473如是我闻:一时,世尊与大比丘僧团一起,在憍萨罗国游化。那时,有一位名叫达南佳尼的婆罗门女,住在禅佳利咖巴村,她对佛、法、僧怀有深信。有一天,达南佳尼婆罗门女脚下打了个趔趄,随即三次发出这样的感叹:“礼敬彼世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者!礼敬彼世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者!礼敬彼世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者!”
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā kosalesu cārikaṃ carati mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ. Tena kho pana samayena dhanañjānī nāma brāhmaṇī cañcalikappe paṭivasati abhippasannā buddhe ca dhamme ca saṅghe ca. Atha kho dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī upakkhalitvā tikkhattuṃ udānaṃ udānesi – ‘‘namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa. Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa. Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassā’’ti .
那时,有一位名叫伤歌逻的学童,住在旃佳利卡巴村。他年方十六,新近剃度,已精通三吠陀,兼通词汇汇编、仪轨、音韵与第五项史诗传说,是一位通晓语法、善解文句,于世间学说与大人相亦无所欠缺的人。伤歌逻学童听到达南佳尼婆罗门女正在说这样的话,听后便对她说:“这位达南佳尼婆罗门女真是低贱,真是堕落啊!明明有精通三吠陀的婆罗门在,她却去称赞那个剃了头的沙门。”达南佳尼婆罗门女回答:“亲爱的孩子,你并不了解彼世尊的戒行与智慧。亲爱的孩子,你若了解彼世尊的戒行与智慧,便不会认为他应当被辱骂、应当被诽谤了。”“那么,尊敬的女士,如果那位沙门乔达摩来到旃佳利卡巴村,请您告诉我。”“好的,孩子。”达南佳尼婆罗门女这样应允了伤歌逻学童。
Tena kho pana samayena saṅgāravo nāma māṇavo cañcalikappe paṭivasati tiṇṇaṃ vedānaṃ pāragū sanighaṇḍukeṭubhānaṃ sākkharappabhedānaṃ itihāsapañcamānaṃ , padako, veyyākaraṇo, lokāyatamahāpurisalakkhaṇesu anavayo. Assosi kho saṅgāravo māṇavo dhanañjāniyā brāhmaṇiyā evaṃ vācaṃ bhāsamānāya. Sutvā dhanañjāniṃ brāhmaṇiṃ etadavoca – ‘‘avabhūtāva ayaṃ dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī, parabhūtāva ayaṃ dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī, vijjamānānaṃ (tevijjānaṃ) brāhmaṇānaṃ, atha ca pana tassa muṇḍakassa samaṇakassa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsissatī’’ti . ‘‘Na hi pana tvaṃ, tāta bhadramukha, tassa bhagavato sīlapaññāṇaṃ jānāsi. Sace tvaṃ, tāta bhadramukha, tassa bhagavato sīlapaññāṇaṃ jāneyyāsi, na tvaṃ, tāta bhadramukha, taṃ bhagavantaṃ akkositabbaṃ paribhāsitabbaṃ maññeyyāsī’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi, bhoti, yadā samaṇo gotamo cañcalikappaṃ anuppatto hoti atha me āroceyyāsī’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bhadramukhā’’ti kho dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī saṅgāravassa māṇavassa paccassosi.
那时,世尊在憍萨罗国次第游行,抵达禅佳利咖巴村。在那里,世尊住于禅佳利咖巴村的多德亚婆罗门芒果园中。达南佳尼婆罗门女听说:“听说世尊已到达禅佳利咖巴村,正住在多德亚婆罗门的芒果园中。”于是,达南佳尼婆罗门女便往伤歌逻学童处;到了之后,对伤歌逻学童这样说道:“亲爱的贤面童子,彼世尊已抵达禅佳利咖巴村,正住在多德亚婆罗门的芒果园中。亲爱的贤面童子,现在若您认为是时候了,便请前往吧。”
Atha kho bhagavā kosalesu anupubbena cārikaṃ caramāno yena cañcalikappaṃ tadavasari. Tatra sudaṃ bhagavā cañcalikappe viharati todeyyānaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ ambavane. Assosi kho dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī – ‘‘bhagavā kira cañcalikappaṃ anuppatto, cañcalikappe viharati todeyyānaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ ambavane’’ti. Atha kho dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī yena saṅgāravo māṇavo tenupasaṅkami ; upasaṅkamitvā saṅgāravaṃ māṇavaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ayaṃ, tāta bhadramukha, so bhagavā cañcalikappaṃ anuppatto, cañcalikappe viharati todeyyānaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ ambavane. Yassadāni, tāta bhadramukha, kālaṃ maññasī’’ti.
474“好的,女士。”伤歌逻学童应允了达南佳尼婆罗门女后,便去世尊那里。到了之后,与世尊互相问候。互致欢喜的问候、叙说令人愉悦的话语之后,他在一旁坐下。在一旁坐下的伤歌逻学童对世尊这样说:“乔达摩尊者,有一些沙门和婆罗门,宣称已亲证现法智的终极彼岸,达到了梵行的根本。乔达摩尊者,在这些宣称已亲证现法智的终极彼岸、达到梵行根本的沙门和婆罗门之中,乔达摩尊者您属于哪一种呢?”世尊回答:“婆罗堕阇,对于这些宣称已亲证现法智的终极彼岸、达到梵行根本的人,我说他们之间是有差别的。婆罗堕阇,有一些沙门和婆罗门是传承者。他们凭借传承,宣称已亲证现法智的终极彼岸,达到了梵行的根本,如同那些精通三吠陀的婆罗门一样。然而,婆罗堕阇,还有一些沙门和婆罗门,仅仅凭借纯粹的信仰,宣称已亲证现法智的终极彼岸、达到梵行的根本,如同那些逻辑推论者和思辨者一般。婆罗堕阇,另有一些沙门和婆罗门,对于前所未闻的诸法,由自己亲自证知了法,从而宣称已亲证现法智的终极彼岸、达到梵行的根本。婆罗堕阇,在这些于前所未闻的诸法上,靠自己亲自证知了法,从而宣称已亲证现法智的终极彼岸、达到梵行根本的沙门和婆罗门之中,我就是其中之一。婆罗堕阇,由此也应以这个道理来理解:在那些于前所未闻的诸法上,靠自己亲自证知了法,从而宣称已亲证现法智的终极彼岸、达到梵行根本的沙门和婆罗门之中,我就是其中之一。”
‘‘Evaṃ, bho’’ti kho saṅgāravo māṇavo dhanañjāniyā brāhmaṇiyā paṭissutvā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho saṅgāravo māṇavo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘santi kho, bho gotama, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti. Tatra, bho gotama, ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti, tesaṃ bhavaṃ gotamo katamo’’ti? ‘‘Diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattānaṃ, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānantānampi kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, vemattaṃ vadāmi. Santi, bhāradvāja, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā anussavikā. Te anussavena diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti; seyyathāpi brāhmaṇā tevijjā. Santi pana, bhāradvāja, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā kevalaṃ saddhāmattakena diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti; seyyathāpi takkī vīmaṃsī. Santi, bhāradvāja, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu sāmaṃyeva dhammaṃ abhiññāya diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti. Tatra, bhāradvāja, ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu sāmaṃyeva dhammaṃ abhiññāya diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti, tesāhamasmi. Tadamināpetaṃ, bhāradvāja, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ, yathā ye te samaṇabrāhmaṇā pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu sāmaṃyeva dhammaṃ abhiññāya diṭṭhadhammābhiññāvosānapāramippattā, ādibrahmacariyaṃ paṭijānanti, tesāhamasmi.
