330“贤友们,彼世尊——知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者——还善说了七种法。对此,所有人都应共同诵持……为诸天神与人带来利益、福利与安乐。哪七种呢?
‘‘Atthi kho, āvuso, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena satta dhammā sammadakkhātā; tattha sabbeheva saṅgāyitabbaṃ…pe… atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ. Katame satta?
“七种财富:信财、戒财、惭财、愧财、闻财、舍财、慧财。
‘‘Satta ariyadhanāni – saddhādhanaṃ, sīladhanaṃ, hiridhanaṃ, ottappadhanaṃ, sutadhanaṃ, cāgadhanaṃ, paññādhanaṃ.
“七觉支——念觉支、择法觉支、精进觉支、喜觉支、轻安觉支、定觉支、舍觉支。
‘‘Satta bojjhaṅgā – satisambojjhaṅgo, dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgo , vīriyasambojjhaṅgo, pītisambojjhaṅgo, passaddhisambojjhaṅgo, samādhisambojjhaṅgo, upekkhāsambojjhaṅgo.
“七定资具:正见、正思惟、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念。
‘‘Satta samādhiparikkhārā – sammādiṭṭhi, sammāsaṅkappo, sammāvācā, sammākammanto, sammāājīvo, sammāvāyāmo, sammāsati.
“贤友们,有七非正法:比丘无信、无惭、无愧、寡闻、懈怠、失念、智慧薄弱。
‘‘Satta asaddhammā – idhāvuso, bhikkhu assaddho hoti, ahiriko hoti, anottappī hoti, appassuto hoti, kusīto hoti, muṭṭhassati hoti, duppañño hoti.
“贤友们,有七正法:比丘有信、有惭、有愧、多闻、精勤、正念现前、具足智慧。
‘‘Satta saddhammā – idhāvuso, bhikkhu saddho hoti, hirimā hoti, ottappī hoti, bahussuto hoti, āraddhavīriyo hoti, upaṭṭhitassati hoti, paññavā hoti.
“贤友们,有七善士法:比丘是知法者、知义者、知己者、知量者、知时者、知众者、知人者。
‘‘Satta sappurisadhammā – idhāvuso, bhikkhu dhammaññū ca hoti atthaññū ca attaññū ca mattaññū ca kālaññū ca parisaññū ca puggalaññū ca.
331“贤友们,有七无十事:比丘于受持学处有深切意欲,且于未来对受持学处的好乐终不消失;于审察法有深切意欲,且于未来对审察法的好乐终不消失;于调伏欲望有深切意欲,且于未来对调伏欲望的好乐终不消失;于独处禅修有深切意欲,且于未来对独处禅修的好乐终不消失;于精进努力有深切意欲,且于未来对精进努力的好乐终不消失;于念与正知有深切意欲,且于未来对念与正知的好乐终不消失;于以智慧彻见真理有深切意欲,且于未来对以智慧彻见真理的好乐终不消失。
‘‘Satta niddasavatthūni. Idhāvuso, bhikkhu sikkhāsamādāne tibbacchando hoti, āyatiñca sikkhāsamādāne avigatapemo. Dhammanisantiyā tibbacchando hoti, āyatiñca dhammanisantiyā avigatapemo. Icchāvinaye tibbacchando hoti, āyatiñca icchāvinaye avigatapemo. Paṭisallāne tibbacchando hoti, āyatiñca paṭisallāne avigatapemo. Vīriyārambhe tibbacchando hoti, āyatiñca vīriyārambhe avigatapemo. Satinepakke tibbacchando hoti, āyatiñca satinepakke avigatapemo . Diṭṭhipaṭivedhe tibbacchando hoti, āyatiñca diṭṭhipaṭivedhe avigatapemo.
“七想:无常想、无我想、不净想、过患想、断想、离欲想、灭尽想。
‘‘Satta saññā – aniccasaññā, anattasaññā, asubhasaññā, ādīnavasaññā, pahānasaññā, virāgasaññā, nirodhasaññā.
“七力:信力、精进力、惭力、愧力、念力、定力、慧力。
‘‘Satta balāni – saddhābalaṃ, vīriyabalaṃ, hiribalaṃ, ottappabalaṃ, satibalaṃ, samādhibalaṃ, paññābalaṃ.
332“贤友们,有七识住。有一类有情,身异、想异,如人类、某些天人以及某些恶道众生。这是第一识住。
‘‘Satta viññāṇaṭṭhitiyo. Santāvuso, sattā nānattakāyā nānattasaññino, seyyathāpi manussā ekacce ca devā ekacce ca vinipātikā. Ayaṃ paṭhamā viññāṇaṭṭhiti.
“贤友们,有一类有情,身异而想一,如由初禅化生梵众天的天人。这是第二识住。
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā nānattakāyā ekattasaññino seyyathāpi devā brahmakāyikā paṭhamābhinibbattā. Ayaṃ dutiyā viññāṇaṭṭhiti.
“贤友们,有一类有情,身一而想异,如光音天的天人。这是第三识住。
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā ekattakāyā nānattasaññino seyyathāpi devā ābhassarā. Ayaṃ tatiyā viññāṇaṭṭhiti.
“朋友们,有众生身同一种、想同一种,譬如遍净天的天神。这是第四识住。
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā ekattakāyā ekattasaññino seyyathāpi devā subhakiṇhā. Ayaṃ catutthī viññāṇaṭṭhiti.
“朋友们,有众生完全超越一切色想,灭尽有对想,不作意种种差别想,了知“虚空无边”而成就空无边处。这是第五识住。”
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā sabbaso rūpasaññānaṃ samatikkamā paṭighasaññānaṃ atthaṅgamā nānattasaññānaṃ amanasikārā ‘ananto ākāso’ti ākāsānañcāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ pañcamī viññāṇaṭṭhiti.
“朋友们,有众生完全超越空无边处,了知“识无边”而成就识无边处。这是第六识住。
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā sabbaso ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘anantaṃ viññāṇa’nti viññāṇañcāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ chaṭṭhī viññāṇaṭṭhiti.
“朋友们,有些众生完全超越了识无边处,作意‘一切皆无’,投生于无所有处。这是第七种识住。”
‘‘Santāvuso , sattā sabbaso viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘natthi kiñcī’ti ākiñcaññāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ sattamī viññāṇaṭṭhiti.
“有七种应受供养的人:俱解脱者、慧解脱者、身证者、见至者、信解脱者、法随行者、信随行者。
‘‘Satta puggalā dakkhiṇeyyā – ubhatobhāgavimutto , paññāvimutto, kāyasakkhi, diṭṭhippatto, saddhāvimutto, dhammānusārī, saddhānusārī.
“有七种随眠:欲贪随眠、瞋恚随眠、邪见随眠、疑随眠、慢随眠、有贪随眠、无明随眠。
‘‘Satta anusayā – kāmarāgānusayo, paṭighānusayo, diṭṭhānusayo, vicikicchānusayo, mānānusayo, bhavarāgānusayo, avijjānusayo.
“有七种结缚:贪染结缚、瞋恚结缚、邪见结缚、疑结缚、慢结缚、有贪结缚、无明结缚。
‘‘Satta saññojanāni – anunayasaññojanaṃ , paṭighasaññojanaṃ, diṭṭhisaññojanaṃ, vicikicchāsaññojanaṃ, mānasaññojanaṃ, bhavarāgasaññojanaṃ, avijjāsaññojanaṃ.
“为息止、平息不断生起的诤事,有七种灭诤法:当施以现前毗尼,当施以忆念毗尼,当施以不痴毗尼,应依他所承认的来处置,应行多数决,应揭示他的重罪,如以草覆盖般平息。
‘‘Satta adhikaraṇasamathā – uppannuppannānaṃ adhikaraṇānaṃ samathāya vūpasamāya sammukhāvinayo dātabbo, sativinayo dātabbo, amūḷhavinayo dātabbo, paṭiññāya kāretabbaṃ, yebhuyyasikā, tassapāpiyasikā, tiṇavatthārako.
