66如是我闻:一时,世尊住在俱卢国一个名为剑磨瑟昙的俱卢镇子。于其处,世尊召唤诸比丘:“诸比丘。”那些比丘回应世尊:“尊者。”世尊如是说:“诸比丘,诸欲无常、空虚、虚妄,是欺诳之法。诸比丘,那犹如幻术所成,是愚者的痴语。无论现世的诸欲,还是来世的诸欲;无论现世的欲想,还是来世的欲想——这两者皆是魔的领域,魔的疆土,魔的诱饵,魔的行境。在此之处,那些邪恶不善的心念,如贪求、嗔恚、敌意等便会生起。于这法中修学的圣弟子而言,这些便成为障碍。诸比丘,对此,圣弟子应作如是省察:‘无论现世的诸欲,还是来世的诸欲;无论现世的欲想,还是来世的欲想——这两者皆是魔的领域,魔的疆土,魔的诱饵,魔的行境。在此之处,那些邪恶不善的心念,如贪求、嗔恚、敌意等便会生起,于这法中修学的圣弟子而言,这些便成为障碍。那么,我何不以广大、开阔之心安住,以心胜解超越世间而确立于此?当我以广大、开阔之心安住,以心胜解超越世间而确立于此之时,那些邪恶不善的心念——贪求、嗔恚、敌意——便不会生起。藉由舍断它们,我的心便不再狭小,转而成为无量、善修习的。’当他如此修习、如此反复安住时,心便对那境地生起净信。在净信之中,他或于现法证入不动,或以智慧胜解,于身坏命终之后,便有如是可能:那导向该处的识,会往生不动。诸比丘,此即名为第一种适切不动的行道。”
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā kurūsu viharati kammāsadhammaṃ nāma kurūnaṃ nigamo. Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘bhikkhavo’’ti. ‘‘Bhadante’’ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca – ‘‘aniccā, bhikkhave, kāmā tucchā musā mosadhammā. Māyākatame taṃ, bhikkhave, bālalāpanaṃ. Ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmā, ye ca samparāyikā kāmā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmasaññā, yā ca samparāyikā kāmasaññā – ubhayametaṃ māradheyyaṃ, mārassesa visayo, mārassesa nivāpo, mārassesa gocaro. Etthete pāpakā akusalā mānasā abhijjhāpi byāpādāpi sārambhāpi saṃvattanti. Teva ariyasāvakassa idhamanusikkhato antarāyāya sambhavanti. Tatra, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmā, ye ca samparāyikā kāmā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmasaññā, yā ca samparāyikā kāmasaññā – ubhayametaṃ māradheyyaṃ, mārassesa visayo, mārassesa nivāpo, mārassesa gocaro. Etthete pāpakā akusalā mānasā abhijjhāpi byāpādāpi sārambhāpi saṃvattanti, teva ariyasāvakassa idhamanusikkhato antarāyāya sambhavanti. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ vipulena mahaggatena cetasā vihareyyaṃ abhibhuyya lokaṃ adhiṭṭhāya manasā. Vipulena hi me mahaggatena cetasā viharato abhibhuyya lokaṃ adhiṭṭhāya manasā ye pāpakā akusalā mānasā abhijjhāpi byāpādāpi sārambhāpi te na bhavissanti. Tesaṃ pahānā aparittañca me cittaṃ bhavissati appamāṇaṃ subhāvita’nti. Tassa evaṃpaṭipannassa tabbahulavihārino āyatane cittaṃ pasīdati. Sampasāde sati etarahi vā āneñjaṃ samāpajjati paññāya vā adhimuccati kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā. Ṭhānametaṃ vijjati yaṃ taṃsaṃvattanikaṃ viññāṇaṃ assa āneñjūpagaṃ. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, paṭhamā āneñjasappāyā paṭipadā akkhāyati’’.
“再者,比丘们,圣弟子这样省察:‘不论现世之欲乐还是来世之欲乐,不论现世之欲想还是来世之欲想;凡任何色(即一切色),皆是四大种及四大种所造之色。’当他如此修习并数数安住时,心便对该境界生起净信。由净信故,他或于现生证入不动,或以慧胜解;于身坏命终之后,将有导向趣向不动之识生起,这是可能的。比丘们,这便称为第二种趣向不动的行道。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmā, ye ca samparāyikā kāmā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmasaññā , yā ca samparāyikā kāmasaññā; yaṃ kiñci rūpaṃ (sabbaṃ rūpaṃ) cattāri ca mahābhūtāni, catunnañca mahābhūtānaṃ upādāyarūpa’nti. Tassa evaṃpaṭipannassa tabbahulavihārino āyatane cittaṃ pasīdati. Sampasāde sati etarahi vā āneñjaṃ samāpajjati paññāya vā adhimuccati kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā. Ṭhānametaṃ vijjati yaṃ taṃsaṃvattanikaṃ viññāṇaṃ assa āneñjūpagaṃ. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, dutiyā āneñjasappāyā paṭipadā akkhāyati.
