105如是我闻:一时,世尊住在俱卢国一个名叫剑磨瑟昙的俱卢人城镇。在那里,世尊对比丘们说:“诸比丘。”比丘们回答:“尊者!”世尊这样说道:
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā kurūsu viharati kammāsadhammaṃ nāma kurūnaṃ nigamo. Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘bhikkhavo’’ti. ‘‘Bhadante’’ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca –
106“诸比丘,这是唯一的道路——能为众生带来清净,超越忧愁与悲伤,止息痛苦与忧恼,证得正理,亲证涅槃,也就是四念处。”
‘‘Ekāyano ayaṃ, bhikkhave, maggo sattānaṃ visuddhiyā, sokaparidevānaṃ samatikkamāya, dukkhadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamāya, ñāyassa adhigamāya, nibbānassa sacchikiriyāya, yadidaṃ cattāro satipaṭṭhānā.
哪四种呢?诸比丘,在此法中,比丘于身随观身而住,精勤、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼;于受随观受而住,精勤、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼;于心随观心而住,精勤、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼;于法随观法而住,精勤、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼。
‘‘Katame cattāro? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; vedanāsu vedanānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; citte cittānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ.
身随观·入出息节
Kāyānupassanā ānāpānapabbaṃ
107诸比丘,比丘如何于身随观身而住?诸比丘,于此,比丘或往林野,或往树下,或往空寂之处,结跏趺坐,端正其身,令念安住面前。他正念而入息,正念而出息。入息长时,如实了知‘我入息长’;出息长时,如实了知‘我出息长’;入息短时,如实了知‘我入息短’;出息短时,如实了知‘我出息短’。他学‘我将觉知全身而入息’,他学‘我将觉知全身而出息’;他学‘我将平息身行而入息’,他学‘我将平息身行而出息’。
‘‘Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu araññagato vā rukkhamūlagato vā suññāgāragato vā nisīdati, pallaṅkaṃ ābhujitvā, ujuṃ kāyaṃ paṇidhāya, parimukhaṃ satiṃ upaṭṭhapetvā. So satova assasati, satova passasati. Dīghaṃ vā assasanto ‘dīghaṃ assasāmī’ti pajānāti, dīghaṃ vā passasanto ‘dīghaṃ passasāmī’ti pajānāti, rassaṃ vā assasanto ‘rassaṃ assasāmī’ti pajānāti, rassaṃ vā passasanto ‘rassaṃ passasāmī’ti pajānāti, ‘sabbakāyapaṭisaṃvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘sabbakāyapaṭisaṃvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati , ‘passambhayaṃ kāyasaṅkhāraṃ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘passambhayaṃ kāyasaṅkhāraṃ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati.
诸比丘,犹如熟练的陶师或其学徒,在拉制长条陶泥时如实了知‘我在拉制长条’,在拉制短条时如实了知‘我在拉制短条’;诸比丘,同样地,比丘入息长时如实了知‘我入息长’,出息长时如实了知‘我出息长’;入息短时如实了知‘我入息短’,出息短时如实了知‘我出息短’。他学‘我将觉知全身而入息’,他学‘我将觉知全身而出息’;他学‘我将平息身行而入息’,他学‘我将平息身行而出息’。如此,或于内身随观身而住,或于外身随观身而住,或于内外身随观身而住;或于身随观集起法而住,或于身随观灭坏法而住,或于身随观集起与灭坏法而住。或仅依于‘有身’之念而安住,其念但为知与忆持之量。他无所依着而住,不执取世间任何事物。诸比丘,比丘如是于身随观身而住。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, dakkho bhamakāro vā bhamakārantevāsī vā dīghaṃ vā añchanto ‘dīghaṃ añchāmī’ti pajānāti, rassaṃ vā añchanto ‘rassaṃ añchāmī’ti pajānāti; evameva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dīghaṃ vā assasanto ‘dīghaṃ assasāmī’ti pajānāti, dīghaṃ vā passasanto ‘dīghaṃ passasāmī’ti pajānāti, rassaṃ vā assasanto ‘rassaṃ assasāmī’ti pajānāti, rassaṃ vā passasanto ‘rassaṃ passasāmī’ti pajānāti; ‘sabbakāyapaṭisaṃvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘sabbakāyapaṭisaṃvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; ‘passambhayaṃ kāyasaṅkhāraṃ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘passambhayaṃ kāyasaṅkhāraṃ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati. Iti ajjhattaṃ vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati, bahiddhā vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati, ajjhattabahiddhā vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati; samudayadhammānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati, vayadhammānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati, samudayavayadhammānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati. ‘Atthi kāyo’ti vā panassa sati paccupaṭṭhitā hoti. Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upādiyati. Evampi kho , bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati.
身随观·威仪路节
Kāyānupassanā iriyāpathapabbaṃ
108“再者,诸比丘,比丘行走时,了知:‘我行走’;站立时,了知:‘我站立’;坐着时,了知:‘我坐着’;躺卧时,了知:‘我躺卧’。而且,无论身体处于何种姿势,他都对这种姿势了了分明。就这样,他或者于内身,就身本身观察身而安住;或者于外身,就身本身观察身而安住;或者兼于内、外身,就身本身观察身而安住。他或者于身,观察其生起法而安住;或者于身,观察其灭去法而安住;或者于身,观察其生起与灭去法而安住。又或者,他安立‘有身’的正念,仅仅是为了知与正念所需之程度。他无所依止而安住,于世间不执取任何事物。诸比丘,比丘正是如此,于身,就身本身观察身而安住。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu gacchanto vā ‘gacchāmī’ti pajānāti, ṭhito vā ‘ṭhitomhī’ti pajānāti, nisinno vā ‘nisinnomhī’ti pajānāti, sayāno vā ‘sayānomhī’ti pajānāti. Yathā yathā vā panassa kāyo paṇihito hoti tathā tathā naṃ pajānāti. Iti ajjhattaṃ vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati, bahiddhā vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati, ajjhattabahiddhā vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati; samudayadhammānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati, vayadhammānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati, samudayavayadhammānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati. ‘Atthi kāyo’ti vā panassa sati paccupaṭṭhitā hoti. Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upādiyati. Evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati.
身随观·正知节
Kāyānupassanā sampajānapabbaṃ
109复次,诸比丘,比丘于前进、返回时,正知而行;于向前看、向旁看时,正知而行;于屈伸肢体时,正知而行;于持僧伽梨、钵与衣时,正知而行;于食、饮、嚼、尝时,正知而行;于大小便利时,正知而行;于行走、站立、坐着、睡眠、醒寤、说话、沉默时,正知而行。如此,他于内身随观身而安住……乃至……诸比丘,比丘亦如此于身随观身而安住。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu abhikkante paṭikkante sampajānakārī hoti, ālokite vilokite sampajānakārī hoti, samiñjite pasārite sampajānakārī hoti, saṅghāṭipattacīvaradhāraṇe sampajānakārī hoti, asite pīte khāyite sāyite sampajānakārī hoti, uccārapassāvakamme sampajānakārī hoti, gate ṭhite nisinne sutte jāgarite bhāsite tuṇhībhāve sampajānakārī hoti. Iti ajjhattaṃ vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati…pe… evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati.
身随观——厌恶作意节
Kāyānupassanā paṭikūlamanasikārapabbaṃ
110再者,诸比丘,比丘观察此身,从脚底往上,从头顶往下,以皮肤为边际,充满种种不净:‘此身中有头发、身毛、指甲、牙齿、皮、肉、筋、骨、骨髓、肾、心、肝、膜、脾、肺、肠、肠间膜、胃中物、粪、胆汁、痰、脓、血、汗、脂肪、泪、膏、唾、涕、关节滑液、尿。’
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu imameva kāyaṃ uddhaṃ pādatalā, adho kesamatthakā, tacapariyantaṃ pūraṃ nānappakārassa asucino paccavekkhati – ‘atthi imasmiṃ kāye kesā lomā nakhā dantā taco maṃsaṃ nhāru aṭṭhi aṭṭhimiñjaṃ vakkaṃ hadayaṃ yakanaṃ kilomakaṃ pihakaṃ papphāsaṃ antaṃ antaguṇaṃ udariyaṃ karīsaṃ pittaṃ semhaṃ pubbo lohitaṃ sedo medo assu vasā kheḷo siṅghāṇikā lasikā mutta’nti .