“朋友们,以上这些便是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者世尊所善说的七法。于此,一切人应当齐声合诵……为了诸天神与人的利益、福利与安乐。
‘‘Ime kho, āvuso, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena satta dhammā sammadakkhātā; tattha sabbeheva saṅgāyitabbaṃ…pe… atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ.
333“贤友,确有此八法,由那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉的世尊所善说。于此,我等应当一同合诵……为诸天神与人的利益、安乐与福祉。哪八种呢?”
‘‘Atthi kho, āvuso, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena aṭṭha dhammā sammadakkhātā; tattha sabbeheva saṅgāyitabbaṃ…pe… atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ. Katame aṭṭha?
“八邪道:邪见、邪思惟、邪语、邪业、邪命、邪精进、邪念、邪定。”
‘‘Aṭṭha micchattā – micchādiṭṭhi, micchāsaṅkappo, micchāvācā, micchākammanto, micchāājīvo, micchāvāyāmo micchāsati, micchāsamādhi.
“八正道:正见、正思惟、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定。”
‘‘Aṭṭha sammattā – sammādiṭṭhi, sammāsaṅkappo, sammāvācā, sammākammanto, sammāājīvo, sammāvāyāmo, sammāsati, sammāsamādhi.
“八种圣者:入流者、为了亲证入流果而踏上修习之道者;一来者、为了亲证一来果而踏上修习之道者;不来者、为了亲证不来果而踏上修习之道者;阿拉汉、为了亲证阿拉汉果而踏上修习之道者。”
‘‘Aṭṭha puggalā dakkhiṇeyyā – sotāpanno, sotāpattiphalasacchikiriyāya paṭipanno; sakadāgāmī, sakadāgāmiphalasacchikiriyāya paṭipanno; anāgāmī, anāgāmiphalasacchikiriyāya paṭipanno; arahā, arahattaphalasacchikiriyāya paṭipanno.
334“贤友们,有八种懈怠事。于此,一位比丘有应做的工作。他这样想:‘我确有工作要做,但做工作时身体会疲劳,不如躺下吧。’他便躺下,不为获得所未获得、证得所未证得、现证所未现证而策励精进。这是第一种懈怠事。”
‘‘Aṭṭha kusītavatthūni. Idhāvuso, bhikkhunā kammaṃ kātabbaṃ hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘kammaṃ kho me kātabbaṃ bhavissati, kammaṃ kho pana me karontassa kāyo kilamissati, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti! So nipajjati na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā anadhigatassa adhigamāya asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ paṭhamaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,一位比丘已经做完了工作。他这样想:‘我已完成工作,做这工作时身体也疲劳了,不如躺下吧。’他便躺下,不策励精进……这是第二种懈怠事。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā kammaṃ kataṃ hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho kammaṃ akāsiṃ, kammaṃ kho pana me karontassa kāyo kilanto, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti! So nipajjati na vīriyaṃ ārabhati…pe… idaṃ dutiyaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,一位比丘需要行一段路。他这样想:‘我须走这段路,行走时身体会疲劳,不如躺下吧。’他便躺下,不策励精进……这是第三种懈怠事。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā maggo gantabbo hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘maggo kho me gantabbo bhavissati, maggaṃ kho pana me gacchantassa kāyo kilamissati, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti! So nipajjati na vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ tatiyaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,有位比丘行脚已毕。他心想:‘我行脚归来,身体因走路而疲惫,不如躺下吧。’他便躺下,不策励精进……这是第四种懈怠事。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā maggo gato hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho maggaṃ agamāsiṃ, maggaṃ kho pana me gacchantassa kāyo kilanto, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti! So nipajjati na vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ catutthaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,有位比丘入村落或城镇托钵乞食,未得足量粗劣或精良的食物以饱腹。他心想:‘我入村托钵,未能饱足,身体疲惫,不堪用功,不如躺下吧。’他便躺下,不策励精进……这是第五种懈怠事。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto na labhati lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto nālatthaṃ lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ, tassa me kāyo kilanto akammañño, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti! So nipajjati na vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ pañcamaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,有位比丘入村落或城镇托钵乞食,获得了足量粗劣或精良的食物以饱腹。他心想:‘我入村托钵,得食饱满,身体沉重,不堪用功,犹如吞了一肚子豆子,不如躺下吧。’他便躺下,不策励精进……这是第六种懈怠事。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto labhati lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto alatthaṃ lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ, tassa me kāyo garuko akammañño, māsācitaṃ maññe , handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti! So nipajjati na vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ chaṭṭhaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,有比丘生了一点小病。他心里这样想:‘我生了这点小病,正好可以躺下休息,不如我就躺下吧。’于是他躺下,不策励精进……这是第七种懈怠事。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhuno uppanno hoti appamattako ābādho. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘uppanno kho me ayaṃ appamattako ābādho; atthi kappo nipajjituṃ, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti! So nipajjati na vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ sattamaṃ kusītavatthu.
“再者,贤友们,有比丘病愈不久,刚从病中康复。他心里这样想:‘我病愈不久,身体还虚弱、不适合用功,不如我就躺下吧。’于是他躺下,不策励精进,以求获得未获得的、达到未达到的、证得未证得的。这是第八种懈怠事。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gilānā vuṭṭhito hoti aciravuṭṭhito gelaññā. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gilānā vuṭṭhito aciravuṭṭhito gelaññā, tassa me kāyo dubbalo akammañño, handāhaṃ nipajjāmī’ti! So nipajjati na vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā anadhigatassa adhigamāya asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ aṭṭhamaṃ kusītavatthu.
335“贤友们,有八种策励精进的事由。第一种:比丘有应做的工作。他心想:‘我有工作要处理,但忙于工作时,不容易专心于诸佛的教法。我应当先策励精进,以求获得未获得的、达到未达到的、证得未证得的。’于是他策励精进,为了获得未获得的、达到未达到的、证得未证得的而精勤。这就是第一种策励精进事。”
‘‘Aṭṭha ārambhavatthūni. Idhāvuso, bhikkhunā kammaṃ kātabbaṃ hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘kammaṃ kho me kātabbaṃ bhavissati, kammaṃ kho pana me karontena na sukaraṃ buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ manasi kātuṃ, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi appattassa pattiyā anadhigatassa adhigamāya, asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāyā’ti! So vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā, anadhigatassa adhigamāya asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ paṭhamaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,尊者,还有第二种情况:比丘刚从事完某项工作。他心里这样想:‘我从事了工作,在工作的当下未能专心于诸佛的教法。我应当发起精进……’于是他发起精进……这就是第二种发起精进的事由。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā kammaṃ kataṃ hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho kammaṃ akāsiṃ, kammaṃ kho panāhaṃ karonto nāsakkhiṃ buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ manasi kātuṃ, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… so vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ dutiyaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,尊者,还有第三种情况:比丘必须行路。他心里这样想:‘我将要行路,而正在行路时难以专心于诸佛的教法。我应当发起精进……’于是他发起精进……这就是第三种发起精进的事由。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā maggo gantabbo hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘maggo kho me gantabbo bhavissati, maggaṃ kho pana me gacchantena na sukaraṃ buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ manasi kātuṃ. Handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… so vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ tatiyaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,尊者,还有第四种情况:比丘刚行完路。他心里这样想:‘我行了路,在行路的途中未能专心于诸佛的教法。我应当发起精进……’于是他发起精进……这就是第四种发起精进的事由。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhunā maggo gato hoti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho maggaṃ agamāsiṃ, maggaṃ kho panāhaṃ gacchanto nāsakkhiṃ buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ manasi kātuṃ, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… so vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ catutthaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“贤友们,还有第五种情况:比丘到村落或城镇托钵乞食,未得足够饱足的食物,无论粗劣或精良。他心里这样想:‘我行乞于村落、城镇,未获足以饱腹的食物,无论粗劣或精良。如今身体轻安,正宜用功。我应当发起精进……’于是他发起精进。这便是第五种发起精进的事由。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto na labhati lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ . Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto nālatthaṃ lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ, tassa me kāyo lahuko kammañño, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… so vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ pañcamaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,贤友,比丘到村落或城镇托钵乞食,得到了足够饱足的食物,无论粗劣或精良。他心里这样想:‘我行乞于村落、城镇,获得了足以饱腹的食物,无论粗劣或精良。如今身体有力,正宜用功。我应当发起精进……’于是他发起精进。这便是第六种发起精进的事由。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto labhati lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā piṇḍāya caranto alatthaṃ lūkhassa vā paṇītassa vā bhojanassa yāvadatthaṃ pāripūriṃ, tassa me kāyo balavā kammañño, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… so vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ chaṭṭhaṃ ārambhavatthu .