68“再者,诸比丘,圣弟子这样省察:‘无论是现世的欲乐,还是来世的欲乐;无论是现世的欲想,还是来世的欲想;无论是现世的色,还是来世的色;无论是现世的色想,还是来世的色想——这一切都是无常的。凡是无常的,便不值得欢喜,不值得欢迎,不值得执取。’当他如此修习并常安住于此,心便对该境界生起净信。有了净信,他或在今生即证入不动,或以智慧胜解;于身坏命终之后,会有导向不动的识生起——这是可能的。诸比丘,这被称为第三种适合于不动的修行方法。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmā, ye ca samparāyikā kāmā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmasaññā, yā ca samparāyikā kāmasaññā; ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā rūpā, ye ca samparāyikā rūpā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā rūpasaññā, yā ca samparāyikā rūpasaññā – ubhayametaṃ aniccaṃ. Yadaniccaṃ taṃ nālaṃ abhinandituṃ, nālaṃ abhivadituṃ, nālaṃ ajjhositu’nti. Tassa evaṃpaṭipannassa tabbahulavihārino āyatane cittaṃ pasīdati. Sampasāde sati etarahi vā āneñjaṃ samāpajjati paññāya vā adhimuccati kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā. Ṭhānametaṃ vijjati yaṃ taṃsaṃvattanikaṃ viññāṇaṃ assa āneñjūpagaṃ. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, tatiyā āneñjasappāyā paṭipadā akkhāyati.
70再者,诸比丘,圣弟子这样省察:‘无论是现世的欲乐,还是来世的欲乐;无论是现世的欲想,还是来世的欲想;无论是现世的色,还是来世的色;无论是现世的色想,还是来世的色想,乃至不动想——这一切都是想。而这些想无余灭尽之处,即是寂静、殊胜的,那就是无所有处。’当他如此修习并常安住于此,心便对该境界生起净信。有了净信,他或在今生即证入无所有处,或以智慧胜解;于身坏命终之后,会有导向无所有处的识生起——这是可能的。诸比丘,这被称为第一种适合于无所有处的修行方法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmā, ye ca samparāyikā kāmā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmasaññā, yā ca samparāyikā kāmasaññā; ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā rūpā, ye ca samparāyikā rūpā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā rūpasaññā, yā ca samparāyikā rūpasaññā; yā ca āneñjasaññā – sabbā saññā. Yatthetā aparisesā nirujjhanti etaṃ santaṃ etaṃ paṇītaṃ – yadidaṃ ākiñcaññāyatana’nti. Tassa evaṃpaṭipannassa tabbahulavihārino āyatane cittaṃ pasīdati. Sampasāde sati etarahi vā ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samāpajjati paññāya vā adhimuccati kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā. Ṭhānametaṃ vijjati yaṃ taṃsaṃvattanikaṃ viññāṇaṃ assa ākiñcaññāyatanūpagaṃ. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, paṭhamā ākiñcaññāyatanasappāyā paṭipadā akkhāyati.
69再者,诸比丘,圣弟子前往林野、树下或空闲处,这样省察:‘此处无我,亦无我所。’当他如此修习并常安住于此,心便对该境界生起净信。有了净信,他或在今生即证入无所有处,或以智慧胜解;于身坏命终之后,会有导向无所有处的识生起——这是可能的。诸比丘,这被称为第二种适合于无所有处的修行方法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako araññagato vā rukkhamūlagato vā suññāgāragato vā iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘suññamidaṃ attena vā attaniyena vā’ti. Tassa evaṃpaṭipannassa tabbahulavihārino āyatane cittaṃ pasīdati. Sampasāde sati etarahi vā ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samāpajjati paññāya vā adhimuccati kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā. Ṭhānametaṃ vijjati yaṃ taṃsaṃvattanikaṃ viññāṇaṃ assa ākiñcaññāyatanūpagaṃ. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, dutiyā ākiñcaññāyatanasappāyā paṭipadā akkhāyati.
