358 【八法·总标】“八法有大利益……(中略)……八法应当作证。”巴利 注疏 2
‘‘Aṭṭha dhammā bahukārā…pe… aṭṭha dhammā sacchikātabbā.
【八法·1】(一)“朋友们,哪些是八种法呢?有八种因、八种缘,能导向那根本梵行的智慧,于未得时令得,于已得后令增长、广大、修习、圆满。是哪八种?在此,朋友们,一位比丘依止于导师而住,或依止于某位值得尊重的梵行同道而住,对他现起强烈的惭、愧,以及爱戴与恭敬。这是第一种因、第一种缘,能导向那根本梵行的智慧,于未得时令得,于已得后令增长、广大、修习、圆满。巴利
(Ka) ‘‘katame aṭṭha dhammā bahukārā? Aṭṭha hetū aṭṭha paccayā ādibrahmacariyikāya paññāya appaṭiladdhāya paṭilābhāya paṭiladdhāya bhiyyobhāvāya vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā saṃvattanti. Katame aṭṭha? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu satthāraṃ upanissāya viharati aññataraṃ vā garuṭṭhāniyaṃ sabrahmacāriṃ, yatthassa tibbaṃ hirottappaṃ paccupaṭṭhitaṃ hoti pemañca gāravo ca. Ayaṃ paṭhamo hetu paṭhamo paccayo ādibrahmacariyikāya paññāya appaṭiladdhāya paṭilābhāya . Paṭiladdhāya bhiyyobhāvāya vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā saṃvattati.
“而他依止于那位导师而住,或依止于那位值得尊重的梵行同道而住,对他现起强烈的惭、愧,以及爱戴与恭敬。他时常前往拜见,详细请教:‘尊者,这是怎么回事?这其中有何义理?’那些尊者为他开显所未开显的,阐明所未阐明的,并在种种能引起疑惑的法上,为他澄清疑惑。这是第二种因、第二种缘,能导向那根本梵行的智慧,于未得时令得,于已得后令增长、广大、修习、圆满。”巴利
‘‘Taṃ kho pana satthāraṃ upanissāya viharati aññataraṃ vā garuṭṭhāniyaṃ sabrahmacāriṃ , yatthassa tibbaṃ hirottappaṃ paccupaṭṭhitaṃ hoti pemañca gāravo ca. Te kālena kālaṃ upasaṅkamitvā paripucchati paripañhati – ‘idaṃ, bhante, kathaṃ? Imassa ko attho’ti? Tassa te āyasmanto avivaṭañceva vivaranti, anuttānīkatañca uttānī karonti, anekavihitesu ca kaṅkhāṭṭhāniyesu dhammesu kaṅkhaṃ paṭivinodenti. Ayaṃ dutiyo hetu dutiyo paccayo ādibrahmacariyikāya paññāya appaṭiladdhāya paṭilābhāya, paṭiladdhāya bhiyyobhāvāya, vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā saṃvattati.
“听闻那法之后,他以两种远离令之圆满——身远离与心远离。这是第三种因、第三种缘,能导向那根本梵行的智慧,于未得时令得,于已得后令增长、广大、修习、圆满。巴利
‘‘Taṃ kho pana dhammaṃ sutvā dvayena vūpakāsena sampādeti – kāyavūpakāsena ca cittavūpakāsena ca. Ayaṃ tatiyo hetu tatiyo paccayo ādibrahmacariyikāya paññāya appaṭiladdhāya paṭilābhāya, paṭiladdhāya bhiyyobhāvāya vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā saṃvattati.
“再者,朋友们,比丘具足戒行,安住于巴帝摩卡防护,正行与行处皆圆满,于微细的罪过亦见怖畏,受持并修学诸学处。这是第四因、第四缘,能导向那根本梵行之慧:未获得者得以获得,已获得者得以增长、广大、修习、圆满。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu sīlavā hoti, pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto viharati ācāragocarasampanno, aṇumattesu vajjesu bhayadassāvī samādāya sikkhati sikkhāpadesu. Ayaṃ catuttho hetu catuttho paccayo ādibrahmacariyikāya paññāya appaṭiladdhāya paṭilābhāya, paṭiladdhāya bhiyyobhāvāya vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā saṃvattati.
“再者,贤友们,比丘多闻、忆持所闻、积集所闻。凡是那些初善、中善、后善,具义、具文,能宣示全然圆满、完全清净之梵行的法,于如是法,他多闻、忆持,以言诵习,以意审察,以见善巧通达。这是第五种因、第五种缘,能令那根本梵行的智慧,未获得者获得,已获得者增长、广大、修习、圆满。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu bahussuto hoti sutadharo sutasannicayo. Ye te dhammā ādikalyāṇā majjhekalyāṇā pariyosānakalyāṇā sātthā sabyañjanā kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ abhivadanti, tathārūpāssa dhammā bahussutā honti dhātā vacasā paricitā manasānupekkhitā diṭṭhiyā suppaṭividdhā. Ayaṃ pañcamo hetu pañcamo paccayo ādibrahmacariyikāya paññāya appaṭiladdhāya paṭilābhāya, paṭiladdhāya bhiyyobhāvāya vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā saṃvattati.
“再者,贤友们,比丘发起精进而安住,为断除不善法、成就善法,强健有力,精勤坚固,于善法毫不懈怠。这是第六因、第六缘,能导向那根本梵行之慧:未获得者得以获得,已获得者得以增长、广大、修习、圆满。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu āraddhavīriyo viharati akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pahānāya, kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ upasampadāya, thāmavā daḷhaparakkamo anikkhittadhuro kusalesu dhammesu. Ayaṃ chaṭṭho hetu chaṭṭho paccayo ādibrahmacariyikāya paññāya appaṭiladdhāya paṭilābhāya, paṭiladdhāya bhiyyobhāvāya vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā saṃvattati.
“再者,贤友,比丘具足正念,成就最上的正念与明察,对于久远所作、久远所说,皆能记忆、忆持。这是第七个因、第七个缘,能令尚未获得的梵行根本慧得以获得,令已获得的智慧得以增长、广大、修习与圆满。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu satimā hoti paramena satinepakkena samannāgato. Cirakatampi cirabhāsitampi saritā anussaritā. Ayaṃ sattamo hetu sattamo paccayo ādibrahmacariyikāya paññāya appaṭiladdhāya paṭilābhāya, paṭiladdhāya bhiyyobhāvāya vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā saṃvattati.
“再者,贤友,比丘于五取蕴中,安住于随观生灭:‘此是色,此是色之生起,此是色之灭去;此是受,此是受之生起,此是受之灭去;此是想,此是想之生起,此是想之灭去;此是诸行,此是诸行之生起,此是诸行之灭去;此是识,此是识之生起,此是识之灭去。’这是第八个因、第八个缘,能令尚未获得的梵行根本慧得以获得,令已获得的智慧得以增长、广大、修习与圆满。这些,便是多有助益的八法。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu pañcasu upādānakkhandhesu, udayabbayānupassī viharati – ‘iti rūpaṃ iti rūpassa samudayo iti rūpassa atthaṅgamo; iti vedanā iti vedanāya samudayo iti vedanāya atthaṅgamo; iti saññā iti saññāya samudayo iti saññāya atthaṅgamo; iti saṅkhārā iti saṅkhārānaṃ samudayo iti saṅkhārānaṃ atthaṅgamo; iti viññāṇaṃ iti viññāṇassa samudayo iti viññāṇassa atthaṅgamo’ti. Ayaṃ aṭṭhamo hetu aṭṭhamo paccayo ādibrahmacariyikāya paññāya appaṭiladdhāya paṭilābhāya, paṭiladdhāya bhiyyobhāvāya vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā saṃvattati. Ime aṭṭha dhammā bahukārā.
【八法·2】(二)“何等为应修习的八法?即圣八支道:正见、正思惟、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定。这些便是应修习的八法。”巴利
(Kha) ‘‘katame aṭṭha dhammā bhāvetabbā? Ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo seyyathidaṃ – sammādiṭṭhi, sammāsaṅkappo, sammāvācā, sammākammanto, sammāājīvo, sammāvāyāmo, sammāsati, sammāsamādhi. Ime aṭṭha dhammā bhāvetabbā.