诸比丘,好比一个两端开口的袋子,里面装满了各种谷物,即:稻、米、绿豆、豆、芝麻、白米。有眼力的人打开后观察:‘这些是稻,这些是米,这些是绿豆,这些是豆,这些是芝麻,这些是白米。’同样地,诸比丘,比丘观察此身,从脚底往上,从头顶往下,以皮肤为边际,充满种种不净:‘此身中有发、毛……乃至……尿。’
‘‘Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, ubhatomukhā putoḷi pūrā nānāvihitassa dhaññassa, seyyathidaṃ – sālīnaṃ vīhīnaṃ muggānaṃ māsānaṃ tilānaṃ taṇḍulānaṃ. Tamenaṃ cakkhumā puriso muñcitvā paccavekkheyya – ‘ime sālī ime vīhī ime muggā ime māsā ime tilā ime taṇḍulā’ti. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu imameva kāyaṃ uddhaṃ pādatalā, adho kesamatthakā, tacapariyantaṃ pūraṃ nānappakārassa asucino paccavekkhati – ‘atthi imasmiṃ kāye kesā lomā…pe… mutta’nti.
就这样,他于内身随观身而住……乃至……诸比丘,比丘正是这样,于身随观身而住。
‘‘Iti ajjhattaṃ vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati…pe… evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati.
身随观之界作意节
Kāyānupassanā dhātumanasikārapabbaṃ
111再者,诸比丘,比丘观察自己这具身体,不论它是如何摆放、如何安住的,都依界来观察:‘在这身体中,有地界、水界、火界、风界。’
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu imameva kāyaṃ yathāṭhitaṃ yathāpaṇihitaṃ dhātuso paccavekkhati – ‘atthi imasmiṃ kāye pathavīdhātu āpodhātu tejodhātu vāyodhātū’ti.
诸比丘,犹如熟练的屠牛者或其弟子,杀了牛,将肉分割成块,坐在十字路口。同样地,诸比丘,比丘对于此身,无论它是如何放置、如何安住的,都依界来观察:‘在这身体中,有地界、水界、火界、风界。’这样,他于内身随观身而住……乃至……诸比丘,比丘也是如此于身随观身而住。
‘‘Seyyathāpi , bhikkhave, dakkho goghātako vā goghātakantevāsī vā gāviṃ vadhitvā catumahāpathe bilaso vibhajitvā nisinno assa. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu imameva kāyaṃ yathāṭhitaṃ yathāpaṇihitaṃ dhātuso paccavekkhati – ‘atthi imasmiṃ kāye pathavīdhātu āpodhātu tejodhātu vāyodhātū’ti. Iti ajjhattaṃ vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati…pe… evampi kho, bhikkhave , bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati.
身随观 · 九种墓地观
Kāyānupassanā navasivathikapabbaṃ
112再者,诸比丘,比丘犹如见到一具弃于墓地的尸体,已死一日、两日或三日,肿胀、青瘀、流脓。他便将此身与之对照:‘此身亦同此法,同此性,不能超越于此。’他或于内身随观身而住……乃至……诸比丘,比丘如此于身随观身而住。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathāpi passeyya sarīraṃ sivathikāya chaḍḍitaṃ ekāhamataṃ vā dvīhamataṃ vā tīhamataṃ vā uddhumātakaṃ vinīlakaṃ vipubbakajātaṃ. So imameva kāyaṃ upasaṃharati – ‘ayampi kho kāyo evaṃdhammo evaṃbhāvī evaṃanatīto’ti . Iti ajjhattaṃ vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati…pe… evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati.
再者,诸比丘,比丘犹如见到一具弃于墓地的尸体,被乌鸦、鹰、秃鹫、鹭、狗、虎、豹、豺及种种虫类所啖食。他以此身与之对照:‘此身亦同此法,同此性,不能超越于此。’他或于内身随观身而住……乃至……诸比丘,比丘如此于身随观身而住。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathāpi passeyya sarīraṃ sivathikāya chaḍḍitaṃ kākehi vā khajjamānaṃ kulalehi vā khajjamānaṃ gijjhehi vā khajjamānaṃ kaṅkehi vā khajjamānaṃ sunakhehi vā khajjamānaṃ byagghehi vā khajjamānaṃ dīpīhi vā khajjamānaṃ siṅgālehi vā khajjamānaṃ vividhehi vā pāṇakajātehi khajjamānaṃ. So imameva kāyaṃ upasaṃharati – ‘ayampi kho kāyo evaṃdhammo evaṃbhāvī evaṃanatīto’ti. Iti ajjhattaṃ vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati…pe… evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati.
再者,诸比丘,比丘犹如见到弃于尸陀林的尸体,有血有肉、以筋相连的骸骨……乃至……无肉而血迹斑斑、以筋相连的骸骨……乃至……已无血肉、以筋相连的骸骨……乃至……骨已散离,散落各处:一处手骨、一处脚骨、一处踝骨、一处胫骨、一处股骨、一处髋骨、一处肋骨、一处脊椎骨、一处肩骨、一处颈骨、一处颚骨、一处齿骨、一处头盖骨。他以此身对照:‘此身也是如此之法,如此之性,不能超越于此。’如此,他或于内在身随观身而住……乃至……诸比丘,比丘也如此于身随观身而住。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathāpi passeyya sarīraṃ sivathikāya chaḍḍitaṃ aṭṭhikasaṅkhalikaṃ samaṃsalohitaṃ nhārusambandhaṃ…pe… aṭṭhikasaṅkhalikaṃ nimaṃsalohitamakkhitaṃ nhārusambandhaṃ…pe… aṭṭhikasaṅkhalikaṃ apagatamaṃsalohitaṃ nhārusambandhaṃ…pe… aṭṭhikāni apagatasambandhāni disā vidisā vikkhittāni, aññena hatthaṭṭhikaṃ aññena pādaṭṭhikaṃ aññena gopphakaṭṭhikaṃ aññena jaṅghaṭṭhikaṃ aññena ūruṭṭhikaṃ aññena kaṭiṭṭhikaṃ aññena phāsukaṭṭhikaṃ aññena piṭṭhiṭṭhikaṃ aññena khandhaṭṭhikaṃ aññena gīvaṭṭhikaṃ aññena hanukaṭṭhikaṃ aññena dantaṭṭhikaṃ aññena sīsakaṭāhaṃ. So imameva kāyaṃ upasaṃharati – ‘ayampi kho kāyo evaṃdhammo evaṃbhāvī evaṃanatīto’ti. Iti ajjhattaṃ vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati…pe… evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati.
再者,诸比丘,比丘犹如见到弃于尸陀林的尸体,白骨,色如螺贝……乃至……积骨经年……乃至……骨已腐朽,化为粉末。他以此身对照:‘此身也是如此之法,如此之性,不能超越于此。’如此,他或于内在身随观身而住,或于外在身随观身而住,或于内外在身随观身而住;或于身随观集法而住,或于身随观灭法而住,或于身随观集灭法而住。他现起‘有身’之念,唯为了知与忆念的限度。他无所依而住,不执取世间的任何事物。诸比丘,比丘也如此于身随观身而住。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathāpi passeyya sarīraṃ sivathikāya chaḍḍitaṃ, aṭṭhikāni setāni saṅkhavaṇṇapaṭibhāgāni …pe… aṭṭhikāni puñjakitāni terovassikāni…pe… aṭṭhikāni pūtīni cuṇṇakajātāni . So imameva kāyaṃ upasaṃharati – ‘ayampi kho kāyo evaṃdhammo evaṃbhāvī evaṃanatīto’ti. Iti ajjhattaṃ vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati, bahiddhā vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati, ajjhattabahiddhā vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati; samudayadhammānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati, vayadhammānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati, samudayavayadhammānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati. ‘Atthi kāyo’ti vā panassa sati paccupaṭṭhitā hoti. Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upādiyati. Evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati.