475婆罗堕阇,在我证悟之前——当我尚未证悟,还是菩萨的时候——我心中生起了这样的想法:“在家生活是狭窄逼仄的,是一条尘垢之路;出家则如广阔空旷的天地。居于家中,想要修习那绝对圆满、绝对清净,如同磨光的贝壳般的梵行,实非易事。我何不剃除须发,身着袈裟,从在家生活出家,走向无家呢?”于是,婆罗堕阇,在那之后过了一些时日,我虽然还很年轻,有着乌黑的头发,正值青春年少、风华正茂的人生第一阶段,我的父母却并不愿意,他们泪流满面地哭泣着——即便如此,我还是剃除了须发,身着袈裟,从在家生活出家,走向了无家。如此出家之后,为了寻求那善法,为了探求无上的寂静境界,我便去往阿喇喇·咖喇马的住处。到了之后,我对阿喇喇·咖喇马这样说:“咖喇马贤友,我想在这法与律中修习梵行。”婆罗堕阇,听了这话,阿喇喇·咖喇马对我这样说:“尊者请住下吧。这法正是如此——一个有智慧的人,不久便能以自己的亲证,去实现并安住在他自己老师的教导中。”婆罗堕阇,在那之后不久,我便很快地全然掌握了那个法。婆罗堕阇,那时,仅凭着动动嘴唇、反复言说,我自己以及其他人便这样宣称:“我讲的是智者的主张,我知长老的说法,我知,我见。”婆罗堕阇,那时我心中便想:“阿喇喇·咖喇马并非仅仅凭着单纯的信仰,就声明‘我是靠着自己的亲证,去实现并安住在这个法上的’;阿喇喇·咖喇马确确实实是在知见着这个法而安住的。”
‘‘Idha me, bhāradvāja, pubbeva sambodhā anabhisambuddhassa bodhisattasseva sato etadahosi – ‘sambādho gharāvāso rajāpatho, abbhokāso pabbajjā. Nayidaṃ sukaraṃ agāraṃ ajjhāvasatā ekantaparipuṇṇaṃ ekantaparisuddhaṃ saṅkhalikhitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ carituṃ. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajeyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, aparena samayena daharova samāno susukāḷakeso bhadrena yobbanena samannāgato paṭhamena vayasā akāmakānaṃ mātāpitūnaṃ assumukhānaṃ rudantānaṃ kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajiṃ. So evaṃ pabbajito samāno kiṃkusalagavesī anuttaraṃ santivarapadaṃ pariyesamāno yena āḷāro kālāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā āḷāraṃ kālāmaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘icchāmahaṃ, āvuso kālāma, imasmiṃ dhammavinaye brahmacariyaṃ caritu’nti. Evaṃ vutte, bhāradvāja, āḷāro kālāmo maṃ etadavoca – ‘viharatāyasmā. Tādiso ayaṃ dhammo yattha viññū puriso nacirasseva sakaṃ ācariyakaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihareyyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇiṃ. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, tāvatakeneva oṭṭhapahatamattena lapitalāpanamattena ‘ñāṇavādañca vadāmi, theravādañca jānāmi, passāmī’ti ca paṭijānāmi, ahañceva aññe ca. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘na kho āḷāro kālāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ kevalaṃ saddhāmattakena sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedeti; addhā āḷāro kālāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ jānaṃ passaṃ viharatī’ti.
于是,婆罗堕阇,我便前往阿喇喇·咖喇马那里。到了之后,我对阿喇喇·咖喇马这样说:‘咖喇马贤友,您宣称依自己亲证、体证而安住于此法,究竟达到了怎样的程度?’ 婆罗堕阇,听了此话,阿喇喇·咖喇马便宣说了无所有处的境界。 婆罗堕阇,那时我心里想:‘并非只有阿喇喇·咖喇马具备信心,我也具备信心;并非只有阿喇喇·咖喇马具备精进……具备念……具备定……具备慧,我也具备慧。既然如此,我何不为了亲证阿喇喇·咖喇马所宣称依自己亲证、体证而安住的那个法,而精勤努力呢?’ 于是,婆罗堕阇,不久之后,我很快便依自己亲证、体证而安住于那个法了。 随后,婆罗堕阇,我又去见阿喇喇·咖喇马。到了之后,我对阿喇喇·咖喇马这样说:‘咖喇马贤友,您宣称依自己亲证、体证而安住于此法,就是到此程度吗?’ ‘贤友,我宣称依自己亲证、体证而安住于此法,正是到此程度。’ ‘贤友,我也是依自己亲证、体证而安住于此法,达到了这个程度。’ ‘贤友,我们确实获得了大利益!贤友,我们实在获得了大利益!能见到像您这样的同修梵行者。正是如此,我所亲证、体证并宣说安住的法,恰是您所亲证、体证而安住的法;而您所亲证、体证而安住的法,也正是我所亲证、体证并宣说安住的法。因此,我所了知的法,正是您所了知的法;您所了知的法,正是我所了知的法。因此,我的境界如何,您便如何;您的境界如何,我亦如何。来吧,贤友,从今以后,我们两人共同统领这个团体吧。’ 就这样,婆罗堕阇,我的老师阿喇喇·咖喇马,将我这个弟子抬举到与他完全平等的地位,并且以极为隆厚的礼遇对待我。 婆罗堕阇,那时我心中思惟:‘这个法并不导向厌离,不导向离欲,不导向灭尽,不导向寂静,不导向证智,不导向正觉,不导向涅槃,最多只是导向往生到无所有处天而已。’ 于是,婆罗堕阇,我对那个法未生起向往,对它生起了厌离,便离去了。
‘‘Atha khvāhaṃ, bhāradvāja, yena āḷāro kālāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā āḷāraṃ kālāmaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘kittāvatā no, āvuso kālāma, imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesī’ti? Evaṃ vutte, bhāradvāja, āḷāro kālāmo ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ pavedesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘na kho āḷārasseva kālāmassa atthi saddhā, mayhaṃpatthi saddhā; na kho āḷārasseva kālāmassa atthi vīriyaṃ…pe… sati… samādhi… paññā, mayhaṃpatthi paññā. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ yaṃ dhammaṃ āḷāro kālāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedeti tassa dhammassa sacchikiriyāya padaheyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihāsiṃ. Atha khvāhaṃ, bhāradvāja, yena āḷāro kālāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā āḷāraṃ kālāmaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘ettāvatā no, āvuso kālāma, imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesī’ti? ‘Ettāvatā kho ahaṃ, āvuso, imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedemī’ti. ‘Ahampi kho, āvuso, ettāvatā imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmī’ti. ‘Lābhā no, āvuso, suladdhaṃ no, āvuso, ye mayaṃ āyasmantaṃ tādisaṃ sabrahmacāriṃ passāma. Iti yāhaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedemi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi; yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi tamahaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedemi. Iti yāhaṃ dhammaṃ jānāmi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi, yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi tamahaṃ dhammaṃ jānāmi . Iti yādiso ahaṃ tādiso tuvaṃ, yādiso tuvaṃ tādiso ahaṃ. Ehi dāni, āvuso, ubhova santā imaṃ gaṇaṃ pariharāmā’ti. Iti kho, bhāradvāja, āḷāro kālāmo ācariyo me samāno attano antevāsiṃ maṃ samānaṃ attanā samasamaṃ ṭhapesi, uḷārāya ca maṃ pūjāya pūjesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘nāyaṃ dhammo nibbidāya na virāgāya na nirodhāya na upasamāya na abhiññāya na sambodhāya na nibbānāya saṃvattati, yāvadeva ākiñcaññāyatanūpapattiyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, taṃ dhammaṃ analaṅkaritvā tasmā dhammā nibbijja apakkamiṃ.
