诸比丘,我虽能以种种方式宣说地狱,诸比丘,也极难用言语完全道尽地狱之苦。
‘‘Anekapariyāyenapi kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, nirayakathaṃ katheyyaṃ; yāvañcidaṃ, bhikkhave, na sukarā akkhānena pāpuṇituṃ yāva dukkhā nirayā.
251诸比丘,有些投生于畜生道的众生是以草为食的。无论是新鲜的草还是干枯的草,它们都用牙齿撕扯咀嚼而食。诸比丘,哪些畜生道的众生是以草为食的呢?大象、马、牛、驴、山羊、鹿,以及其余任何以草为食的畜生道众生。诸比丘,那位愚者往昔于此贪著滋味,于此造作恶行,在身坏命终之后,便会投生到那些以草为食的众生群中,与他们为伴。
‘‘Santi, bhikkhave, tiracchānagatā pāṇā tiṇabhakkhā. Te allānipi tiṇāni sukkhānipi tiṇāni dantullehakaṃ khādanti. Katame ca, bhikkhave, tiracchānagatā pāṇā tiṇabhakkhā? Hatthī assā goṇā gadrabhā ajā migā, ye vā panaññepi keci tiracchānagatā pāṇā tiṇabhakkhā. Sa kho so, bhikkhave, bālo idha pubbe rasādo idha pāpāni kammāni karitvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā tesaṃ sattānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati ye te sattā tiṇabhakkhā.
诸比丘,有畜生道众生以粪为食。它们远远闻到粪便的气味便奔跑过去,心想:‘此处有食,此处有食。’诸比丘,正如婆罗门闻到祭祀供品的气味便奔跑过去,心想:‘此处有食,此处有食。’同样地,诸比丘,有畜生道众生以粪为食,它们远远闻到粪便的气味便奔跑过去,心想:‘此处有食,此处有食。’诸比丘,哪些畜生道众生以粪为食呢?鸡、猪、狗、豺狼,乃至其他任何食粪的旁生。诸比丘,那愚人因为从前在此贪著滋味,在此造作恶行,身坏命终后,便投生于那些食粪的众生之中,与它们为伴。
‘‘Santi, bhikkhave, tiracchānagatā pāṇā gūthabhakkhā. Te dūratova gūthagandhaṃ ghāyitvā dhāvanti – ‘ettha bhuñjissāma, ettha bhuñjissāmā’ti. Seyyathāpi nāma brāhmaṇā āhutigandhena dhāvanti – ‘ettha bhuñjissāma, ettha bhuñjissāmā’ti; evameva kho, bhikkhave, santi tiracchānagatā pāṇā gūthabhakkhā, te dūratova gūthagandhaṃ ghāyitvā dhāvanti – ‘ettha bhuñjissāma, ettha bhuñjissāmā’ti. Katame ca, bhikkhave, tiracchānagatā pāṇā gūthabhakkhā? Kukkuṭā sūkarā soṇā siṅgālā, ye vā panaññepi keci tiracchānagatā pāṇā gūthabhakkhā. Sa kho so, bhikkhave, bālo idha pubbe rasādo idha pāpāni kammāni karitvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā tesaṃ sattānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati ye te sattā gūthabhakkhā.
诸比丘,有些畜生道的众生,在黑暗中出生,在黑暗中活命,在黑暗中死去。诸比丘,哪些畜生道的众生在黑暗中出生、在黑暗中活命、在黑暗中死去呢?蛾、蛆、蚯蚓,及其他各种在黑暗中出生、在黑暗中活命、在黑暗中死去的畜生道众生。诸比丘,那位愚者,从前在此贪着滋味,在此造作恶业,身坏命终之后,便投生到那些在黑暗中出生、在黑暗中活命、在黑暗中死去的众生之中,与他们为伴。
‘‘Santi, bhikkhave, tiracchānagatā pāṇā andhakāre jāyanti andhakāre jīyanti andhakāre mīyanti . Katame ca, bhikkhave, tiracchānagatā pāṇā andhakāre jāyanti andhakāre jīyanti andhakāre mīyanti? Kīṭā puḷavā gaṇḍuppādā, ye vā panaññepi keci tiracchānagatā pāṇā andhakāre jāyanti andhakāre jīyanti andhakāre mīyanti. Sa kho so, bhikkhave, bālo idha pubbe rasādo, idha pāpāni kammāni karitvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā tesaṃ sattānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati ye te sattā andhakāre jāyanti andhakāre jīyanti andhakāre mīyanti.
诸比丘,有生于畜生道的众生,于水中生,于水中活,于水中死。诸比丘,哪些畜生道的众生是于水中生、于水中活、于水中死的呢?鱼、龟、鳄鱼,以及其他任何于水中生、于水中活、于水中死的畜生道众生。诸比丘,那位愚者,由于从前在此贪着滋味、在此造作恶行,身坏命终之后,便会投生到那些于水中生、于水中活、于水中死的众生群中,与他们为伴。
‘‘Santi, bhikkhave, tiracchānagatā pāṇā udakasmiṃ jāyanti udakasmiṃ jīyanti udakasmiṃ mīyanti. Katame ca, bhikkhave, tiracchānagatā pāṇā udakasmiṃ jāyanti udakasmiṃ jīyanti udakasmiṃ mīyanti? Macchā kacchapā susumārā, ye vā panaññepi keci tiracchānagatā pāṇā udakasmiṃ jāyanti udakasmiṃ jīyanti udakasmiṃ mīyanti. Sa kho so, bhikkhave, bālo idha pubbe rasādo idha pāpāni kammāni karitvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā tesaṃ sattānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati ye te sattā udakasmiṃ jāyanti udakasmiṃ jīyanti udakasmiṃ mīyanti.