“再者,贤友,比丘生起了轻微的病。他心里这样想:‘我生起了这轻微的病,而这病确实有可能加重。我应当发起精进……’于是他发起精进。这便是第七种发起精进的事由。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhuno uppanno hoti appamattako ābādho. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘uppanno kho me ayaṃ appamattako ābādho, ṭhānaṃ kho panetaṃ vijjati yaṃ me ābādho pavaḍḍheyya, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi…pe… so vīriyaṃ ārabhati… idaṃ sattamaṃ ārambhavatthu.
“再者,贤友,有比丘新近病愈,从疾病中恢复不久。他心中思惟:‘我新近病愈,从疾病中恢复不久,此病确实有可能再度生起。那么,我应为证得未证得的、达到未达到的、实现未实现的而策发精进。’于是他为了证得未证得的、达到未达到的、实现未实现的而发起精进。这是第八种策发精进之事。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu gilānā vuṭṭhito hoti aciravuṭṭhito gelaññā. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘ahaṃ kho gilānā vuṭṭhito aciravuṭṭhito gelaññā, ṭhānaṃ kho panetaṃ vijjati yaṃ me ābādho paccudāvatteyya, handāhaṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhāmi appattassa pattiyā anadhigatassa adhigamāya asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāyā’’ti! So vīriyaṃ ārabhati appattassa pattiyā anadhigatassa adhigamāya asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. Idaṃ aṭṭhamaṃ ārambhavatthu.
336“有八种布施的情形:因侮辱受者而行布施;出于恐惧而行布施;想‘他曾给过我’而行布施;想‘他将会给我’而行布施;想‘布施是善的’而行布施;想‘我烹煮食物,这些人不烹煮,我烹煮者不应不施与不烹煮者’而行布施;想‘我行此布施,将生起好名声’而行布施;为了庄严内心、圆满内心的资具而行布施。”
‘‘Aṭṭha dānavatthūni. Āsajja dānaṃ deti, bhayā dānaṃ deti, ‘adāsi me’ti dānaṃ deti, ‘dassati me’ti dānaṃ deti, ‘sāhu dāna’nti dānaṃ deti, ‘ahaṃ pacāmi, ime na pacanti, nārahāmi pacanto apacantānaṃ dānaṃ na dātu’nti dānaṃ deti, ‘idaṃ me dānaṃ dadato kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggacchatī’ti dānaṃ deti. Cittālaṅkāra-cittaparikkhāratthaṃ dānaṃ deti.
337“贤友们,有八布施所生。在此,有一种人向沙门或婆罗门布施食物、饮料、衣物、车乘、花鬘、香料、涂油、床铺、房舍、灯明。他对所施之物心怀期求。他见到豪富的刹帝利、豪富的婆罗门或豪富的居士,正具足享受五种欲乐,心中便想:‘啊,愿我身坏命终后,投生于豪富的刹帝利众、豪富的婆罗门众或豪富的居士众中!’他存续此心,安立此心,修习此心。他的心这般于下等目标而得解脱,未曾向上修习,便会往生彼处。贤友们,我说这是持戒者的果报,而非破戒者的果报。因持戒者的心愿清净,故能实现。
‘‘Aṭṭha dānūpapattiyo . Idhāvuso, ekacco dānaṃ deti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā annaṃ pānaṃ vatthaṃ yānaṃ mālāgandhavilepanaṃ seyyāvasathapadīpeyyaṃ. So yaṃ deti taṃ paccāsīsati . So passati khattiyamahāsālaṃ vā brāhmaṇamahāsālaṃ vā gahapatimahāsālaṃ vā pañcahi kāmaguṇehi samappitaṃ samaṅgībhūtaṃ paricārayamānaṃ. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā khattiyamahāsālānaṃ vā brāhmaṇamahāsālānaṃ vā gahapatimahāsālānaṃ vā sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’nti! So taṃ cittaṃ dahati, taṃ cittaṃ adhiṭṭhāti, taṃ cittaṃ bhāveti, tassa taṃ cittaṃ hīne vimuttaṃ uttari abhāvitaṃ tatrūpapattiyā saṃvattati . Tañca kho sīlavato vadāmi no dussīlassa. Ijjhatāvuso, sīlavato cetopaṇidhi visuddhattā.
“再者,贤友们,此处有一类人,向沙门或婆罗门布施食物、饮料……(中略)……床铺、房舍、灯明。他对自己布施之物有所期待。他曾听闻:“四大王天诸天神寿命长远、容貌庄严、快乐众多。”他心想:“啊,愿我身坏命终后,能往生至四大王天众天神同伴之中!”他安住此心,确立此心,修习此心。他的心思如此于低下之所缘中得解脱,未向上修习,便导向投生彼处。贤友们,我说,此为持戒者之果报,非破戒者之果报。贤友们,持戒者之心愿因其清净而得成就。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, idhekacco dānaṃ deti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā annaṃ pānaṃ…pe… seyyāvasathapadīpeyyaṃ. So yaṃ deti taṃ paccāsīsati. Tassa sutaṃ hoti – ‘cātumahārājikā devā dīghāyukā vaṇṇavanto sukhabahulā’’ti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā cātumahārājikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’’nti! So taṃ cittaṃ dahati, taṃ cittaṃ adhiṭṭhāti, taṃ cittaṃ bhāveti, tassa taṃ cittaṃ hīne vimuttaṃ uttari abhāvitaṃ tatrūpapattiyā saṃvattati. Tañca kho sīlavato vadāmi no dussīlassa. Ijjhatāvuso, sīlavato cetopaṇidhi visuddhattā.
“再者,贤友们,在此有这样一种人,他向沙门或婆罗门布施食物、饮料……乃至床铺、房舍、灯明。他对于自己所布施之物,心怀期待。他曾听闻:“三十三天众天神……乃至夜摩天众天神……乃至兜率天众天神……乃至化乐天众天神……乃至他化自在天众天神,皆具长寿、貌美、多乐。”他便心生念想:“啊!但愿我身坏命终之后,能投生到他化自在天众天神的同伴之中!”他将此心安住、确立、修习。他的心在这低劣的所缘上安住解脱,未向上修习,便导致往生彼处。对此,我说这是持戒者的果报,不是破戒者的果报。贤友们,因为持戒者的心愿,因清净而得成就。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, idhekacco dānaṃ deti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā annaṃ pānaṃ…pe… seyyāvasathapadīpeyyaṃ. So yaṃ deti taṃ paccāsīsati. Tassa sutaṃ hoti – ‘tāvatiṃsā devā…pe… yāmā devā…pe… tusitā devā …pe… nimmānaratī devā…pe… paranimmitavasavattī devā dīghāyukā vaṇṇavanto sukhabahulā’ti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā paranimmitavasavattīnaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’’nti! So taṃ cittaṃ dahati, taṃ cittaṃ adhiṭṭhāti, taṃ cittaṃ bhāveti, tassa taṃ cittaṃ hīne vimuttaṃ uttari abhāvitaṃ tatrūpapattiyā saṃvattati. Tañca kho sīlavato vadāmi no dussīlassa. Ijjhatāvuso, sīlavato cetopaṇidhi visuddhattā.