113诸比丘,比丘又如何于感受随观感受而住呢?诸比丘,于此,比丘感受乐受时,清楚了知:‘我感受乐受。’感受苦受时,清楚了知:‘我感受苦受。’感受不苦不乐受时,清楚了知:‘我感受不苦不乐受。’感受有物染的乐受时,清楚了知:‘我感受有物染的乐受。’感受无物染的乐受时,清楚了知:‘我感受无物染的乐受。’感受有物染的苦受时,清楚了知:‘我感受有物染的苦受。’感受无物染的苦受时,清楚了知:‘我感受无物染的苦受。’感受有物染的不苦不乐受时,清楚了知:‘我感受有物染的不苦不乐受。’感受无物染的不苦不乐受时,清楚了知:‘我感受无物染的不苦不乐受。’如此,他或于内感受随观感受而住,或于外感受随观感受而住,或于内外感受随观感受而住。他或于感受随观生法而住,或于感受随观灭法而住,或于感受随观生灭法而住。他现起‘有受’的念,仅是为了知与忆念,他无所依而住,不执取世间任何事物。诸比丘,如此,比丘即于感受随观感受而住。
‘‘Kathañca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vedanāsu vedanānupassī viharati? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sukhaṃ vā vedanaṃ vedayamāno ‘sukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayāmī’ti pajānāti; dukkhaṃ vā vedanaṃ vedayamāno ‘dukkhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayāmī’ti pajānāti; adukkhamasukhaṃ vā vedanaṃ vedayamāno ‘adukkhamasukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayāmī’ti pajānāti; sāmisaṃ vā sukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayamāno ‘sāmisaṃ sukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayāmī’ti pajānāti; nirāmisaṃ vā sukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayamāno ‘nirāmisaṃ sukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayāmī’ti pajānāti; sāmisaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayamāno ‘sāmisaṃ dukkhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayāmī’ti pajānāti; nirāmisaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayamāno ‘nirāmisaṃ dukkhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayāmī’ti pajānāti; sāmisaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayamāno ‘sāmisaṃ adukkhamasukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayāmī’ti pajānāti; nirāmisaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayamāno ‘nirāmisaṃ adukkhamasukhaṃ vedanaṃ vedayāmī’ti pajānāti; iti ajjhattaṃ vā vedanāsu vedanānupassī viharati, bahiddhā vā vedanāsu vedanānupassī viharati, ajjhattabahiddhā vā vedanāsu vedanānupassī viharati; samudayadhammānupassī vā vedanāsu viharati, vayadhammānupassī vā vedanāsu viharati, samudayavayadhammānupassī vā vedanāsu viharati. ‘Atthi vedanā’ti vā panassa sati paccupaṭṭhitā hoti. Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati , na ca kiñci loke upādiyati. Evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vedanāsu vedanānupassī viharati.
114诸比丘,比丘如何于心随观心而住?诸比丘,于此,比丘心带贪时,了知:‘心带贪。’心离贪时,了知:‘心离贪。’心带嗔时,了知:‘心带嗔。’心离嗔时,了知:‘心离嗔。’心带痴时,了知:‘心带痴。’心离痴时,了知:‘心离痴。’心昏沉时,了知:‘心昏沉。’心散乱时,了知:‘心散乱。’心广大时,了知:‘心广大。’心不广大时,了知:‘心不广大。’心有上时,了知:‘心有上。’心无上时,了知:‘心无上。’心得定时,了知:‘心得定。’心未得定时,了知:‘心未得定。’心解脱时,了知:‘心解脱。’心未解脱时,了知:‘心未解脱。’如是,他于内心随观心而住,于外心随观心而住,于内外心随观心而住。他于心随观集起法而住,于心随观灭法而住,于心随观集灭法而住。他现起‘有心’之念,仅为知与忆念的程度,他无所依而住,不执取世间任何事物。诸比丘,比丘便是如此于心随观心而住。
‘‘Kathañca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu citte cittānupassī viharati? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sarāgaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘sarāgaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, vītarāgaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘vītarāgaṃ citta’nti pajānāti; sadosaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘sadosaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, vītadosaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘vītadosaṃ citta’nti pajānāti; samohaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘samohaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, vītamohaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘vītamohaṃ citta’nti pajānāti; saṃkhittaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘saṃkhittaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, vikkhittaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘vikkhittaṃ citta’nti pajānāti; mahaggataṃ vā cittaṃ ‘mahaggataṃ citta’nti pajānāti, amahaggataṃ vā cittaṃ ‘amahaggataṃ citta’nti pajānāti; sauttaraṃ vā cittaṃ ‘sauttaraṃ citta’nti pajānāti, anuttaraṃ vā cittaṃ ‘anuttaraṃ citta’nti pajānāti; samāhitaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘samāhitaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, asamāhitaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘asamāhitaṃ citta’nti pajānāti; vimuttaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘vimuttaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, avimuttaṃ vā cittaṃ ‘avimuttaṃ citta’nti pajānāti. Iti ajjhattaṃ vā citte cittānupassī viharati, bahiddhā vā citte cittānupassī viharati, ajjhattabahiddhā vā citte cittānupassī viharati; samudayadhammānupassī vā cittasmiṃ viharati, vayadhammānupassī vā cittasmiṃ viharati, samudayavayadhammānupassī vā cittasmiṃ viharati. ‘Atthi citta’nti vā panassa sati paccupaṭṭhitā hoti. Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upādiyati . Evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu citte cittānupassī viharati.
法随观·盖节
Dhammānupassanā nīvaraṇapabbaṃ
115诸比丘,比丘又如何于法随观法而住?诸比丘,在此,比丘依五盖而于法随观法而住。诸比丘,比丘又如何依五盖而于法随观法而住?
‘‘Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati pañcasu nīvaraṇesu. Kathañca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati pañcasu nīvaraṇesu?
诸比丘,在此,比丘若内在有欲贪,便了知:‘我内在有欲贪’;若内在无欲贪,便了知:‘我内在无欲贪’。他了知未生起的欲贪如何生起,了知已生起的欲贪如何断除,了知已断除的欲贪如何于未来不再生起。
‘‘Idha , bhikkhave, bhikkhu santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ kāmacchandaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ kāmacchando’ti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ kāmacchandaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ kāmacchando’ti pajānāti; yathā ca anuppannassa kāmacchandassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa kāmacchandassa pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnassa kāmacchandassa āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
若内在有嗔恚,他便了知:‘我内在有嗔恚’;若内在无嗔恚,他便了知:‘我内在无嗔恚’。他了知未生起的嗔恚如何生起,了知已生起的嗔恚如何断除,了知已断除的嗔恚如何于未来不再生起。
‘‘Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ byāpādaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ byāpādo’ti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ byāpādaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ byāpādo’ti pajānāti; yathā ca anuppannassa byāpādassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa byāpādassa pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnassa byāpādassa āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
若内在有昏沉与睡眠,他便了知:‘我内在有昏沉与睡眠’;若内在无昏沉与睡眠,他便了知:‘我内在无昏沉与睡眠’。他了知未生起的昏沉与睡眠如何生起,了知已生起的昏沉与睡眠如何断除,了知已断除的昏沉与睡眠如何于未来不再生起。
‘‘Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ thīnamiddhaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ thīnamiddha’nti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ thīnamiddhaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ thīnamiddha’nti pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa thīnamiddhassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa thīnamiddhassa pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnassa thīnamiddhassa āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
当内有掉举与恶作时,他即了知:‘我内有掉举与恶作’;当内无掉举与恶作时,他即了知:‘我内无掉举与恶作’。他亦了知未生起的掉举与恶作如何生起,已生起的如何断除,已断除的如何于未来不再生起。
‘‘Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ uddhaccakukkuccaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ uddhaccakukkucca’nti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ uddhaccakukkuccaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ uddhaccakukkucca’nti pajānāti; yathā ca anuppannassa uddhaccakukkuccassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa uddhaccakukkuccassa pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnassa uddhaccakukkuccassa āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
当内有疑时,他即了知:‘我内有疑’;当内无疑时,他即了知:‘我内无疑’。他亦了知未生起的疑如何生起,已生起的如何断除,已断除的如何于未来不再生起。
‘‘Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ vicikicchaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ vicikicchā’ti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ vicikicchaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ vicikicchā’ti pajānāti; yathā ca anuppannāya vicikicchāya uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannāya vicikicchāya pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnāya vicikicchāya āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
他这样安住:于内法随观法而住,于外法随观法而住,于内外法随观法而住;他于法随观集起之法而住,于法随观灭去之法而住,于法随观集起与灭去之法而住。或者,他建立起‘有法’的念,仅为了知的程度、为忆念的程度,他无所依而住,不执取世间任何事物。诸比丘,比丘便是这样于五盖中,于法随观法而住。
‘‘Iti ajjhattaṃ vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati, bahiddhā vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati, ajjhattabahiddhā vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati; samudayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati, vayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati , samudayavayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati. ‘Atthi dhammā’ti vā panassa sati paccupaṭṭhitā hoti. Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upādiyati. Evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati pañcasu nīvaraṇesu.
法随观 蕴节
Dhammānupassanā khandhapabbaṃ
116“比丘们,再者,有比丘于五取蕴中住于法随观。比丘们,比丘如何于五取蕴中住于法随观呢?比丘们,这里,比丘如是观:“这是色,这是色的生起,这是色的灭去;这是受,这是受的生起,这是受的灭去;这是想,这是想的生起,这是想的灭去;这是行,这是行的生起,这是行的灭去;这是识,这是识的生起,这是识的灭去。”如此,他于内法随观法而住,于外法随观法而住,于内外法随观法而住;他于法随观生法而住,于法随观灭法而住,于法随观生灭法而住。或者,他建立起“有法”之念,只为成就智与忆念。他无所依止而住,不执取世间任何事物。比丘们,比丘便是这样于五取蕴中住于法随观。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati pañcasu upādānakkhandhesu. Kathañca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati pañcasu upādānakkhandhesu? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu – ‘iti rūpaṃ, iti rūpassa samudayo, iti rūpassa atthaṅgamo; iti vedanā, iti vedanāya samudayo, iti vedanāya atthaṅgamo; iti saññā, iti saññāya samudayo, iti saññāya atthaṅgamo; iti saṅkhārā, iti saṅkhārānaṃ samudayo, iti saṅkhārānaṃ atthaṅgamo; iti viññāṇaṃ, iti viññāṇassa samudayo, iti viññāṇassa atthaṅgamo’ti; iti ajjhattaṃ vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati, bahiddhā vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati, ajjhattabahiddhā vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati; samudayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati, vayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati, samudayavayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati. ‘Atthi dhammā’ti vā panassa sati paccupaṭṭhitā hoti. Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upādiyati. Evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati pañcasu upādānakkhandhesu.
