98如是我闻:一时,世尊住在舍卫城的祇树给孤独园。那时,世尊对诸比丘说:“诸比丘。”比丘们回应:“尊者。”世尊这样说:
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘bhikkhavo’’ti. ‘‘Bhadante’’ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca –
“诸比丘,于此,有一位比丘宣称:“我知:生已灭尽,梵行已立,应作已办,不受后有。”诸比丘,对于那位比丘所说,既不应随喜,也不应排斥。于不随喜、不排斥之后,应当提问:“贤友,有四种表达方式,是由那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者世尊所善说的。哪四种?于所见,说所见;于所闻,说所闻;于所觉,说所觉;于所识知,说所识知。贤友,这四种表达方式,正是由那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者世尊所善说的。那么,尊者您是如何知、如何见,于这四种表达方式中无所执取,心从诸漏解脱的呢?”诸比丘,那位比丘是漏尽者,他已住于成就,已作所应作,已放下重担,已证得自利,已遍尽有结,依正智而解脱。他依法作出这样的回答:“贤友,于所见,我无趋向、无背离、无依、无缚、解脱、离系,以离界限之心而住。于所闻,贤友……于所觉,贤友……于所识知,贤友,我同样无趋向、无背离、无依、无缚、解脱、离系,以离界限之心而住。贤友,我正是如此知、如此见,于这四种表达方式无所执取,心从诸漏解脱。”诸比丘,对于那位比丘的回答,应当说“善哉”,心生欢喜,由衷赞许。在说善哉、欢喜、赞许之后,应进一步提出问题。”
‘‘Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu aññaṃ byākaroti – ‘khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyāti pajānāmī’ti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno bhāsitaṃ neva abhinanditabbaṃ nappaṭikkositabbaṃ. Anabhinanditvā appaṭikkositvā pañho pucchitabbo – ‘cattārome, āvuso, vohārā tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sammadakkhātā. Katame cattāro? Diṭṭhe diṭṭhavāditā, sute sutavāditā, mute mutavāditā, viññāte viññātavāditā – ime kho, āvuso, cattāro vohārā tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sammadakkhātā. Kathaṃ jānato panāyasmato, kathaṃ passato imesu catūsu vohāresu anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimutta’nti? Khīṇāsavassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno vusitavato katakaraṇīyassa ohitabhārassa anuppattasadatthassa parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojanassa sammadaññāvimuttassa ayamanudhammo hoti veyyākaraṇāya – ‘diṭṭhe kho ahaṃ , āvuso, anupāyo anapāyo anissito appaṭibaddho vippamutto visaṃyutto vimariyādīkatena cetasā viharāmi. Sute kho ahaṃ, āvuso…pe… mute kho ahaṃ, āvuso… viññāte kho ahaṃ, āvuso, anupāyo anapāyo anissito appaṭibaddho vippamutto visaṃyutto vimariyādīkatena cetasā viharāmi. Evaṃ kho me, āvuso, jānato evaṃ passato imesu catūsu vohāresu anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimutta’nti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno ‘sādhū’ti bhāsitaṃ abhinanditabbaṃ anumoditabbaṃ. ‘Sādhū’ti bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā uttariṃ pañho pucchitabbo.
99“贤友,有五种取蕴,为那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者世尊所正确教导。哪五种呢?即是:色取蕴、受取蕴、想取蕴、行取蕴、识取蕴。贤友,这五种取蕴,为那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者世尊所正确教导。那么,尊者,您如何知、如何见,方能于此五种取蕴不执取,心从诸漏中解脱呢?”