“再者,贤友们,此处有一类人,向沙门或婆罗门布施食物、饮料、衣服、车乘、花鬘、香、涂香、床座、住所和灯明。他对自己布施之物有所期望。他曾听闻:“梵众天诸天神寿命长远、容貌庄严、快乐众多。”他心想:“啊,愿我身坏命终后,能往生至梵众天诸天神同伴之中!”他安住此心,确立此心,修习此心。他的心思如此于低下之所缘中得解脱,未向上修习,便导向投生彼处。贤友们,我说,此为持戒者之果报,非破戒者之果报;贤友们,此为离欲者之果报,非未离欲者之果报。贤友们,持戒、离欲者,其清净之心愿得以成就。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, idhekacco dānaṃ deti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā annaṃ pānaṃ vatthaṃ yānaṃ mālāgandhavilepanaṃ seyyāvasathapadīpeyyaṃ. So yaṃ deti taṃ paccāsīsati. Tassa sutaṃ hoti – ‘brahmakāyikā devā dīghāyukā vaṇṇavanto sukhabahulā’ti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā brahmakāyikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’nti! So taṃ cittaṃ dahati, taṃ cittaṃ adhiṭṭhāti, taṃ cittaṃ bhāveti, tassa taṃ cittaṃ hīne vimuttaṃ uttari abhāvitaṃ tatrūpapattiyā saṃvattati. Tañca kho sīlavato vadāmi no dussīlassa; vītarāgassa no sarāgassa. Ijjhatāvuso, sīlavato cetopaṇidhi vītarāgattā.
“八种众:刹帝利众、婆罗门众、居士众、沙门众、四大王天众、三十三天众、魔众与梵天众。
‘‘Aṭṭha parisā – khattiyaparisā, brāhmaṇaparisā, gahapatiparisā, samaṇaparisā, cātumahārājikaparisā, tāvatiṃsaparisā, māraparisā, brahmaparisā .
“八种世间法:得与失、称与讥、毁与誉、乐与苦。
‘‘Aṭṭha lokadhammā – lābho ca, alābho ca, yaso ca, ayaso ca, nindā ca, pasaṃsā ca, sukhañca, dukkhañca.
338“八种胜处:内有色想者,观外色,其色有限,或美或丑,起如是念:‘我胜诸色,我知、我见。’此为第一胜处。”
‘‘Aṭṭha abhibhāyatanāni. Ajjhattaṃ rūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati parittāni suvaṇṇadubbaṇṇāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ paṭhamaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“内有色想者,见外色无量、或美或丑。他超越它们而了知、得见:‘我认知,我看见。’这是第二种胜处。”
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ rūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati appamāṇāni suvaṇṇadubbaṇṇāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti – evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ dutiyaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“内无色想者,见外色有限、或美或丑。他超越它们而了知、得见:‘我认知,我看见。’这是第三种胜处。”
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati parittāni suvaṇṇadubbaṇṇāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ tatiyaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“内无色想者,见外色无量、或美或丑。他超越它们而了知、得见:‘我认知,我看见。’这是第四种胜处。”
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati appamāṇāni suvaṇṇadubbaṇṇāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ catutthaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“内心无色想者,外观诸色,彼诸色皆为蓝色,具蓝色之相、蓝色之显现、蓝色之光泽。譬如亚麻花为蓝色,具蓝色之相、蓝色之显现、蓝色之光泽;又如波罗奈所产两面磨光之布,为蓝色,具蓝色之相、蓝色之显现、蓝色之光泽。同样,内心无色想者,外观诸色,彼诸色皆为蓝色,具蓝色之相、蓝色之显现、蓝色之光泽,便作是念:‘我已胜彼而了知、而照见。’此为第五胜处。”
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati nīlāni nīlavaṇṇāni nīlanidassanāni nīlanibhāsāni. Seyyathāpi nāma umāpupphaṃ nīlaṃ nīlavaṇṇaṃ nīlanidassanaṃ nīlanibhāsaṃ, seyyathā vā pana taṃ vatthaṃ bārāṇaseyyakaṃ ubhatobhāgavimaṭṭhaṃ nīlaṃ nīlavaṇṇaṃ nīlanidassanaṃ nīlanibhāsaṃ. Evameva ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati nīlāni nīlavaṇṇāni nīlanidassanāni nīlanibhāsāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ pañcamaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“第六胜处者:内心无有色想之人,向外见诸色,皆是黄、黄颜色、黄显现、黄光泽。犹如咖尼咖拉花,为黄、黄颜色、黄显现、黄光泽;又如波罗奈之布,双面打磨,为黄、黄颜色、黄显现、黄光泽。如是,内心无有色想之人,向外见诸色,皆是黄、黄颜色、黄显现、黄光泽。他便作如是念:‘我已征服他们,我知、我见。’此为第六胜处。”
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati pītāni pītavaṇṇāni pītanidassanāni pītanibhāsāni. Seyyathāpi nāma kaṇikārapupphaṃ pītaṃ pītavaṇṇaṃ pītanidassanaṃ pītanibhāsaṃ, seyyathā vā pana taṃ vatthaṃ bārāṇaseyyakaṃ ubhatobhāgavimaṭṭhaṃ pītaṃ pītavaṇṇaṃ pītanidassanaṃ pītanibhāsaṃ. Evameva ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati pītāni pītavaṇṇāni pītanidassanāni pītanibhāsāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ chaṭṭhaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“第七胜处:内心无色想者,向外见红色之色——具足红色之色泽、红色之显现、红色之光辉。恰如般度吉瓦迦花,红色,具足红色之色泽、红色之显现、红色之光辉;又如波罗奈布,两面都已打磨光滑,红色,具足红色之色泽、红色之显现、红色之光辉。同样地,内心无色想者,向外见红色之色——具足红色之色泽、红色之显现、红色之光辉。他这样想:‘我已征服了它们,我已知晓,我已得见。’这便是第七胜处。”
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati lohitakāni lohitakavaṇṇāni lohitakanidassanāni lohitakanibhāsāni. Seyyathāpi nāma bandhujīvakapupphaṃ lohitakaṃ lohitakavaṇṇaṃ lohitakanidassanaṃ lohitakanibhāsaṃ, seyyathā vā pana taṃ vatthaṃ bārāṇaseyyakaṃ ubhatobhāgavimaṭṭhaṃ lohitakaṃ lohitakavaṇṇaṃ lohitakanidassanaṃ lohitakanibhāsaṃ. Evameva ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati lohitakāni lohitakavaṇṇāni lohitakanidassanāni lohitakanibhāsāni, ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ sattamaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
“内心没有色想时,此人向外观察白色的色,那些色具有白色的样貌、白色的显相、白色的光泽。犹如晓星是白色的,具有白色的样貌、白色的显相、白色的光泽;又如波罗奈出产的双面光滑布料,是白色的,具有白色的样貌、白色的显相、白色的光泽。同样地,内心没有色想时,此人向外观察白色的色,他生起这样的想:“我已超越它们,我知、我见。”这就是第八胜处。”
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati odātāni odātavaṇṇāni odātanidassanāni odātanibhāsāni. Seyyathāpi nāma osadhitārakā odātā odātavaṇṇā odātanidassanā odātanibhāsā, seyyathā vā pana taṃ vatthaṃ bārāṇaseyyakaṃ ubhatobhāgavimaṭṭhaṃ odātaṃ odātavaṇṇaṃ odātanidassanaṃ odātanibhāsaṃ. Evameva ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī eko bahiddhā rūpāni passati odātāni odātavaṇṇāni odātanidassanāni odātanibhāsāni , ‘tāni abhibhuyya jānāmi passāmī’ti evaṃsaññī hoti. Idaṃ aṭṭhamaṃ abhibhāyatanaṃ.