【八法·3】(三)“哪些是应遍知的八法?即八种世间法:得与失、名誉与恶名、讥与称、苦与乐。这八法,即是应遍知的。”巴利
(Ga) ‘‘katame aṭṭha dhammā pariññeyyā? Aṭṭha lokadhammā – lābho ca, alābho ca, yaso ca, ayaso ca, nindā ca, pasaṃsā ca, sukhañca, dukkhañca. Ime aṭṭha dhammā pariññeyyā.
【八法·4】(四)“哪些是应舍断的八法?即八邪行:邪见、邪思惟、邪语、邪业、邪命、邪精进、邪念、邪定。这八法,即是应舍断的。”巴利
(Gha) ‘‘katame aṭṭha dhammā pahātabbā? Aṭṭha micchattā – micchādiṭṭhi, micchāsaṅkappo, micchāvācā, micchākammanto, micchāājīvo, micchāvāyāmo, micchāsati, micchāsamādhi. Ime aṭṭha dhammā pahātabbā.
【八法·5】(五)“朋友们,哪些是八种导致懈怠的事?第一,有位比丘有活要干,他心想:‘我有活要干,干活时身体便会疲累,我不如躺下休息。’于是他便躺下,不策发精进,以证得那未证得的,获得那未获得的,体证那未体证的。这便是第一种导致懈怠的事。”巴利
(Ṅa) ‘‘katame aṭṭha dhammā hānabhāgiyā? Aṭṭha kusītavatthūni. Idhāvuso, bhikkhunā kammaṃ kātabbaṃ hoti, tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘kammaṃ kho me kātabbaṃ bhavissati, kammaṃ kho pana me karontassa kāyo kilamissati, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti. So nipajjati, na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā anadhigatassa adhigamāya asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ paṭhamaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,朋友们,有比丘已完成某项工作。他便想:‘我做了工作,做工时身体疲累了,我且躺下休息。’他便躺下,不策发精进……这是第二种懈怠的事。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā kammaṃ kataṃ hoti . Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho kammaṃ akāsiṃ, kammaṃ kho pana me karontassa kāyo kilanto, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti. So nipajjati, na vīriyaṃ ārabhati…pe… idaṃ dutiyaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,朋友们,有比丘将要出行。他便想:‘我将要出行,行路时身体将会疲乏,我且躺下休息。’他便躺下,不策发精进……这是第三种懈怠的事。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā maggo gantabbo hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘maggo kho me gantabbo bhavissati, maggaṃ kho pana me gacchantassa kāyo kilamissati, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti. So nipajjati, na vīriyaṃ ārabhati…pe… idaṃ tatiyaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,朋友们,有比丘已出行。他便想:‘我已行路,行路中身体疲乏了,我且躺下休息。’他便躺下,不策发精进……这是第四种懈怠的事。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā maggo gato hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho maggaṃ agamāsiṃ, maggaṃ kho pana me gacchantassa kāyo kilanto, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti. So nipajjati, na vīriyaṃ ārabhati…pe… idaṃ catutthaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友,比丘前往村落或城镇托钵乞食,未能得到足够食物,不论是粗劣或精致,都不足以饱腹。他便心想:‘我往村落或城镇托钵,未能得到足够食物,不论粗细,都不足以饱腹,因此身体疲惫,不堪作业,不如躺下休息。’…这是第五种懈怠事。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto na labhati lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto nālatthaṃ lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ, tassa me kāyo kilanto akammañño, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti…pe… idaṃ pañcamaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友,比丘前往村落或城镇托钵乞食,得到了足够食物,无论是粗劣或精致,都得以饱足。他便心想:‘我往村落或城镇托钵,已得饱足,无论粗细,皆得满足,因此身体沉重,不堪作业,犹如饱食豆子一般。不如躺下休息。’于是他便躺卧…这是第六种懈怠事。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto labhati lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto alatthaṃ lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ , tassa me kāyo garuko akammañño, māsācitaṃ maññe, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti. So nipajjati…pe… idaṃ chaṭṭhaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友,比丘生起轻微的病。他心想:‘我今有病,虽属轻微,正宜躺卧休息,我便躺卧吧。’于是他便躺卧…这是第七种懈怠事。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhuno uppanno hoti appamattako ābādho, tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘uppanno kho me ayaṃ appamattako ābādho atthi kappo nipajjituṃ, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti. So nipajjati…pe… idaṃ sattamaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友,有比丘病愈不久,刚从病中恢复。他心想:‘我病愈不久,身体尚且虚弱,不堪劳作,不如躺下吧。’于是他便躺了下来……这是第八种懈怠的因缘。这八种法,是令人退失的。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gilānāvuṭṭhito hoti aciravuṭṭhito gelaññā. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gilānāvuṭṭhito aciravuṭṭhito gelaññā. Tassa me kāyo dubbalo akammañño, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti. So nipajjati…pe… idaṃ aṭṭhamaṃ kusītavatthu. Ime aṭṭha dhammā hānabhāgiyā.
【八法·6】(六)是哪八种法呢?八种发起精进的因缘。贤友,在此,一位比丘有应作的事务。他心中如是思惟:“我将有应作之事。然而,在处理事务时,不易专注忆念佛陀的教法。那么,我便为了获得未得的、证悟未证的、实现未实现的,而发起精进。”他便为了获得未得的、证悟未证的、实现未实现的,发起精进。这是第一种发起精进的因缘。巴利
(Ca) ‘‘katame aṭṭha dhammā visesabhāgiyā? Aṭṭha ārambhavatthūni. Idhāvuso, bhikkhunā kammaṃ kātabbaṃ hoti, tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘kammaṃ kho me kātabbaṃ bhavissati, kammaṃ kho pana me karontena na sukaraṃ buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ manasikātuṃ, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi appattassa pattiyā anadhigatassa adhigamāya asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāyā’ti. So vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā anadhigatassa adhigamāya asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ paṭhamaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,贤友,比丘做完了一件事务。他心想:‘我已做完了那件事务;做事务时,我未能专心忆念佛陀的教法。那么,我应策发精进……’这是第二种发起精进的因缘。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā kammaṃ kataṃ hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho kammaṃ akāsiṃ, kammaṃ kho panāhaṃ karonto nāsakkhiṃ buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ manasikātuṃ, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… idaṃ dutiyaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,贤友,一位比丘将要踏上旅途。他心想:‘我将要踏上旅途了。然而,在行路之时,并不容易将心专注于佛陀的教法。那么,我应先行发起精进……’这是第三种发起精进的因缘。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā maggo gantabbo hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘maggo kho me gantabbo bhavissati, maggaṃ kho pana me gacchantena na sukaraṃ buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ manasikātuṃ, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… idaṃ tatiyaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,贤友,一位比丘已踏上了旅途。他心想:‘我已经走过了那条路。然而,在行路之时,我没能做到将心专注于佛陀的教法。那么,我应发起精进……’这是第四种发起精进的因缘。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā maggo gato hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho maggaṃ agamāsiṃ, maggaṃ kho panāhaṃ gacchanto nāsakkhiṃ buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ manasikātuṃ, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… idaṃ catutthaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,一位比丘到村落或城镇托钵乞食,未得到足量饮食——无论粗劣或精致——以令饱足。他心想:‘我到村落、城镇托钵,未获得足量饮食,无论粗糙还是精致,以令饱足。既然如此,我的身体变得轻安、堪任作业。那么,我应发起精进……’这是第五种发起精进的因缘。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto na labhati lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto nālatthaṃ lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ , tassa me kāyo lahuko kammañño, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… idaṃ pañcamaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,有比丘入村或入镇行乞,获得粗细食物,随其所需而得饱足。他这般思惟:‘我行乞已得粗细食物,随需饱足,我的身体强健、适于作业。我应当发起精进……’这就是第六种发起精进的基础。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto labhati lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto alatthaṃ lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa me kāyo balavā kammañño, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… idaṃ chaṭṭhaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,有比丘生起轻微的病。他这般思惟:‘我今生起这轻微的病,而此事确有可能,这病或将加重。我应当发起精进……’这就是第七种发起精进的基础。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhuno uppanno hoti appamattako ābādho. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘uppanno kho me ayaṃ appamattako ābādho ṭhānaṃ kho panetaṃ vijjati, yaṃ me ābādho pavaḍḍheyya, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… idaṃ sattamaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,有一位比丘病愈不久,刚从疾病中康复。他心里这样想:‘我病愈不久,刚从疾病中康复。然而这事确有可能:我的疾病会再次复发。那么,就让我为了证得尚未证得的、达到尚未达到的、实现尚未实现的,而激发精进吧!’于是,他为了证得尚未证得的、达到尚未达到的、实现尚未实现的,而激发精进。这就是第八种策励精进的基础。贤友们,这八种法,便是通向殊胜之法。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gilānā vuṭṭhito hoti aciravuṭṭhito gelaññā. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gilānā vuṭṭhito aciravuṭṭhito gelaññā, ṭhānaṃ kho panetaṃ vijjati, yaṃ me ābādho paccudāvatteyya, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi appattassa pattiyā anadhigatassa adhigamāya asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāyā’ti. So vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā anadhigatassa adhigamāya asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ aṭṭhamaṃ ārambhavatthu. Ime aṭṭha dhammā visesabhāgiyā.