法随观·处品
Dhammānupassanā āyatanapabbaṃ
117「再者,比丘们,比丘于法中随观法而住,即于六内处与六外处随观。那么,比丘们,比丘如何于法中随观法而住,即于六内处与六外处随观呢?」
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati chasu ajjhattikabāhiresu āyatanesu. Kathañca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati chasu ajjhattikabāhiresu āyatanesu?
诸比丘,在此,比丘了知眼,了知色,并了知依于这两者而生起的结;他也了知未生起的结如何生起、已生起的结如何断除、已断除的结于未来如何不再生起。
‘‘Idha , bhikkhave, bhikkhu cakkhuñca pajānāti, rūpe ca pajānāti, yañca tadubhayaṃ paṭicca uppajjati saṃyojanaṃ tañca pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa saṃyojanassa pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnassa saṃyojanassa āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
他了知耳,了知声,并了知依于这两者而生起的结;他也了知未生起的结如何生起、已生起的结如何断除、已断除的结于未来如何不再生起。
‘‘Sotañca pajānāti, sadde ca pajānāti, yañca tadubhayaṃ paṭicca uppajjati saṃyojanaṃ tañca pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa saṃyojanassa pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnassa saṃyojanassa āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
他了知鼻,了知香,并了知依于这两者而生起的结;他也了知未生起的结如何生起、已生起的结如何断除、已断除的结于未来如何不再生起。
‘‘Ghānañca pajānāti, gandhe ca pajānāti, yañca tadubhayaṃ paṭicca uppajjati saṃyojanaṃ tañca pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa saṃyojanassa pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnassa saṃyojanassa āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
他了知舌,了知味,亦了知依这两者而生起的结;未生之结如何生起,他亦了知;已生之结如何断除,他亦了知;已断之结在未来如何不再生起,他亦了知。
‘‘Jivhañca pajānāti, rase ca pajānāti, yañca tadubhayaṃ paṭicca uppajjati saṃyojanaṃ tañca pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa saṃyojanassa pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnassa saṃyojanassa āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
他了知身,了知触,亦了知依这两者而生起的结;未生之结如何生起,他亦了知;已生之结如何断除,他亦了知;已断之结在未来如何不再生起,他亦了知。
‘‘Kāyañca pajānāti, phoṭṭhabbe ca pajānāti, yañca tadubhayaṃ paṭicca uppajjati saṃyojanaṃ tañca pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa saṃyojanassa pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnassa saṃyojanassa āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
他了知意,了知法,亦了知依这两者而生起的结;未生之结如何生起,他亦了知;已生之结如何断除,他亦了知;已断之结在未来如何不再生起,他亦了知。
‘‘Manañca pajānāti, dhamme ca pajānāti, yañca tadubhayaṃ paṭicca uppajjati saṃyojanaṃ tañca pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa saṃyojanassa pahānaṃ hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca pahīnassa saṃyojanassa āyatiṃ anuppādo hoti tañca pajānāti.
如此,他或安住于内法随观法,或安住于外法随观法,或安住于内外法随观法;或安住于法随观集起,或安住于法随观灭去,或安住于法随观集起与灭去。或仅为了知与忆念,他现起“有法”之念。他无所依而住,不执取世间任何事物。诸比丘,比丘也如此,就六内处与六外处,于法随观法而安住。
‘‘Iti ajjhattaṃ vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati, bahiddhā vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati, ajjhattabahiddhā vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati; samudayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati, vayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati, samudayavayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati. ‘Atthi dhammā’ti vā panassa sati paccupaṭṭhitā hoti. Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati na ca kiñci loke upādiyati. Evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati chasu ajjhattikabāhiresu āyatanesu.
法随观·觉支节
Dhammānupassanā bojjhaṅgapabbaṃ
118再者,诸比丘,比丘于法中随观法,安住于七觉支。诸比丘,比丘如何于法中随观法,安住于七觉支呢?诸比丘,于此,当比丘内有念觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内有念觉支’;当内无念觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内无念觉支’。他也了知未生起的念觉支如何生起,以及已生起的念觉支如何依修习而得圆满。当内有择法觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内有择法觉支’;当内无择法觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内无择法觉支’。他也了知未生起的择法觉支如何生起,以及已生起的择法觉支如何依修习而得圆满。当内有精进觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内有精进觉支’;当内无精进觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内无精进觉支’。他也了知未生起的精进觉支如何生起,以及已生起的精进觉支如何依修习而得圆满。当内有喜觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内有喜觉支’;当内无喜觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内无喜觉支’。他也了知未生起的喜觉支如何生起,以及已生起的喜觉支如何依修习而得圆满。当内有轻安觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内有轻安觉支’;当内无轻安觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内无轻安觉支’。当内有轻安觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内有轻安觉支’;当内无轻安觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内无轻安觉支’。他也了知未生起的轻安觉支如何生起,以及已生起的轻安觉支如何依修习而得圆满。当内有定觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内有定觉支’;当内无定觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内无定觉支’。他也了知未生起的定觉支如何生起,以及已生起的定觉支如何依修习而得圆满。当内有舍觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内有舍觉支’;当内无舍觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内无舍觉支’。他也了知未生起的舍觉支如何生起,以及已生起的舍觉支如何依修习而得圆满。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati sattasu bojjhaṅgesu. Kathañca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati sattasu bojjhaṅgesu? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ satisambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ satisambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ satisambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ satisambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa bhāvanāya pāripūrī hoti tañca pajānāti.
当内有择法觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内有择法觉支’;当内无择法觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内无择法觉支’。他也了知未生起的择法觉支如何生起,以及已生起的择法觉支如何依修习而得圆满。
‘‘Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgassa bhāvanāya pāripūrī hoti tañca pajānāti.
当内有精进觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内有精进觉支’;当内无精进觉支时,他如实了知:‘我内无精进觉支’。他也了知未生起的精进觉支如何生起,以及已生起的精进觉支如何依修习而得圆满。
‘‘Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ vīriyasambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ vīriyasambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ vīriyasambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ vīriyasambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa vīriyasambojjhaṅgassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa vīriyasambojjhaṅgassa bhāvanāya pāripūrī hoti tañca pajānāti.
他于内有喜觉支时,了知:‘我内有喜觉支’;于内无喜觉支时,了知:‘我内无喜觉支’。他也了知未生起的喜觉支如何生起,以及已生起的喜觉支如何依修习而达圆满。
‘‘Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ pītisambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ pītisambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ pītisambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ pītisambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti , yathā ca anuppannassa pītisambojjhaṅgassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa pītisambojjhaṅgassa bhāvanāya pāripūrī hoti tañca pajānāti.
他于内有轻安觉支时,了知:‘我内有轻安觉支’;于内无轻安觉支时,了知:‘我内无轻安觉支’。他也了知未生起的轻安觉支如何生起,以及已生起的轻安觉支如何依修习而达圆满。
‘‘Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ passaddhisambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ passaddhisambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ passaddhisambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ passaddhisambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa passaddhisambojjhaṅgassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa passaddhisambojjhaṅgassa bhāvanāya pāripūrī hoti tañca pajānāti.
他于内有定觉支时,了知:‘我内有定觉支’;于内无定觉支时,了知:‘我内无定觉支’。他也了知未生起的定觉支如何生起,以及已生起的定觉支如何依修习而达圆满。
‘‘Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ samādhisambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ samādhisambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ samādhisambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ samādhisambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa samādhisambojjhaṅgassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa samādhisambojjhaṅgassa bhāvanāya pāripūrī hoti tañca pajānāti.