诸比丘,那位漏尽的比丘,已安住,已作应作,已放下重担,已证得自己的目标,已彻底灭尽有结,依正智而解脱,他如法所作的回答是:“贤友,我已知色是无力的、离贪的、无依靠的;由那些对于色的趋向、执取、心的住着及潜在倾向的灭尽、离贪、息灭、舍弃、完全舍离,我了知我心已解脱。对于受,贤友……对于想,贤友……对于诸行,贤友……对于识,贤友,我已知识是无力的、离贪的、无依靠的;由那些对于识的趋向、执取、心的住着及潜在倾向的灭尽、离贪、息灭、舍弃、完全舍离,我了知我心已解脱。贤友,我正是如此知、如此见,而于此五种取蕴不执取,心从诸漏中解脱。”
诸比丘,对那位比丘的回答,应说“善哉”,随喜、赞许。说“善哉”、随喜、赞许之后,应进一步提出问题。”
‘‘‘Pañcime, āvuso, upādānakkhandhā tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sammadakkhātā. Katame pañca? Seyyathidaṃ – rūpupādānakkhandho, vedanupādānakkhandho, saññupādānakkhandho, saṅkhārupādānakkhandho, viññāṇupādānakkhandho – ime kho, āvuso, pañcupādānakkhandhā tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sammadakkhātā. Kathaṃ jānato panāyasmato, kathaṃ passato imesu pañcasu upādānakkhandhesu anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimutta’nti? Khīṇāsavassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno vusitavato katakaraṇīyassa ohitabhārassa anuppattasadatthassa parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojanassa sammadaññāvimuttassa ayamanudhammo hoti veyyākaraṇāya – ‘rūpaṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso, abalaṃ virāgunaṃ anassāsikanti viditvā ye rūpe upāyūpādānā cetaso adhiṭṭhānābhinivesānusayā tesaṃ khayā virāgā nirodhā cāgā paṭinissaggā vimuttaṃ me cittanti pajānāmi. Vedanaṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso…pe… saññaṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso… saṅkhāre kho ahaṃ, āvuso… viññāṇaṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso, abalaṃ virāgunaṃ anassāsikanti viditvā ye viññāṇe upāyūpādānā cetaso adhiṭṭhānābhinivesānusayā tesaṃ khayā virāgā nirodhā cāgā paṭinissaggā vimuttaṃ me cittanti pajānāmi. Evaṃ kho me, āvuso, jānato evaṃ passato imesu pañcasu upādānakkhandhesu anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimutta’nti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno ‘sādhū’ti bhāsitaṃ abhinanditabbaṃ, anumoditabbaṃ. ‘Sādhū’ti bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā uttariṃ pañho pucchitabbo.
100“贤友,有六种界,由那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者世尊所正确教导。哪六种呢?地界、水界、火界、风界、空界、识界。贤友,这六种界,正是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者世尊所正确教导的。那么,尊者您如何知、如何见,方能于这六种界中不执取、令心从诸漏中解脱呢?”诸比丘,对于那位漏尽比丘——他已安住,已作所应作,已放下重担,已证得自己的目标,已彻底灭尽有结,以正智解脱——他如法给出的回答是:“贤友,我不视地界为我,也不视我依于地界。并且,依于地界的那些趋向、执取、心之住著与潜在倾向的灭尽、离贪、息灭、舍离、完全舍离,由此我了知我心已解脱。对于水界,贤友……对于火界,贤友……对于风界,贤友……对于空界,贤友……对于识界,贤友,我不视识界为我,也不视我依于识界。并且,依于识界的那些趋向、执取、心之住著与潜在倾向的灭尽、离贪、息灭、舍离、完全舍离,由此我了知我心已解脱。贤友,我正是这样知、这样见,从而于这六种界中不执取、令心从诸漏中解脱。”诸比丘,对于那位比丘的回答,应说“善哉”,并表达欢喜与赞许。在说“善哉”、表达欢喜与赞许之后,应进一步提出问题。”
‘‘‘Chayimā , āvuso, dhātuyo tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sammadakkhātā. Katamā cha? Pathavīdhātu, āpodhātu, tejodhātu, vāyodhātu, ākāsadhātu, viññāṇadhātu – imā kho, āvuso, cha dhātuyo tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sammadakkhātā. Kathaṃ jānato panāyasmato, kathaṃ passato imāsu chasu dhātūsu anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimutta’nti? Khīṇāsavassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno vusitavato katakaraṇīyassa ohitabhārassa anuppattasadatthassa parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojanassa sammadaññāvimuttassa ayamanudhammo hoti veyyākaraṇāya – ‘pathavīdhātuṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso, na attato upagacchiṃ, na ca pathavīdhātunissitaṃ attānaṃ. Ye ca pathavīdhātunissitā upāyūpādānā cetaso adhiṭṭhānābhinivesānusayā tesaṃ khayā virāgā nirodhā cāgā paṭinissaggā vimuttaṃ me cittanti pajānāmi. Āpodhātuṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso…pe… tejodhātuṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso… vāyodhātuṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso… ākāsadhātuṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso… viññāṇadhātuṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso, na attato upagacchiṃ, na ca viññāṇadhātunissitaṃ attānaṃ. Ye ca viññāṇadhātunissitā upāyūpādānā cetaso adhiṭṭhānābhinivesānusayā tesaṃ khayā virāgā nirodhā cāgā paṭinissaggā vimuttaṃ me cittanti pajānāmi. Evaṃ kho me, āvuso, jānato, evaṃ passato imāsu chasu dhātūsu anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimutta’nti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno ‘sādhū’ti bhāsitaṃ abhinanditabbaṃ, anumoditabbaṃ. ‘Sādhū’ti bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā uttariṃ pañho pucchitabbo.