476婆罗堕阇,那时,我这个一直在寻求何为善、追寻无上寂静殊胜境界的人,便前往拜见伍达咖·喇嘛子。到了之后,我对伍达咖·喇嘛子说:‘朋友,我想在这法与律中修习梵行。’婆罗堕阇,我这样说了之后,伍达咖·喇嘛子便对我说:‘尊者,请您安住于此吧。这个法如此殊胜,一位有智慧的人无须多久,便能亲自证知、体证并安住于自己师长的教法中。’婆罗堕阇,我不久便迅速掌握了那个法。然后,婆罗堕阇,仅凭着那种如同鹦鹉学舌的重复与夸夸其谈,我便宣称自己通达了智者的言说,领悟了长老的教法,并声称‘我知,我见’,其他人也如此声称。接着,婆罗堕阇,我心中生起这样的思惟:‘喇嘛绝非仅仅凭着盲目的信念,便宣称自己亲证、体证并安住于此法;他必定是确实知、确实见此法而安住的。’于是,婆罗堕阇,我便再次去拜见伍达咖·喇嘛子,到了之后,我对伍达咖·喇嘛子说:‘朋友,喇嘛究竟证得了何等境界,而宣称自己亲证、体证并安住于此法呢?’婆罗堕阇,我这样问了之后,伍达咖·喇嘛子向我开示了非想非非想处的境界。那时,我心中生起这样的思惟:‘并非唯有喇嘛具足信心,我亦有信心;并非唯有喇嘛具足精进……正念……定……慧……’
‘‘So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, kiṃkusalagavesī anuttaraṃ santivarapadaṃ pariyesamāno yena udako rāmaputto tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā udakaṃ rāmaputtaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘icchāmahaṃ, āvuso , imasmiṃ dhammavinaye brahmacariyaṃ caritu’nti. Evaṃ vutte, bhāradvāja, udako rāmaputto maṃ etadavoca – ‘viharatāyasmā. Tādiso ayaṃ dhammo yattha viññū puriso nacirasseva sakaṃ ācariyakaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihareyyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇiṃ. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, tāvatakeneva oṭṭhapahatamattena lapitalāpanamattena ‘ñāṇavādañca vadāmi, theravādañca jānāmi, passāmī’ti ca paṭijānāmi, ahañceva aññe ca . Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘na kho rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ kevalaṃ saddhāmattakena sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesi; addhā rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ jānaṃ passaṃ vihāsī’ti. Atha khvāhaṃ, bhāradvāja, yena udako rāmaputto tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā udakaṃ rāmaputtaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘kittāvatā no, āvuso, rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesī’ti? Evaṃ vutte, bhāradvāja, udako rāmaputto nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ pavedesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘na kho rāmasseva ahosi saddhā, mayhaṃpatthi saddhā; na kho rāmasseva ahosi vīriyaṃ…pe… sati… samādhi… paññā, mayhaṃpatthi paññā. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ yaṃ dhammaṃ rāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmīti pavedesi tassa dhammassa sacchikiriyāya padaheyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, nacirasseva khippameva taṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihāsiṃ.
于是,婆罗堕阇,我便去见伍达咖·喇嘛子。到了之后,我对伍达咖·喇嘛子这样说:‘朋友,喇嘛是否正是证悟到如此地步,然后宣称自己已亲证、实现并安住于此法的呢?’他答道:‘是的,朋友,喇嘛正是证悟到如此地步,然后宣称自己已亲证、实现并安住于此法的。’我便对他说:‘朋友,我也已亲证、实现并安住于同等程度的此法中了。’他听了便说:‘朋友,这真是我们的幸运,真是我们的大收获啊,竟能见到像您这样的同梵行者!所以,喇嘛所亲证、实现并宣称的法,即是您所亲证、实现并安住的法;而您所亲证、实现并安住的法,也正是喇嘛所亲证、实现并宣称的法。如此,喇嘛所彻底了知的法,便是您所知道的法;您所知道的法,便是喇嘛所彻底了知的法。这样一来,喇嘛是怎样,您便是怎样;您是怎样,喇嘛便是怎样。来吧,朋友,现在就请您来带领这个团体吧!’就这样,婆罗堕阇,伍达咖·喇嘛子虽是我的同梵行者,却将我安置在老师的地位,以极高的礼遇恭敬我。此时,我心中生起这样的念头:‘此法不能导向厌离,不能导向离贪,不能导向灭尽,不能导向寂止,不能导向胜智,不能导向正觉,不能导向涅槃,只能导向投生至非想非非想处天。’于是,婆罗堕阇,我不再推崇此法,对此法生起厌离后,便离开了。
‘‘Atha khvāhaṃ, bhāradvāja, yena udako rāmaputto tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā udakaṃ rāmaputtaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘ettāvatā no, āvuso, rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesī’ti? ‘Ettāvatā kho, āvuso, rāmo imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesī’ti. ‘Ahampi kho, āvuso, ettāvatā imaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharāmī’ti. ‘Lābhā no, āvuso, suladdhaṃ no, āvuso, ye mayaṃ āyasmantaṃ tādisaṃ sabrahmacāriṃ passāma. Iti yaṃ dhammaṃ rāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi; yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharasi taṃ dhammaṃ rāmo sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja pavedesi. Iti yaṃ dhammaṃ rāmo abhiññāsi taṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi, yaṃ tvaṃ dhammaṃ jānāsi taṃ dhammaṃ rāmo abhiññāsi. Iti yādiso rāmo ahosi tādiso tuvaṃ, yādiso tuvaṃ tādiso rāmo ahosi. Ehi dāni, āvuso, tuvaṃ imaṃ gaṇaṃ pariharā’ti. Iti kho, bhāradvāja, udako rāmaputto sabrahmacārī me samāno ācariyaṭṭhāne maṃ ṭhapesi, uḷārāya ca maṃ pūjāya pūjesi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘nāyaṃ dhammo nibbidāya na virāgāya na nirodhāya na upasamāya na abhiññāya na sambodhāya na nibbānāya saṃvattati, yāvadeva nevasaññānāsaññāyatanūpapattiyā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, taṃ dhammaṃ analaṅkaritvā tasmā dhammā nibbijja apakkamiṃ.
477婆罗堕阇,我一直在探寻何为善,寻求那无上寂静的殊胜境界。在摩揭陀国次第游行,最终抵达优楼频螺的军队村。在那里,我看见一处令人愉悦的土地、一片可爱的林苑,一条清澈、怡人、渡口舒适的河流静静流淌,四周还有可供托钵的村落。那时,我心中思惟:“啊,这地方确实令人愉悦!这片林苑如此可爱,这条河流清澈、怡人、渡口舒适,静静流淌,四周又有可供托钵的村落。对于一个志在精勤修行的善男子来说,此处确实足够了,足以精勤修行。”婆罗堕阇,于是我就在那里坐下,心想:“此处足以精勤修行。”随即,三个前所未闻、非同寻常的譬喻在我心中显现。
‘‘So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, kiṃkusalagavesī anuttaraṃ santivarapadaṃ pariyesamāno magadhesu anupubbena cārikaṃ caramāno yena uruveḷā senānigamo tadavasariṃ. Tatthaddasaṃ ramaṇīyaṃ bhūmibhāgaṃ, pāsādikañca vanasaṇḍaṃ, nadiñca sandantiṃ setakaṃ supatitthaṃ ramaṇīyaṃ, samantā ca gocaragāmaṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘ramaṇīyo vata, bho, bhūmibhāgo, pāsādiko ca vanasaṇḍo, nadī ca sandati setakā supatitthā ramaṇīyā, samantā ca gocaragāmo. Alaṃ vatidaṃ kulaputtassa padhānatthikassa padhānāyā’ti . So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, tattheva nisīdiṃ – ‘alamidaṃ padhānāyā’ti. Apissu maṃ, bhāradvāja, tisso upamā paṭibhaṃsu anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā.