当内在有舍觉支时,他了知:‘我内在有舍觉支’;当内在无舍觉支时,他了知:‘我内在无舍觉支’。他也了知未生起的舍觉支如何生起,以及已生起的舍觉支如何通过修习达至圆满。
‘‘Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ upekkhāsambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘atthi me ajjhattaṃ upekkhāsambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ upekkhāsambojjhaṅgaṃ ‘natthi me ajjhattaṃ upekkhāsambojjhaṅgo’ti pajānāti, yathā ca anuppannassa upekkhāsambojjhaṅgassa uppādo hoti tañca pajānāti, yathā ca uppannassa upekkhāsambojjhaṅgassa bhāvanāya pāripūrī hoti tañca pajānāti .
如此,他或于内法随观法而住,或于外法随观法而住,或于内外法随观法而住;或于法随观集起而住,或于法随观灭去而住,或于法随观集起与灭去而住。又或,他现起‘有法’之念,仅是为了智与忆念。他无所依止而住,不执取世间任何事物。诸比丘,比丘也正是如此,于诸法中依七觉支随观法而住。
‘‘Iti ajjhattaṃ vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati, bahiddhā vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati, ajjhattabahiddhā vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati; samudayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati, vayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati, samudayavayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati. ‘Atthi dhammā’ti vā panassa sati paccupaṭṭhitā hoti. Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upādiyati. Evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati sattasu bojjhaṅgesu.
法随观·谛节
Dhammānupassanā saccapabbaṃ
119诸比丘,复次,比丘于诸法中,依四圣谛随观法而住。诸比丘,比丘如何于诸法中依四圣谛随观法而住呢?诸比丘,于此,比丘如实了知‘此是苦’,如实了知‘此是苦之集’,如实了知‘此是苦之灭’,如实了知‘此是苦灭道迹’。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati catūsu ariyasaccesu. Kathañca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati catūsu ariyasaccesu? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ‘idaṃ dukkha’nti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ‘ayaṃ dukkhasamudayo’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodho’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’ti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti.
苦谛分别
Dukkhasaccaniddeso
120诸比丘,何为苦圣谛?生是苦,老是苦,死是苦,愁、悲、苦、忧、恼是苦,与怨憎者相会是苦,与亲爱者别离是苦,求不得亦是苦;简言之,五取蕴即是苦。
‘‘Katamañca , bhikkhave, dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ? Jātipi dukkhā, jarāpi dukkhā, maraṇampi dukkhaṃ, sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsāpi dukkhā, appiyehi sampayogopi dukkho, piyehi vippayogopi dukkho , yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ, saṃkhittena pañcupādānakkhandhā dukkhā.
121诸比丘,何谓生?即于种种有情界中,有情的诞生、出生、入胎、再生、五蕴的显现、六处的获得。诸比丘,这便称为生。
‘‘Katamā ca, bhikkhave, jāti? Yā tesaṃ tesaṃ sattānaṃ tamhi tamhi sattanikāye jāti sañjāti okkanti abhinibbatti khandhānaṃ pātubhāvo āyatanānaṃ paṭilābho, ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, jāti.
122诸比丘,何为衰老?所谓衰老,即是在种种有情之中,于其各自所属的有情种类里,所出现的衰朽、老迈、齿落、发白、皮肤起皱、寿命衰减、诸根熟变。诸比丘,这便称为衰老。
‘‘Katamā ca, bhikkhave, jarā? Yā tesaṃ tesaṃ sattānaṃ tamhi tamhi sattanikāye jarā jīraṇatā khaṇḍiccaṃ pāliccaṃ valittacatā āyuno saṃhāni indriyānaṃ paripāko, ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, jarā.
123诸比丘,何为死?所谓死,即是在种种有情之中,从其各自所属的有情种类里,所出现的灭殁、坏灭、消失、死亡、命终、诸蕴离散、遗骸弃舍、命根断绝。诸比丘,这便称为死。
‘‘Katamañca, bhikkhave, maraṇaṃ? Yaṃ tesaṃ tesaṃ sattānaṃ tamhā tamhā sattanikāyā cuti cavanatā bhedo antaradhānaṃ maccu maraṇaṃ kālaṅkiriyā khandhānaṃ bhedo kaḷevarassa nikkhepo jīvitindriyassupacchedo, idaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, maraṇaṃ.
124诸比丘,何为忧愁?若有人遭遇某种厄难,被某种苦法所触恼,而生起忧、悲、愁闷、内忧、内悲。诸比丘,这便称为忧愁。
‘‘Katamo ca, bhikkhave, soko? Yo kho, bhikkhave, aññataraññatarena byasanena samannāgatassa aññataraññatarena dukkhadhammena phuṭṭhassa soko socanā socitattaṃ antosoko antoparisoko, ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, soko.
125诸比丘,什么是悲泣?诸比丘,若有人遭遇某种不幸,为某种苦法所触,因而哀叹、悲泣、哀叹之貌、悲泣之貌、曾哀叹之貌、曾悲泣之貌——诸比丘,这便称为悲泣。
‘‘Katamo ca, bhikkhave, paridevo? Yo kho, bhikkhave, aññataraññatarena byasanena samannāgatassa aññataraññatarena dukkhadhammena phuṭṭhassa ādevo paridevo ādevanā paridevanā ādevitattaṃ paridevitattaṃ, ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, paridevo.
126诸比丘,什么是苦?诸比丘,凡是身体上的痛苦、身体上的不适、由身触所生的痛苦与不适的感受——诸比丘,这便称为苦。
‘‘Katamañca, bhikkhave, dukkhaṃ? Yaṃ kho, bhikkhave, kāyikaṃ dukkhaṃ kāyikaṃ asātaṃ kāyasamphassajaṃ dukkhaṃ asātaṃ vedayitaṃ, idaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, dukkhaṃ.
127诸比丘,什么是忧?诸比丘,凡是心理上的痛苦、心理上的不适、由意触所生的痛苦与不适的感受——诸比丘,这便称为忧。
‘‘Katamañca, bhikkhave, domanassaṃ? Yaṃ kho, bhikkhave, cetasikaṃ dukkhaṃ cetasikaṃ asātaṃ manosamphassajaṃ dukkhaṃ asātaṃ vedayitaṃ, idaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, domanassaṃ.
128诸比丘,什么是恼?诸比丘,若有人遭遇某种不幸,或被某种苦法触及,所生起的苦恼、忧恼,那苦恼之状、忧恼之状——诸比丘,这就称为恼。
‘‘Katamo ca, bhikkhave, upāyāso? Yo kho, bhikkhave, aññataraññatarena byasanena samannāgatassa aññataraññatarena dukkhadhammena phuṭṭhassa āyāso upāyāso āyāsitattaṃ upāyāsitattaṃ, ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, upāyāso.
129诸比丘,什么是怨憎会苦?于此,凡是那些不可喜、不可乐、不可意的色、声、香、味、触、法,或者那些不望其得益、不望其有利、不望其安乐、不望其安稳之人,与这些人相聚、相遇、相合、相杂——诸比丘,这就称为怨憎会苦。
‘‘Katamo ca, bhikkhave, appiyehi sampayogo dukkho? Idha yassa te honti aniṭṭhā akantā amanāpā rūpā saddā gandhā rasā phoṭṭhabbā dhammā, ye vā panassa te honti anatthakāmā ahitakāmā aphāsukakāmā ayogakkhemakāmā, yā tehi saddhiṃ saṅgati samāgamo samodhānaṃ missībhāvo, ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, appiyehi sampayogo dukkho.
130诸比丘,什么是爱别离苦?于此,凡是那些可喜、可乐、可意的色、声、香、味、触、法,或者那些望其得益、望其有利、望其安乐、望其安稳的人,如母亲、父亲、兄弟、姐妹、朋友、同事或血亲,与这些人不聚、不遇、不合、不杂——诸比丘,这就称为爱别离苦。
‘‘Katamo ca, bhikkhave, piyehi vippayogo dukkho? Idha yassa te honti iṭṭhā kantā manāpā rūpā saddā gandhā rasā phoṭṭhabbā dhammā, ye vā panassa te honti atthakāmā hitakāmā phāsukakāmā yogakkhemakāmā mātā vā pitā vā bhātā vā bhaginī vā mittā vā amaccā vā ñātisālohitā vā, yā tehi saddhiṃ asaṅgati asamāgamo asamodhānaṃ amissībhāvo, ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, piyehi vippayogo dukkho.