诸比丘,有生于畜生道的众生,在不净之处出生,在不净之处生活,在不净之处死去。诸比丘,哪些畜生道众生是在不净之处出生、在不净之处生活、在不净之处死去的呢?诸比丘,那些在腐鱼中、在腐尸中、在腐臭的粥饭中、在污水坑中、在臭水沟中出生、生活、死去的众生,以及其他任何在不净之处出生、在不净之处生活、在不净之处死去的畜生道众生。诸比丘,那位愚者,过去在此贪着滋味,在此造作恶行,身坏命终之后,便投生于那些在不净之处出生、在不净之处生活、在不净之处死去的众生群中,与他们为伴。
‘‘Santi , bhikkhave, tiracchānagatā pāṇā asucismiṃ jāyanti asucismiṃ jīyanti asucismiṃ mīyanti. Katame ca, bhikkhave, tiracchānagatā pāṇā asucismiṃ jāyanti asucismiṃ jīyanti asucismiṃ mīyanti? Ye te, bhikkhave, sattā pūtimacche vā jāyanti pūtimacche vā jīyanti pūtimacche vā mīyanti pūtikuṇape vā…pe… pūtikummāse vā… candanikāya vā… oligalle vā jāyanti, (ye vā panaññepi keci tiracchānagatā pāṇā asucismiṃ jāyanti asucismiṃ jīyanti asucismiṃ mīyanti.) Sa kho so, bhikkhave, bālo idha pubbe rasādo idha pāpāni kammāni karitvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā tesaṃ sattānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati ye te sattā asucismiṃ jāyanti asucismiṃ jīyanti asucismiṃ mīyanti.
“诸比丘,我可以种种方式宣说畜生道。然而,诸比丘,畜生道之苦,实非言辞所能尽述。”
‘‘Anekapariyāyenapi kho ahaṃ, bhikkhave, tiracchānayonikathaṃ katheyyaṃ; yāvañcidaṃ, bhikkhave, na sukaraṃ akkhānena pāpuṇituṃ yāva dukkhā tiracchānayoni.
252“诸比丘,犹如有人将一单孔轭抛入大海。东风吹它向西,西风吹它向东,北风吹它向南,南风吹它向北。海中有一只盲眼乌龟,每一百年才浮出水面一次。诸比丘,你们认为如何?那只盲眼乌龟能将头伸入那单孔轭中吗?”“尊者,不可能。”“尊者,纵使可能,也要经过极其漫长的时间。” “诸比丘,我说那只盲眼乌龟将头伸入单孔轭中,比已堕落的愚者重得人身,还要来得更快。那是什么原因呢?诸比丘,因为在那里没有法行、没有正行、没有善业、没有功德行。诸比丘,在那里只有互相吞食,弱者被吞食。”
‘‘Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, puriso ekacchiggalaṃ yugaṃ mahāsamudde pakkhipeyya. Tamenaṃ puratthimo vāto pacchimena saṃhareyya, pacchimo vāto puratthimena saṃhareyya, uttaro vāto dakkhiṇena saṃhareyya, dakkhiṇo vāto uttarena saṃhareyya. Tatrāssa kāṇo kacchapo, so vassasatassa vassasatassa accayena sakiṃ ummujjeyya. Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, api nu so kāṇo kacchapo amusmiṃ ekacchiggale yuge gīvaṃ paveseyyā’’ti? (‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’.) ‘‘Yadi pana , bhante, kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayenā’’ti. ‘‘Khippataraṃ kho so, bhikkhave, kāṇo kacchapo amusmiṃ ekacchiggale yuge gīvaṃ paveseyya, ato dullabhatarāhaṃ, bhikkhave, manussattaṃ vadāmi sakiṃ vinipātagatena bālena. Taṃ kissa hetu? Na hettha, bhikkhave, atthi dhammacariyā samacariyā kusalakiriyā puññakiriyā. Aññamaññakhādikā ettha, bhikkhave, vattati dubbalakhādikā’’.
“诸比丘,若彼愚人,经过极漫长的岁月,于偶然间还生人道,也只会投生于那些卑贱的家族——如旃陀罗族、猎人族、竹匠族、车匠族,或清道夫族。他转生在这样的家族,贫穷,饮食匮乏,生计艰难,在那里难得衣服与食物。而且,他长相丑陋,形貌难看,矮小多病,或瞎或瘸,或驼背,或半身不遂,得不到食物、饮料、衣服、车乘、花鬘、香、涂香、床座、住所与灯明。他继续造作身恶行、语恶行、意恶行。以造作身恶行、语恶行、意恶行之故,身坏命终后,便投生到苦界、恶趣、堕落处、地狱。”
‘‘Sa kho so, bhikkhave, bālo sace kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena manussattaṃ āgacchati, yāni tāni nīcakulāni – caṇḍālakulaṃ vā nesādakulaṃ vā venakulaṃ vā rathakārakulaṃ vā pukkusakulaṃ vā. Tathārūpe kule paccājāyati dalidde appannapānabhojane kasiravuttike, yattha kasirena ghāsacchādo labbhati. So ca hoti dubbaṇṇo duddasiko okoṭimako bavhābādho kāṇo vā kuṇī vā khujjo vā pakkhahato vā na lābhī annassa pānassa vatthassa yānassa mālāgandhavilepanassa seyyāvasathapadīpeyyassa. So kāyena duccaritaṃ carati vācāya duccaritaṃ carati manasā duccaritaṃ carati. So kāyena duccaritaṃ caritvā vācāya duccaritaṃ caritvā manasā duccaritaṃ caritvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapajjati.
“诸比丘,譬如一个赌徒,第一次掷出坏点数,便输掉了儿子,输掉了妻子,输尽了所有财产,甚至进一步身陷债务束缚。然而,诸比丘,比起这桩事,那个坏点数还不算什么。愚者造作身恶行、语恶行、意恶行,于身坏命终之后,投生到苦界、恶趣、堕落处、地狱——这个坏点数,实在比前者大得多。诸比丘,这便是愚者境界的完整圆满。”
‘‘Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, akkhadhutto paṭhameneva kaliggahena puttampi jīyetha, dārampi jīyetha, sabbaṃ sāpateyyampi jīyetha, uttaripi adhibandhaṃ nigaccheyya. Appamattako so, bhikkhave, kaliggaho yaṃ so akkhadhutto paṭhameneva kaliggahena puttampi jīyetha, dārampi jīyetha, sabbaṃ sāpateyyampi jīyetha, uttaripi adhibandhaṃ nigaccheyya. Atha kho ayameva tato mahantataro kaliggaho yaṃ so bālo kāyena duccaritaṃ caritvā vācāya duccaritaṃ caritvā manasā duccaritaṃ caritvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapajjati. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, kevalā paripūrā bālabhūmī’’ti.