【八法·7】(七)贤友们,哪八种法是难通达的呢?即是八种非时非机,不适宜修持梵行。贤友们,当如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间,并宣说导向寂静、趋向涅槃、引向觉悟的善逝所开示之法时,此人却投生在地狱之中。这是第一种不适宜修持梵行的非时非机。巴利
(Cha) ‘‘katame aṭṭha dhammā duppaṭivijjhā? Aṭṭha akkhaṇā asamayā brahmacariyavāsāya. Idhāvuso, tathāgato ca loke uppanno hoti arahaṃ sammāsambuddho, dhammo ca desiyati opasamiko parinibbāniko sambodhagāmī sugatappavedito. Ayañca puggalo nirayaṃ upapanno hoti. Ayaṃ paṭhamo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者,贤友们,当如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间,并宣说导向寂静、趋向涅槃、引向觉悟的善逝所开示之法,此人却投生在畜生道中。这是第二种不适宜修持梵行的非时非机。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, tathāgato ca loke uppanno hoti arahaṃ sammāsambuddho, dhammo ca desiyati opasamiko parinibbāniko sambodhagāmī sugatappavedito, ayañca puggalo tiracchānayoniṃ upapanno hoti. Ayaṃ dutiyo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者,贤友们,当如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间,并宣说导向寂静、趋向涅槃、引向觉悟的善逝所开示之法,此人却投生在鬼界。这是第三种不适宜修持梵行的非时非机。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… pettivisayaṃ upapanno hoti. Ayaṃ tatiyo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者,贤友们,当如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间,并宣说导向寂静、趋向涅槃、引向觉悟的善逝所开示之法,此人却投生到了某一种长寿天中。这是第四种非时、非宜,不适宜修持梵行。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… aññataraṃ dīghāyukaṃ devanikāyaṃ upapanno hoti. Ayaṃ catuttho akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者,贤友们,当如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间,并宣说导向寂静、趋向涅槃、引向觉悟的善逝所开示之法,此人却投生到了边鄙地区,在未开化的蛮族当中,那里是比丘、比丘尼、男居士、女居士所不到之处。这是第五种非时、非宜,不适宜修持梵行。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… paccantimesu janapadesu paccājāto hoti milakkhesu aviññātāresu, yattha natthi gati bhikkhūnaṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ upāsakānaṃ upāsikānaṃ. Ayaṃ pañcamo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者,贤友们,当如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间,并宣说导向寂静、趋向涅槃、引向觉悟的善逝所开示之法,此人虽然投生在中央国土,却抱持邪见,见地颠倒,认为:“没有布施,没有祭祀,没有供养,没有善业恶业的果报,没有此世,没有他世,没有母亲,没有父亲,没有化生有情,世间没有正行正向的沙门婆罗门,他们自己以证智证知此世与他世后宣说。”这是第六种非时、非宜,不适宜修持梵行。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… ayañca puggalo majjhimesu janapadesu paccājāto hoti, so ca hoti micchādiṭṭhiko viparītadassano – ‘natthi dinnaṃ, natthi yiṭṭhaṃ, natthi hutaṃ, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko, natthi ayaṃ loko, natthi paro loko, natthi mātā, natthi pitā, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi loke samaṇabrāhmaṇā sammaggatā sammāpaṭipannā ye imañca lokaṃ parañca lokaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedentī’ti. Ayaṃ chaṭṭho akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者,贤友们,当如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间,并宣说导向寂静、趋向涅槃、引向觉悟的善逝所开示之法,此人虽投生在中部地区,但智慧不足,愚钝、痴呆,如同哑者,不能分辨善说与恶说的义理。这是第七种非时,不适合修行梵行。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… ayañca puggalo majjhimesu janapadesu paccājāto hoti , so ca hoti duppañño jaḷo eḷamūgo, nappaṭibalo subhāsitadubbhāsitānamatthamaññātuṃ. Ayaṃ sattamo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者,贤友们,如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者未出现于世间,也未曾宣说导向寂静、趋向涅槃、引向觉悟的善逝之法,此人投生在中部地区,且具足智慧,不愚钝、不痴呆,能分辨善说与恶说的义理。这是第八种非时,不适合修行梵行。以上这八种情形,难以通达。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… ayañca puggalo majjhimesu janapadesu paccājāto hoti, so ca hoti paññavā ajaḷo aneḷamūgo, paṭibalo subhāsitadubbhāsitānamatthamaññātuṃ. Ayaṃ aṭṭhamo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya. Ime aṭṭha dhammā duppaṭivijjhā.
【八法·8】(八)哪八种法是应当生起的?即八种大人之寻思:这是少欲者的法,不是多欲者的法;这是知足者的法,不是不知足者的法;这是乐独处者的法,不是乐众会者的法;这是精进者的法,不是懈怠者的法;这是正念现前者的法,不是忘念者的法;这是心定者的法,不是心散乱者的法;这是有慧者的法,不是无慧者的法;这是不乐戏论者的法,不是乐戏论者的法。这八种法,即是应当生起的。巴利
(Ja) ‘‘katame aṭṭha dhammā uppādetabbā? Aṭṭha mahāpurisavitakkā – appicchassāyaṃ dhammo, nāyaṃ dhammo mahicchassa. Santuṭṭhassāyaṃ dhammo, nāyaṃ dhammo asantuṭṭhassa. Pavivittassāyaṃ dhammo, nāyaṃ dhammo saṅgaṇikārāmassa. Āraddhavīriyassāyaṃ dhammo, nāyaṃ dhammo kusītassa. Upaṭṭhitasatissāyaṃ dhammo, nāyaṃ dhammo muṭṭhassatissa. Samāhitassāyaṃ dhammo, nāyaṃ dhammo asamāhitassa . Paññavato ayaṃ dhammo, nāyaṃ dhammo duppaññassa. Nippapañcassāyaṃ dhammo, nāyaṃ dhammo papañcārāmassāti ime aṭṭha dhammā uppādetabbā.