131那么,诸比丘,什么是“想求而不得,那也是苦”呢?诸比丘,于有生法之众生,生起如是欲求:“啊,愿我等无有生法,愿生不降临我身。”然而此事不由欲求而得。这想求而不得,也是苦。诸比丘,于有老法之众生,生起如是欲求:“啊,愿我等无有老法,愿老不降临我身。”然而此事不由欲求而得。这想求而不得,也是苦。诸比丘,于有病法之众生,生起如是欲求:“啊,愿我等无有病法,愿病不降临我身。”然而此事不由欲求而得。这想求而不得,也是苦。诸比丘,于有死法之众生,生起如是欲求:“啊,愿我等无有死法,愿死不降临我身。”然而此事不由欲求而得。这想求而不得,也是苦。诸比丘,于有愁、悲、苦、忧、恼法之众生,生起如是欲求:“啊,愿我等无有愁、悲、苦、忧、恼法,愿愁、悲、苦、忧、恼不降临我身。”然而此事不由欲求而得。这想求而不得,也是苦。
‘‘Katamañca, bhikkhave, yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ? Jātidhammānaṃ, bhikkhave , sattānaṃ evaṃ icchā uppajjati – ‘aho vata mayaṃ na jātidhammā assāma, na ca vata no jāti āgaccheyyā’ti. Na kho panetaṃ icchāya pattabbaṃ, idampi yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ. Jarādhammānaṃ, bhikkhave, sattānaṃ evaṃ icchā uppajjati – ‘aho vata mayaṃ na jarādhammā assāma, na ca vata no jarā āgaccheyyā’ti. Na kho panetaṃ icchāya pattabbaṃ, idampi yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ. Byādhidhammānaṃ, bhikkhave, sattānaṃ evaṃ icchā uppajjati – ‘aho vata mayaṃ na byādhidhammā assāma, na ca vata no byādhi āgaccheyyā’ti. Na kho panetaṃ icchāya pattabbaṃ, idampi yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ. Maraṇadhammānaṃ, bhikkhave, sattānaṃ evaṃ icchā uppajjati – ‘aho vata mayaṃ na maraṇadhammā assāma, na ca vata no maraṇaṃ āgaccheyyā’ti. Na kho panetaṃ icchāya pattabbaṃ, idampi yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ. Sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsadhammānaṃ, bhikkhave, sattānaṃ evaṃ icchā uppajjati – ‘aho vata mayaṃ na sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsadhammā assāma, na ca vata no sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsadhammā āgaccheyyu’nti. Na kho panetaṃ icchāya pattabbaṃ, idampi yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ.
132“诸比丘,什么是简略而言的五取蕴苦呢?即:色取蕴、受取蕴、想取蕴、行取蕴、识取蕴。诸比丘,这些便称为简略而言的五取蕴苦。诸比丘,这即是苦圣谛。”
‘‘Katame ca, bhikkhave, saṃkhittena pañcupādānakkhandhā dukkhā? Seyyathidaṃ – rūpupādānakkhandho, vedanupādānakkhandho, saññupādānakkhandho, saṅkhārupādānakkhandho, viññāṇupādānakkhandho. Ime vuccanti, bhikkhave, saṃkhittena pañcupādānakkhandhā dukkhā. Idaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ.
集圣谛分别
Samudayasaccaniddeso
133“诸比丘,什么是苦集圣谛呢?正是那导致再生、伴随喜染、于处处爱乐的渴爱。也就是:欲爱、有爱、无有爱。”
‘‘Katamañca, bhikkhave, dukkhasamudayaṃ ariyasaccaṃ? Yāyaṃ taṇhā ponobbhavikā nandīrāgasahagatā tatratatrābhinandinī. Seyyathidaṃ – kāmataṇhā bhavataṇhā vibhavataṇhā.
“诸比丘,而这渴爱于何处生起时便在那里生起,于何处住著时便在那里住著?凡世间有可爱相、可悦相之处,这渴爱便在那里生起,便在那里住著。”
‘‘Sā kho panesā, bhikkhave, taṇhā kattha uppajjamānā uppajjati, kattha nivisamānā nivisati? Yaṃ loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati.
“那么,世间哪些是可爱相、可悦相?眼在世间是可爱相、可悦相,这渴爱便在那里生起,便在那里住著。耳在世间……鼻在世间……舌在世间……身在世间……意在世间是可爱相、可悦相,这渴爱便在那里生起,便在那里住著。”
‘‘Kiñca loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ? Cakkhu loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati. Sotaṃ loke…pe… ghānaṃ loke… jivhā loke… kāyo loke… mano loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati.
世间的色、声、香、味、触、法,是可爱、可意的,渴爱生起时即于此处生起,住立时即于此处住立。
‘‘Rūpā loke… saddā loke… gandhā loke… rasā loke… phoṭṭhabbā loke… dhammā loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati.
世间的眼识、耳识、鼻识、舌识、身识、意识,是可爱、可意的,渴爱生起时即于此处生起,住立时即于此处住立。
‘‘Cakkhuviññāṇaṃ loke… sotaviññāṇaṃ loke… ghānaviññāṇaṃ loke… jivhāviññāṇaṃ loke… kāyaviññāṇaṃ loke… manoviññāṇaṃ loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati.
世间的眼触、耳触、鼻触、舌触、身触、意触,是可爱、可意的,渴爱生起时即于此处生起,住立时即于此处住立。
‘‘Cakkhusamphasso loke… sotasamphasso loke… ghānasamphasso loke… jivhāsamphasso loke… kāyasamphasso loke… manosamphasso loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati.
眼触所生受在世间是可爱相、乐相,渴爱即于此处生起,即于此处安住;耳触所生受在世间……鼻触所生受在世间……舌触所生受在世间……身触所生受在世间……意触所生受在世间是可爱相、乐相,渴爱即于此处生起,即于此处安住。
‘‘Cakkhusamphassajā vedanā loke… sotasamphassajā vedanā loke… ghānasamphassajā vedanā loke… jivhāsamphassajā vedanā loke… kāyasamphassajā vedanā loke… manosamphassajā vedanā loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati.
世间之色想、声想、香想、味想、触想、法想,是可爱相、乐相,渴爱即于此处生起,即于此处安住。
‘‘Rūpasaññā loke… saddasaññā loke… gandhasaññā loke… rasasaññā loke… phoṭṭhabbasaññā loke… dhammasaññā loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati.
世间之色思、声思、香思、味思、触思、法思,是可爱相、乐相,渴爱即于此处生起,即于此处安住。
‘‘Rūpasañcetanā loke… saddasañcetanā loke… gandhasañcetanā loke… rasasañcetanā loke… phoṭṭhabbasañcetanā loke… dhammasañcetanā loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati.
世间中的色渴爱、声渴爱、香渴爱、味渴爱、触渴爱、法渴爱,这些是可爱而悦意的。渴爱生起时,便在此处生起;住立时,便在此处住立。
‘‘Rūpataṇhā loke… saddataṇhā loke… gandhataṇhā loke… rasataṇhā loke… phoṭṭhabbataṇhā loke… dhammataṇhā loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati.
世间中的色寻思、声寻思、香寻思、味寻思、触寻思、法寻思,这些是可爱而悦意的。渴爱生起时,便在此处生起;住立时,便在此处住立。
‘‘Rūpavitakko loke… saddavitakko loke… gandhavitakko loke… rasavitakko loke… phoṭṭhabbavitakko loke… dhammavitakko loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati.
世间中的色伺察、声伺察、香伺察、味伺察、触伺察、法伺察,这些是可爱而悦意的。渴爱生起时,便在此处生起;住立时,便在此处住立。诸比丘,这即是苦集圣谛。
‘‘Rūpavicāro loke… saddavicāro loke… gandhavicāro loke… rasavicāro loke… phoṭṭhabbavicāro loke… dhammavicāro loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā uppajjamānā uppajjati, ettha nivisamānā nivisati. Idaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, dukkhasamudayaṃ ariyasaccaṃ.
灭谛分别
Nirodhasaccaniddeso
134诸比丘,什么是苦灭圣谛?就是对此渴爱的完全无余的离欲、灭尽、舍离、放弃、解脱、无所依著。
‘‘Katamañca, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ? Yo tassāyeva taṇhāya asesavirāganirodho cāgo paṭinissaggo mutti anālayo.
然而,诸比丘,这渴爱在被断除时于何处被断除,在被灭尽时于何处被灭尽呢?在世间凡是可爱、可意之处,这渴爱就在那里被断除,就在那里被灭尽。
‘‘Sā kho panesā, bhikkhave, taṇhā kattha pahīyamānā pahīyati, kattha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati? Yaṃ loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati.
世间什么是可爱、可悦的呢?眼在世间是可爱、可悦的——渴爱正是在这里被舍断时便舍断,在这里被灭尽时便灭尽。耳在世间……鼻在世间……舌在世间……身在世间……意在世间是可爱、可悦的——渴爱正是在这里被舍断时便舍断,在这里被灭尽时便灭尽。
‘‘Kiñca loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ? Cakkhu loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati. Sotaṃ loke…pe… ghānaṃ loke… jivhā loke… kāyo loke… mano loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati.
色在世间……声在世间……香在世间……味在世间……触在世间……法在世间是可爱、可悦的——渴爱正是在这里被舍断时便舍断,在这里被灭尽时便灭尽。
‘‘Rūpā loke… saddā loke… gandhā loke… rasā loke… phoṭṭhabbā loke… dhammā loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati.