婆罗堕阇,犹如一块饱含汁液的湿木被弃置水中。那时,有一人手持取火的上半截木棍,走来后说道:‘我要生火,我要令火显现。’婆罗堕阇,你认为如何?此人能以那取火的上半截木棍,在这块被弃置水中、饱含汁液的湿木上用力搓钻,而生起火来、令火显现吗?”“乔达摩尊者,不能。何以故?乔达摩尊者,那块木头饱含汁液,且被弃置水中。此人最终所得的,唯有疲惫与徒劳罢了。”“同样道理,婆罗堕阇,凡是那些身与心皆未远离欲乐的沙门或婆罗门,他们内心对欲乐的贪欲、爱着、沉溺、渴求、渴爱与狂热,既未彻底断除,也未彻底平息。这些沙门婆罗门尊者,即便他们依凭精进苦行,感受剧烈、粗重、尖利、刺骨的痛苦,也绝无可能获得智见,证得无上正觉。又或者这些沙门婆罗门尊者并未因那样的精进苦行而感受剧烈、粗重、尖利、刺骨的痛苦,他们也同样绝无可能获得智见,证得无上正觉。婆罗堕阇,这便是第一个于我心内生起,前所未闻的非凡譬喻。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ udake nikkhittaṃ. Atha puriso āgaccheyya uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya – ‘aggiṃ abhinibbattessāmi, tejo pātukarissāmī’ti. Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, bhāradvāja, api nu so puriso amuṃ allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ udake nikkhittaṃ uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya abhimanthento aggiṃ abhinibbatteyya, tejo pātukareyyā’’ti? ‘‘No hidaṃ, bho gotama. Taṃ kissa hetu? Aduñhi, bho gotama, allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ, tañca pana udake nikkhittaṃ; yāvadeva ca pana so puriso kilamathassa vighātassa bhāgī assā’’ti. ‘‘Evameva kho, bhāradvāja, ye hi keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā kāyena ceva cittena ca kāmehi avūpakaṭṭhā viharanti, yo ca nesaṃ kāmesu kāmacchando kāmasneho kāmamucchā kāmapipāsā kāmapariḷāho so ca ajjhattaṃ na suppahīno hoti na suppaṭippassaddho, opakkamikā cepi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, abhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. No capi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti abhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. Ayaṃ kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, paṭhamā upamā paṭibhāsi anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā.
478随后,婆罗堕阇,第二个前所未闻、不同寻常的譬喻在我心中显现。婆罗堕阇,犹如一块湿润而饱含汁液的木头,被弃置于远离水源的干燥地面上。那时,有一人走来,手持取火的上半截木棍,说道:‘我要生火,我要令火显现。’婆罗堕阇,你认为如何?此人用那根取火的上半截木棍,在那块虽置于远离水源的干地、却依然饱含汁液的湿木头上奋力搓磨,能够生起火、令火显现吗?”“乔达摩尊者,不能。原因何在?乔达摩尊者,因为那是一块饱含汁液的湿木头,即使它被弃置在远离水源的地方。那人最终只会徒自疲劳、遭受挫败罢了。”“同样地,婆罗堕阇,凡有沙门或婆罗门,其身体与内心虽已远离欲乐,但他们内心对欲乐的贪欲、爱著、沉溺、渴求、渴爱和狂热,并未被彻底断除,亦未被彻底止息。这些沙门婆罗门尊者,纵然因自身的精勤苦行而感受到剧烈、粗重、尖利、刺骨的苦受,他们也绝无可能证得智见,证得无上正觉。即使这些沙门婆罗门尊者未因精勤苦行而感受剧烈、粗重、尖利、刺骨的苦受,他们也同样绝无可能证得智见,证得无上正觉。婆罗堕阇,这便是第二个在我心中显现的、前所未闻、不同寻常的譬喻。
‘‘Aparāpi kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, dutiyā upamā paṭibhāsi anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ ārakā udakā thale nikkhittaṃ. Atha puriso āgaccheyya uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya – ‘aggiṃ abhinibbattessāmi, tejo pātukarissāmī’ti. Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, bhāradvāja, api nu so puriso amuṃ allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ ārakā udakā thale nikkhittaṃ uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya abhimanthento aggiṃ abhinibbatteyya tejo pātukareyyā’’ti? ‘‘No hidaṃ, bho gotama. Taṃ kissa hetu? Aduñhi, bho gotama, allaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ sasnehaṃ, kiñcāpi ārakā udakā thale nikkhittaṃ; yāvadeva ca pana so puriso kilamathassa vighātassa bhāgī assā’’ti. ‘‘Evameva kho, bhāradvāja, ye hi keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā kāyena ceva cittena ca kāmehi vūpakaṭṭhā viharanti, yo ca nesaṃ kāmesu kāmacchando kāmasneho kāmamucchā kāmapipāsā kāmapariḷāho so ca ajjhattaṃ na suppahīno hoti na suppaṭippassaddho, opakkamikā cepi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, abhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. No cepi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, abhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. Ayaṃ kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, dutiyā upamā paṭibhāsi anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā.
479接着,婆罗堕阇,第三个前所未闻、不同寻常的比喻在我心中显现。婆罗堕阇,就好比有一块干木头,已经彻底枯透,被放在远离水源的干地上。这时走来一个人,手拿取火的上半截木棍,他说:‘我要生火,我要让火产生。’婆罗堕阇,你认为如何?这个人用那根取火的上半截木棍,在那块已枯透、放在远离水源干地上的木头上用力钻搓,能否生火、让火产生呢?”“是的,乔达摩尊者,那是可以的。什么缘故呢?乔达摩尊者,因为那是一块干木头,已经枯透,而且被放在远离水源的干地上。”“同样地,婆罗堕阇,凡是那些身体与内心都已远离欲乐的沙门或婆罗门,而且他们内心对于欲乐的贪欲、爱著、沉迷、渴求、渴爱和热恼,都已彻底断除、彻底平息。这些可敬的沙门婆罗门,即使由于自身的精进苦行而感受到剧烈、粗重、尖锐、刺骨的苦受,他们依然有能力获得智见,证得无上正觉。纵使他们并未因精进苦行而感受到剧烈、粗重、尖锐、刺骨的苦受,他们同样有能力获得智见,证得无上正觉。婆罗堕阇,这就是第三个在我心中显现的,前所未闻、不同寻常的比喻。婆罗堕阇,这三则前所未闻、不同寻常的比喻,便如此在我心中显现了。
‘‘Aparāpi kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, tatiyā upamā paṭibhāsi anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, sukkhaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ koḷāpaṃ ārakā udakā thale nikkhittaṃ. Atha puriso āgaccheyya uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya – ‘aggiṃ abhinibbattessāmi, tejo pātukarissāmī’ti. Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, bhāradvāja, api nu so puriso amuṃ sukkhaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ koḷāpaṃ ārakā udakā thale nikkhittaṃ uttarāraṇiṃ ādāya abhimanthento aggiṃ abhinibbatteyya, tejo pātukareyyā’’ti? ‘‘Evaṃ bho gotama. Taṃ kissa hetu? Aduñhi, bho gotama, sukkhaṃ kaṭṭhaṃ koḷāpaṃ, tañca pana ārakā udakā thale nikkhitta’’nti. ‘‘Evameva kho, bhāradvāja, ye hi keci samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā kāyena ceva cittena ca kāmehi vūpakaṭṭhā viharanti, yo ca nesaṃ kāmesu kāmacchando kāmasneho kāmamucchā kāmapipāsā kāmapariḷāho so ca ajjhattaṃ suppahīno hoti suppaṭippassaddho, opakkamikā cepi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, bhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. No cepi te bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, bhabbāva te ñāṇāya dassanāya anuttarāya sambodhāya. Ayaṃ kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, tatiyā upamā paṭibhāsi anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā. Imā kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, tisso upamā paṭibhaṃsu anacchariyā pubbe assutapubbā.