【八法·9】(九)哪些是应证知的八种法?即是八胜处:内有色想者,于外见有量的美妙、丑陋之色,他心想:‘征服了那些色,我知、我见。’他即作如此之想。这是第一种胜处。巴利
(Jha) ‘‘katame aṭṭha dhammā abhiññeyyā? Aṭṭha abhibhāyatanāni – ajjhattaṃ rūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati parittāni suvaṇṇadubbaṇṇāni , ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti – evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ paṭhamaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“内有色想者,于外见无量的美妙、丑陋之色,他心想:‘征服了那些色,我知、我见。’他即作如此之想。这是第二种胜处。”巴利
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ rūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati appamāṇāni suvaṇṇadubbaṇṇāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti – evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ dutiyaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“内无色想者,于外见有量的美妙、丑陋之色,他心想:‘征服了那些色,我知、我见。’他即作如此之想。这是第三种胜处。”巴利
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati parittāni suvaṇṇadubbaṇṇāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ tatiyaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“内无色想者,独自观看外在无量的、或美丽或丑陋的色法。他想:‘我胜伏了那些色法,我知、我见。’如此存想。这是第四胜处。”巴利
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati appamāṇāni suvaṇṇadubbaṇṇāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ catutthaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“内心无色想者,外观诸色,彼诸色皆为蓝色,具蓝色之相、蓝色之显现、蓝色之光泽。譬如亚麻花为蓝色,具蓝色之相、蓝色之显现、蓝色之光泽;又如波罗奈(Bārāṇasī) 所产两面磨光之布,为蓝色,具蓝色之相、蓝色之显现、蓝色之光泽。同样,内心无色想者,外观诸色,彼诸色皆为蓝色,具蓝色之相、蓝色之显现、蓝色之光泽,便作是念:‘我已胜彼而了知、而照见。’此为第五胜处。”巴利
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati nīlāni nīlavaṇṇāni nīlanidassanāni nīlanibhāsāni. Seyyathāpi nāma umāpupphaṃ nīlaṃ nīlavaṇṇaṃ nīlanidassanaṃ nīlanibhāsaṃ. Seyyathā vā pana taṃ vatthaṃ bārāṇaseyyakaṃ ubhatobhāgavimaṭṭhaṃ nīlaṃ nīlavaṇṇaṃ nīlanidassanaṃ nīlanibhāsaṃ, evameva ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati nīlāni nīlavaṇṇāni nīlanidassanāni nīlanibhāsāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ pañcamaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“第六胜处者:内心无有色想之人,向外见诸色,皆是黄、黄颜色、黄显现、黄光泽。犹如咖尼咖拉花,为黄、黄颜色、黄显现、黄光泽;又如波罗奈之布,双面打磨,为黄、黄颜色、黄显现、黄光泽。如是,内心无有色想之人,向外见诸色,皆是黄、黄颜色、黄显现、黄光泽。他便作如是念:‘我已征服他们,我知、我见。’此为第六胜处。”巴利
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati pītāni pītavaṇṇāni pītanidassanāni pītanibhāsāni. Seyyathāpi nāma kaṇikārapupphaṃ pītaṃ pītavaṇṇaṃ pītanidassanaṃ pītanibhāsaṃ. Seyyathā vā pana taṃ vatthaṃ bārāṇaseyyakaṃ ubhatobhāgavimaṭṭhaṃ pītaṃ pītavaṇṇaṃ pītanidassanaṃ pītanibhāsaṃ , evameva ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati pītāni pītavaṇṇāni pītanidassanāni pītanibhāsāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ chaṭṭhaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“第七胜处:内心无色想者,向外见红色之色——具足红色之色泽、红色之显现、红色之光辉。恰如般度吉瓦迦花,红色,具足红色之色泽、红色之显现、红色之光辉;又如波罗奈布,两面都已打磨光滑,红色,具足红色之色泽、红色之显现、红色之光辉。同样地,内心无色想者,向外见红色之色——具足红色之色泽、红色之显现、红色之光辉。他这样想:‘我已征服了它们,我已知晓,我已得见。’这便是第七胜处。”巴利
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati lohitakāni lohitakavaṇṇāni lohitakanidassanāni lohitakanibhāsāni. Seyyathāpi nāma bandhujīvakapupphaṃ lohitakaṃ lohitakavaṇṇaṃ lohitakanidassanaṃ lohitakanibhāsaṃ, seyyathā vā pana taṃ vatthaṃ bārāṇaseyyakaṃ ubhatobhāgavimaṭṭhaṃ lohitakaṃ lohitakavaṇṇaṃ lohitakanidassanaṃ lohitakanibhāsaṃ, evameva ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati lohitakāni lohitakavaṇṇāni lohitakanidassanāni lohitakanibhāsāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ sattamaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“第八胜处:内心安住无色想者,于外单观白色、白色色泽、白色显相、白色光泽的色法。如同那颗晨星,是白色、白色色泽、白色显相、白色光泽的;又如那块波罗奈所产的布料,两面精磨,是白色、白色色泽、白色显相、白色光泽的。同样,内心安住无色想者,于外单观白色、白色色泽、白色显相、白色光泽的色法,并生起如是之想:‘我已胜彼,我知、我见。’这就是第八胜处。这八种法应当证知。”巴利
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati odātāni odātavaṇṇāni odātanidassanāni odātanibhāsāni. Seyyathāpi nāma osadhitārakā odātā odātavaṇṇā odātanidassanā odātanibhāsā, seyyathā vā pana taṃ vatthaṃ bārāṇaseyyakaṃ ubhatobhāgavimaṭṭhaṃ odātaṃ odātavaṇṇaṃ odātanidassanaṃ odātanibhāsaṃ, evameva ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati odātāni odātavaṇṇāni odātanidassanāni odātanibhāsāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ aṭṭhamaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ. Ime aṭṭha dhammā abhiññeyyā.
【八法·10】(十)哪些是八种应当作证的法?即八解脱。内有色想者,外观色法,这是第一解脱。巴利
(Ña) ‘‘katame aṭṭha dhammā sacchikātabbā? Aṭṭha vimokkhā – rūpī rūpāni passati. Ayaṃ paṭhamo vimokkho.
“内无色想者,外观诸色。这是第二解脱。巴利
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati. Ayaṃ dutiyo vimokkho.
“唯倾心于净,这是第三解脱。”巴利
‘‘Subhanteva adhimutto hoti. Ayaṃ tatiyo vimokkho.
“完全超越色想,有对想灭除,不作意种种想,以‘虚空无边’想,证入并安住于空无边处。这是第四解脱。”巴利
‘‘Sabbaso rūpasaññānaṃ samatikkamā paṭighasaññānaṃ atthaṅgamā nānattasaññānaṃ amanasikārā ‘ananto ākāso’ti ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ catuttho vimokkho.
“完全超越空无边处,以‘识是无边’想,证入并安住于识无边处。这是第五解脱。巴利
‘‘Sabbaso ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘anantaṃ viññāṇa’nti viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ pañcamo vimokkho.
“完全超越识无边处,以‘无所有’想,证入并安住于无所有处。这是第六解脱。”巴利
‘‘Sabbaso viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘natthi kiñcī’ti ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ chaṭṭho vimokkho.
“彻底超越无所有处,证入非想非非想处而住。这是第七解脱。巴利
‘‘Sabbaso ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ sattamo vimokkho.
“完全超越非想非非想处,进入并安住于想受灭。这是第八解脱。这八法应当亲证。”巴利
‘‘Sabbaso nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma saññāvedayitanirodhaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ aṭṭhamo vimokkho. Ime aṭṭha dhammā sacchikātabbā.
“如此,这八十法真实、如实、不虚、不颠倒,为如来所正觉。”巴利
‘‘Iti ime asīti dhammā bhūtā tacchā tathā avitathā anaññathā sammā tathāgatena abhisambuddhā.
359 【九法·总标】“九法多有助益……(中略)……九法应当作证。”巴利 注疏 2
‘‘Nava dhammā bahukārā…pe… nava dhammā sacchikātabbā.
【九法·1】(一)“哪九种法多有助益呢?即以如理作意为根本的九法:如理作意则生喜悦;有喜悦者生喜;心有喜者身得轻安;身得轻安者感受乐;有乐者心得定;心得定者如实地知见;如实地知见者生厌离;厌离者离欲;离欲者得解脱。这九种法多有助益。”巴利
(Ka) ‘‘katame nava dhammā bahukārā? Nava yonisomanasikāramūlakā dhammā, yonisomanasikaroto pāmojjaṃ jāyati, pamuditassa pīti jāyati, pītimanassa kāyo passambhati, passaddhakāyo sukhaṃ vedeti, sukhino cittaṃ samādhiyati, samāhite citte yathābhūtaṃ jānāti passati, yathābhūtaṃ jānaṃ passaṃ nibbindati, nibbindaṃ virajjati, virāgā vimuccati. Ime nava dhammā bahukārā.
【九法·2】(二)“哪九种法应当修习呢?即九清净勤修支:戒清净是清净勤修支,心清净是清净勤修支,见清净是清净勤修支,度疑清净是清净勤修支,道非道知见清净是清净勤修支,道迹知见清净是清净勤修支,知见清净是清净勤修支,慧清净是清净勤修支,解脱清净是清净勤修支。这九种法应当修习。”巴利
(Kha) ‘‘katame nava dhammā bhāvetabbā? Nava pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅgāni – sīlavisuddhi pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅgaṃ, cittavisuddhi pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅgaṃ, diṭṭhivisuddhi pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅgaṃ, kaṅkhāvitaraṇavisuddhi pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅgaṃ, maggāmaggañāṇadassana – visuddhi pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅgaṃ, paṭipadāñāṇadassanavisuddhi pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅgaṃ, ñāṇadassanavisuddhi pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅgaṃ, paññāvisuddhi pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅgaṃ, vimuttivisuddhi pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅgaṃ. Ime nava dhammā bhāvetabbā.