253“比丘们,智者有这三种智者的特征、智者的迹象、智者的品行。哪三种呢?在此,比丘们,智者善于思惟善法,善于说善语,善于行善事。比丘们,如果智者不是善于思惟善法、善于说善语、善于行善事,那么有智慧的人凭什么能知道:‘这位尊者是智者、是善士’呢?比丘们,正因为智者确实善于思惟善法,善于说善语,善于行善事,所以有智慧的人才知道:‘这位尊者是智者、是善士’。比丘们,这智者就在现世当下,体验到三种快乐和喜悦。比丘们,如果智者坐在集会的场所,或是坐在路边,或是坐在十字路口;在那里,人们正谈论着与之相关、与之相应的法。比丘们,如果智者已经远离杀生,远离不与取,远离欲邪行,远离妄语,远离导致放逸的谷酒、花果酒等种种酒类,那么,就在此时,比丘们,智者会这样心想:‘人们所谈论的那些相关相应的法,确实存在于我身上,我也确实体现在那些法之中。’比丘们,这就是智者在现世当下体验到的第一种快乐与喜悦。”
‘‘Tīṇimāni, bhikkhave, paṇḍitassa paṇḍitalakkhaṇāni paṇḍitanimittāni paṇḍitāpadānāni. Katamāni tīṇi? Idha, bhikkhave, paṇḍito sucintitacintī ca hoti subhāsitabhāsī ca sukatakammakārī ca. No cetaṃ, bhikkhave, paṇḍito sucintitacintī ca abhavissa subhāsitabhāsī ca sukatakammakārī ca, kena naṃ paṇḍitā jāneyyuṃ – ‘paṇḍito ayaṃ bhavaṃ sappuriso’ti? Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, paṇḍito sucintitacintī ca hoti subhāsitabhāsī ca sukatakammakārī ca tasmā naṃ paṇḍitā jānanti – ‘paṇḍito ayaṃ bhavaṃ sappuriso’ti. Sa kho so, bhikkhave, paṇḍito tividhaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sukhaṃ somanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti. Sace, bhikkhave, paṇḍito sabhāyaṃ vā nisinno hoti, rathikāya vā nisinno hoti, siṅghāṭake vā nisinno hoti; tatra ce jano tajjaṃ tassāruppaṃ kathaṃ manteti . Sace, bhikkhave, paṇḍito pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti, adinnādānā paṭivirato hoti, kāmesumicchācārā paṭivirato hoti, musāvādā paṭivirato hoti, surāmerayamajjappamādaṭṭhānā paṭivirato hoti; tatra, bhikkhave, paṇḍitassa evaṃ hoti – ‘yaṃ kho jano tajjaṃ tassāruppaṃ kathaṃ manteti; saṃvijjanteva te dhammā mayi, ahañca tesu dhammesu sandissāmī’ti. Idaṃ, bhikkhave, paṇḍito paṭhamaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sukhaṃ somanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti.
254“再者,比丘们,智者看见国王们抓住盗贼、罪犯后,令其遭受种种刑罚——用鞭子抽打,用藤条抽打,用短棒捶打;砍断手,砍断脚,砍断手脚;割掉耳朵,割掉鼻子,割掉耳鼻;施以‘稀粥锅’刑、‘螺髻秃’刑、‘罗睺口’刑、‘火环’刑、‘火炬手’刑、‘树皮衣’刑、‘羚羊’刑、‘钩肉’刑、‘钱币割肉’刑、‘碱液浇身’刑、‘转动门闩’刑、‘稻草墩’刑;以滚油浇淋,令狗咬食,活着贯穿在矛尖上,用刀砍下头。此时,比丘们,智者便会这样想:‘国王们之所以抓住盗贼、罪犯后,令其遭受种种刑罚……乃至用刀砍下头,正是因为造作了那些恶行的缘故。那些恶法并不存在于我身上,我也并未体现在那些恶法之中。’比丘们,这就是智者在现世当下体验到的第二种快乐与喜悦。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, paṇḍito passati rājāno coraṃ āgucāriṃ gahetvā vividhā kammakāraṇā kārente – kasāhipi tāḷente vettehipi tāḷente addhadaṇḍakehipi tāḷente hatthampi chindante pādampi chindante hatthapādampi chindante kaṇṇampi chindante nāsampi chindante kaṇṇanāsampi chindante bilaṅgathālikampi karonte saṅkhamuṇḍikampi karonte rāhumukhampi karonte jotimālikampi karonte hatthapajjotikampi karonte erakavattikampi karonte cīrakavāsikampi karonte eṇeyyakampi karonte balisamaṃsikampi karonte kahāpaṇikampi karonte khārāpatacchikampi karonte palighaparivattikampi karonte palālapīṭhakampi karonte tattenapi telena osiñcante sunakhehipi khādāpente jīvantampi sūle uttāsente asināpi sīsaṃ chindante. Tatra, bhikkhave, paṇḍitassa evaṃ hoti – ‘yathārūpānaṃ kho pāpakānaṃ kammānaṃ hetu rājāno coraṃ āgucāriṃ gahetvā vividhā kammakāraṇā kārenti kasāhipi tāḷenti, vettehipi tāḷenti, addhadaṇḍakehipi tāḷenti, hatthampi chindanti , pādampi chindanti, hatthapādampi chindanti, kaṇṇampi chindanti, nāsampi chindanti, kaṇṇanāsampi chindanti, bilaṅgathālikampi karonti, saṅkhamuṇḍikampi karonti, rāhumukhampi karonti, jotimālikampi karonti, hatthapajjotikampi karonti, erakavattikampi karonti, cīrakavāsikampi karonti, eṇeyyakampi karonti, balisamaṃsikampi karonti, kahāpaṇikampi karonti, khārāpatacchikampi karonti, palighaparivattikampi karonti, palālapīṭhakampi karonti, tattenapi telena osiñcanti, sunakhehipi khādāpenti, jīvantampi sūle uttāsenti, asināpi sīsaṃ chindanti, na te dhammā mayi saṃvijjanti, ahañca na tesu dhammesu sandissāmī’ti. Idampi, bhikkhave, paṇḍito dutiyaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sukhaṃ somanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti.