眼识在世间……耳识在世间……鼻识在世间……舌识在世间……身识在世间……意识在世间是可爱、可悦的——渴爱正是在这里被舍断时便舍断,在这里被灭尽时便灭尽。
‘‘Cakkhuviññāṇaṃ loke… sotaviññāṇaṃ loke… ghānaviññāṇaṃ loke… jivhāviññāṇaṃ loke… kāyaviññāṇaṃ loke… manoviññāṇaṃ loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati.
世间眼触……世间耳触……世间鼻触……世间舌触……世间身触……世间意触是可爱色、可悦色,渴爱即于此处被舍断而舍断,于此处被灭而灭。
‘‘Cakkhusamphasso loke… sotasamphasso loke… ghānasamphasso loke… jivhāsamphasso loke… kāyasamphasso loke… manosamphasso loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati.
世间眼触生受……世间耳触生受……世间鼻触生受……世间舌触生受……世间身触生受……世间意触生受是可爱色、可悦色,渴爱即于此处被舍断而舍断,于此处被灭而灭。
‘‘Cakkhusamphassajā vedanā loke… sotasamphassajā vedanā loke… ghānasamphassajā vedanā loke… jivhāsamphassajā vedanā loke… kāyasamphassajā vedanā loke… manosamphassajā vedanā loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati.
世间色想……世间声想……世间香想……世间味想……世间触想……世间法想是可爱色、可悦色,渴爱即于此处被舍断而舍断,于此处被灭而灭。
‘‘Rūpasaññā loke… saddasaññā loke… gandhasaññā loke… rasasaññā loke… phoṭṭhabbasaññā loke… dhammasaññā loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati.
世间的色思……声思……香思……味思……触思……法思,是可爱色、可悦色。这渴爱即于此处,舍断时便舍断,灭尽时便灭尽。
‘‘Rūpasañcetanā loke… saddasañcetanā loke… gandhasañcetanā loke… rasasañcetanā loke… phoṭṭhabbasañcetanā loke… dhammasañcetanā loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati.
世间的色爱……声爱……香爱……味爱……触爱……法爱,是可爱色、可悦色。这渴爱即于此处,舍断时便舍断,灭尽时便灭尽。
‘‘Rūpataṇhā loke… saddataṇhā loke… gandhataṇhā loke… rasataṇhā loke… phoṭṭhabbataṇhā loke… dhammataṇhā loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati.
世间的色寻……声寻……香寻……味寻……触寻……法寻,是可爱色、可悦色。这渴爱即于此处,舍断时便舍断,灭尽时便灭尽。
‘‘Rūpavitakko loke… saddavitakko loke… gandhavitakko loke… rasavitakko loke… phoṭṭhabbavitakko loke… dhammavitakko loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ, etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhamānā nirujjhati.
世间对色的寻伺……对声的寻伺……对香的寻伺……对味的寻伺……对触的寻伺……对法的寻伺,是可爱、可悦的,渴爱即于此处舍断,于此处灭尽。诸比丘,这称为苦灭圣谛。
‘‘Rūpavicāro loke… saddavicāro loke… gandhavicāro loke… rasavicāro loke… phoṭṭhabbavicāro loke… dhammavicāro loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ. Etthesā taṇhā pahīyamānā pahīyati, ettha nirujjhāmānā nirujjhati. Idaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ.
道谛分别
Maggasaccaniddeso
135诸比丘,什么是苦灭道迹圣谛呢?就是这八支圣道,即:正见、正思惟、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定。
‘‘Katamañca, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā ariyasaccaṃ? Ayameva ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo seyyathidaṃ – sammādiṭṭhi sammāsaṅkappo sammāvācā sammākammanto sammāājīvo sammāvāyāmo sammāsati sammāsamādhi.
诸比丘,什么是正见?诸比丘,于苦有智,于苦集有智,于苦灭有智,于导向苦灭之道有智。诸比丘,这便称为正见。
‘‘Katamā ca, bhikkhave, sammādiṭṭhi? Yaṃ kho, bhikkhave, dukkhe ñāṇaṃ, dukkhasamudaye ñāṇaṃ, dukkhanirodhe ñāṇaṃ, dukkhanirodhagāminiyā paṭipadāya ñāṇaṃ. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, sammādiṭṭhi.
诸比丘,什么是正思维?出离思维、无瞋恚思维、无害思维。诸比丘,这称为正思维。
‘‘Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammāsaṅkappo? Nekkhammasaṅkappo abyāpādasaṅkappo avihiṃsāsaṅkappo. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, sammāsaṅkappo.
诸比丘,什么是正语?远离妄语,远离离间语,远离粗恶语,远离杂秽语。诸比丘,这称为正语。
‘‘Katamā ca, bhikkhave, sammāvācā? Musāvādā veramaṇī , pisuṇāya vācāya veramaṇī, pharusāya vācāya veramaṇī, samphappalāpā veramaṇī . Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, sammāvācā.
“诸比丘,什么是正业?不杀生、不偷盗、不邪淫。诸比丘,这就称为正业。”
‘‘Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammākammanto? Pāṇātipātā veramaṇī, adinnādānā veramaṇī, kāmesumicchācārā veramaṇī. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, sammākammanto.
“诸比丘,什么是正命?诸比丘,在此,圣弟子舍离邪命,以正命维持生活。诸比丘,这就称为正命。”
‘‘Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammāājīvo? Idha, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako micchāājīvaṃ pahāya sammāājīvena jīvitaṃ kappeti. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, sammāājīvo.
诸比丘,什么是正精进呢?诸比丘,在此,比丘为使未生的恶不善法不生,而生起意愿、精勤、激发精进、策励内心、努力用功;为使已生的恶不善法断除,而生起意愿、精勤、激发精进、策励内心、努力用功;为使未生的善法生起,而生起意愿、精勤、激发精进、策励内心、努力用功;为使已生的善法安住、不忘、增长、广大、修习圆满,而生起意愿、精勤、激发精进、策励内心、努力用功。诸比丘,这便叫作正精进。
‘‘Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammāvāyāmo? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu anuppannānaṃ pāpakānaṃ akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ anuppādāya chandaṃ janeti vāyamati vīriyaṃ ārabhati cittaṃ paggaṇhāti padahati; uppannānaṃ pāpakānaṃ akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pahānāya chandaṃ janeti vāyamati vīriyaṃ ārabhati cittaṃ paggaṇhāti padahati; anuppannānaṃ kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ uppādāya chandaṃ janeti vāyamati vīriyaṃ ārabhati cittaṃ paggaṇhāti padahati; uppannānaṃ kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ ṭhitiyā asammosāya bhiyyobhāvāya vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā chandaṃ janeti vāyamati vīriyaṃ ārabhati cittaṃ paggaṇhāti padahati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, sammāvāyāmo.
诸比丘,什么是正念?在此,比丘安住于身,随观身,热诚、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪忧;安住于受,随观受,热诚、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪忧;安住于心,随观心,热诚、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪忧;安住于诸法,随观法,热诚、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪忧。诸比丘,这就是正念。
‘‘Katamā ca, bhikkhave, sammāsati? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; vedanāsu vedanānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; citte cittānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, sammāsati.
诸比丘,什么是正定?在此,比丘远离诸欲、远离不善法,有寻有伺,由远离而生起的喜与乐,进入并安住于初禅。寻与伺平息后,内心清净,心一境性,无寻无伺,由定而生起的喜与乐,进入并安住于第二禅。离喜而安住于舍,有念、有正知,以身受乐——正如圣者们所说的‘舍、具念、住于乐’——进入并安住于第三禅。断除乐、断除苦,先前喜与忧皆已灭没,不苦不乐,舍念清净,进入并安住于第四禅。诸比丘,这就是正定。诸比丘,这就是导至苦灭的道圣谛。
‘‘Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammāsamādhi? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā ajjhattaṃ sampasādanaṃ cetaso ekodibhāvaṃ avitakkaṃ avicāraṃ samādhijaṃ pītisukhaṃ dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Pītiyā ca virāgā upekkhako ca viharati, sato ca sampajāno, sukhañca kāyena paṭisaṃvedeti, yaṃ taṃ ariyā ācikkhanti ‘upekkhako satimā sukhavihārī’ti tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sukhassa ca pahānā dukkhassa ca pahānā pubbeva somanassadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamā adukkhamasukhaṃ upekkhāsatipārisuddhiṃ catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, sammāsamādhi. Idaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā ariyasaccaṃ.