101“贤友,有六种内外处,是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者世尊所正确教导的。哪六种呢?眼与色、耳与声、鼻与香、舌与味、身与触、意与法。贤友,这六种内外处,正是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者世尊所正确教导的。那么,尊者您如何知、如何见,方能于这六种内外处不取著,令心从诸漏中解脱呢?”诸比丘,那位漏尽的比丘,已安住于所作已办、放下重担、证得自利、灭尽有结、正智解脱,他如法应答如下:“贤友,对于眼、色、眼识及眼识所识知的法,其中任何意欲、贪染、欢喜、渴爱,以及任何趋向、执取、心的住著与随眠——由于它们灭尽、离贪、息灭、舍离、彻底舍断,我了知我心已解脱。对于耳、声、耳识……贤友,对于鼻、香、鼻识……对于舌、味、舌识……对于身、触、身识……对于意、法、意识及意识所识知的法,其中任何意欲、贪染、欢喜、渴爱,以及任何趋向、执取、心的住著与随眠——由于它们灭尽、离贪、息灭、舍离、彻底舍断,我了知我心已解脱。贤友,我正是如此知、如此见,从而在这六种内外处上不取著,令心从诸漏中解脱。”诸比丘,对于那位比丘的回答,应称说“善哉”,随喜称叹。称说“善哉”、随喜称叹之后,还应进一步提出问题。”
‘‘‘Cha kho panimāni, āvuso, ajjhattikabāhirāni āyatanāni tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sammadakkhātāni. Katamāni cha? Cakkhu ceva rūpā ca, sotañca saddā ca, ghānañca gandhā ca, jivhā ca rasā ca, kāyo ca phoṭṭhabbā ca, mano ca dhammā ca – imāni kho, āvuso, cha ajjhattikabāhirāni āyatanāni tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sammadakkhātāni. Kathaṃ jānato panāyasmato, kathaṃ passato imesu chasu ajjhattikabāhiresu āyatanesu anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimutta’nti? Khīṇāsavassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno vusitavato katakaraṇīyassa ohitabhārassa anuppattasadatthassa parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojanassa sammadaññāvimuttassa ayamanudhammo hoti veyyākaraṇāya – ‘cakkhusmiṃ, āvuso, rūpe cakkhuviññāṇe cakkhuviññāṇaviññātabbesu dhammesu yo chando yo rāgo yā nandī yā taṇhā ye ca upāyūpādānā cetaso adhiṭṭhānābhinivesānusayā tesaṃ khayā virāgā nirodhā cāgā paṭinissaggā vimuttaṃ me cittanti pajānāmi. Sotasmiṃ, āvuso, sadde sotaviññāṇe…pe… ghānasmiṃ, āvuso, gandhe ghānaviññāṇe… jivhāya, āvuso, rase jivhāviññāṇe… kāyasmiṃ, āvuso, phoṭṭhabbe kāyaviññāṇe… manasmiṃ, āvuso, dhamme manoviññāṇe manoviññāṇaviññātabbesu dhammesu yo chando yo rāgo yā nandī yā taṇhā ye ca upāyūpādānā cetaso adhiṭṭhānābhinivesānusayā tesaṃ khayā virāgā nirodhā cāgā paṭinissaggā vimuttaṃ me cittanti pajānāmi. Evaṃ kho me, āvuso, jānato evaṃ passato imesu chasu ajjhattikabāhiresu āyatanesu anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimutta’nti. Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno ‘sādhū’ti bhāsitaṃ abhinanditabbaṃ anumoditabbaṃ. ‘Sādhū’ti bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā uttariṃ pañho pucchitabbo.