再者,诸比丘,圣弟子这样省察:‘我不属于任何地方的任何人,也没有任何地方的任何物属于我。’当他如此实践、常常安住于此,心便对此处生起净信。有了净信,他或者就在今世证入无所有处,或者以智慧胜解,于身坏命终后,会有识趣向无所有处,这是可能的。诸比丘,这称为第三种适合无所有处的修行方法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘nāhaṃ kvacani kassaci kiñcanatasmiṃ , na ca mama kvacani kismiñci kiñcanaṃ natthī’ti. Tassa evaṃpaṭipannassa tabbahulavihārino āyatane cittaṃ pasīdati. Sampasāde sati etarahi vā ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samāpajjati paññāya vā adhimuccati kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā. Ṭhānametaṃ vijjati yaṃ taṃsaṃvattanikaṃ viññāṇaṃ assa ākiñcaññāyatanūpagaṃ. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, tatiyā ākiñcaññāyatanasappāyā paṭipadā akkhāyati.
67“再者,诸比丘,圣弟子这样省察:‘现世的欲乐与来世的欲乐,现世的欲想与来世的欲想,现世的色与来世的色,现世的色想与来世的色想,还有不动想与无所有处想——所有这一切都是想。这些想无余灭尽之处,那才是寂静的、殊胜的,也就是非想非非想处。’当他如此实践、常常安住于此,心便对此处生起净信。有了净信,他或者就在今世证入非想非非想处,或者以智慧胜解,于身坏命终后,会有识趣向非想非非想处,这是可能的。诸比丘,这称为适合非想非非想处的修行方法。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmā, ye ca samparāyikā kāmā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmasaññā, yā ca samparāyikā kāmasaññā; ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā rūpā, ye ca samparāyikā rūpā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā rūpasaññā, yā ca samparāyikā rūpasaññā ; yā ca āneñjasaññā, yā ca ākiñcaññāyatanasaññā – sabbā saññā. Yatthetā aparisesā nirujjhanti etaṃ santaṃ etaṃ paṇītaṃ – yadidaṃ nevasaññānāsaññāyatana’nti. Tassa evaṃpaṭipannassa tabbahulavihārino āyatane cittaṃ pasīdati. Sampasāde sati etarahi vā nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ samāpajjati paññāya vā adhimuccati kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā. Ṭhānametaṃ vijjati yaṃ taṃsaṃvattanikaṃ viññāṇaṃ assa nevasaññānāsaññāyatanūpagaṃ. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, nevasaññānāsaññāyatanasappāyā paṭipadā akkhāyatī’’ti.
71听了这话,阿难尊者对世尊说:‘尊者,这里有一位比丘这样修行:“或许没有我,或许没有我所;将没有我,将没有我所;凡是存在的、已生的,我都舍断。”这样,他获得舍心。尊者,这样的比丘会般涅槃,还是不会般涅槃?’‘阿难,有些比丘会般涅槃,有些比丘不会般涅槃。’‘尊者,是什么因缘,使得一些比丘会般涅槃,另一些比丘不会般涅槃呢?’‘阿难,这位比丘如此修行:“或许没有我,或许没有我所……”他获得舍心后,对这舍心欢喜、欢迎、执取不舍。当他对这舍心欢喜、欢迎、执取不舍时,识便依止这舍心,执取这舍心。阿难,有执取的比丘不会般涅槃。’‘尊者,那么这位比丘执取时,执取在哪里呢?’‘阿难,非想非非想处。’‘尊者,这么说来,这位比丘执取的是最高的所取吗?’‘是的,阿难,这位比丘执取的是最高的所取。阿难,这最高的所取,正是非想非非想处。’
Evaṃ vutte, āyasmā ānando bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘idha, bhante, bhikkhu evaṃ paṭipanno hoti – ‘no cassa, no ca me siyā; na bhavissati, na me bhavissati; yadatthi yaṃ, bhūtaṃ – taṃ pajahāmī’ti. Evaṃ upekkhaṃ paṭilabhati. Parinibbāyeyya nu kho so, bhante, bhikkhu na vā parinibbāyeyyā’’ti? ‘‘Apetthekacco, ānanda, bhikkhu parinibbāyeyya, apetthekacco bhikkhu na parinibbāyeyyā’’ti. ‘‘Ko nu kho, bhante, hetu ko paccayo yenapetthekacco bhikkhu parinibbāyeyya, apetthekacco bhikkhu na parinibbāyeyyā’’ti? ‘‘Idhānanda, bhikkhu evaṃ paṭipanno hoti – ‘no cassa, no ca me siyā; na bhavissati, na me bhavissati; yadatthi, yaṃ bhūtaṃ – taṃ pajahāmī’ti. Evaṃ upekkhaṃ paṭilabhati. So taṃ upekkhaṃ abhinandati, abhivadati, ajjhosāya tiṭṭhati. Tassa taṃ upekkhaṃ abhinandato abhivadato ajjhosāya tiṭṭhato tannissitaṃ hoti viññāṇaṃ tadupādānaṃ. Saupādāno, ānanda, bhikkhu na parinibbāyatī’’ti. ‘‘Kahaṃ pana so, bhante, bhikkhu upādiyamāno upādiyatī’’ti? ‘‘Nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ, ānandā’’ti. ‘‘Upādānaseṭṭhaṃ kira so, bhante, bhikkhu upādiyamāno upādiyatī’’ti? ‘‘Upādānaseṭṭhañhi so, ānanda, bhikkhu upādiyamāno upādiyati. Upādānaseṭṭhañhetaṃ, ānanda, yadidaṃ – nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ’’.