480婆罗堕阇,那时我这样想:‘我何不咬紧牙关、舌抵上腭,以心压制心、逼迫心、折磨心呢?’于是我便如此实行。当我咬紧牙关、舌抵上腭,以心压制心、逼迫心、折磨心时,腋下流出了汗水。婆罗堕阇,正像一个力士抓住较弱的男子,按着他的头或肩,压制他、逼迫他、折磨他一样,我咬紧牙关、舌抵上腭,以心压制、逼迫、折磨心时,腋下正是那样流汗。那时,我的精进力已发动起来,不退堕;念已现前,不忘失。然而我的身体却躁动不安,正是被那苦行的精勤所逼迫。
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ dantebhidantamādhāya, jivhāya tāluṃ āhacca, cetasā cittaṃ abhiniggaṇheyyaṃ abhinippīḷeyyaṃ abhisantāpeyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, dantebhidantamādhāya, jivhāya tāluṃ āhacca, cetasā cittaṃ abhiniggaṇhāmi abhinippīḷemi abhisantāpemi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, dantebhidantamādhāya, jivhāya tāluṃ āhacca, cetasā cittaṃ abhiniggaṇhato abhinippīḷayato abhisantāpayato kacchehi sedā muccanti. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, balavā puriso dubbalataraṃ purisaṃ sīse vā gahetvā khandhe vā gahetvā abhiniggaṇheyya abhinippīḷeyya abhisantāpeyya, evameva kho me, bhāradvāja, dantebhidantamādhāya, jivhāya tāluṃ āhacca, cetasā cittaṃ abhiniggaṇhato abhinippīḷayato abhisantāpayato kacchehi sedā muccanti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ, upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā; sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato.
481婆罗堕阇,那时我心中思惟:‘我何不修习无呼吸的禅那?’于是,我止住了口与鼻的呼吸。婆罗堕阇,当口鼻的呼吸被止住时,从耳孔排出的气流发出巨大的声响。正如铁匠的风箱鼓动时发出巨大声响,当我止住口鼻的呼吸,耳孔排出的气流也正是发出那样的巨响。那时我的精进已生起而不退,念已现前而不忘失。然而我的身体却躁动不安,不得安稳,正是被那种苦行的精勤所逼恼。
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ appāṇakaṃyeva jhānaṃ jhāyeyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca assāsapassāse uparundhiṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu kaṇṇasotehi vātānaṃ nikkhamantānaṃ adhimatto saddo hoti. Seyyathāpi nāma kammāragaggariyā dhamamānāya adhimatto saddo hoti, evameva kho me, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu kaṇṇasotehi vātānaṃ nikkhamantānaṃ adhimatto saddo hoti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ, upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā; sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato.
婆罗堕阇,那时我心中思惟:‘我何不修习无呼吸的禅那?’于是,我止住了口、鼻与耳的呼吸。婆罗堕阇,当口、鼻、耳的呼吸都被止住时,有剧烈的风冲击着我的头顶。正如一个力士用锐利的锥子刺入头顶,当我止住口、鼻、耳的呼吸时,剧烈的风便是那样冲击着我的头顶。那时我的精进已生起而不退,念已现前而不忘失。然而我的身体却躁动不安,不得安稳,正是被那种苦行的精勤所逼恼。
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ appāṇakaṃyeva jhānaṃ jhāyeyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāse uparundhiṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā vātā muddhani ūhananti. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, balavā puriso, tiṇhena sikharena muddhani abhimattheyya, evameva kho me, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā vātā muddhani ūhananti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ , upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā; sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato.
婆罗堕阇,那时我心中思惟:‘我何不修习无呼吸的禅那?’于是,我止住了口、鼻与耳的呼吸。婆罗堕阇,当口、鼻、耳的呼吸都被止住时,头部生起剧烈的头痛。正如一个力士用坚韧的皮绳紧勒头部,当我止住口、鼻、耳的呼吸时,头部便生起那样剧烈的头痛。那时我的精进已生起而不退,念已现前而不忘失。然而我的身体却躁动不安,不得安稳,正是被那种苦行的精勤所逼恼。
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ appāṇakaṃyeva jhānaṃ jhāyeyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāse uparundhiṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā sīse sīsavedanā honti. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, balavā puriso daḷhena varattakkhaṇḍena sīse sīsaveṭhaṃ dadeyya, evameva kho, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā sīse sīsavedanā honti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ, upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā; sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato.
婆罗堕阇,当时我这样想:‘我何不就修那无呼吸的禅那呢?’于是,我从口、鼻、耳都止住了呼吸。婆罗堕阇,当口、鼻、耳的呼吸被止住时,猛烈的风撕割着我的腹部。就像一位熟练的屠夫或其弟子,用锐利的屠刀剖开腹部——当口、鼻、耳的呼吸被止住时,猛烈的风正是那样撕割着我的腹部。那时,我的精进已生起而不退失,念已现前而不忘失,然而我的身体却亢奋不安,正是被那种苦行的精勤所折磨。
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ appāṇakaṃyeva jhānaṃ jhāyeyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāse uparundhiṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā vātā kucchiṃ parikantanti. Seyyathāpi , bhāradvāja, dakkho goghātako vā goghātakantevāsī vā tiṇhena govikantanena kucchiṃ parikanteyya, evameva kho me, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimattā vātā kucchiṃ parikantanti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā; sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato.
婆罗堕阇,当时我这样想:‘我何不就修那无呼吸的禅那呢?’于是,我从口、鼻、耳都止住了呼吸。婆罗堕阇,当口、鼻、耳的呼吸被止住时,身体内生起极度的灼热。婆罗堕阇,就像两个大力士抓住一个较弱男子的双臂,将他架到炭火坑上炙烤、焚烧——当我止住口、鼻、耳的呼吸时,身体内正是生起那样极度的灼热。那时,我的精进已生起而不退失,念已现前而不忘失,然而我的身体却亢奋不安,正是被那种苦行的精勤所折磨。再者,婆罗堕阇,当时有一些天神看见我,便说:‘沙门乔达摩死了。’又有一些天神说:‘沙门乔达摩还没死,但也快了。’还有一些天神说:‘沙门乔达摩既没有死,也不是将死;沙门乔达摩是阿拉汉,阿拉汉的住法正是如此。’
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ appāṇakaṃyeva jhānaṃ jhāyeyya’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāse uparundhiṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimatto kāyasmiṃ ḍāho hoti. Seyyathāpi, bhāradvāja, dve balavanto purisā dubbalataraṃ purisaṃ nānābāhāsu gahetvā aṅgārakāsuyā santāpeyyuṃ samparitāpeyyuṃ, evameva kho me, bhāradvāja, mukhato ca nāsato ca kaṇṇato ca assāsapassāsesu uparuddhesu adhimatto kāyasmiṃ ḍāho hoti. Āraddhaṃ kho pana me, bhāradvāja, vīriyaṃ hoti asallīnaṃ, upaṭṭhitā sati asammuṭṭhā, sāraddho ca pana me kāyo hoti appaṭippassaddho, teneva dukkhappadhānena padhānābhitunnassa sato. Apissu maṃ, bhāradvāja, devatā disvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘kālaṅkato samaṇo gotamo’ti. Ekaccā devatā evamāhaṃsu – ‘na kālaṅkato samaṇo gotamo, api ca kālaṅkarotī’ti. Ekaccā devatā evamāhaṃsu – ‘na kālaṅkato samaṇo gotamo, nāpi kālaṅkaroti; arahaṃ samaṇo gotamo, vihārotveva so arahato evarūpo hotī’ti.
婆罗堕阇,那时我心里想:‘我何不就彻底断食呢?’这时,一些天神来对我说:‘尊者,请不要彻底断食。尊者,若你彻底断食,我们便从你的毛孔注入天界的精微养分,让你以此维生。’婆罗堕阇,当时我心想:‘若我宣称自己彻底断食,而这些天人却从我的毛孔注入天界的养分,让我赖以存活,那我岂非妄语?’因此,婆罗堕阇,我拒绝了那些天神,对他们说:‘够了。’
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ sabbaso āhārupacchedāya paṭipajjeyya’nti. Atha kho maṃ, bhāradvāja, devatā upasaṅkamitvā etadavocuṃ – ‘mā kho tvaṃ, mārisa, sabbaso āhārupacchedāya paṭipajji. Sace kho tvaṃ, mārisa, sabbaso āhārupacchedāya paṭipajjissasi, tassa te mayaṃ dibbaṃ ojaṃ lomakūpehi ajjhohāressāma. Tāya tvaṃ yāpessasī’ti. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘ahañceva kho pana sabbaso ajajjitaṃ paṭijāneyyaṃ, imā ca me devatā dibbaṃ ojaṃ lomakūpehi ajjhohāreyyuṃ, tāya cāhaṃ yāpeyyaṃ. Taṃ mamassa musā’ti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, tā devatā paccācikkhāmi, ‘hala’nti vadāmi.