339“八解脱:有色身者,见诸色。这是第一解脱。
‘‘Aṭṭha vimokkhā. Rūpī rūpāni passati. Ayaṃ paṭhamo vimokkho.
“内无色想者,外观诸色。这是第二解脱。
‘‘Ajjhattaṃ arūpasaññī bahiddhā rūpāni passati. Ayaṃ dutiyo vimokkho.
“唯倾心于净,这是第三解脱。”
‘‘Subhanteva adhimutto hoti. Ayaṃ tatiyo vimokkho.
“完全超越色想,有对想灭除,不作意种种想,以‘虚空无边’想,证入并安住于空无边处。这是第四解脱。”
‘‘Sabbaso rūpasaññānaṃ samatikkamā paṭighasaññānaṃ atthaṅgamā nānattasaññānaṃ amanasikārā ‘ananto ākāso’ti ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ catuttho vimokkho.
“完全超越空无边处,以‘识是无边’想,证入并安住于识无边处。这是第五解脱。
‘‘Sabbaso ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘anantaṃ viññāṇa’nti viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ pañcamo vimokkho.
“完全超越识无边处,以‘无所有’想,证入并安住于无所有处。这是第六解脱。”
‘‘Sabbaso viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘natthi kiñcī’ti ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ chaṭṭho vimokkho.
“彻底超越无所有处,证入非想非非想处而住。这是第七解脱。
‘‘Sabbaso ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ sattamo vimokkho.
“完全超越非想非非想处后,他进入并安住于想受灭。这是第八种解脱。
‘‘Sabbaso nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma saññāvedayita nirodhaṃ upasampajja viharati. Ayaṃ aṭṭhamo vimokkho.
“诸位学友,这些正是彼世尊——知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者——所善说的八法。对此,一切人应共同合诵……为了诸天神与人的利益、安乐与幸福。
‘‘Ime kho, āvuso, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena aṭṭha dhammā sammadakkhātā; tattha sabbeheva saṅgāyitabbaṃ…pe… atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ.
340“学友们,确有彼世尊——知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者——所善说的九法。对此,一切人应共同合诵……为了诸天神与人的利益、安乐与幸福。是哪九种?
‘‘Atthi kho, āvuso, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena nava dhammā sammadakkhātā; tattha sabbeheva saṅgāyitabbaṃ…pe… atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ. Katame nava?
“有九种情形会结下嗔恨:想着“他曾做了对我不利的事”而结下嗔恨;想着“他正在做对我不利的事”而结下嗔恨;想着“他将会做对我不利的事”而结下嗔恨;想着“他曾做了对我所喜爱、中意之人不利的事”而结下嗔恨……想着“他正在做对我所喜爱、中意之人不利的事”而结下嗔恨……想着“他将会做对我所喜爱、中意之人不利的事”而结下嗔恨;想着“他曾做了对我所讨厌、不中意之人有利的事”而结下嗔恨……想着“他正在做对我所讨厌、不中意之人有利的事”而结下嗔恨……想着“他将会做对我所讨厌、不中意之人有利的事”而结下嗔恨。”
‘‘Nava āghātavatthūni. ‘Anatthaṃ me acarī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati; ‘anatthaṃ me caratī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati; ‘anatthaṃ me carissatī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati; ‘piyassa me manāpassa anatthaṃ acarī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati…pe… anatthaṃ caratīti āghātaṃ bandhati…pe… anatthaṃ carissatīti āghātaṃ bandhati; ‘appiyassa me amanāpassa atthaṃ acarī’ti āghātaṃ bandhati…pe… atthaṃ caratīti āghātaṃ bandhati…pe… atthaṃ carissatīti āghātaṃ bandhati.
“有九种调伏嗔恨的方法:心想‘他曾对我不利,但从中又能得到什么呢?’而调伏嗔恨;心想‘他正对我不利,但从中又能得到什么呢?’而调伏嗔恨;心想‘他将对我不利,但从中又能得到什么呢?’而调伏嗔恨;心想‘他曾对我所喜爱、合意的人不利……正在……将要……,但从中又能得到什么呢?’而调伏嗔恨;心想‘他曾对我所憎厌、不合意的人有利……正在……将要……,但从中又能得到什么呢?’而调伏嗔恨。”
‘‘Nava āghātapaṭivinayā. ‘Anatthaṃ me acari , taṃ kutettha labbhā’ti āghātaṃ paṭivineti ; ‘anatthaṃ me carati, taṃ kutettha labbhā’ti āghātaṃ paṭivineti; ‘anatthaṃ me carissati, taṃ kutettha labbhā’ti āghātaṃ paṭivineti; ‘piyassa me manāpassa anatthaṃ acari…pe… anatthaṃ carati…pe… anatthaṃ carissati, taṃ kutettha labbhā’ti āghātaṃ paṭivineti; ‘appiyassa me amanāpassa atthaṃ acari…pe… atthaṃ carati…pe… atthaṃ carissati, taṃ kutettha labbhā’ti āghātaṃ paṭivineti.
341“贤友们,有九种有情居。第一种是身异、想异的有情,例如人类、一部分天人和一部分恶趣众生。这是第一种有情居。
‘‘Nava sattāvāsā. Santāvuso, sattā nānattakāyā nānattasaññino, seyyathāpi manussā ekacce ca devā ekacce ca vinipātikā. Ayaṃ paṭhamo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有一种有情,身相各异而想则同一,比如梵众天中最初化生的天众。这是第二种有情居所。
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā nānattakāyā ekattasaññino, seyyathāpi devā brahmakāyikā paṭhamābhinibbattā. Ayaṃ dutiyo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有一种有情,身相同一而想各不同,比如光音天的天众。这是第三种有情居所。
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā ekattakāyā nānattasaññino, seyyathāpi devā ābhassarā. Ayaṃ tatiyo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有一种有情,身相同一、想亦同一,比如遍净天的天众。这是第四种有情居所。
‘‘Santāvuso , sattā ekattakāyā ekattasaññino, seyyathāpi devā subhakiṇhā. Ayaṃ catuttho sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有一类有情,无想无感受,如无想有情天众。这是第五种有情住处。
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā asaññino appaṭisaṃvedino, seyyathāpi devā asaññasattā . Ayaṃ pañcamo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有一类有情,彻底超越一切色想,灭除有对想,不作意种种想,觉知“虚空无边”,投生于空无边处。这是第六种有情住处。”
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā sabbaso rūpasaññānaṃ samatikkamā paṭighasaññānaṃ atthaṅgamā nānattasaññānaṃ amanasikārā ‘ananto ākāso’ti ākāsānañcāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ chaṭṭho sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有一类有情,彻底超越空无边处,觉知“识无边”,投生于识无边处。这是第七种有情住处。
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā sabbaso ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘anantaṃ viññāṇa’nti viññāṇañcāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ sattamo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有众生彻底超越了识无边处,了知‘无所有’,投生于无所有处。这是第八种众生住处。”
‘‘Santāvuso, sattā sabbaso viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘natthi kiñcī’ti ākiñcāññāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ aṭṭhamo sattāvāso.
“贤友们,有众生彻底超越了无所有处,投生于非想非非想处。这是第九种众生住处。
‘‘Santāvuso , sattā sabbaso ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma nevasaññānāsaññāyatanūpagā. Ayaṃ navamo sattāvāso.