【九法·3】(三)什么是“应遍知的九种法”?即九种有情居处。贤友们,有些有情身异想异,如人类、一部分天神与一部分堕恶趣者。这是第一种有情居处。巴利
(Ga) ‘‘katame nava dhammā pariññeyyā? Nava sattāvāsā – santāvuso, sattā nānattakāyā nānattasaññino, seyyathāpi manussā ekacce ca devā ekacce ca vinipātikā. Ayaṃ paṭhamo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有些有情身异想同,如由初禅投生的大梵天众。这是第二种有情居处。巴利
‘‘Santāvuso , sattā nānattakāyā ekattasaññino, seyyathāpi devā brahmakāyikā paṭhamābhinibbattā. Ayaṃ dutiyo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有些有情身同想异,如光音天众。这是第三种有情居处。巴利
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā ekattakāyā nānattasaññino, seyyathāpi devā ābhassarā. Ayaṃ tatiyo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有一类众生,身同、想同,譬如遍净天众。这是第四种众生住处。巴利
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā ekattakāyā ekattasaññino, seyyathāpi devā subhakiṇhā. Ayaṃ catuttho sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有一类众生,无想、无感受,譬如无想有情天众。这是第五种众生住处。巴利
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā asaññino appaṭisaṃvedino, seyyathāpi devā asaññasattā. Ayaṃ pañcamo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有一类众生,全然超越了色想,灭尽有对想,不作意种种想,以‘虚空无边’而入空无边处。这是第六种众生住处。”巴利
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā sabbaso rūpasaññānaṃ samatikkamā paṭighasaññānaṃ atthaṅgamā nānattasaññānaṃ amanasikārā ‘ananto ākāso’ti ākāsānañcāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ chaṭṭho sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有些众生完全超越空无边处,觉知‘识无边际’,而生于识无边处。这是第七种众生住处。巴利
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā sabbaso ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘anantaṃ viññāṇa’nti viññāṇañcāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ sattamo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有些众生完全超越识无边处,觉知‘无所有’,而生于无所有处。这是第八种众生住处。”巴利
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā sabbaso viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘natthi kiñcī’ti ākiñcaññāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ aṭṭhamo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有些众生完全超越无所有处,而生于非想非非想处。这是第九种众生住处。这九种法应当遍知。巴利
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā sabbaso ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma nevasaññānāsaññāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ navamo sattāvāso. Ime nava dhammā pariññeyyā.
【九法·4】(四)那么,哪些是九种应当舍断的法?即是九种以渴爱为根本的法:以渴爱为缘而有遍求,以遍求为缘而有利得,以利得为缘而有判断分别,以判断分别为缘而有欲望与贪染,以欲望与贪染为缘而有执取黏着,以执取黏着为缘而有据为私有,以据为私有为缘而有悭吝,以悭吝为缘而有守护。以守护为因缘,便生起了执持棍棒、执持武器、争吵、冲突、纷争、口角、离间语、虚妄语等种种的恶不善法。这九种法,是应当舍断的。巴利
(Gha) ‘‘katame nava dhammā pahātabbā? Nava taṇhāmūlakā dhammā – taṇhaṃ paṭicca pariyesanā, pariyesanaṃ paṭicca lābho, lābhaṃ paṭicca vinicchayo, vinicchayaṃ paṭicca chandarāgo , chandarāgaṃ paṭicca ajjhosānaṃ, ajjhosānaṃ paṭicca pariggaho, pariggahaṃ paṭicca macchariyaṃ, macchariyaṃ paṭicca ārakkho, ārakkhādhikaraṇaṃ daṇḍādānasatthādānakalahaviggahavivādatuvaṃtuvaṃpesuññamusāvādā aneke pāpakā akusalā dhammā sambhavanti. Ime nava dhammā pahātabbā.
【九法·5】(五)那么,哪九种法是退分之法?即九种生起怨恨的原因:因‘他做了对我不利的事’而心怀怨恨,因‘他正在做对我不利的事’而心怀怨恨,因‘他将要做对我不利的事’而心怀怨恨;因‘他对我喜爱、中意的人做了不利的事’……‘正在做不利的事’……‘将要做不利的事’而心怀怨恨;因‘他对我不可爱、不中意的人做了有利的事’……‘正在做有利的事’……‘将要做有利的事’而心怀怨恨。这九种法,是退分之法。巴利
(Ṅa) ‘‘katame nava dhammā hānabhāgiyā? Nava āghātavatthūni – ‘anatthaṃ me acarī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati, ‘anatthaṃ me caratī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati, ‘anatthaṃ me carissatī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati; ‘piyassa me manāpassa anatthaṃ acarī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati…pe… ‘anatthaṃ caratī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati…pe… ‘anatthaṃ carissatī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati; ‘appiyassa me amanāpassa atthaṃ acarī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati…pe… ‘atthaṃ caratī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati…pe… ‘atthaṃ carissatī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati. Ime nava dhammā hānabhāgiyā.
【九法·6】(六)那么,哪九种法是胜分之法?即九种调伏怨恨的方法:想到‘他做了对我不利的事,但这又哪里能求得什么呢?’如是思惟,便调伏了怨恨;想到‘他正在做对我不利的事,但这又哪里能求得什么呢?’……想到‘他将要做对我不利的事,但这又哪里能求得什么呢?’……;想到‘他对我喜爱、中意的人做了不利的事……正在做……将要做……,但这又哪里能求得什么呢?’……;想到‘他对我不可爱、不中意的人做了有利的事……正在做……将要做……,但这又哪里能求得什么呢?’……。这九种法,是胜分之法。巴利
(Ca) ‘‘katame nava dhammā visesabhāgiyā? Nava āghātapaṭivinayā – ‘anatthaṃ me acari, taṃ kutettha labbhā’ti āghātaṃ paṭivineti; ‘anatthaṃ me carati, taṃ kutettha labbhā’ti āghātaṃ paṭivineti; ‘anatthaṃ me carissati, taṃ kutettha labbhā’ti āghātaṃ paṭivineti; ‘piyassa me manāpassa anatthaṃ acari…pe… anatthaṃ carati…pe… anatthaṃ carissati, taṃ kutettha labbhā’ti āghātaṃ paṭivineti; ‘appiyassa me amanāpassa atthaṃ acari…pe… atthaṃ carati…pe… atthaṃ carissati, taṃ kutettha labbhā’ti āghātaṃ paṭivineti. Ime nava dhammā visesabhāgiyā.
【九法·7】(七)那么,哪九种法是难以通达的呢?即是九种差异:缘于界的差异,生起触的差异;缘于触的差异,生起受的差异;缘于受的差异,生起想的差异;缘于想的差异,生起思惟的差异;缘于思惟的差异,生起欲的差异;缘于欲的差异,生起热恼的差异;缘于热恼的差异,生起寻求的差异;缘于寻求的差异,生起得的差异。这九种法,难以通达。巴利
(Cha) ‘‘katame nava dhammā duppaṭivijjhā? Nava nānattā – dhātunānattaṃ paṭicca uppajjati phassanānattaṃ, phassanānattaṃ paṭicca uppajjati vedanānānattaṃ, vedanānānattaṃ paṭicca uppajjati saññānānattaṃ, saññānānattaṃ paṭicca uppajjati saṅkappanānattaṃ, saṅkappanānattaṃ paṭicca uppajjati chandanānattaṃ, chandanānattaṃ paṭicca uppajjati pariḷāhanānattaṃ, pariḷāhanānattaṃ paṭicca uppajjati pariyesanānānattaṃ, pariyesanānānattaṃ paṭicca uppajjati lābhanānattaṃ. Ime nava dhammā duppaṭivijjhā.
【九法·8】(八)哪九种法是应当生起的?即九种想:不净想、死想、食厌逆想、一切世间不乐想、无常想、于无常见苦想、于苦见无我想、舍断想、离贪想。这九种法,是应当生起的。巴利
(Ja) ‘‘katame nava dhammā uppādetabbā? Nava saññā – asubhasaññā, maraṇasaññā, āhārepaṭikūlasaññā , sabbalokeanabhiratisaññā , aniccasaññā, anicce dukkhasaññā, dukkhe anattasaññā, pahānasaññā, virāgasaññā. Ime nava dhammā uppādetabbā.