72阿难,在此,有比丘这样修习:‘若没有,则不是我的;若将没有,则将不是我的。凡是存在、已生起的,我悉皆舍弃。’如此,他便获得舍心。他不喜欢、不欢迎、不执取那种舍心。当他对此舍心不喜欢、不欢迎、不执取时,识便不依着、不执取那种舍心。阿难,那无取的比丘即般涅槃。
‘‘Idhānanda, bhikkhu evaṃ paṭipanno hoti – ‘no cassa, no ca me siyā; na bhavissati, na me bhavissati; yadatthi, yaṃ bhūtaṃ – taṃ pajahāmī’ti. Evaṃ upekkhaṃ paṭilabhati. So taṃ upekkhaṃ nābhinandati, nābhivadati, na ajjhosāya tiṭṭhati. Tassa taṃ upekkhaṃ anabhinandato anabhivadato anajjhosāya tiṭṭhato na tannissitaṃ hoti viññāṇaṃ na tadupādānaṃ. Anupādāno, ānanda, bhikkhu parinibbāyatī’’ti.
73“真是稀有,尊者!真是奇妙,尊者!世尊依凭这些,为我们开示了渡越暴流。然而尊者,什么是圣解脱呢?”“阿难,于此,圣弟子这样省察:‘现世诸欲、来世诸欲;现世欲想、来世欲想;现世诸色、来世诸色;现世色想、来世色想;不动想、无所有处想、非想非非想处想——凡此即是有身,凡有身皆在此内。这便是无死,也就是由无取著而心解脱。’阿难,如此,我开示了适于不动的行道,开示了适于无所有处的行道,开示了适于非想非非想处的行道,开示了依凭这些而渡越暴流,开示了圣解脱。阿难,凡导师为利益弟子、出于悲悯而应做的,我都已为你们做了。阿难,这里有这些树下,这里有这些空屋。阿难,修习禅那吧,不要放逸,以免将来追悔。这是我们对你们的教诫。”
‘‘Acchariyaṃ, bhante, abbhutaṃ, bhante! Nissāya nissāya kira no, bhante, bhagavatā oghassa nittharaṇā akkhātā. Katamo pana, bhante, ariyo vimokkho’’ti? ‘‘Idhānanda, bhikkhu ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmā, ye ca samparāyikā kāmā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā kāmasaññā, yā ca samparāyikā kāmasaññā; ye ca diṭṭhadhammikā rūpā, ye ca samparāyikā rūpā; yā ca diṭṭhadhammikā rūpasaññā, yā ca samparāyikā rūpasaññā; yā ca āneñjasaññā, yā ca ākiñcaññāyatanasaññā , yā ca nevasaññānāsaññāyatanasaññā – esa sakkāyo yāvatā sakkāyo. Etaṃ amataṃ yadidaṃ anupādā cittassa vimokkho. Iti, kho, ānanda, desitā mayā āneñjasappāyā paṭipadā, desitā ākiñcaññāyatanasappāyā paṭipadā, desitā nevasaññānāsaññāyatanasappāyā paṭipadā, desitā nissāya nissāya oghassa nittharaṇā, desito ariyo vimokkho. Yaṃ kho, ānanda, satthārā karaṇīyaṃ sāvakānaṃ hitesinā anukampakena anukampaṃ upādāya, kataṃ vo taṃ mayā. Etāni, ānanda, rukkhamūlāni, etāni suññāgārāni. Jhāyathānanda, mā pamādattha, mā pacchā vippaṭisārino ahuvattha. Ayaṃ vo amhākaṃ anusāsanī’’’ti.