342“贤友们,有九非时非机:如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间,善逝所开示的、导向寂静、涅槃、觉悟的法正在被教导,而此人却投生于地狱。这是梵行生活的第一种非时,不合时宜。
‘‘Nava akkhaṇā asamayā brahmacariyavāsāya. Idhāvuso , tathāgato ca loke uppanno hoti arahaṃ sammāsambuddho, dhammo ca desiyati opasamiko parinibbāniko sambodhagāmī sugatappavedito. Ayañca puggalo nirayaṃ upapanno hoti. Ayaṃ paṭhamo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者,贤友,如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者出现于世间,而能导向寂静、涅槃、觉悟的教法也已由善逝所宣说;这个人却投生到了畜生道。这便是修习梵行的第二种非时,不是恰当的时机。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, tathāgato ca loke uppanno hoti arahaṃ sammāsambuddho, dhammo ca desiyati opasamiko parinibbāniko sambodhagāmī sugatappavedito. Ayañca puggalo tiracchānayoniṃ upapanno hoti. Ayaṃ dutiyo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者……(中略)……这个人投生到了饿鬼道。这便是修习梵行的第三种非时,不是恰当的时机。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… pettivisayaṃ upapanno hoti. Ayaṃ tatiyo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者……(中略)……这个人投生到了阿修罗身。这便是修习梵行的第四种非时,不是恰当的时机。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… asurakāyaṃ upapanno hoti. Ayaṃ catuttho akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者……(中略)……他往生于某一长寿天众之中。这是第五种非时,不适宜修梵行的时机。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… aññataraṃ dīghāyukaṃ devanikāyaṃ upapanno hoti. Ayaṃ pañcamo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者……(中略)……他生于边地,混迹于不知法义的蛮民之中,那里是比丘、比丘尼、近事男、近事女无法前往之处。这是第六种非时,不适宜修梵行的时机。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… paccantimesu janapadesu paccājāto hoti milakkhesu aviññātāresu, yattha natthi gati bhikkhūnaṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ upāsakānaṃ upāsikānaṃ. Ayaṃ chaṭṭho akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者……(中略)……他生于中部地区。然而他持邪见,见解颠倒,认为:‘没有布施,没有供养,没有祭祀,没有善行、恶行之业所感的果报;没有此世界,没有他世界;没有母亲,没有父亲;没有化生的有情;在这世间,也没有正行正修、以自身甚深智慧彻证后宣说此世界与他世界的沙门、婆罗门。’这是第七种非时,不适宜修梵行的时机。”
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… majjhimesu janapadesu paccājāto hoti. So ca hoti micchādiṭṭhiko viparītadassano – ‘natthi dinnaṃ, natthi yiṭṭhaṃ, natthi hutaṃ, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko, natthi ayaṃ loko, natthi paro loko, natthi mātā, natthi pitā, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi loke samaṇabrāhmaṇā sammaggatā sammāpaṭipannā ye imañca lokaṃ parañca lokaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedentī’ti. Ayaṃ sattamo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者……(中略)……他虽投生在中部国度,却愚钝、迟钝、如同聋哑之人,不能分辨何为善说、何为恶说。这是第八种非时、不适合修持梵行的时机。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ…pe… majjhimesu janapadesu paccājāto hoti. So ca hoti duppañño jaḷo eḷamūgo, nappaṭibalo subhāsitadubbhāsitānamatthamaññātuṃ. Ayaṃ aṭṭhamo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
“再者,贤友们,如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者尚未出现于世间,善逝所教导,能带来寂静、导向涅槃、趋向觉悟的法亦未被宣说。而此人投生在中部国度,且他聪慧、不迟钝、不似聋哑,有能力分辨何为善说、何为恶说。这是第九种非时、不适合修持梵行的时机。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, tathāgato ca loke na uppanno hoti arahaṃ sammāsambuddho, dhammo ca na desiyati opasamiko parinibbāniko sambodhagāmī sugatappavedito. Ayañca puggalo majjhimesu janapadesu paccājāto hoti, so ca hoti paññavā ajaḷo aneḷamūgo, paṭibalo subhāsita-dubbhāsitānamatthamaññātuṃ. Ayaṃ navamo akkhaṇo asamayo brahmacariyavāsāya.
343“贤友们,有九次第住。于此,比丘完全远离感官欲乐、远离不善法,有寻有伺,由远离生起的喜与乐,进入并安住于初禅。寻与伺的寂止……乃至进入并安住于第二禅。喜的消退……乃至进入并安住于第三禅。乐的舍断……乃至进入并安住于第四禅。完全超越色想……乃至进入并安住于空无边处。完全超越空无边处,以‘识是无边的’进入并安住于识无边处。完全超越识无边处,以‘无所有’进入并安住于无所有处。完全超越无所有处,进入并安住于非想非非想处。完全超越非想非非想处,进入并安住于想受灭定。”
‘‘Nava anupubbavihārā. Idhāvuso, bhikkhu vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā…pe… dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Pītiyā ca virāgā…pe… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sukhassa ca pahānā …pe… catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sabbaso rūpasaññānaṃ samatikkamā…pe… ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sabbaso ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘anantaṃ viññāṇa’nti viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sabbaso viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samatikkamma ‘natthi kiñcī’ti ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sabbaso ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ upasampajja viharati. Sabbaso nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ samatikkamma saññāvedayitanirodhaṃ upasampajja viharati.
344“学友们,有九次第灭:证得初禅那者,欲想已灭去。证得第二禅那者,寻与伺已灭去。证得第三禅那者,喜已灭去。证得第四禅那者,入出息已灭去。证得空无边处者,色想已灭去。证得识无边处者,空无边处想已灭去。证得无所有处者,识无边处想已灭去。证得非想非非想处者,无所有处想已灭去。证得想受灭定者,想与受皆已灭去。
‘‘Nava anupubbanirodhā. Paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa kāmasaññā niruddhā hoti. Dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa vitakkavicārā niruddhā honti. Tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa pīti niruddhā hoti. Catutthaṃ jhānaṃ samāpannassa assāsapassāssā niruddhā honti. Ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ samāpannassa rūpasaññā niruddhā hoti. Viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ samāpannassa ākāsānañcāyatanasaññā niruddhā hoti. Ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ samāpannassa viññāṇañcāyatanasaññā niruddhā hoti. Nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ samāpannassa ākiñcaññāyatanasaññā niruddhā hoti. Saññāvedayitanirodhaṃ samāpannassa saññā ca vedanā ca niruddhā honti.
“学友们,这些九法,正是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者世尊所善巧阐述的。于此,一切人众皆应合诵,……以利益、安乐人天,为诸天神与人的福祉。
‘‘Ime kho, āvuso, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena nava dhammā sammadakkhātā. Tattha sabbeheva saṅgāyitabbaṃ…pe… atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ.
345“学友们,还有那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉的世尊所善说开示的十法。对此,你们应当共同合诵……为了人天的利益、安乐与幸福。哪十种法呢?
‘‘Atthi kho, āvuso, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena dasa dhammā sammadakkhātā. Tattha sabbeheva saṅgāyitabbaṃ…pe… atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ. Katame dasa?