【九法·9】(九)哪九种法是应当完全证知的?即九种次第安住:贤友们,于此,比丘远离欲乐、远离不善法,有寻有伺,由远离而生起喜与乐,进入并安住于初禅。随着寻与伺的平息……进入并安住于第二禅。随着喜的消退……进入并安住于第三禅。随着乐的舍断……进入并安住于第四禅。完全超越一切色想,进入并安住于空无边处。完全超越一切空无边处,以‘识无限’而进入并安住于识无边处。完全超越一切识无边处,以‘无所有’而进入并安住于无所有处。完全超越一切无所有处,进入并安住于非想非非想处。完全超越一切非想非非想处,进入并安住于想受灭尽。这九种法,是应当完全证知的。巴利
(Jha) ‘‘katame nava dhammā abhiññeyyā? Nava anupubbavihārā – idhāvuso, bhikkhu vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā…pe… dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Pītiyā ca virāgā …pe… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sukhassa ca pahānā…pe… catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sabbaso rūpasaññānaṃ samatikkamā…pe… ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sabbaso ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘anantaṃ viññāṇa’nti viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sabbaso viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘natthi kiñcī’ti ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sabbaso ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sabbaso nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma saññāvedayitanirodhaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ime nava dhammā abhiññeyyā.
【九法·10】(十)哪九种法是应证知的呢?即九种次第灭:证入初禅者,欲想灭去;证入第二禅者,寻与伺灭去;证入第三禅者,喜灭去;证入第四禅者,出入息灭去;证入空无边处者,色想灭去;证入识无边处者,空无边处想灭去;证入无所有处者,识无边处想灭去;证入非想非非想处者,无所有处想灭去;证入想受灭尽者,想与受灭去。这九种法是应证知的。巴利
(Ña) ‘‘katame nava dhammā sacchikātabbā? Nava anupubbanirodhā – paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa kāmasaññā niruddhā hoti, dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa vitakkavicārā niruddhā honti, tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa pīti niruddhā hoti, catutthaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa assāsapassāssā niruddhā honti, ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samāpannassa rūpasaññā niruddhā hoti, viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samāpannassa ākāsānañcāyatanasaññā niruddhā hoti, ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samāpannassa viññāṇañcāyatanasaññā niruddhā hoti, nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ samāpannassa ākiñcaññāyatanasaññā niruddhā hoti, saññāvedayitanirodhaṃ samāpannassa saññā ca vedanā ca niruddhā honti. Ime nava dhammā sacchikātabbā.
“像这样,这九十种法真实、精确、如实、不虚妄、不错谬,是如来所圆满正觉的。”巴利
‘‘Iti ime navuti dhammā bhūtā tacchā tathā avitathā anaññathā sammā tathāgatena abhisambuddhā.
360 【十法·总标】“十种多所助益的法……(中略)……十种应作证的法。”巴利 注疏 2
‘‘Dasa dhammā bahukārā…pe… dasa dhammā sacchikātabbā.
【十法·1】(一)哪十种法是能作依怙的法呢?贤友们,在此,若有比丘持戒,安住于巴帝摩卡防护,行处与境界具足,于微细罪见其怖畏,受学学处。贤友们,凡是这样的比丘持戒……(中略)……受学学处,此即是一种能作依怙的法。巴利
(Ka) ‘‘katame dasa dhammā bahukārā? Dasa nāthakaraṇādhammā – idhāvuso, bhikkhu sīlavā hoti, pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto viharati ācāragocarasampanno, aṇumattesu vajjesu bhayadassāvī samādāya sikkhati sikkhāpadesu, yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu sīlavā hoti…pe… sikkhati sikkhāpadesu. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,比丘多闻……(中略)……以正见善巧通达。贤友们,凡是这样的比丘多闻……(中略)……,此亦是一种能作依怙的法。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu bahussuto …pe… diṭṭhiyā suppaṭividdhā, yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu bahussuto…pe… ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,比丘拥有善知识、善同伴、善同道。贤友们,比丘……(中略)……拥有善同道。这便是一种能作依怙的法。”巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu kalyāṇamitto hoti kalyāṇasahāyo kalyāṇasampavaṅko. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu…pe… kalyāṇasampavaṅko. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,比丘易受教诫,具备易受教诫的品质,有耐心,恭敬地领受教诫。贤友们,比丘……(中略)……恭敬地领受教诫。这便是一种能作依怙的法。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu suvaco hoti sovacassakaraṇehi dhammehi samannāgato, khamo padakkhiṇaggāhī anusāsaniṃ. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu…pe… anusāsaniṃ. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,对于同梵行者之间种种应办的事务,比丘能干而不懈怠,懂得如何审察处理,足以完成,足以安排。贤友们,比丘……(中略)……足以安排。这便是一种能作依怙的法。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu yāni tāni sabrahmacārīnaṃ uccāvacāni kiṃkaraṇīyāni tattha dakkho hoti analaso tatrupāyāya vīmaṃsāya samannāgato, alaṃ kātuṃ, alaṃ saṃvidhātuṃ. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu…pe… alaṃ saṃvidhātuṃ. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,比丘喜爱法,言谈悦人,于阿毗达摩与阿毗毗奈耶深怀喜悦。这也是能作依怙的法。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu dhammakāmo hoti piyasamudāhāro abhidhamme abhivinaye uḷārapāmojjo. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu…pe… uḷārapāmojjo. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,比丘于随缘所得的衣物、乞食、住处及病者医药资具,皆能知足。这也是能作依怙的法。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu santuṭṭho hoti itarītarehi cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārehi. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu …pe… ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,比丘精勤安住,为断除不善法、成就善法而勇悍努力。这也是能作依怙的法。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu āraddhavīriyo viharati…pe… kusalesu dhammesu. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu…pe… ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,比丘具足正念,拥有最胜的念与明觉,久远以前所作、所说,都能忆持、追忆。贤友们,比丘……这一法也是能作依怙的。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu satimā hoti, paramena satinepakkena samannāgato, cirakatampi cirabhāsitampi saritā anussaritā. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu…pe… ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,比丘拥有智慧,具足能导向生灭的智慧——圣洁、透达、正确导向灭尽一切苦的智慧。贤友们,比丘……这一法也是能作依怙的。这十种法,是饶益深厚的。巴利
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu paññavā hoti udayatthagāminiyā paññāya samannāgato, ariyāya nibbedhikāya sammā dukkhakkhayagāminiyā. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu…pe… ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo. Ime dasa dhammā bahukārā.
【十法·2】(二)哪十种法应当修习?十种遍处:有人觉知地遍──向上、向下、横向,无有二相,无量无边。有人觉知水遍……有人觉知火遍……有人觉知风遍……有人觉知青遍……有人觉知黄遍……有人觉知红遍……有人觉知白遍……有人觉知空遍……有人觉知识遍──向上、向下、横向,无有二相,无量无边。这十种法,是应当修习的。巴利
(Kha) ‘‘katame dasa dhammā bhāvetabbā? Dasa kasiṇāyatanāni – pathavīkasiṇameko sañjānāti uddhaṃ adho tiriyaṃ advayaṃ appamāṇaṃ. Āpokasiṇameko sañjānāti…pe… tejokasiṇameko sañjānāti… vāyokasiṇameko sañjānāti… nīlakasiṇameko sañjānāti… pītakasiṇameko sañjānāti… lohitakasiṇameko sañjānāti… odātakasiṇameko sañjānāti… ākāsakasiṇameko sañjānāti… viññāṇakasiṇameko sañjānāti uddhaṃ adho tiriyaṃ advayaṃ appamāṇaṃ . Ime dasa dhammā bhāvetabbā.
【十法·3】(三)哪十种法应遍知?十种处:眼处、色处、耳处、声处、鼻处、香处、舌处、味处、身处、触处。这十种法是应遍知的。巴利
(Ga) ‘‘katame dasa dhammā pariññeyyā? Dasāyatanāni – cakkhāyatanaṃ, rūpāyatanaṃ, sotāyatanaṃ, saddāyatanaṃ, ghānāyatanaṃ, gandhāyatanaṃ, jivhāyatanaṃ, rasāyatanaṃ, kāyāyatanaṃ, phoṭṭhabbāyatanaṃ. Ime dasa dhammā pariññeyyā.