“婆罗堕阇,当时我心中思惟:‘我何不每次只食极少的食物,一次只取一撮,或饮少许绿豆汤,或饮扁豆汤,或饮豌豆汤,或饮小豆汤?’于是,婆罗堕阇,我就这样极少进食,每次只取一撮,或饮绿豆汤,或饮扁豆汤,或饮豌豆汤,或饮小豆汤。婆罗堕阇,由于如此极度地节食,我的身体变得极为消瘦。我的四肢如同打结的藤条,或如发黑的节骨草,因为滋养极度匮乏的缘故。我的臀部凹陷如同骆驼的足迹,因为滋养极度匮乏的缘故。我的脊骨像一串纺锤的珠子般凹凸分明,因为滋养极度匮乏的缘故。我的肋骨犹如破旧棚屋中腐朽塌落的椽子,根根翘起,因为滋养极度匮乏的缘故。我的眼珠深陷眼窝,犹如深井中映现的星光,远远沉在深处,因为滋养极度匮乏的缘故。我的头皮干枯起皱,如同一个生切的苦瓜在风吹日晒下变得干瘪起皱,因为滋养极度匮乏的缘故。婆罗堕阇,我若想触摸腹部,手却触到了脊梁骨;我若想触摸脊梁骨,手却触到了腹部。婆罗堕阇,因为滋养极度匮乏的缘故,我的腹皮与脊骨相贴。婆罗堕阇,我若想出大小便,便直接面朝下仆倒在地,因为滋养极度匮乏的缘故。我只好用手抚慰肢体,以使自己恢复气息。婆罗堕阇,当我用手抚触肢体时,因为滋养极度匮乏的缘故,那些根部腐坏的体毛便纷纷从身上脱落。婆罗堕阇,有些人看见我后这样说:‘沙门乔达摩是黑色的。’另一些人说:‘沙门乔达摩不是黑色,是褐色的。’又有些人说:‘沙门乔达摩既不是黑色也不是褐色,是土黄色的。’婆罗堕阇,因为滋养极度匮乏的缘故,我那本来清净光洁的肤色,竟败坏到了这般地步。”
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ thokaṃ thokaṃ āhāraṃ āhāreyyaṃ pasataṃ pasataṃ , yadi vā muggayūsaṃ, yadi vā kulatthayūsaṃ, yadi vā kaḷāyayūsaṃ, yadi vā hareṇukayūsa’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, thokaṃ thokaṃ āhāraṃ āhāresiṃ pasataṃ pasataṃ, yadi vā muggayūsaṃ , yadi vā kulatthayūsaṃ, yadi vā kaḷāyayūsaṃ, yadi vā hareṇukayūsaṃ. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, thokaṃ thokaṃ āhāraṃ āhārayato pasataṃ pasataṃ, yadi vā muggayūsaṃ, yadi vā kulatthayūsaṃ, yadi vā kaḷāyayūsaṃ, yadi vā hareṇukayūsaṃ, adhimattakasimānaṃ patto kāyo hoti. Seyyathāpi nāma āsītikapabbāni vā kāḷapabbāni vā, evamevassu me aṅgapaccaṅgāni bhavanti tāyevappāhāratāya; seyyathāpi nāma oṭṭhapadaṃ, evamevassu me ānisadaṃ hoti tāyevappāhāratāya; seyyathāpi nāma vaṭṭanāvaḷī, evamevassu me piṭṭhikaṇṭako uṇṇatāvanato hoti tāyevappāhāratāya; seyyathāpi nāma jarasālāya gopānasiyo oluggaviluggā bhavanti, evamevassu me phāsuḷiyo oluggaviluggā bhavanti tāyevappāhāratāya; seyyathāpi nāma gambhīre udapāne udakatārakā gambhīragatā okkhāyikā dissanti, evamevassu me akkhikūpesu akkhitārakā gambhīragatā okkhāyikā dissanti tāyevappāhāratāya; seyyathāpi nāma tittakālābu āmakacchinno vātātapena saṃphuṭito hoti sammilāto, evamevassu me sīsacchavi saṃphuṭitā hoti sammilātā tāyevappāhāratāya. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, ‘udaracchaviṃ parimasissāmī’ti piṭṭhikaṇṭakaṃyeva pariggaṇhāmi, ‘piṭṭhikaṇṭakaṃ parimasissāmī’ti udaracchaviṃyeva pariggaṇhāmi; yāvassu me, bhāradvāja, udaracchavi piṭṭhikaṇṭakaṃ allīnā hoti tāyevappāhāratāya. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja , ‘vaccaṃ vā muttaṃ vā karissāmī’ti tattheva avakujjo papatāmi tāyevappāhāratāya. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, imameva kāyaṃ assāsento pāṇinā gattāni anumajjāmi. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, pāṇinā gattāni anumajjato pūtimūlāni lomāni kāyasmā papatanti tāyevappāhāratāya. Apissu maṃ, bhāradvāja, manussā disvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘kāḷo samaṇo gotamo’ti. Ekacce manussā evamāhaṃsu – ‘na kāḷo samaṇo gotamo, sāmo samaṇo gotamo’ti. Ekacce manussā evamāhaṃsu – ‘na kāḷo samaṇo gotamo napi sāmo, maṅguracchavi samaṇo gotamo’ti; yāvassu me, bhāradvāja, tāva parisuddho chavivaṇṇo pariyodāto upahato hoti tāyevappāhāratāya.
482“婆罗堕阇,那时我心想:‘过去所有的沙门或婆罗门,无论他们曾因极度精勤而感受过何等剧烈、严酷、刺痛、难忍之苦,都仅止于此,从未有人超越此限。未来所有的沙门或婆罗门,无论他们将因极度精勤而感受何等剧烈、严酷、刺痛、难忍之苦,也将仅止于此,更无有逾于此者。现在所有的沙门或婆罗门,无论他们正因极度精勤而感受何等剧烈、严酷、刺痛、难忍之苦,都仅止于此,更无逾此。然而,我虽行此苛刻难忍之苦行,却并未因此证得任何超越凡夫、堪配圣者的智与见之殊胜成就。是否还有另一条通向觉悟的道路?’婆罗堕阇,那时我心想:‘我回想起,当父亲在释迦族的田间劳作时,我坐在凉爽的蒲桃树荫下,远离诸欲、远离不善法,有觉有观,由远离而生喜与乐,安住于初禅。那是否便是通向觉悟的道路?’婆罗堕阇,接着,随此忆念,我心中生起了知:‘这便是觉悟之道。’婆罗堕阇,那时我又思忖:‘我为何要畏惧那种乐?那正是远离欲望、远离不善法之乐啊。’婆罗堕阇,那时我心想:‘我不畏惧那种乐,那正是远离欲望、远离不善法之乐。’”
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘ye kho keci atītamaddhānaṃ samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayiṃsu , etāvaparamaṃ, nayito bhiyyo; yepi hi keci anāgatamaddhānaṃ samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayissanti, etāvaparamaṃ, nayito bhiyyo; yepi hi keci etarahi samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā opakkamikā dukkhā tibbā kharā kaṭukā vedanā vedayanti, etāvaparamaṃ, nayito bhiyyo. Na kho panāhaṃ imāya kaṭukāya dukkarakārikāya adhigacchāmi uttari manussadhammā alamariyañāṇadassanavisesaṃ. Siyā nu kho añño maggo bodhāyā’ti ? Tassa mayhaṃ bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘abhijānāmi kho panāhaṃ pitu sakkassa kammante sītāya jambucchāyāya nisinno vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharitā. Siyā nu kho eso maggo bodhāyā’ti? Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, satānusāri viññāṇaṃ ahosi – ‘eseva maggo bodhāyā’ti. Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘kiṃ nu kho ahaṃ tassa sukhassa bhāyāmi yaṃ taṃ sukhaṃ aññatreva kāmehi aññatra akusalehi dhammehī’ti? Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘na kho ahaṃ tassa sukhassa bhāyāmi yaṃ taṃ sukhaṃ aññatreva kāmehi aññatra akusalehi dhammehī’ti.