102“那么,尊者您如何知、如何见,才在此有识之身及外一切相上,彻底拔除了我作、我所作与慢随眠呢?”诸比丘,那位漏尽比丘——安住者、已作应作者、已放下重担者、已证得己利者、已彻底灭尽有结者、由正智解脱者——他会如法地这样回答:“贤友,从前我在家时,是无知的。那时,如来或如来的弟子为我说法。我听法之后,对如来生起信心。于心获得这般的信心之后,我这样思惟:在家生活是拥挤的、是尘垢的道路;出家则如空旷之处。要住在家里,修习完全圆满、完全清净、如同磨光的螺贝一般的梵行,这是不容易的。不如我剃除须发,穿上袈裟衣,从家庭出家,过无家的生活。”
‘‘‘Kathaṃ jānato panāyasmato, kathaṃ passato imasmiñca saviññāṇake kāye bahiddhā ca sabbanimittesu ahaṃkāramamaṃkāramānānusayā samūhatā’ti ? Khīṇāsavassa , bhikkhave, bhikkhuno vusitavato katakaraṇīyassa ohitabhārassa anuppattasadatthassa parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojanassa sammadaññāvimuttassa ayamanudhammo hoti veyyākaraṇāya – ‘pubbe kho ahaṃ, āvuso, agāriyabhūto samāno aviddasu ahosiṃ. Tassa me tathāgato vā tathāgatasāvako vā dhammaṃ desesi. Tāhaṃ dhammaṃ sutvā tathāgate saddhaṃ paṭilabhiṃ. So tena saddhāpaṭilābhena samannāgato iti paṭisañcikkhiṃ – sambādho gharāvāso rajāpatho, abbhokāso pabbajjā. Nayidaṃ sukaraṃ agāraṃ ajjhāvasatā ekantaparipuṇṇaṃ ekantaparisuddhaṃ saṅkhalikhitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ carituṃ. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajeyya’’’nti.
贤友,之后,我舍弃了或小或大的财富堆,舍弃了或小或大的亲属圈,剃除须发,穿上袈裟衣,从在家生活出家,过上了无家的生活。如此出家之后,我便受持比丘的学处与活命之道:我舍离了杀生,远离杀生,放下棍棒、放下刀剑,心怀惭愧,具足悲悯,为利益与哀愍一切众生而安住。我舍离了不与取,远离不与取,只取所给,只期待所给,以不偷盗而行,安住于清净。我舍离了非梵行,成为梵行者,远离性事,避开男女之欲的粗俗法。我舍离了妄语,远离妄语,说真实语,联结真实,坚定、可信,不欺骗世间。我舍离了离间语,远离离间语,不将从此处听闻的话拿到彼处说以离间这些人,也不将从彼处听闻的话拿到此处说以离间那些人;就这样,我成为分裂者的调和者,和合者的促进者,喜爱和合、乐于和合、悦于和合,说促成和合的话语。我舍离了粗恶语,远离粗恶语;凡那些温柔、悦耳、可爱、深入人心、彬彬有礼、众人喜爱、众人合意的话语,我成为说这样话语的人。我舍离了绮语,远离绮语,说应时的话、真实的话、有意义的话、如法的话、与律相应的话。”
‘‘So kho ahaṃ, āvuso, aparena samayena appaṃ vā bhogakkhandhaṃ pahāya mahantaṃ vā bhogakkhandhaṃ pahāya, appaṃ vā ñātiparivaṭṭaṃ pahāya mahantaṃ vā ñātiparivaṭṭaṃ pahāya kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajiṃ. So evaṃ pabbajito samāno bhikkhūnaṃ sikkhāsājīvasamāpanno pāṇātipātaṃ pahāya pāṇātipātā paṭivirato ahosiṃ nihitadaṇḍo nihitasattho, lajjī dayāpanno sabbapāṇabhūtahitānukampī vihāsiṃ. Adinnādānaṃ pahāya adinnādānā paṭivirato ahosiṃ dinnādāyī dinnapāṭikaṅkhī, athenena sucibhūtena attanā vihāsiṃ. Abrahmacariyaṃ pahāya brahmacārī ahosiṃ ārācārī virato methunā gāmadhammā. Musāvādaṃ pahāya musāvādā paṭivirato ahosiṃ saccavādī saccasandho theto paccayiko avisaṃvādako lokassa. Pisuṇaṃ vācaṃ pahāya pisuṇāya vācāya paṭivirato ahosiṃ, ito sutvā na amutra akkhātā imesaṃ bhedāya, amutra vā sutvā na imesaṃ akkhātā amūsaṃ bhedāya; iti bhinnānaṃ vā sandhātā sahitānaṃ vā anuppadātā samaggārāmo samaggarato samagganandī samaggakaraṇiṃ vācaṃ bhāsitā ahosiṃ. Pharusaṃ vācaṃ pahāya pharusāya vācāya paṭivirato ahosiṃ; yā sā vācā nelā kaṇṇasukhā pemanīyā hadayaṅgamā porī bahujanakantā bahujanamanāpā tathārūpiṃ vācaṃ bhāsitā ahosiṃ. Samphappalāpaṃ pahāya samphappalāpā paṭivirato ahosiṃ; kālavādī bhūtavādī atthavādī dhammavādī vinayavādī nidhānavatiṃ vācaṃ bhāsitā ahosiṃ kālena sāpadesaṃ pariyantavatiṃ atthasaṃhitaṃ.