255再者,比丘们,当智者坐在椅子上,或躺在床上,或躺在地上时,他过去所造的那些善业——身善行、语善行、意善行,便在此时降临、垂临、覆盖在他身上。比丘们,恰如在傍晚时分,群山之巅的巨大阴影降临、垂临、覆盖大地;同样地,比丘们,当智者坐在椅子上,或躺在床上,或躺在地上时,他过去所造的那些善业——身善行、语善行、意善行,便在此时降临、垂临、覆盖在他身上。那时,比丘们,智者心中会这样想:‘我确实不曾作恶,未曾做残忍之事,未曾造罪;我造了善,行了善业,做了庇护自己的事。那些不曾作恶、未曾做残忍之事、未曾造罪,而造了善、行了善业、做了庇护自己之事的人,死后将去往的趣处,我也将去往那里。’他不会忧伤,不会疲惫,不会悲叹,不会捶胸痛哭,也不会陷入迷乱。比丘们,这就是智者在现世当下体验到的第三种快乐与喜悦。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, paṇḍitaṃ pīṭhasamārūḷhaṃ vā mañcasamārūḷhaṃ vā chamāyaṃ vā semānaṃ, yānissa pubbe kalyāṇāni kammāni katāni kāyena sucaritāni vācāya sucaritāni manasā sucaritāni tānissa tamhi samaye olambanti…pe… seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, mahataṃ pabbatakūṭānaṃ chāyā sāyanhasamayaṃ pathaviyā olambanti ajjholambanti abhippalambanti; evameva kho, bhikkhave, paṇḍitaṃ pīṭhasamārūḷhaṃ vā mañcasamārūḷhaṃ vā chamāyaṃ vā semānaṃ yānissa pubbe kalyāṇāni kammāni katāni kāyena sucaritāni vācāya sucaritāni manasā sucaritāni tānissa tamhi samaye olambanti ajjholambanti abhippalambanti. Tatra, bhikkhave, paṇḍitassa evaṃ hoti – ‘akataṃ vata me pāpaṃ, akataṃ luddaṃ, akataṃ kibbisaṃ; kataṃ kalyāṇaṃ, kataṃ kusalaṃ, kataṃ bhīruttāṇaṃ. Yāvatā, bho, akatapāpānaṃ akataluddānaṃ akatakibbisānaṃ katakalyāṇānaṃ katakusalānaṃ katabhīruttāṇānaṃ gati taṃ gatiṃ pecca gacchāmī’ti. So na socati, na kilamati, na paridevati, na urattāḷiṃ kandati, na sammohaṃ āpajjati. Idampi, bhikkhave, paṇḍito tatiyaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sukhaṃ somanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti.
诸比丘,那位智者行身善行、行语善行、行意善行之后,于身坏命终之后,便投生到善趣、天界。诸比丘,若有任何地方,可以如实地说那是“全然可欲、全然可爱、全然合意”的,那天界正是如实说它为“全然可欲、全然可爱、全然合意”之处。诸比丘,天界的快乐如此殊胜,甚至难以用譬喻来形容。
‘‘Sa kho so, bhikkhave, paṇḍito kāyena sucaritaṃ caritvā vācāya sucaritaṃ caritvā manasā sucaritaṃ caritvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjati. Yaṃ kho taṃ, bhikkhave, sammā vadamāno vadeyya – ‘ekantaṃ iṭṭhaṃ ekantaṃ kantaṃ ekantaṃ manāpa’nti, saggameva taṃ sammā vadamāno vadeyya – ‘ekantaṃ iṭṭhaṃ ekantaṃ kantaṃ ekantaṃ manāpa’nti. Yāvañcidaṃ, bhikkhave, upamāpi na sukarā yāva sukhā saggā’’ti.
256如此说时,一位比丘问世尊:“尊者,能为此作个譬喻吗?”“比丘,可以。”世尊说。“比丘,犹如有个作恶的盗贼被抓住了,人们带去禀告国王:‘大王,此人是作恶的盗贼,请您对他施加您想施加的任何处罚。’国王便这样吩咐:‘去,你们在上午用一百支矛刺这个人。’他们在上午用一百支矛刺他。到中午,国王又问:‘那个人怎么样了?’‘大王,他依旧那样活着。’国王说:‘去,你们在中午再用一百支矛刺那人。’他们在中午又用一百支矛刺他。到傍晚,国王再问:‘那个人怎么样了?’‘大王,他依旧那样活着。’国王说:‘去,你们在傍晚再用一百支矛刺那人。’他们在傍晚又用一百支矛刺他。诸比丘,你们认为如何?那人被三百支矛如此刺戳,是否会因此感受到苦与忧呢?”“尊者,即使只被一支矛刺中,那人都会因此感受到苦与忧,何况是被三百支矛刺中呢?”
Evaṃ vutte, aññataro bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘sakkā pana, bhante, upamaṃ kātu’’nti? ‘‘Sakkā bhikkhū’’ti bhagavā avoca. Seyyathāpi, bhikkhu, coraṃ āgucāriṃ gahetvā rañño dasseyyuṃ – ‘ayaṃ kho, deva, coro āgucārī, imassa yaṃ icchasi taṃ daṇḍaṃ paṇehī’ti. Tamenaṃ rājā evaṃ vadeyya – ‘gacchatha, bho, imaṃ purisaṃ pubbaṇhasamayaṃ sattisatena hanathā’ti . Tamenaṃ pubbaṇhasamayaṃ sattisatena haneyyuṃ. Atha rājā majjhanhikasamayaṃ evaṃ vadeyya – ‘ambho, kathaṃ so puriso’ti? ‘‘‘Tatheva, deva, jīvatī’ti. Tamenaṃ rājā evaṃ vadeyya – ‘gacchatha, bho, taṃ purisaṃ majjhanhikasamayaṃ sattisatena hanathā’ti. Tamenaṃ majjhanhikasamayaṃ sattisatena haneyyuṃ. Atha rājā sāyanhasamayaṃ evaṃ vadeyya – ‘ambho, kathaṃ so puriso’ti? ‘Tatheva, deva, jīvatī’ti. Tamenaṃ rājā evaṃ vadeyya – ‘gacchatha, bho, taṃ purisaṃ sāyanhasamayaṃ sattisatena hanathā’ti. Tamenaṃ sāyanhasamayaṃ sattisatena haneyyuṃ. Taṃ kiṃ maññatha , bhikkhave, api nu so puriso tīhi sattisatehi haññamāno tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvediyethā’’ti? ‘‘Ekissāpi, bhante, sattiyā haññamāno so puriso tatonidānaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvediyetha, ko pana vādo tīhi sattisatehī’’ti?