【十法·4】(四)哪十种法应舍断?十种邪性:邪见、邪思维、邪语、邪业、邪命、邪精进、邪念、邪定、邪智、邪解脱。这十种法是应舍断的。巴利
(Gha) ‘‘katame dasa dhammā pahātabbā? Dasa micchattā – micchādiṭṭhi, micchāsaṅkappo, micchāvācā, micchākammanto, micchāājīvo, micchāvāyāmo, micchāsati, micchāsamādhi, micchāñāṇaṃ, micchāvimutti. Ime dasa dhammā pahātabbā.
【十法·5】(五)哪十种法是退分?十种不善业道:杀生、不与取、欲邪行、妄语、离间语、粗恶语、杂秽语、贪、嗔、邪见。这十种法是退分的。巴利
(Ṅa) ‘‘katame dasa dhammā hānabhāgiyā? Dasa akusalakammapathā – pāṇātipāto, adinnādānaṃ, kāmesumicchācāro, musāvādo, pisuṇā vācā, pharusā vācā, samphappalāpo, abhijjhā, byāpādo, micchādiṭṭhi. Ime dasa dhammā hānabhāgiyā.
【十法·6】(六)哪十种法是胜分法?即十善业道:远离杀生、远离不与取、远离欲邪行、远离妄语、远离离间语、远离粗恶语、远离杂秽语,以及无贪、无嗔、正见。这十种法,是胜分法。巴利
(Ca) ‘‘katame dasa dhammā visesabhāgiyā? Dasa kusalakammapathā – pāṇātipātā veramaṇī, adinnādānā veramaṇī, kāmesumicchācārā veramaṇī, musāvādā veramaṇī, pisuṇāya vācāya veramaṇī, pharusāya vācāya veramaṇī, samphappalāpā veramaṇī, anabhijjhā, abyāpādo, sammādiṭṭhi. Ime dasa dhammā visesabhāgiyā.
【十法·7】(七)哪十种法是十圣居?贤友,比丘于此断除五支,具足六支,有一护,有四依止,舍离各别诤论,彻底舍断寻求,意向清净无浊,身行轻安,心善解脱,慧善解脱。巴利
(Cha) ‘‘katame dasa dhammā duppaṭivijjhā? Dasa ariyavāsā – idhāvuso , bhikkhu pañcaṅgavippahīno hoti, chaḷaṅgasamannāgato, ekārakkho, caturāpasseno, paṇunnapaccekasacco, samavayasaṭṭhesano, anāvilasaṅkappo, passaddhakāyasaṅkhāro, suvimuttacitto, suvimuttapañño.
“贤友,比丘如何断除五支?贤友,在此,比丘已断除欲贪,已断除嗔恚,已断除昏沉睡眠,已断除掉举追悔,已断除疑惑。贤友,如此便断除了五支。巴利
‘‘Kathañcāvuso , bhikkhu pañcaṅgavippahīno hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhuno kāmacchando pahīno hoti, byāpādo pahīno hoti, thinamiddhaṃ pahīnaṃ hoti, uddhaccakukkuccaṃ pahīnaṃ hoti, vicikicchā pahīnā hoti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu pañcaṅgavippahīno hoti.
“贤友,比丘如何具足六支?贤友,有比丘眼见色后,不喜不忧,安住于舍,具念正知;耳闻声后……鼻嗅香后……舌尝味后……身触触后……意了法后,不喜不忧,安住于舍,具念正知。贤友,这就是比丘具足六支。巴利
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu chaḷaṅgasamannāgato hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu cakkhunā rūpaṃ disvā neva sumano hoti na dummano, upekkhako viharati sato sampajāno. Sotena saddaṃ sutvā…pe… ghānena gandhaṃ ghāyitvā… jivhāya rasaṃ sāyitvā… kāyena phoṭṭhabbaṃ phusitvā… manasā dhammaṃ viññāya neva sumano hoti na dummano, upekkhako viharati sato sampajāno. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu chaḷaṅgasamannāgato hoti.
“贤友,比丘如何有一护?贤友,比丘具足以正念守护之心。贤友,这就是比丘有一护。巴利
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu ekārakkho hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu satārakkhena cetasā samannāgato hoti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu ekārakkho hoti.
“贤友,比丘如何有四依止?贤友,有比丘审慎思惟后,受用一事;审慎思惟后,忍受一事;审慎思惟后,避除一事;审慎思惟后,驱遣一事。贤友,这就是比丘有四依止。巴利
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu caturāpasseno hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu saṅkhāyekaṃ paṭisevati, saṅkhāyekaṃ adhivāseti, saṅkhāyekaṃ parivajjeti, saṅkhāyekaṃ vinodeti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu caturāpasseno hoti.
“贤友,比丘如何是舍离各别诤论的呢?贤友,世间众多沙门、婆罗门所持的种种各别之见,比丘皆已排除、舍离、弃绝、吐出、解除、断除、彻底放下。贤友,比丘正是如此舍离各别诤论。巴利
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu paṇunnapaccekasacco hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhuno yāni tāni puthusamaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ puthupaccekasaccāni, sabbāni tāni nunnāni honti paṇunnāni cattāni vantāni muttāni pahīnāni paṭinissaṭṭhāni. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu paṇunnapaccekasacco hoti.
“贤友,怎样才是已安止寻求的比丘?贤友,此比丘已断尽对感官欲乐的寻求,断尽对生存的寻求,对梵行的寻求亦已平息。贤友,比丘正是如此为已安止寻求。”巴利
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu samavayasaṭṭhesano hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhuno kāmesanā pahīnā hoti, bhavesanā pahīnā hoti, brahmacariyesanā paṭippassaddhā. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu samavayasaṭṭhesano hoti.
“贤友,怎样才是意向无浊的比丘?贤友,此比丘已断尽欲念,断尽嗔恚之念,断尽害意之念。贤友,比丘正是如此为意向无浊。”巴利
‘‘Kathañcāvuso , bhikkhu anāvilasaṅkappā hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhuno kāmasaṅkappo pahīno hoti, byāpādasaṅkappo pahīno hoti, vihiṃsāsaṅkappo pahīno hoti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu anāvilasaṅkappo hoti.
“贤友,怎样才称为身行已轻安的比丘呢?贤友,此处有比丘,舍断乐、舍断苦,随着先前已有的喜与忧灭没,进入并安住于不苦不乐、具足舍与念的清净的第四禅那。贤友,如此便是身行已轻安的比丘。”巴利
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu passaddhakāyasaṅkhāro hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu sukhassa ca pahānā dukkhassa ca pahānā pubbeva somanassadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamā adukkhamasukhaṃ upekkhāsatipārisuddhiṃ catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu passaddhakāyasaṅkhāro hoti.
“贤友,怎样才称为善解脱心的比丘呢?贤友,此处有比丘,其心已从贪解脱,从嗔解脱,从痴解脱。贤友,如此便是善解脱心的比丘。”巴利
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu suvimuttacitto hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhuno rāgā cittaṃ vimuttaṃ hoti, dosā cittaṃ vimuttaṃ hoti, mohā cittaṃ vimuttaṃ hoti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu suvimuttacitto hoti.
“贤友,怎样才称为善解脱慧的比丘呢?贤友,此处有比丘,他彻知:‘我的贪已断尽,已连根拔除,如同截断的棕榈树桩,不复存在,未来不生。’他彻知:‘我的嗔已断尽…… 未来不生。’他彻知:‘我的痴已断尽…… 未来不生。’贤友,如此便是善解脱慧的比丘。贤友,这十种法,是难以透彻通达的。”巴利
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu suvimuttapañño hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu ‘rāgo me pahīno ucchinnamūlo tālāvatthukato anabhāvaṃkato āyatiṃ anuppādadhammo’ti pajānāti. ‘Doso me pahīno…pe… āyatiṃ anuppādadhammo’ti pajānāti. ‘Moho me pahīno …pe… āyatiṃ anuppādadhammo’ti pajānāti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu suvimuttapañño hoti. Ime dasa dhammā duppaṭivijjhā.