483“婆罗堕阇,那时我心想:‘以这样极度消瘦的身体,要证得那种乐实非容易。不如我吃一些粗食,吃些米饭和粥吧。’于是,婆罗堕阇,我便吃了粗食,用了米饭和粥。当时,有五位比丘正在随侍着我,他们心想:‘沙门乔达摩一旦证得了法,就会告知我们。’可是,婆罗堕阇,当我一食用粗食,吃了米饭和粥,那五位比丘便厌离而去,说道:‘沙门乔达摩变得奢侈了,他放弃了精勤,转而过起奢侈的生活了。’”
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ, bhāradvāja, etadahosi – ‘na kho taṃ sukaraṃ sukhaṃ adhigantuṃ evaṃ adhimattakasimānaṃ pattakāyena. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ oḷārikaṃ āhāraṃ āhāreyyaṃ odanakummāsa’nti. So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, oḷārikaṃ āhāraṃ āhāresiṃ odanakummāsaṃ. Tena kho pana maṃ, bhāradvāja, samayena pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū paccupaṭṭhitā honti – ‘yaṃ kho samaṇo gotamo dhammaṃ adhigamissati taṃ no ārocessatī’ti. Yato kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, oḷārikaṃ āhāraṃ āhāresiṃ odanakummāsaṃ, atha me te pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū nibbijja pakkamiṃsu – ‘bāhulliko samaṇo gotamo padhānavibbhanto āvatto bāhullāyā’ti.
“婆罗堕阇,我吃了粗食、恢复体力后,便远离欲乐、远离不善法,进入并安住于初禅……随着寻与伺的止息,内心达到安稳、心念专一,无寻、无伺,由定而生起喜与乐,进入并安住于第二禅……安住于第三禅……安住于第四禅。”
‘‘So kho ahaṃ, bhāradvāja, oḷārikaṃ āhāraṃ āhāretvā balaṃ gahetvā vivicceva kāmehi…pe… paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja vihāsiṃ. Vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā ajjhattaṃ sampasādanaṃ cetaso ekodibhāvaṃ avitakkaṃ avicāraṃ samādhijaṃ pītisukhaṃ dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ… catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja vihāsiṃ.
“当我的心如此入定——清净、明亮、无瑕,远离了随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住于不动摇的状态后,我便将心导向宿命随念智。我忆念起种种过去生,例如:一生、两生……像这样,我能够随顺因缘、具足细节地忆念起无量的过去生。婆罗堕阇,这是我在初夜时分证得的第一明。无明被驱散,明生起了;黑暗被驱散,光明生起了。这正是那些不放逸、精勤、坚定而住的人所达到的。”
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte pubbenivāsānussatiñāṇāya cittaṃ abhininnāmesiṃ. So anekavihitaṃ pubbenivāsaṃ anussarāmi, seyyathidaṃ – ekampi jātiṃ dvepi jātiyo…pe… iti sākāraṃ sauddesaṃ anekavihitaṃ pubbenivāsaṃ anussarāmi. Ayaṃ kho me, bhāradvāja, rattiyā paṭhame yāme paṭhamā vijjā adhigatā, avijjā vihatā, vijjā uppannā; tamo vihato, āloko uppanno; yathā taṃ appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato.
484当我的心如此入定——清净、明亮、无瑕,远离了随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住于不动摇的状态后,我将心导向众生死生的智慧。我以那清净、超越凡人的天眼,看见众生正在死去、正在投生,有低劣的、有高尚的,有美丽的、有丑陋的,有生于善趣的、有生于恶趣的,我了知他们如何依随自己的业而流转……婆罗堕阇,这是我在中夜时分证得的第二明。无明被破除,明生起了;黑暗被破除,光明生起了。这正是那些不放逸、精勤、坚毅而住的人所达到的。
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte sattānaṃ cutūpapātañāṇāya cittaṃ abhininnāmesiṃ. So dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passāmi cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate yathākammūpage satte pajānāmi…pe… ayaṃ kho me, bhāradvāja, rattiyā majjhime yāme dutiyā vijjā adhigatā, avijjā vihatā, vijjā uppannā; tamo vihato, āloko uppanno; yathā taṃ appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato.
当我的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住于不动摇的状态后,我将心导向漏尽智。我如实了知“这是苦”,如实了知“这是苦的集”,如实了知“这是苦的灭”,如实了知“这是导向苦灭之道”;我如实了知“这些是漏”,如实了知“这是漏的集”,如实了知“这是漏的灭”,如实了知“这是导向漏灭之道”。当我如此知、如此见时,心便从欲漏解脱,从有漏解脱,从无明漏解脱。解脱时,生起了“解脱”的智慧。我了知:“生已尽,梵行已立,应作已作,不受后有。”这就是我在后夜时分证得的第三明。无明被破除,明生起;黑暗被破除,光明生起,正如不放逸、精勤、坚毅而住的人那样。
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte āsavānaṃ khayañāṇāya cittaṃ abhininnāmesiṃ. So ‘idaṃ dukkha’nti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ dukkhasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ; ‘ime āsavā’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ āsavasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ āsavanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ, ‘ayaṃ āsavanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṃ abbhaññāsiṃ. Tassa me evaṃ jānato evaṃ passato kāmāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccittha, bhavāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccittha, avijjāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccittha. Vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ ahosi. ‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti abbhaññāsiṃ. Ayaṃ kho me, bhāradvāja, rattiyā pacchime yāme tatiyā vijjā adhigatā, avijjā vihatā, vijjā uppannā; tamo vihato, āloko uppanno; yathā taṃ appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato’’ti.
485听了这话,伤歌逻学童对世尊说:“乔达摩尊者的精进,确实是坚固者的精进;乔达摩尊者的精进,确实是善士的精进,正如一位阿拉汉、正自觉者那样。那么,乔达摩尊者,到底有没有天人?”世尊说:“婆罗堕阇,我对此有因有据地了知,即:有殊胜的天人。”伤歌逻问:“乔达摩尊者,为什么我问‘有天吗’,您却回答‘婆罗堕阇,我对此有因有据地了知,即有殊胜的天人’呢?如果这样,这话岂非空洞、虚妄吗?”世尊回答:“婆罗堕阇,若有人被问‘有天吗’,回答‘有天’,并说‘我对此有因有据地了知’,那么,有智慧的人由此便可得出确切的结论:‘天人存在。’”伤歌逻又问:“那尊者乔达摩为什么不一开始就这样说呢?”世尊说:“婆罗堕阇,在世间,‘有天’这件事是普遍公认的。”
Evaṃ vutte, saṅgāravo māṇavo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘aṭṭhitavataṃ bhoto gotamassa padhānaṃ ahosi, sappurisavataṃ bhoto gotamassa padhānaṃ ahosi; yathā taṃ arahato sammāsambuddhassa. Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, atthi devā’’ti ? ‘‘Ṭhānaso metaṃ , bhāradvāja, viditaṃ yadidaṃ – adhidevā’’ti . ‘‘Kiṃ nu kho, bho gotama, ‘atthi devā’ti puṭṭho samāno ‘ṭhānaso metaṃ, bhāradvāja , viditaṃ yadidaṃ adhidevā’ti vadesi. Nanu, bho gotama, evaṃ sante tucchā musā hotī’’ti? ‘‘‘Atthi devā’ti, bhāradvāja, puṭṭho samāno ‘atthi devā’ti yo vadeyya, ‘ṭhānaso me viditā’ti yo vadeyya; atha khvettha viññunā purisena ekaṃsena niṭṭhaṃ gantabbaṃ yadidaṃ – ‘atthi devā’’’ti. ‘‘Kissa pana me bhavaṃ gotamo ādikeneva na byākāsī’’ti ? ‘‘Uccena sammataṃ kho etaṃ, bhāradvāja, lokasmiṃ yadidaṃ – ‘atthi devā’’’ti.