那时,诸比丘,灌顶刹帝利王左手拿起水罐,用右手向那轮宝洒水说:‘尊者轮宝,请转动吧!尊者轮宝,请征服吧!’于是,诸比丘,那轮宝便向东方转动,转轮王领着四军紧随其后。诸比丘,在那轮宝停驻之处,转轮王便与四军一同扎营安住。诸比丘,那时,东方敌对的诸王前来觐见转轮王,他们这样说:‘来呀,大王!欢迎您,大王!这里属于您,大王!请教导我们吧,大王!’转轮王这样教导:‘不应杀生,不应取未给与之物,不应于欲乐行邪行,不应出虚诳语,不应饮用谷酒、果酒等导致放逸的迷醉之物,你们就这样如常受用吧。’诸比丘,就这样,东方敌对的诸王都成了转轮王的臣属。
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhāvasitto vāmena hatthena bhiṅkāraṃ gahetvā dakkhiṇena hatthena cakkaratanaṃ abbhukkirati – ‘pavattatu bhavaṃ cakkaratanaṃ, abhivijinātu bhavaṃ cakkaratana’nti. Atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, cakkaratanaṃ puratthimaṃ disaṃ pavattati. Anvadeva rājā cakkavattī saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya. Yasmiṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, padese cakkaratanaṃ patiṭṭhāti tattha rājā cakkavattī vāsaṃ upeti saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya. Ye kho pana, bhikkhave , puratthimāya disāya paṭirājāno te rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘ehi kho, mahārāja! Svāgataṃ te, mahārāja ! Sakaṃ te, mahārāja! Anusāsa, mahārājā’ti . Rājā cakkavattī evamāha – ‘pāṇo na hantabbo, adinnaṃ nādātabbaṃ, kāmesumicchā na caritabbā, musā na bhāsitabbā, majjaṃ na pātabbaṃ, yathābhuttañca bhuñjathā’ti. Ye kho pana, bhikkhave, puratthimāya disāya paṭirājāno te rañño cakkavattissa anuyantā bhavanti .
257诸比丘,那时,轮宝深入东方大海又复出现后,便转向南方滚动……深入南方大海又复出现后,转向西方滚动……深入西方大海又复出现后,转向北方滚动。转轮王与他的四军紧随其后。诸比丘,轮宝停驻之处,转轮王便与四军安营驻扎。
‘‘Atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, cakkaratanaṃ puratthimaṃ samuddaṃ ajjhogāhetvā paccuttaritvā dakkhiṇaṃ disaṃ pavattati…pe… dakkhiṇaṃ samuddaṃ ajjhogāhetvā paccuttaritvā pacchimaṃ disaṃ pavattati… pacchimaṃ samuddaṃ ajjhogāhetvā paccuttaritvā uttaraṃ disaṃ pavattati anvadeva rājā cakkavattī saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya. Yasmiṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, padese cakkaratanaṃ patiṭṭhāti tattha rājā cakkavattī vāsaṃ upeti saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya.
诸比丘,那时,北方边境的诸王前来觐见转轮王,他们这样说:‘来吧,大王!欢迎您,大王!我们是您的,大王!请教导我们吧,大王!’转轮王就这样说:‘不应杀生,不应取未给与之物,不应行欲邪行,不应说虚妄语,不应饮用谷酒、果酒等令人放逸的迷醉之物;你们就像往常一样受用所得吧。’诸比丘,就这样,北方边境的诸王都成了转轮王的臣属。
‘‘Ye kho pana, bhikkhave, uttarāya disāya paṭirājāno te rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘ehi kho, mahārāja! Svāgataṃ te, mahārāja! Sakaṃ te, mahārāja! Anusāsa, mahārājā’ti. Rājā cakkavattī evamāha – ‘pāṇo na hantabbo, adinnaṃ nādātabbaṃ, kāmesumicchā na caritabbā, musā na bhāsitabbā, majjaṃ na pātabbaṃ; yathābhuttañca bhuñjathā’ti. Ye kho pana, bhikkhave, uttarāya disāya paṭirājāno te rañño cakkavattissa anuyantā bhavanti.
诸比丘,轮宝征服了以大海为边界的整个大地之后,便返回王城,在转轮王内宫大门前,犹如固定在轴上一般停住,辉耀内宫之门。诸比丘,转轮王所现之轮宝,正是如此。
‘‘Atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, cakkaratanaṃ samuddapariyantaṃ pathaviṃ abhivijinitvā tameva rājadhāniṃ paccāgantvā rañño cakkavattissa antepuradvāre akkhāhataṃ maññe tiṭṭhati rañño cakkavattissa antepuradvāraṃ upasobhayamānaṃ. Rañño, bhikkhave, cakkavattissa evarūpaṃ cakkaratanaṃ pātubhavati.
258再者,诸比丘,转轮王会出现象宝——它全身纯白,七处触地,具足神通,能腾行虚空,是一位名叫乌波萨塔的龙象之王。见到它,转轮王心生欢喜,心想:‘这真是殊胜的象乘,若能接受调教的话!’诸比丘,于是那象宝,犹如一匹久经训练的良种象,自然而然地便接受了调教。诸比丘,过去曾有这样的事:转轮王为了测试那象宝,于清晨骑乘它,巡行过以大海为边界的整个大地后,再回到那王城用早饭。诸比丘,转轮王便会现起这样的象宝。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rañño cakkavattissa hatthiratanaṃ pātubhavati – sabbaseto sattappatiṭṭho iddhimā vehāsaṅgamo uposatho nāma nāgarājā. Taṃ disvāna rañño cakkavattissa cittaṃ pasīdati – ‘bhaddakaṃ vata, bho, hatthiyānaṃ, sace damathaṃ upeyyā’ti. Atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, hatthiratanaṃ seyyathāpi nāma bhaddo hatthājānīyo dīgharattaṃ suparidanto evameva damathaṃ upeti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī tameva hatthiratanaṃ vīmaṃsamāno pubbaṇhasamayaṃ abhiruhitvā samuddapariyantaṃ pathaviṃ anusaṃyāyitvā tameva rājadhāniṃ paccāgantvā pātarāsamakāsi. Rañño, bhikkhave, cakkavattissa evarūpaṃ hatthiratanaṃ pātubhavati.
再者,诸比丘,转轮王会出现马宝——它全身纯白,头为黑色,鬃毛如文阇草,具足神通,能腾行虚空,是一位名叫瓦拉哈卡的马王。见到它,转轮王心生欢喜,心想:‘这真是殊胜的马乘,若能接受调教的话!’诸比丘,于是那马宝,犹如一匹久经训练的良种马,自然而然地便接受了调教。诸比丘,过去曾有这样的事:转轮王为了测试那马宝,于清晨骑乘它,巡行过以大海为边界的整个大地后,再回到那王城用早饭。诸比丘,转轮王便会现起这样的马宝。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rañño cakkavattissa assaratanaṃ pātubhavati – sabbaseto kāḷasīso muñjakeso iddhimā vehāsaṅgamo valāhako nāma assarājā. Taṃ disvāna rañño cakkavattissa cittaṃ pasīdati – ‘bhaddakaṃ vata, bho, assayānaṃ, sace damathaṃ upeyyā’ti. Atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, assaratanaṃ seyyathāpi nāma bhaddo assājānīyo dīgharattaṃ suparidanto evameva damathaṃ upeti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī tameva assaratanaṃ vīmaṃsamāno pubbaṇhasamayaṃ abhiruhitvā samuddapariyantaṃ pathaviṃ anusaṃyāyitvā tameva rājadhāniṃ paccāgantvā pātarāsamakāsi. Rañño, bhikkhave, cakkavattissa evarūpaṃ assaratanaṃ pātubhavati.