“十种作依怙之法。学友们,在此,比丘具足戒律,依巴帝摩卡防护而住,行处圆满,于微细罪见其怖畏,受持学处而修学。学友们,这正是:比丘具戒,依巴帝摩卡防护而住,行处圆满,于微细罪见怖畏,受持学处而修学。这是能作依护的法。
‘‘Dasa nāthakaraṇā dhammā. Idhāvuso, bhikkhu sīlavā hoti. Pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto viharati ācāragocarasampanno, aṇumattesu vajjesu bhayadassāvī samādāya sikkhati sikkhāpadesu. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu sīlavā hoti, pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto viharati, ācāragocarasampanno, aṇumattesu vajjesu bhayadassāvī samādāya sikkhati sikkhāpadesu. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,学友们,比丘多闻,善能持守所闻,善能积集所闻。对于初善、中善、后善,具足义理、具足文句,开显全然圆满清净梵行的法,这样的法,他多所听闻、善能忆持,以言语精熟诵习,以心思惟观察,以正见善巧通达。学友们,这正是:比丘多闻……以正见善巧通达。这是能作依护的法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu bahussuto hoti sutadharo sutasannicayo. Ye te dhammā ādikalyāṇā majjhekalyāṇā pariyosānakalyāṇā sātthā sabyañjanā kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ abhivadanti, tathārūpāssa dhammā bahussutā honti dhātā vacasā paricitā manasānupekkhitā diṭṭhiyā suppaṭividdhā, yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu bahussuto hoti…pe… diṭṭhiyā suppaṭividdhā. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,学友,比丘有善友、善同伴、善同道。学友,比丘有善友、善同伴、善同道——这也是一种能作依怙的法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu kalyāṇamitto hoti kalyāṇasahāyo kalyāṇasampavaṅko. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu kalyāṇamitto hoti kalyāṇasahāyo kalyāṇasampavaṅko. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,学友,比丘容易受教,具备易受教之德,具足忍辱,恭敬领受教诫。学友,比丘容易受教……恭敬领受教诫,这也是一种能作依怙的法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu suvaco hoti sovacassakaraṇehi dhammehi samannāgato khamo padakkhiṇaggāhī anusāsaniṃ. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu suvaco hoti…pe… padakkhiṇaggāhī anusāsaniṃ. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,学友,对于同修梵行者们的种种大小事务,比丘善巧能干,不懈怠,具足审察方法的能力,足以成办,足以安排。学友,比丘对于同修梵行者们的事务……足以安排,这也是一种能作依怙的法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu yāni tāni sabrahmacārīnaṃ uccāvacāni kiṃkaraṇīyāni, tattha dakkho hoti analaso tatrupāyāya vīmaṃsāya samannāgato, alaṃ kātuṃ alaṃ saṃvidhātuṃ. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu yāni tāni sabrahmacārīnaṃ…pe… alaṃ saṃvidhātuṃ. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“贤友们,再者,有比丘爱乐正法,言说令人欢喜,于法与律满怀踊跃。贤友,比丘爱乐正法……满怀踊跃,这也是一种能作依怙的法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu dhammakāmo hoti piyasamudāhāro, abhidhamme abhivinaye uḷārapāmojjo . Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu dhammakāmo hoti…pe… uḷārapāmojjo . Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“贤友们,再者,有比丘于任何所得的衣服、饮食、住处与医药资具皆能知足。贤友,比丘于任何所得……资具皆能知足,这也是一种能作依怙的法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso , bhikkhu santuṭṭho hoti itarītarehi cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārehi . Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu santuṭṭho hoti…pe… parikkhārehi. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“贤友们,再者,有比丘为断除不善法、修习善法而住于精进,勇健坚毅,于诸善法担荷不却。贤友,比丘住于精进……于诸善法担荷不却,这也是一种能作依怙的法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu āraddhavīriyo viharati akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pahānāya kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ upasampadāya, thāmavā daḷhaparakkamo anikkhittadhuro kusalesu dhammesu. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu āraddhavīriyo viharati…pe… anikkhittadhuro kusalesu dhammesu. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,比丘具足正念,成就最上的念与明辨,即使是久远以前所做、久远以前所说,也都能忆念、记持。贤友们,比丘具足正念……能忆念、记持,这也是能作为依怙的法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu satimā hoti paramena satinepakkena samannāgato cirakatampi cirabhāsitampi saritā anussaritā. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu satimā hoti…pe… saritā anussaritā. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
“再者,贤友们,比丘具有智慧,成就了圣洁、洞彻、能正确导向苦灭的生灭智慧。贤友们,比丘具有智慧……能正确导向苦灭,这也是能作为依怙的法。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, āvuso, bhikkhu paññavā hoti, udayatthagāminiyā paññāya samannāgato ariyāya nibbedhikāya sammādukkhakkhayagāminiyā. Yaṃpāvuso, bhikkhu paññavā hoti…pe… sammādukkhakkhayagāminiyā. Ayampi dhammo nāthakaraṇo.
346又有十遍处:有比丘认知地遍,向上、向下、横向,无二、无量;有比丘认知水遍……火遍……风遍……青遍……黄遍……赤遍……白遍……空遍……识遍,亦向上、向下、横向,无二、无量。
Dasa kasiṇāyatanāni. Pathavīkasiṇameko sañjānāti, uddhaṃ adho tiriyaṃ advayaṃ appamāṇaṃ. Āpokasiṇameko sañjānāti…pe… tejokasiṇameko sañjānāti… vāyokasiṇameko sañjānāti… nīlakasiṇameko sañjānāti… pītakasiṇameko sañjānāti… lohitakasiṇameko sañjānāti… odātakasiṇameko sañjānāti… ākāsakasiṇameko sañjānāti… viññāṇakasiṇameko sañjānāti, uddhaṃ adho tiriyaṃ advayaṃ appamāṇaṃ.
347“十不善业道:杀生、不与取、欲邪行、妄语、离间语、粗恶语、绮语、贪欲、嗔恚、邪见。
‘‘Dasa akusalakammapathā – pāṇātipāto, adinnādānaṃ, kāmesumicchācāro, musāvādo, pisuṇā vācā, pharusā vācā, samphappalāpo, abhijjhā, byāpādo, micchādiṭṭhi.
“十善业道:远离杀生、远离不与取、远离欲邪行、远离妄语、远离离间语、远离粗恶语、远离绮语,具足无贪、无嗔、正见。
‘‘Dasa kusalakammapathā – pāṇātipātā veramaṇī, adinnādānā veramaṇī, kāmesumicchācārā veramaṇī, musāvādā veramaṇī, pisuṇāya vācāya veramaṇī, pharusāya vācāya veramaṇī, samphappalāpā veramaṇī, anabhijjhā, abyāpādo, sammādiṭṭhi.
348“贤友,有这十种特质的比丘:已断五支,具足六支,有一护,有四依,已舍各别谛,遍舍寻觅,思惟无浊,身行轻安,心善解脱,慧善解脱。
‘‘Dasa ariyavāsā. Idhāvuso, bhikkhu pañcaṅgavippahīno hoti, chaḷaṅgasamannāgato, ekārakkho, caturāpasseno, paṇunnapaccekasacco, samavayasaṭṭhesano, anāvilasaṅkappo, passaddhakāyasaṅkhāro, suvimuttacitto, suvimuttapañño.
“贤友,比丘如何是已断五支者?在此,贤友,比丘已断贪欲、已断嗔恚、已断昏沉睡眠、已断掉举恶作、已断疑。贤友,这样,比丘即是已断五支者。
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu pañcaṅgavippahīno hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhuno kāmacchando pahīno hoti, byāpādo pahīno hoti, thinamiddhaṃ pahīnaṃ hoti, uddhaccakukuccaṃ pahīnaṃ hoti, vicikicchā pahīnā hoti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu pañcaṅgavippahīno hoti.
“贤友,比丘云何具足六支?贤友,于此,比丘以眼见色已,不喜不忧,安住于舍,具念正知。以耳闻声已……(中略)……以意识了知法已,不喜不忧,安住于舍,具念正知。贤友,如是比丘是为具足六支。”
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu chaḷaṅgasamannāgato hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu cakkhunā rūpaṃ disvā neva sumano hoti na dummano, upekkhako viharati sato sampajāno. Sotena saddaṃ sutvā…pe… manasā dhammaṃ viññāya neva sumano hoti na dummano, upekkhako viharati sato sampajāno. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu chaḷaṅgasamannāgato hoti.