我远离损害种子与植物,一日一食,夜晚禁食,远离非时食。我远离观看舞蹈、歌唱、音乐、表演。我远离佩戴花鬘、香料、涂油,以及种种装饰打扮的因缘。我远离高广大床。我远离接受金银;远离接受未煮的谷物;远离接受生肉;远离接受妇女与少女;远离接受男女奴仆;远离接受山羊与绵羊;远离接受鸡与猪;远离接受象、牛、马、母马;远离接受田地与宅地。我远离为人传信、遣使奔走的事务;远离买卖;远离在秤、货币、量器上弄虚作假;远离贿赂、欺诈、诡计等邪曲之行;远离砍断、杀害、捆绑、抢劫、掠夺、暴行。
‘‘So bījagāmabhūtagāmasamārambhā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, ekabhattiko ahosiṃ rattūparato virato vikālabhojanā. Naccagītavāditavisūkadassanā paṭivirato ahosiṃ. Mālāgandhavilepanadhāraṇamaṇḍanavibhūsanaṭṭhānā paṭivirato ahosiṃ. Uccāsayanamahāsayanā paṭivirato ahosiṃ. Jātarūparajatapaṭiggahaṇā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, āmakadhaññapaṭiggahaṇā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, āmakamaṃsapaṭiggahaṇā paṭivirato ahosiṃ; itthikumārikapaṭiggahaṇā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, dāsidāsapaṭiggahaṇā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, ajeḷakapaṭiggahaṇā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, kukkuṭasūkarapaṭiggahaṇā paṭivirato ahosiṃ , hatthigavassavaḷavapaṭiggahaṇā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, khettavatthupaṭiggahaṇā paṭivirato ahosiṃ. Dūteyyapahiṇagamanānuyogā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, kayavikkayā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, tulākūṭakaṃsakūṭamānakūṭā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, ukkoṭanavañcananikatisāciyogā paṭivirato ahosiṃ, chedanavadhabandhanaviparāmosaālopasahasākārā paṭivirato ahosiṃ.
我成为知足者,以护身的衣为满足,以果腹的食为满足。无论去到何处,我都只带着这些随行。贤友们,就像鸟儿无论飞到哪里,都只带着翅膀飞行;同样地,贤友们,我成为知足者,以护身的衣为满足,以果腹的食为满足。无论去到何处,我都只带着这些随行。具足此圣戒蕴,我于内心体验到无过失的快乐。
‘‘So santuṭṭho ahosiṃ kāyaparihārikena cīvarena, kucchiparihārikena piṇḍapātena. So yena yeneva pakkamiṃ samādāyeva pakkamiṃ. Seyyathāpi nāma pakkhī sakuṇo yena yeneva ḍeti sapattabhārova ḍeti; evameva kho ahaṃ, āvuso; santuṭṭho ahosiṃ kāyaparihārikena cīvarena, kucchiparihārikena piṇḍapātena. So yena yeneva pakkamiṃ samādāyeva pakkamiṃ. So iminā ariyena sīlakkhandhena samannāgato ajjhattaṃ anavajjasukhaṃ paṭisaṃvedesiṃ.