再者,诸比丘,转轮王会出现珠宝。那珠宝是琉璃宝,美丽、天然,八面切工,工艺精湛。诸比丘,那珠宝的光辉遍照一由旬之远。诸比丘,过去曾有这样的事:转轮王为了测试那珠宝,集合四部军队,将宝珠悬于旗杆顶端,在漆黑的深夜里行军。诸比丘,那时四周所有村落的居民,借着那宝珠的光明,以为‘天亮了’,便开始工作。诸比丘,转轮王便会现起这样的珠宝。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rañño cakkavattissa maṇiratanaṃ pātubhavati. So hoti maṇi veḷuriyo subho jātimā aṭṭhaṃso suparikammakato . Tassa kho pana, bhikkhave, maṇiratanassa ābhā samantā yojanaṃ phuṭā hoti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī tameva maṇiratanaṃ vīmaṃsamāno caturaṅginiṃ senaṃ sannayhitvā maṇiṃ dhajaggaṃ āropetvā rattandhakāratimisāya pāyāsi. Ye kho pana, bhikkhave, samantā gāmā ahesuṃ te tenobhāsena kammante payojesuṃ ‘divā’ti maññamānā. Rañño, bhikkhave, cakkavattissa evarūpaṃ maṇiratanaṃ pātubhavati.
再者,诸比丘,转轮王的女宝便会显现。她容貌美丽,悦目动人,极为端雅,具足最殊胜的容颜姿色。她既不太高,也不太矮;既不太瘦,也不太胖;既不太黑,也不太白,超越了人间的肤色,却尚未达到天神的肤色。诸比丘,那女宝的身体触感,犹如最上等的木棉绒或草棉绒一般。诸比丘,那女宝在寒冷时身体温暖,在炎热时身体凉爽。诸比丘,那女宝的身体散发栴檀之香,口中呼出青莲花之香。再者,诸比丘,那女宝总是在转轮王之前起身,在转轮王之后安寝,听从吩咐,行事令人愉悦,言语令人喜爱。诸比丘,那女宝连心意上都不曾对转轮王有所违越,更何论于身体?诸比丘,对于转轮王,如是女宝便会显现。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rañño cakkavattissa itthiratanaṃ pātubhavati. Sā abhirūpā dassanīyā pāsādikā paramāya vaṇṇapokkharatāya samannāgatā nātidīghā nātirassā nātikisā nātithūlā nātikāḷikā nāccodātā, atikkantā mānusaṃ vaṇṇaṃ, appattā dibbaṃ vaṇṇaṃ. Tassa kho pana, bhikkhave, itthiratanassa evarūpo kāyasamphasso hoti seyyathāpi nāma tūlapicuno vā kappāsapicuno vā. Tassa kho pana, bhikkhave, itthiratanassa sīte uṇhāni gattāni honti, uṇhe sītāni gattāni honti. Tassa kho pana, bhikkhave, itthiratanassa kāyato candanagandho vāyati, mukhato uppalagandho vāyati. Taṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, itthiratanaṃ rañño cakkavattissa pubbuṭṭhāyinī hoti pacchānipātinī kiṃkārapaṭissāvinī manāpacārinī piyavādinī. Taṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, itthiratanaṃ rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ manasāpi no aticarati, kuto pana kāyena? Rañño, bhikkhave, cakkavattissa evarūpaṃ itthiratanaṃ pātubhavati.
再者,诸比丘,转轮王的居士宝便会显现。他因宿业所感,生起天眼通,能见有主或无主之宝藏。他来到转轮王面前,这样禀告:‘大王,请您宽心,我将以财富为您成办财富所需之事。’诸比丘,往昔曾有这样的事:转轮王为了考验那位居士宝,登船驶入恒河河道中央,然后对居士宝这样说:‘居士,我需要金银。’居士宝回答说:‘那么,大王,请让船靠向任意一岸。’转轮王说:‘居士,我此刻此地就需要金银。’诸比丘,于是,那位居士宝将双手伸入水中搅动,捞起满满一罐金银,对转轮王这样说:‘大王,这些够了吗?大王,事办成了吗?大王,这样算是供奉您了吗?’转轮王这样回答:‘居士,这些够了;居士,事已办成;居士,你供奉得甚好。’诸比丘,转轮王便会显现如是居士宝。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rañño cakkavattissa gahapatiratanaṃ pātubhavati. Tassa kammavipākajaṃ dibbacakkhu pātubhavati, yena nidhiṃ passati sassāmikampi assāmikampi. So rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāha – ‘appossukko tvaṃ, deva, hohi. Ahaṃ te dhanena dhanakaraṇīyaṃ karissāmī’ti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī tameva gahapatiratanaṃ vīmaṃsamāno nāvaṃ abhiruhitvā majjhe gaṅgāya nadiyā sotaṃ ogāhitvā gahapatiratanaṃ etadavoca – ‘attho me, gahapati, hiraññasuvaṇṇenā’ti. ‘Tena hi, mahārāja, ekaṃ tīraṃ nāvā upetū’ti. ‘Idheva me, gahapati, attho hiraññasuvaṇṇenā’ti. Atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, gahapatiratanaṃ ubhohi hatthehi udake omasitvā pūraṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇassa kumbhiṃ uddharitvā rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ etadavoca – ‘alamettāvatā, mahārāja! Katamettāvatā, mahārāja! Pūjitamettāvatā, mahārājā’ti. Rājā cakkavattī evamāha – ‘alamettāvatā, gahapati! Katamettāvatā, gahapati! Pūjitamettāvatā, gahapatī’ti . Rañño, bhikkhave, cakkavattissa evarūpaṃ gahapatiratanaṃ pātubhavati.