136如此,他或于内法随观法而住,或于外法随观法而住,或于内外法随观法而住;或于诸法随观集起而住,或于诸法随观灭去而住,或于诸法随观集灭而住。或仅安住于‘有法’的正念,但为智与忆念所需之程度。他无所依而住,不执取世间任何事物。诸比丘,比丘就这样于诸法中,依四圣谛随观法而住。
‘‘Iti ajjhattaṃ vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati, bahiddhā vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati, ajjhattabahiddhā vā dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati; samudayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati, vayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati, samudayavayadhammānupassī vā dhammesu viharati. ‘Atthi dhammā’ti vā panassa sati paccupaṭṭhitā hoti. Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upādiyati. Evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati catūsu ariyasaccesu.
137“诸比丘,若有人如此修习四念处七年,他可期待两种果中之一:于现法证得究竟智;若有余依,则证得不来。”
‘‘Yo hi koci, bhikkhave, ime cattāro satipaṭṭhāne evaṃ bhāveyya satta vassāni, tassa dvinnaṃ phalānaṃ aññataraṃ phalaṃ pāṭikaṅkhaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme aññā; sati vā upādisese anāgāmitā.
诸比丘,且不说七年。诸比丘,若有人能如此修习此四念处六年……乃至五年……四年……三年……两年……一年…… 诸比丘,且不说一年。诸比丘,若有人能如此修习此四念处七个月,则可期两种果之一:或于现法证得究竟智,若有余依,则证不来。诸比丘,且不说七个月。诸比丘,若有人能如此修习此四念处六个月……乃至五个月……四个月……三个月……两个月……一个月……半个月…… 诸比丘,且不说半个月。诸比丘,若有人能如此修习此四念处七日,则可期两种果之一:或于现法证得究竟智,若有余依,则证不来。
‘‘Tiṭṭhantu, bhikkhave, satta vassāni. Yo hi koci , bhikkhave, ime cattāro satipaṭṭhāne evaṃ bhāveyya cha vassāni…pe… pañca vassāni… cattāri vassāni… tīṇi vassāni… dve vassāni… ekaṃ vassaṃ… tiṭṭhatu, bhikkhave, ekaṃ vassaṃ. Yo hi koci, bhikkhave, ime cattāro satipaṭṭhāne evaṃ bhāveyya satta māsāni, tassa dvinnaṃ phalānaṃ aññataraṃ phalaṃ pāṭikaṅkhaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme aññā; sati vā upādisese anāgāmitā. Tiṭṭhantu, bhikkhave, satta māsāni. Yo hi koci, bhikkhave, ime cattāro satipaṭṭhāne evaṃ bhāveyya cha māsāni…pe… pañca māsāni… cattāri māsāni… tīṇi māsāni… dve māsāni… ekaṃ māsaṃ… aḍḍhamāsaṃ… tiṭṭhatu, bhikkhave, aḍḍhamāso. Yo hi koci, bhikkhave, ime cattāro satipaṭṭhāne evaṃ bhāveyya sattāhaṃ, tassa dvinnaṃ phalānaṃ aññataraṃ phalaṃ pāṭikaṅkhaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme aññā sati vā upādisese anāgāmitā’’ti.
138“诸比丘,此是唯一之道,为令众生清净,为超越愁悲,为灭除苦忧,为通达正理,为作证涅槃,即是四念处。”我所说的,正是缘此而说。
‘‘‘Ekāyano ayaṃ, bhikkhave, maggo sattānaṃ visuddhiyā sokaparidevānaṃ samatikkamāya dukkhadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamāya ñāyassa adhigamāya nibbānassa sacchikiriyāya yadidaṃ cattāro satipaṭṭhānā’ti. Iti yaṃ taṃ vuttaṃ, idametaṃ paṭicca vutta’’nti.
世尊如是说已。比丘们满心欢喜,对世尊的教导欢喜信受。
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
Mūlasusaṃvaradhammadāyādā, bheravānaṅgaṇākaṅkheyyavatthaṃ;
削减烦恼的正见与念处,是此品中最殊胜、无能相比、善妙圆满的。
Sallekhasammādiṭṭhisatipaṭṭhaṃ, vaggavaro asamo susamatto.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 说法者 |
| Bhikkhu | 比丘 | 闻法者、修行者 |
事件
世尊在俱卢国的剑磨瑟昙镇对诸比丘说法。他开示了一条“唯一之道”——四念处,能导向众生的清净、超越愁悲、灭尽苦忧、作证涅槃。随后,世尊从身、受、心、法四个层面,逐一详细教导比丘如何安住于随观,并最终总结修习此法可在七年乃至七日内证得最高果位。
经文摘要
佛陀开示唯一趣向涅槃之道 → 详细拆解四念处(身、受、心、法)的具体修法 → 保证依此修习必定证果。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:一条人人都能走的直路
这部经一开场就甩出一个重磅宣告:有一条“唯一之道”,目标极其明确,就是为了让人彻底清净,灭掉所有的忧愁苦恼,最终证得涅槃。这条路不是什么神秘玄学,而是非常具体、可操作的“四念处”。
2. 核心:把觉知全面铺开,看穿身心真相
四念处的修法,就是把你平时散乱的心拉回来,安住在四个领域,进行观察:
- 观身体:从最粗的呼吸,到行住坐卧的姿势,再到吃喝拉撒都带着清楚的了知。然后,更深一步,把身体拆开来看,看到里头只是头发、指甲、内脏、脓血、白骨这些不净的东西,或者分析成只是地、水、火、风四种元素的组合。最后,还要用墓地里尸体的九种腐化过程来对照自己,得到一个扎心的结论:“此身也是如此之法、如此之性、不能超越如此”。
- 观感受:感觉到乐、苦、或不苦不乐时,马上知道“我感觉到乐/苦/不苦不乐”。更细的是,还要分辨这感受是黏着欲望的“有物染”,还是不黏着欲望的“无物染”。只是单纯地了知感受的生灭,不跟着它跑。
- 观心:心里有贪、嗔、痴时,知道“有贪/嗔/痴的心”;心离开贪、嗔、痴时,知道“离贪/嗔/痴的心”。心是散乱的还是安定的,是广大的还是局限的,都清清楚楚。像一面镜子一样,只是照出心本来的样子。
- 观法:这是对心理现象和真理的全面检视。检查五盖(像欲贪、嗔恚)在不在;观察五蕴(色、受、想、行、识)的生起和灭去;观察眼、耳、鼻等六根与色、声、香等六尘接触时,束缚是如何产生的;观察七觉支(念、择法、精进等)如何生起与增长;最后,彻底参透“苦、集、灭、道”四圣谛。尤其是对苦圣谛(生老病死、怨憎会、爱别离、求不得、五取蕴苦)和集圣谛(导致轮回的渴爱)的剖析,点明了问题的根源。
整篇经文有一个贯穿始终的公式:“他或于内在…而住,或于外在…而住…他无所依而住,不执取世间的任何事物”。
→ 拆开看: 这句话是四念处修行的灵魂。从一开始的专注观察自己的身心,到也能同理观察到别人的状态,最终达到一种完全不执着任何东西的轻松自在状态。这就是从“修观”到“解脱”的完整路径。
3. 要旨:不保证成功,但保证有效,而且见效快
佛陀在最后打了包票:只要这么修,短则七天,长则七年,必定能证得“不来”甚至最高的“完全智”。这给了修行者极大的信心。
→ 一句话要旨: 把觉知变成一盏不灭的探照灯,全方位照亮身、受、心、法的运作,直到看穿一切只是不断生灭的现象,从而放下所有执着,抵达彻底的解脱。
关键术语锚
- sati → 念: 易错为“记忆”。在此经中,是核心的“觉知”或“正念”,是安住于当下、对目标保持清醒而不忘失的心理功能,是动词性的“观照”而非名词性的“一个念头”。
- vedanā → 受: 易错为“感受(情绪)”。在这里特指对体验的三种基础色调:乐、苦、不苦不乐。它被拆解为“有物染”(世俗的)和“无物染”(出离的),用以观察感受如何引发贪着。
- citta → 心: 易错为“思想”。在此,它被当作一个整体心理状态来观察,如“有贪的心”、“广大的心”、“得定的心”,是觉知的对象,而非思考的工具。
- dhamma → 法: 易错为“一切事物”。在此念处的语境下,特指被分类观察的“心理现象与真实法则”,具体指经文里的五盖、五蕴、十二处、七觉支、四圣谛这些能导向解脱的“法目”。
- samādhi → 定: 易错为“专注”。在正定(八正道最后一支)的说明中,它被定义为四禅那,是一种由浅入深、从喜舍到清净的稳定心一境性状态,是慧观的基础。
- āsava → 漏: 易错为“漏掉”。是“烦恼”的同义词,指从眼耳等感官不断渗出的欲、有、见、无明之流,是苦的根源,修习四念处的终极目标之一就是“灭尽”诸漏。