103我眼见色后,不执取总相,不执取细节相。如果眼根不防护而住,贪忧、恶不善法便会流入;为防护眼根,我修习防护,守护眼根,于眼根成就防护。耳闻声后……鼻嗅香后……舌尝味后……身触触后……意知法后,同样不执取总相与细节相。如果意根不防护而住,贪忧、恶不善法便会流入;为防护意根,我修习防护,守护意根,于意根成就防护。具足此圣根律仪,我于内心体验到无过失的快乐。
‘‘So cakkhunā rūpaṃ disvā na nimittaggāhī ahosiṃ nānubyañjanaggāhī; yatvādhikaraṇamenaṃ cakkhundriyaṃ asaṃvutaṃ viharantaṃ abhijjhādomanassā pāpakā akusalā dhammā anvāssaveyyuṃ, tassa saṃvarāya paṭipajjiṃ ; rakkhiṃ cakkhundriyaṃ, cakkhundriye saṃvaraṃ āpajjiṃ. Sotena saddaṃ sutvā…pe… ghānena gandhaṃ ghāyitvā…pe… jivhāya rasaṃ sāyitvā…pe… kāyena phoṭṭhabbaṃ phusitvā…pe… manasā dhammaṃ viññāya na nimittaggāhī ahosiṃ nānubyañjanaggāhī; yatvādhikaraṇamenaṃ manindriyaṃ asaṃvutaṃ viharantaṃ abhijjhādomanassā pāpakā akusalā dhammā anvāssaveyyuṃ, tassa saṃvarāya paṭipajjiṃ; rakkhiṃ manindriyaṃ, manindriye saṃvaraṃ āpajjiṃ. So iminā ariyena indriyasaṃvarena samannāgato ajjhattaṃ abyāsekasukhaṃ paṭisaṃvedesiṃ.
我于前行、返回之时,正知而行;于前视、旁视之时,正知而行;于屈伸肢体之时,正知而行;于受持僧伽梨、钵与衣时,正知而行;于食、饮、咀嚼、品尝之时,正知而行;于大小便利之时,正知而行;于行、住、坐、卧、醒、语、默之时,正知而行。
‘‘So abhikkante paṭikkante sampajānakārī ahosiṃ, ālokite vilokite sampajānakārī ahosiṃ, samiñjite pasārite sampajānakārī ahosiṃ, saṅghāṭipattacīvaradhāraṇe sampajānakārī ahosiṃ, asite pīte khāyite sāyite sampajānakārī ahosiṃ, uccārapassāvakamme sampajānakārī ahosiṃ, gate ṭhite nisinne sutte jāgarite bhāsite tuṇhībhāve sampajānakārī ahosiṃ.
我如此具足此圣戒蕴、具足此圣知足、具足此圣根律仪、具足此圣正念正知,便前往寂静的住处——森林、树下、山丘、峡谷、山洞、坟场、丛林、露地、草堆。我于午前乞食,食后归来,结跏趺坐,端正身体,正念安住于面前。
‘‘So iminā ca ariyena sīlakkhandhena samannāgato, (imāya ca ariyāya santuṭṭhiyā samannāgato,) iminā ca ariyena indriyasaṃvarena samannāgato, iminā ca ariyena satisampajaññena samannāgato vivittaṃ senāsanaṃ bhajiṃ araññaṃ rukkhamūlaṃ pabbataṃ kandaraṃ giriguhaṃ susānaṃ vanapatthaṃ abbhokāsaṃ palālapuñjaṃ. So pacchābhattaṃ piṇḍapātapaṭikkanto nisīdiṃ pallaṅkaṃ ābhujitvā ujuṃ kāyaṃ paṇidhāya parimukhaṃ satiṃ upaṭṭhapetvā.
我于世间舍离贪欲,以离贪之心而住,净化了内心贪欲。我舍离嗔恚与恶害,以无嗔之心而住,悲悯一切众生,净化了内心嗔恚。我舍离昏沉与睡眠,以离昏沉睡眠之心而住,安住光明想,正念正知,净化了内心昏沉睡眠。我舍离掉举与追悔,以无散乱之心而住,内心寂静,净化了内心掉举与追悔。我舍离疑惑,超越疑惑而住,于诸善法不再犹豫,净化了内心疑惑。
‘‘So abhijjhaṃ loke pahāya vigatābhijjhena cetasā vihāsiṃ, abhijjhāya cittaṃ parisodhesiṃ. Byāpādapadosaṃ pahāya abyāpannacitto vihāsiṃ sabbapāṇabhūtahitānukampī, byāpādapadosā cittaṃ parisodhesiṃ. Thinamiddhaṃ pahāya vigatathinamiddho vihāsiṃ ālokasaññī sato sampajāno, thinamiddhā cittaṃ parisodhesiṃ. Uddhaccakukkuccaṃ pahāya anuddhato vihāsiṃ ajjhattaṃ, vūpasantacitto, uddhaccakukkuccā cittaṃ parisodhesiṃ. Vicikicchaṃ pahāya tiṇṇavicikiccho vihāsiṃ akathaṃkathī kusalesu dhammesu, vicikicchāya cittaṃ parisodhesiṃ.