“再者,诸比丘,转轮王的宰相宝便会显现——他聪慧、练达、明敏,有能力令转轮王亲近应亲近者,疏远应疏远者,安住应安住处。他来到转轮王面前,这样说:‘大王,请您宽心,由我来治理国事。’诸比丘,转轮王便会显现如是宰相宝。诸比丘,转轮王便具足这七种宝。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rañño cakkavattissa pariṇāyakaratanaṃ pātubhavati – paṇḍito byatto medhāvī paṭibalo rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ upayāpetabbaṃ upayāpetuṃ apayāpetabbaṃ apayāpetuṃ ṭhapetabbaṃ ṭhapetuṃ. So rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāha – ‘appossukko tvaṃ , deva, hohi. Ahamanusāsissāmī’ti. Rañño, bhikkhave, cakkavattissa evarūpaṃ pariṇāyakaratanaṃ pātubhavati. Rājā, bhikkhave, cakkavattī imehi sattahi ratanehi samannāgato hoti.
259“是哪四种成就呢?诸比丘,轮王容貌端正、悦目、庄严,具足最殊胜的容色,远胜于其他人。诸比丘,轮王具足这第一种成就。”
‘‘Katamāhi catūhi iddhīhi? Idha, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī abhirūpo hoti dassanīyo pāsādiko paramāya vaṇṇapokkharatāya samannāgato ativiya aññehi manussehi. Rājā, bhikkhave, cakkavattī imāya paṭhamāya iddhiyā samannāgato hoti.
“再者,诸比丘,轮王寿命长远,长久住世,远胜于其他人。诸比丘,轮王具足这第二种成就。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī dīghāyuko hoti ciraṭṭhitiko ativiya aññehi manussehi. Rājā, bhikkhave, cakkavattī imāya dutiyāya iddhiyā samannāgato hoti.
“再者,诸比丘,轮王少病少恼,身体康泰,消化力均衡,既不过冷,也不过热,远胜于其他人。诸比丘,轮王具足这第三种成就。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī appābādho hoti appātaṅko samavepākiniyā gahaṇiyā samannāgato nātisītāya nāccuṇhāya ativiya aññehi manussehi. Rājā, bhikkhave, cakkavattī imāya tatiyāya iddhiyā samannāgato hoti.
再者,诸比丘,转轮王为婆罗门和居士们所喜爱、所倾心,就如父亲为子女们所喜爱、所倾心一样。而婆罗门和居士们也为转轮王所喜爱、所倾心,就如子女为父亲所喜爱、所倾心一样。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī brāhmaṇagahapatikānaṃ piyo hoti manāpo. Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, pitā puttānaṃ piyo hoti manāpo, evameva kho, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī brāhmaṇagahapatikānaṃ piyo hoti manāpo. Raññopi, bhikkhave, cakkavattissa brāhmaṇagahapatikā piyā honti manāpā. Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, pitu puttā piyā honti manāpā, evameva kho, bhikkhave, raññopi cakkavattissa brāhmaṇagahapatikā piyā honti manāpā.
“诸比丘,往昔,转轮王曾率领四军前往园林。那时,婆罗门和居士们来到转轮王面前,对他这样说:‘大王,请从容而行,好让我们能多看您一会儿。’转轮王便吩咐车夫:‘车夫,你缓缓驾车,这样婆罗门和居士们就能多看我一会。’诸比丘,转轮王具足这第四种不凡成就。诸比丘,转轮王就如此具足了这四种不凡成就。”
‘‘Bhūtapubbaṃ , bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī caturaṅginiyā senāya uyyānabhūmiṃ niyyāsi. Atha kho, bhikkhave, brāhmaṇagahapatikā rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘ataramāno, deva, yāhi yathā taṃ mayaṃ cirataraṃ passeyyāmā’ti. Rājāpi, bhikkhave, cakkavattī sārathiṃ āmantesi – ‘ataramāno , sārathi, pesehi yathā maṃ brāhmaṇagahapatikā cirataraṃ passeyyu’nti. Rājā, bhikkhave, cakkavattī imāya catutthāya iddhiyā samannāgato hoti. Rājā, bhikkhave, cakkavattī imāhi catūhi iddhīhi samannāgato hoti.
“诸比丘,你们认为如何?一位具足这七宝和这四种成就的转轮王,是否会因此体验到快乐与喜悦?”“尊者,即使只具足一种宝,转轮王也会因此体验到快乐与喜悦,更何况具足七宝和四种成就呢?”
‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, api nu kho rājā cakkavattī imehi sattahi ratanehi samannāgato imāhi catūhi ca iddhīhi tatonidānaṃ sukhaṃ somanassaṃ paṭisaṃvediyethā’’ti? ‘‘Ekamekenapi, bhante, ratanena samannāgato rājā cakkavattī tatonidānaṃ sukhaṃ somanassaṃ paṭisaṃvediyetha, ko pana vādo sattahi ratanehi catūhi ca iddhīhī’’ti?
260这时,世尊拿起一块手掌大小的石头,对诸比丘说:“诸比丘,你们怎么看?是我手中这块手掌大的石头更大,还是雪山之王——喜马拉雅山更大?”“尊者,世尊拿在手上的这块小石微不足道。跟雪山之王、喜马拉雅山相比,根本不算什么,不及它的零头,完全无法相提并论。”“正是如此,诸比丘,那位具足七宝、四种神变的转轮王,由此所感受的快乐与喜悦,若与天界之乐相比,也不算得什么,不及它的分毫,全然无法比拟。”
Atha kho bhagavā parittaṃ pāṇimattaṃ pāsāṇaṃ gahetvā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, katamo nu kho mahantataro – yo cāyaṃ mayā paritto pāṇimatto pāsāṇo gahito yo ca himavā pabbatarājā’’ti? ‘‘Appamattako ayaṃ, bhante, bhagavatā paritto pāṇimatto pāsāṇo gahito; himavantaṃ pabbatarājānaṃ upanidhāya saṅkhampi na upeti; kalabhāgampi na upeti; upanidhampi na upetī’’ti. ‘‘Evameva kho, bhikkhave, yaṃ rājā cakkavattī sattahi ratanehi samannāgato catūhi ca iddhīhi tatonidānaṃ sukhaṃ somanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti taṃ dibbassa sukhassa upanidhāya saṅkhampi na upeti; kalabhāgampi na upeti; upanidhampi na upeti’’.