【十法·8】(八)“哪十种法是应当生起的呢?即十种想:不净想、死想、于食厌患想、对一切世间不喜乐想、无常想、于无常中的苦想、于苦中的无我想、舍断想、离欲想、灭尽想。这十种法应当生起。”巴利
(Ja) ‘‘katame dasa dhammā uppādetabbā? Dasa saññā – asubhasaññā, maraṇasaññā, āhārepaṭikūlasaññā, sabbalokeanabhiratisaññā, aniccasaññā, anicce dukkhasaññā, dukkhe anattasaññā, pahānasaññā, virāgasaññā, nirodhasaññā. Ime dasa dhammā uppādetabbā.
【十法·9】(九)哪十种是磨灭之事呢?对于具正见者,邪见被磨灭;凡以邪见为缘而生起的种种不善之法,也都随着被磨灭。具正思惟者,邪思惟被磨灭……具正语者,邪语被磨灭……具正业者,邪业被磨灭……具正命者,邪命被磨灭……具正精进者,邪精进被磨灭……具正念者,邪念被磨灭……具正定者,邪定被磨灭……具正智者,邪智被磨灭。具正解脱者,邪解脱被磨灭;凡以邪解脱为缘而生起的种种不善之法,也都随着被磨灭。这十种法应当完全了知。巴利
(Jha) ‘‘katame dasa dhammā abhiññeyyā? Dasa nijjaravatthūni – sammādiṭṭhissa micchādiṭṭhi nijjiṇṇā hoti. Ye ca micchādiṭṭhipaccayā aneke pāpakā akusalā dhammā sambhavanti, te cassa nijjiṇṇā honti. Sammāsaṅkappassa micchāsaṅkappo…pe… sammāvācassa micchāvācā… sammākammantassa micchākammanto… sammāājīvassa micchāājīvo… sammāvāyāmassa micchāvāyāmo… sammāsatissa micchāsati… sammāsamādhissa micchāsamādhi… sammāñāṇassa micchāñāṇaṃ nijjiṇṇaṃ hoti. Sammāvimuttissa micchāvimutti nijjiṇṇā hoti. Ye ca micchāvimuttipaccayā aneke pāpakā akusalā dhammā sambhavanti, te cassa nijjiṇṇā honti. Ime dasa dhammā abhiññeyyā.
【十法·10】(十)哪十种是无学法,应当亲自体证的呢?即:无学的正见、无学的正思惟、无学的正语、无学的正业、无学的正命、无学的正精进、无学的正念、无学的正定、无学的正智、无学的正解脱。这十种法应当作证。巴利
(Ña) ‘‘katame dasa dhammā sacchikātabbā? Dasa asekkhā dhammā – asekkhā sammādiṭṭhi, asekkho sammāsaṅkappo, asekkhā sammāvācā, asekkho sammākammanto, asekkho sammāājīvo, asekkho sammāvāyāmo, asekkhā sammāsati, asekkho sammāsamādhi, asekkhaṃ sammāñāṇaṃ, asekkhā sammāvimutti. Ime dasa dhammā sacchikātabbā.
“如此,这一百个法是真实、确凿、如实、不虚妄、不变异的,是如来所正自觉悟的。”尊者舍利弗(Sāriputta) 说了这些话。那些比丘们心生欢喜,对舍利弗尊者的开示随喜赞叹。巴利
‘‘Iti ime satadhammā bhūtā tacchā tathā avitathā anaññathā sammā tathāgatena abhisambuddhā’’ti. Idamavocāyasmā sāriputto. Attamanā te bhikkhū āyasmato sāriputtassa bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
《巴提咖》与《优昙婆罗》,《转轮王》、《起源经》
《净信经》、《清净经》、《大人相经》,
《新嘎喇经》、《阿塔那帝亚经》、《合诵经》与《十上经》,
以此十一经,称为《巴提咖品》。巴利
Pāthiko ca udumbaraṃ , cakkavatti aggaññakaṃ; Sampasādanapāsādaṃ , mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṃ. Siṅgālāṭānāṭiyakaṃ , saṅgīti ca dasuttaraṃ; Ekādasahi suttehi, pāthikavaggoti vuccati.
由三品庄严之整部巴利
Tīhi vaggehi paṭimaṇḍito sakalo
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
事件 佛世尊与五百大比丘僧团共同居住。当时,舍利弗尊者唤集众比丘,表示要为他们说法。他以一套极其严谨的数学结构——从“一法”渐次增至“十法”,每一种法又从“多有助益”、“应修习”、“应遍知”、“应舍断”等十个不同角度进行剖析,完整系统地组织起一百项法义,呈现了一个完整的修行蓝图。
经文摘要 舍利弗以十重角度(助益→修习→遍知→舍断→退分→胜分→难通达→生起→证知→作证)× 十组法数(一法至十法),将佛陀教法系统化为“百法”,为修行者提供从入门到究竟的完整指导。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解) 1. 背景:一张精准的修行地图
这部经不是讲故事,而是像一张高度凝缩、结构清晰的修行地图。舍利弗尊者用数学般的精确框架,把佛法庞杂的修行要点,分门别类地打包成十个数字组(一法到十法)。这就像一位导师递给学生的“总复习大纲”,目的是让你一眼就能看清修行的全貌。
2. 核心:法不是死的知识,是活的方向
这部经最大的洞见,不在于罗列了多少法,而在于它的“十重角度”。舍利弗告诉你:同一个“法”,因你的修行阶段和理解不同,可以扮演完全不同的角色。
比如“不放逸”是“多助益的法”,而“身至念”是“应修习的法”。经文原话说: “一切有情依食而住,此非法品是应遍知的。”
「→ 拆开看:」 这句话精妙地揭示了一个真相——就连“吃东西”这种日常本能,佛弟子看待它的角度也完全不同。它不是一个需要去修习或断除的法,而是一个需要被透彻明了的生命真相(遍知)。这一刀切的视角转换,把一个普通现象拉入了智慧觉察的领域。
再进一步看,“我慢”是“应舍断的法”,而“无间心定”是“难通达的法”, “不动心解脱”则是“应作证的法”。这十个贯穿的角度,形成了一条完整的修行链:先确立什么对你有帮助(多助益)→ 明白该实践什么(应修习)→ 持有什么认知(应遍知)→ 斩断什么障碍(应舍断)→ 警惕什么导致堕落(退分)→ 发展什么带来提升(胜分)→ 认清什么纯粹艰难(难通达)→ 培育什么新品性(应生起)→ 体证什么真理(应证知)→ 最终抵达绝对的结果(应作证)。 它不是让你把一百个法全背下来,而是让你学会用这十种眼光去审视任何一个法,从而准确判断自己现在该干嘛。
3. 要旨:从技术清单到生命实证
念、定、慧、五蕴、四谛……所有这些术语,都被放入了“十重角度”的流水线上。从“二法:止与观,应修习”到“十法:十种无学法,应作证”,整个清单指向一个活生生的终点—— “善解脱心、善解脱慧”。
→ 一句话要旨: 修行不是杂乱无章的知识积累,而是对自身生命全方位、分阶段的精准管理,最终导向彻底的无漏解脱。
关键术语锚 - dhamma → 法/教法
- *易错原因*:本经里“法”在不同语境下指代完全不同。有时是广义的“事物”(如“一切有情依食而住”是应遍知的“法”),有时是特指的“修行方法”(如“身至念”是应修习的“法”),有时是佛陀的“教义”本身。不能一概而论。
- āsava → 漏/烦恼
- *易错原因*:常被简化成“烦恼”,但其原意是“流出来”的脓疮或发酵的汁液,指根植于内心深处的、能驱使轮回的潜在心智习性(欲、有、无明)。它比表面的情绪更根本,经中“诸漏尽智”即指斩断这些深层习性。
- vihāra → 住/安住(心境)
- *易错原因*:非指物理上的居住地(精舍),而是指“心住于某种状态”。经文里的“十圣居”并非指十间圣人的房子,而是指十种内心的安稳居住状态。
- nimitta → 相/禅相
- *易错原因*:在“省察相”一类语境下,它不是普通的“相状”,而是心在深入定境后所缘的微细对象或心理印记,是深定操作中需微妙调控的关键。
- attha → 义/意义
- *易错原因*:如“体验义,体验法”中的“义”,不是文字的字面意思,而是指通过实践经文后,内心体会到的法背后所指的真理实况和利益,是与生命直接碰触后的真实感悟。