世尊如此说已。阿难尊者心生欢喜,对世尊的开示欣然信受。
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamano āyasmā ānando bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandīti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 说法者 |
| Bhikkhū | 比丘 | 闻法众 |
| Ānanda | 阿难 | 提问者(经文后半段) |
事件
世尊为比丘说法,指出诸欲为无常、欺诳之法。他逐层递进地开示了三种“适合不动的道”、三种“适合无所有处的道”以及一种“适合非想非非想处的道”,指导比丘透过省察超越欲想、色想,乃至无色界的高等禅想。最后,阿难尊者提问,世尊澄清了执取于最高境界会妨碍涅槃,唯有彻底无取才是真正的圣解脱。
经文摘要
观察欲的无常本质(A),次第修习超越色界与无色界想(B),通过舍离对一切境界的执著,达到心的无取解脱(C)。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:一切“好感觉”都是陷阱
这部经一开始,佛陀就一针见血地指出我们拼命追求的各种感官享受和心灵快感,本质上都是不稳定、靠不住的,他直接说“诸欲是无常的、空虚的、虚妄的、欺诳法”。这些东西被比喻为“魔的领域”,就像一块肥美的诱饵,一旦我们贪著其上,愤怒、嫉妒等等烦恼就全来了,成为精神成长的巨大障碍。圣弟子就是要看清这个大坑,决心从里面跳出来。
2. 核心:层层递进,想也要放下
搞清楚欲界的麻烦后,佛陀教了一条逐步上路的修行地图。他不光让你看破粗的欲望,连禅修中精妙的“色想”、深邃的“不动想”,甚至更高层的“无所有处想”、“非想非非想处想”,都要一个个看清、超越。经文里反复出现的核心操作是:“凡是无常的,那不值得欢喜,不值得欢迎,不值得执取。”
→ 拆开看:“无常的”不只指会坏掉,更指一切由条件构成的东西,都处于变化逼迫中,是“没底的”。佛陀让你对它们产生“不欢喜、不欢迎、不执取”三步曲:先在心理上不跟它玩、不把它当自己家,再从行动上不回头看、不向它走,最后从根本心理捆绑里彻底松绑。这不是讨厌它们,而是彻底看穿它们的局限,不再以它们为寄托,心就自然安住在更加自由、安稳的状态里。
3. 要旨:连最微妙的执著也要放下
在阿难和佛陀的对话里,重点被推到极致。即便修行到“非想非非想处”这种极精微的存在状态,如果内心对它产生欢喜和执取,佛陀明说:“有取的比丘不般涅槃。”阿难因此惊叹这是对最顶级的执取。佛陀则补上最后一刀:真正的“圣解脱”是“由于无取而心解脱”,就是对一切存在、一切境界彻底不抓取。这是对前面所有修行路径的最终定调——方法可以一步步走,但任何一步都不能当成终点,不能将其据为己有。
→ 一句话要旨:修行不是抓取一个更高级、更精微的三界之物,而是彻底停止对任何东西的执取。
关键术语锚
- vihāra → 住/安住(心境)
→ 易错:本经中“以无量的心而住”的“住”不是指物理居住,而是指一种持续安住于特定心境或修行成就中的内在状态。
- saññā → 想
→ 易错:经中“欲想、色想、不动想”的“想”,不是普通“思想”或“想象”,而是指对各种存在层面(欲界、色界、无色界)的感知与概念化标签,是心对所缘贴标签的功能。
- viññāṇa → 识
→ 易错:“导向于彼的识会趣向不动”的“识”,在此特指人死后,由执取和渴爱驱动而投生到相应境界的“结生识”,不只是日常感知,是生死相续的核心。
- upādāna → 取
→ 易错:佛陀判定“不般涅槃”的关键。不是表面上的“拿取”,而是心灵深处对法、对境界的强烈认同、依赖和执着。哪怕是执取最高的禅定境界,也是“取”,是系缚。
- bhava → 有
→ 易错:“此是有身,凡有身之所及”的“有”,指一切存在形态、生存状态。执取(“取”)会直接导向新的“有”(再次投生到某个界),是缘起链的关键一环。