诸比丘,那位智者若在漫长岁月之后,终于再度获得人身,便会投生在高贵的家族——或是大富的刹帝利族,或是大富的婆罗门族,或是大富的居士族。那样的家族富有、财宝丰足、资具众多,拥有大量的金银、无数的物品、丰盛的谷物。他容貌端正,令人喜欢,相好庄严,具足最殊胜的容貌。他获得食物、饮料、衣物、车乘、花鬘、香料、涂香、床座、居所与灯明的供养。他以身行善,以语行善,以意行善。由于身行善、语行善、意行善,身坏命终之后,他投生到善趣、天界。诸比丘,这就像一位赌徒,第一掷便赢得了大笔丰厚的财富。诸比丘,赌徒第一掷所赢得的,跟这相比微不足道;而这位智者因身行善、语行善、意行善,身坏命终后投生到善趣、天界,这才是远比那更大的‘胜骰’。诸比丘,这,即是智者之地的境界。
‘‘Sa kho so, bhikkhave, paṇḍito sace kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena manussattaṃ āgacchati, yāni tāni uccākulāni – khattiyamahāsālakulaṃ vā brāhmaṇamahāsālakulaṃ vā gahapatimahāsālakulaṃ vā tathārūpe kule paccājāyati aḍḍhe mahaddhane mahābhoge pahūtajātarūparajate pahūtavittūpakaraṇe pahūtadhanadhaññe. So ca hoti abhirūpo dassanīyo pāsādiko paramāya vaṇṇapokkharatāya samannāgato, lābhī annassa pānassa vatthassa yānassa mālāgandhavilepanassa seyyāvasathapadīpeyyassa. So kāyena sucaritaṃ carati, vācāya sucaritaṃ carati, manasā sucaritaṃ carati. So kāyena sucaritaṃ caritvā, vācāya sucaritaṃ caritvā, manasā sucaritaṃ caritvā, kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjati. Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, akkhadhutto paṭhameneva kaṭaggahena mahantaṃ bhogakkhandhaṃ adhigaccheyya; appamattako so, bhikkhave, kaṭaggaho yaṃ so akkhadhutto paṭhameneva kaṭaggahena mahantaṃ bhogakkhandhaṃ adhigaccheyya. Atha kho ayameva tato mahantataro kaṭaggaho yaṃ so paṇḍito kāyena sucaritaṃ caritvā, vācāya sucaritaṃ caritvā, manasā sucaritaṃ caritvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjati. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, kevalā paripūrā paṇḍitabhūmī’’ti.
此为世尊所说。诸比丘皆大欢喜,赞叹世尊的开示。
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 说法者 |
| aññataro bhikkhu | 某位比丘 | 提问者 |
| bhikkhū | 诸比丘 | 听众 |
| Rājā | 王 | 例示中的审判与刑罚者 |
| nirayapālā | 地狱守卫 | 对愚者施以地狱果报的执行者 |
| rājā cakkavattī | 转轮王 | 对智者乐的譬喻对象 |
事件
世尊在祇园精舍为诸比丘开示。他首先定义愚者具备恶思、恶语、恶行的三种特征,并详述其在现世因恶行而经历的三种内心恐惧与痛苦。接着,世尊以盗贼受三百矛刺的微小痛苦为参照,描绘愚者死后在地狱中遭受的极其剧烈、难以言喻的酷刑与漫长的畜生道之苦,强调从恶趣再得人身的极度稀有。最后,他对比开示智者因身语意三善行,在现世享有三种喜乐,死后更将投生善趣,并最终获得出世间的究竟之乐。
经文摘要
定义愚者三特征→详述愚者在现世、地狱、畜生道的重重苦厄→对比阐述智者三特征→描绘智者在现世与来世的层层之乐。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:什么是真正的愚者与智者?
这篇经不是讨论智商高低,而是从行为的善恶来判定一个人。愚者不是指学习差的人,而是那些“恶思者、恶语者、恶行者”;智者也不是指学问大的人,而是“善思者、善语者、善行者”。一个人的内在思惟、说出口的话和做出的事,这三者构成了判断他智慧与否的根本标准。
2. 核心:业力的即时与未来反馈
经文通过一个精妙的对比,把看不见的业报说得极其直观。世尊拿起一块手掌大的石头,和喜马拉雅山对比,以此衡量“人间极刑”和“地狱之苦”。就如经中所说:“那人被三百矛刺杀而因此体验的苦与忧,与地狱之苦相比,不能计算、不及其分、不能比较”。
→ 拆开看:这里的关键在于“不能计算(nopeti)”,它清晰地表明我们所能想象的任何人间痛苦,哪怕是被反复刺杀,都只是那块“手掌大的石头”,而实际的恶行果报,却如同“喜马拉雅山王”般巨大难量。这种巨大的差距,旨在打破世人侥幸和轻视因果的心理。
3. 深层要旨:从无限循环中跳脱的珍稀机会
经文用“独眼龟浮海”的著名比喻,揭示了生命升级的极度艰难。一只每百年才上浮一次的盲龟,要恰巧把头钻入一个随浪漂浮的带孔牛轭中,其概率之大,却还比“堕落的愚者再次获得人身”要快。
→ 拆开看:这不是一个自然界的生物学描述,而是一个关于“人身难得”的最高级别警告。意味着一旦因为愚行堕入恶道,等待他的是一个几乎没有出期、被互相吞食“只有互相吞食,吞食弱者”的无尽循环。这不仅是在说果报的惨烈,更是在反衬——此刻拥有能听闻、能抉择善恶的人身,是何等宝贵、不容挥霍的巨大机遇。
→ 一句话要旨:你的每一个念头、言语和行动,都在创造一个你当下就能感受到,并将被无限放大的未来世界;利用这如盲龟穿木般难得的人身去行善,是生命中最根本的智慧。
关键术语锚
- kamma → 业/(善恶)行:本篇不是抽象推演,而是具体指“身恶行、语恶行、意恶行”与“身善行、语善行、意善行”。易错点在于,经文里的“业”几乎等同于具体的道德行为,而非只是一个哲学概念。
- vedanā → 受(五蕴/心所):篇中反复出现“体验痛苦的、剧烈的、猛烈的、辛辣的受”。易错点是,这里不只在讲身体触觉,更涵盖了一切因业力成熟而必然承受的苦乐心理感受,是连接行为和果报的直接桥梁。
- bhava → 有(缘起第十支):经文探讨了“愚者地”和“智者地”的不同“趣处(gati)”。易错点在于,这里的“有”指的是一种由业力驱动的生存状态和倾向,它决定了众生将在哪个界域(趣)中再生和体验,而这篇经正详细描绘了这两种截然相反的“有”的具体样貌。