104他舍弃了这五种削弱智慧的内心染污——五盖,便远离感官欲乐、远离不善法,有寻有伺,由远离而生起的喜与乐,进入并安住于初禅。凭借寻与伺的止息,内心澄净,心一境性,无寻无伺,由定而生起的喜与乐,进入并安住于第二禅那。……进入并安住于第三禅那。……进入并安住于第四禅那。
‘‘So ime pañca nīvaraṇe pahāya cetaso upakkilese paññāya dubbalīkaraṇe vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja vihāsiṃ. Vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā ajjhattaṃ sampasādanaṃ cetaso ekodibhāvaṃ avitakkaṃ avicāraṃ samādhijaṃ pītisukhaṃ dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ…pe… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ… catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja vihāsiṃ.
当我的心如此入定——清净、明亮、无垢,远离随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固,安住于不动摇——我将心导向漏尽智。我如实彻知:‘这是苦’……‘这是苦的集起’……‘这是苦的息灭’……‘这是导向苦灭之道’。我如实彻知:‘这些是漏’……‘这是漏的集起’……‘这是漏的息灭’……‘这是导向漏灭之道’。如此知、如此见时,心便从欲漏、有漏、无明漏中解脱。于解脱中,生起了‘已解脱’之智。我彻知:‘生已尽,梵行已立,应作已作,不受后有。’贤友,当这样知、这样见时,于这有识之身及外在一切相中,我慢、我所慢与慢随眠已被彻底根除。
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte āsavānaṃ khayañāṇāya cittaṃ abhininnāmesiṃ. So idaṃ dukkhanti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ayaṃ dukkhasamudayoti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ayaṃ dukkhanirodhoti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadāti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ; ime āsavāti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ayaṃ āsavasamudayoti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ayaṃ āsavanirodhoti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ayaṃ āsavanirodhagāminī paṭipadāti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ. Tassa me evaṃ jānato evaṃ passato kāmāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccittha, bhavāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccittha, avijjāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccitthaः vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ ahosi. Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyāti abbhaññāsiṃ. Evaṃ kho me, āvuso, jānato evaṃ passato imasmiñca saviññāṇake kāye bahiddhā ca sabbanimittesu ahaṃkāramamaṃkāramānānusayā samūhatā’’ti . ‘‘Tassa, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno ‘sādhū’ti bhāsitaṃ abhinanditabbaṃ anumoditabbaṃ. ‘Sādhū’ti bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā evamassa vacanīyo – ‘lābhā no, āvuso, suladdhaṃ no, āvuso, ye mayaṃ āyasmantaṃ tādisaṃ sabrahmacāriṃ samanupassāmā’’’ti .