486听了这话,伤歌逻学童对世尊说:“真是殊胜啊,乔达摩尊者!真是殊胜啊,乔达摩尊者!乔达摩尊者,您以种种方式阐明了法,犹如把倒下的扶起来,把隐藏的揭开,为迷路的人指明道路,在黑暗中举起油灯,使有眼睛的人得以看见种种形色。我从今日起,皈依乔达摩尊者、皈依法、皈依比丘僧团,请乔达摩尊者接纳我为在家弟子,从今日起,尽形寿皈依。”
Evaṃ vutte, saṅgāravo māṇavo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama, abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama! Seyyathāpi, bho gotama, nikkujjitaṃ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṃ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṃ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya – cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantīti – evamevaṃ bhotā gotamena anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Esāhaṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañca. Upāsakaṃ maṃ bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ saraṇaṃ gata’’nti.
巴茹阿马优、塞拉与阿萨拉雅那,以及婆罗门苟答穆卡;
参吉、这其中之达南佳尼、婆悉咤、须婆伽罗瓦。
Brahmāyu selassalāyano, ghoṭamukho ca brāhmaṇo; Caṅkī esu dhanañjāni, vāseṭṭho subhagāravoti.
此为诸品总纲偈:
Idaṃ vaggānamuddānaṃ –
居士品、比丘品、名为出家行者品,
王品、婆罗门品,此即中部五品。
Vaggo gahapati bhikkhu, paribbājakanāmako; Rājavaggo brāhmaṇoti, pañca majjhimaāgame.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 佛陀,法的发现者与教导者 |
| Dhanañjānī brāhmaṇī | 达南佳尼 | 婆罗门女,对三宝具足净信的女居士 |
| Saṅgārava | 桑嘎拉瓦 | 年轻的婆罗门学童,精通三吠陀 |
| Āḷāra Kālāma | 阿喇喇·咖喇马 | 佛陀成道前的第一位老师,证得无所有处 |
| Uddaka Rāmaputta | 伍达咖·喇嘛子 | 佛陀成道前的第二位老师,证得非想非非想处 |
| pañcavaggiyā bhikkhū | 五群比丘 | 佛陀成道前随侍修苦行的五位比丘 |
地点
果沙喇国的禅佳利咖巴村,世尊住在多德亚婆罗门们的芒果园中。
事件
女居士达南佳尼赞叹佛法僧三宝,引发婆罗门学童桑嘎拉瓦的不满与质疑。桑嘎拉瓦拜见世尊,询问在那些声称已达梵行终极彼岸的沙门婆罗门中,世尊属于哪一类。世尊借此因缘,详细讲述了自己从出家、拜访两位外道老师并超越其成就,到独自精勤证得三明、成就无上正觉的全部历程,最终折服桑嘎拉瓦,使他皈依成为在家弟子。
经文摘要
桑嘎拉瓦质疑世尊的成就地位 → 世尊将修行者分为“传承者、信仰者、亲自证知者”三类,并自述求道历程 → 详细讲述舍弃苦行、恢复中道、证得四禅与三明的完整过程 → 桑嘎拉瓦信服并皈依。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:一场关于权威的辩论
这场对话的起因很接地气:一位虔诚的女居士由衷赞叹世尊,惹恼了出身婆罗门精英阶层的年轻人桑嘎拉瓦。在他看来,一个“剃头沙门”不值得三明婆罗门世家如此推崇。他带着傲慢前来质问世尊:修行圈里那些自称达到最高境界的人,你算老几?
世尊没有直接回答“我最厉害”,而是冷静地把这些宣称者分成了三类:
- 传承者:靠着代代相传的知识权威,比如那些三明婆罗门。
- 信仰者:靠着逻辑推理和深度思辨,自己说服自己。
- 亲自证知者:在从未听闻过的法上,靠自己的力量彻底了知并亲证真理。
2. 核心:亲证之路,而非人云亦云
经文的重头戏是世尊说:“在那些于以前未曾听闻的诸法自己证知法后、已达现法证智之终极彼岸……我即是其一。”这不仅是表态,更是对真理来源的根本定义。
→ 拆开看:世尊强调他的觉悟不是从老师那里复制粘贴来的,也不是逻辑推演出来的,而是“于以前未曾听闻的诸法”中靠自己发现的。他用自己求法的故事证明了这一点。他先后跟随当时最顶尖的禅修大师阿喇喇·咖喇马和伍达咖·喇嘛子,很快达到了和他们一样的境界——无所有处和非想非非想处。老师甚至想让他共同领导团体。但世尊看清了关键问题:
>“此法不导向厌离、不导向离贪、不导向灭、不导向寂止……只导向生于无所有处/非想非非想处。”
→ 拆开看:他能复制老师的境界,这说明他本身不比老师差。但他选择离开,是因为他洞察到这些精妙境界的根本缺陷——它们只是暂时的、高级的生命状态,不是究竟的解脱。这划清了佛教与外道禅修的根本界限:目标是彻底灭苦的涅槃,而不是任何形式的“存在”。
故事在他放弃苦行后迎来转折。他回忆起童年时自然进入的初禅,那是带着喜乐的、离欲的状态。一个关键的内心对话发生了:
>“我为何要害怕那离诸欲、离诸不善法的乐呢?……我不害怕那离诸欲、离诸不善法的乐。”
→ 拆开看:这是对当时主流“苦行至上”思潮的彻底颠覆。他意识到,让自己恐惧安稳、平静快乐的,是内心的罪恶感和错误的知见。彻底中道不意味着自我折磨,而是善用身心自然法则。这才是通往智慧的心理基础。
有了这个正确的禅定基础,他的心变得“柔软、适业”,然后在当夜依次证得了三明(宿住随念智、众生死生智、诸漏尽智)。他完整重现了从禅定到解脱的心路历程,证明他的解脱是从心性底层彻底拔除了贪、嗔、痴。最后那个关于“是否有天人”的问答,展现了世尊的如实态度:他并不需要神通来证明什么,从道理法和世间公认的事实便可了知。
3. 一句话要旨:最终的权威不是经典、逻辑或老师,而是自己亲身的体证。真正的解脱之道,是勇于放下对一切境界(包括苦行和极端禅定)的执着,走向中道,用善巧的禅定去如实地观察,从而根除烦恼。
关键术语锚
- brahmacariya → 梵行:易错,因为婆罗门教语境下指人生阶段的学生期,但在本经中,世尊用它指代自己追求的究竟解脱生活,语义范畴远大于“清净修行”。
- ñāṇadassana → 智与见:易错,这不是两个分离的东西,而是一个固定词组,代表亲证的、直观的智慧,超越单纯的理智认知。
- jhāna → 禅那:易错,在本经中它不是修行的终点,而是作为“漏尽智”的工具或基础,世尊明确指出外道的禅定(无所有处、非想非非想处)无法导向涅槃,强调了正见在禅修中的主导性。
- āsava → 漏/烦恼:易错,这是理解佛教解脱论的核心字。经文最后说心从“欲漏、有漏、无明漏”解脱,意指从生存最深层的推动力、对存在本身的渴求和根本的愚痴中彻底解放出来,而不仅是克服表面的坏脾气。