世尊如此说。比丘们心满意足,欢喜世尊所说。
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
《六清净经》终 第二
Chabbisodhanasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ dutiyaṃ.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 说法者,制定六清净的勘验标准 |
| bhikkhu aññaṃ byākaroti | 比丘 | 自宣漏尽而受勘验者(经中未具名) |
| bhikkhū | 诸比丘 | 依六事勘验的比丘众 |
事件
世尊教导比丘们,当有同修宣称自己已证得漏尽解脱时,不应立刻欢喜或排斥。他制定了一套严谨、逐层深入的勘验程序,要求提问者从“四种表达”、“五取蕴”、“六界”、“六内外处”、“慢随眠的根除”这五个角度进行追问,并核对宣称者的回答是否符合“于一切法不执取、心解脱”的标准。经文完整呈现了漏尽比丘基于从出家、持戒、修定到证慧的亲身实践所作出的标准回答,彰显了如实知见的自信。
经文摘要
勘验标准的确立 → 以四表达勘验不执取 → 以五蕴勘验离贪 → 以六界勘验无我 → 以六处勘验伏断渴爱 → 以慢随眠勘验根除修行次第。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:别急着点赞,先问清楚
这篇经一上来就打破了我们常有的“名师崇拜”。世尊说,当一个修行人宣称自己“生已尽,梵行已立,应作已作,了知不再有轮回”时,你别立刻随喜赞叹,也别立刻反感排斥。你得像个严格的质检员,用佛陀教法这套“标准答案”去一一核对。这叫“应问此问”,真理不怕问。
2. 核心:一套四步的“漏尽者灵魂拷问”
世尊给出的勘验框架,不是考记性,而是查验心是否真的在任何境界中都无黏着。这个勘验过程,可以拆成四个关卡:
* 第一关,用“视听嗅味”来勘验: 看他碰到生活中最直接的体验时,内心是什么状态。标准答案是:“于所见,我无所趋向、无所背离、无所依、无所缚、解脱、离系,以离界限之心而住。”
* → 拆开看: 这说的不是变成木头人看不到,而是看到就只是看到。心里不迎上去(无所趋向),也不推开(无所背离),不当成是“我的”靠山(无所依),不被它捆住(无所缚)。心不划界限,不贴“我喜欢/我讨厌”的标签,全然地开放、自由。
* 第二关,用“身心五蕴”来勘验: 再问他,怎么看待构成我们这个人的色、受、想、行、识。标准答案是:“我知色是无力的、离贪的、无依靠的……由于它们的尽、离贪、灭、舍弃、舍遣,我了知我心已解脱。”
* → 拆开看: 这是釜底抽薪。漏尽者不是看不见身体和感受,而是彻底看透了它们。关键是“无力的”这三个字,意味着这些五蕴现象再也没办法牵着他的鼻子走了。过去那种抓住不放的力道(趋向、执取、心的住着)已经完全“尽、离贪、灭”了,像熄火了一样,所以心自己知道“我已解脱”。
* 第三关,用“宇宙六界”来勘验: 把范围扩大,问他如何看待构成万物和自己的地、水、火、风、空、识。标准答案是:“我不将地界视为我,也不视我依于地界……我不将识界视为我,也不视我依于识界。”
* → 拆开看: 这关是在粉碎最深层的“自我感”。常人要么觉得这个身体是我的(我),要么觉得我寄居在这个身体和世界里(我依于…)。漏尽者彻底断了这两种妄见,既不在任何元素中找“我”,也不觉得“真我”住在某个地方。这就是彻底的无我。
* 第四关,回看“修行之路”,根除最细的“我慢”: 前面三关都说透了,最后让他回溯,是怎么走到这一步的。标准答案是从出家、持戒、守护根门、正念正知,一直到修习四禅,最终如实彻见四圣谛。结论是:“于此有识之身及外一切诸相,我慢、我所慢、慢随眠已被根除。”
* → 拆开看: 这是最精彩、最细腻的部分。“有识之身”就是能认知、能活动的这整个身心,“一切诸相”就是外在世界。漏尽不是毁灭身心与外界,而是在这一切之上,连一丝一毫的“我比人强、我和人平等、我不如人”这种潜藏的、根本的自我感(慢随眠)都彻底拔除了,完全清净。
* → 一句话要旨: 真正的解脱,不是得到了什么神秘体验,而是在日常的见闻觉知、身心的运作中,彻底没有了“执著”和“我在执著”的痕迹。
关键术语锚
- āsava → 漏:根本烦恼,如从疮口流出脓水。文章里有“欲漏、有漏、无明漏”。易错点:常被泛化为“烦恼”,但它特指那些维持轮回、染污心性的深层潜在倾向,是四圣谛里“苦因”的另一种高层表达。
- upādāna → 取/执取:五取蕴的“取”。易错点:不是简单的“拿”,而是心中有燃料般的强烈执取和抓取,像火需要柴才能烧,是苦的直接制造者。
- adhiṭṭhāna → 住着/决意:经文里讲“心的住着”。易错点:这个词有“决定、立场、安立处”的意思。在这里特指心在某个对象上建立起据点、盘踞不舍,这正是勘验要剥除的关键所在。
- sakkāya → 有识之身:最后的勘验处。易错点:常被简译为“身”,但指整个“身心聚合体”,尤其是“能认知的、活生生的我及我所”这个经验整体,我慢都是围绕着这个“有识之身”生起的。
- anusaya → 随眠:烦恼的潜伏状态,如沉睡的野兽。易错点:区别于表面爆发的烦恼,它是深埋在习性里的倾向性惯性能量。勘验的最终,是要确认连这种“眠”状的“我慢”都断了,而不仅仅是没发脾气。