“贤友,比丘如何为守护单一者?贤友,于此,比丘具足由正念守护之心。贤友,如是,比丘即为守护单一者。”
‘‘Kathañcāvuso , bhikkhu ekārakkho hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu satārakkhena cetasā samannāgato hoti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu ekārakkho hoti .
“贤友们,怎样的比丘是具足四依止者?贤友们,于此,比丘以慧审量而受用诸事物,以慧审量而忍受诸事物,以慧审量而避开诸事物,以慧审量而除去诸事物。贤友们,这便是具足四依止的比丘。”
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu caturāpasseno hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu saṅkhāyekaṃ paṭisevati, saṅkhāyekaṃ adhivāseti, saṅkhāyekaṃ parivajjeti, saṅkhāyekaṃ vinodeti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu caturāpasseno hoti.
“贤友们,怎样的比丘是已舍尽独断见者?贤友们,世间众多沙门、婆罗门所持的种种独断见,这位比丘已将其全部驱逐、除遣、舍弃、吐出、释放、断除、完全舍离。贤友们,这就是已舍尽独断见的比丘。”
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu paṇunnapaccekasacco hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhuno yāni tāni puthusamaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ puthupaccekasaccāni, sabbāni tāni nunnāni honti paṇunnāni cattāni vantāni muttāni pahīnāni paṭinissaṭṭhāni. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu paṇunnapaccekasacco hoti.
“贤友们,怎样的比丘是完全止息寻求者?贤友们,于此,比丘已断除了欲求,已断除了有求,并寂止了梵行求。贤友们,这便是完全止息寻求的比丘。”
‘‘Kathañcāvuso , bhikkhu samavayasaṭṭhesano hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhuno kāmesanā pahīnā hoti, bhavesanā pahīnā hoti, brahmacariyesanā paṭippassaddhā. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu samavayasaṭṭhesano hoti.
“贤友们,比丘如何成为思维清净无浊者?贤友们,于此,比丘已断除欲思维、瞋恚思维、加害思维。贤友们,如此便是思维清净无浊的比丘。”
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu anāvilasaṅkappo hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhuno kāmasaṅkappo pahīno hoti, byāpādasaṅkappo pahīno hoti, vihiṃsāsaṅkappo pahīno hoti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu anāvilasaṅkappo hoti.
“贤友们,比丘如何成就身行的轻安?贤友们,于此,比丘以乐的舍弃、苦的舍弃,及先前喜悦与忧伤的灭没,进入并安住于不苦不乐、舍念清净的第四禅。贤友们,比丘便是这样成就身行轻安的。
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu passaddhakāyasaṅkhāro hoti ? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu sukhassa ca pahānā dukkhassa ca pahānā pubbeva somanassadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamā adukkhamasukhaṃ upekkhāsatipārisuddhiṃ catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu passaddhakāyasaṅkhāro hoti.
“贤友们,比丘如何成为心善解脱者?贤友们,于此,比丘的心从贪解脱,从嗔解脱,从痴解脱。贤友们,这便是心善解脱的比丘。
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu suvimuttacitto hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhuno rāgā cittaṃ vimuttaṃ hoti, dosā cittaṃ vimuttaṃ hoti, mohā cittaṃ vimuttaṃ hoti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu suvimuttacitto hoti.
“贤友们,比丘如何是慧善解脱呢?贤友们,在此,比丘了知:‘我贪已断除,从根截断,如截多罗树头,归于无有,于未来不再生起。’他了知:‘我嗔已断除,从根截断,如截多罗树头,归于无有,于未来不再生起。’他了知:‘我痴已断除,从根截断,如截多罗树头,归于无有,于未来不再生起。’贤友们,比丘正是如此慧善解脱。”
‘‘Kathañcāvuso, bhikkhu suvimuttapañño hoti? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu ‘rāgo me pahīno ucchinnamūlo tālāvatthukato anabhāvaṃkato āyatiṃ anuppādadhammo’ti pajānāti. ‘Doso me pahīno ucchinnamūlo tālāvatthukato anabhāvaṃkato āyatiṃ anuppādadhammo’ti pajānāti. ‘Moho me pahīno ucchinnamūlo tālāvatthukato anabhāvaṃkato āyatiṃ anuppādadhammo’ti pajānāti. Evaṃ kho, āvuso, bhikkhu suvimuttapañño hoti.
“十种无学法:无学正见、无学正志、无学正语、无学正业、无学正命、无学正精进、无学正念、无学正定、无学正智、无学正解脱。”
‘‘Dasa asekkhā dhammā – asekkhā sammādiṭṭhi, asekkho sammāsaṅkappo, asekkhā sammāvācā, asekkho sammākammanto, asekkho sammāājīvo, asekkho sammāvāyāmo, asekkhā sammāsati, asekkho sammāsamādhi, asekkhaṃ sammāñāṇaṃ, asekkhā sammāvimutti.
“贤友们,这便是彼世尊——知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者——所善巧开示的十法。对此,大家应当和合诵持,不应诤论,以使梵行长久住世、久远流传。这是为了利益众生,为众生带来安乐,出于对世间的悲悯,为诸天神与人带来利益、福祉与安乐。”
‘‘Ime kho, āvuso, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena dasa dhammā sammadakkhātā. Tattha sabbeheva saṅgāyitabbaṃ na vivaditabbaṃ, yathayidaṃ brahmacariyaṃ addhaniyaṃ assa ciraṭṭhitikaṃ, tadassa bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussāna’’nti.
349那时,世尊起身,对舍利弗尊者说:“善哉!善哉!舍利弗,善哉!舍利弗,你为比丘们善巧地宣说了合诵法门。”舍利弗尊者这样说完,导师表示赞许。比丘们满心欢喜,对舍利弗尊者的开示深感欣悦。
Atha kho bhagavā uṭṭhahitvā āyasmantaṃ sāriputtaṃ āmantesi – ‘sādhu sādhu, sāriputta, sādhu kho tvaṃ, sāriputta, bhikkhūnaṃ saṅgītipariyāyaṃ abhāsī’ti. Idamavocāyasmā sāriputto, samanuñño satthā ahosi. Attamanā te bhikkhū āyasmato sāriputtassa bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
事件
世尊与大比丘僧团抵达巴瓦后,应马喇人之请,首先使用了他们新建的“乌巴他咖”集会堂。深夜,世尊在说法后因背痛,让舍利弗为比丘们继续开示。舍利弗观察到尼乾陀·若提子刚去世,其教团就因法与律的恶说而分裂争吵,于是以此为缘起,宣布世尊的法是善说的,并列举从一法到十法的教义集合,强调所有人都应“合诵”、不应争论,以此来确保梵行久住。
经文摘要
外道导师去世导致教团分裂的警诫→舍利弗宣布并系统性铺陈从“一法”到“十法”的教义纲要→强调一切人应“合诵”以令梵行长住。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
舍利弗借“反面教材”给佛弟子们提了个醒,然后上了一堂系统复习课,把佛法要点从一法到十法捋了一遍。
1. 背景:一个活生生的反面教材
佛陀让舍利弗代课,舍利弗没马上开讲,而是先说了件刚发生的事:耆那教的老大尼乾陀·若提子刚去世,他的弟子们立马吵成一锅粥,互相攻击“你懂啥法?我才是对的!”。在家信众看了都摇头远离。舍利弗点出病根:这就是“恶说的法与律”的下场。这像个引子,一下就把气氛给烘托起来了——咱们的教法必须得避免这种惨状。
2. 核心:一份拿来就用的“佛法清单”
怎么避免?舍利弗给出答案:“一切都应合诵,不应争论”。然后,他就开始了对教法地毯式的梳理。从“一切有情依食而住”这一个根本法的“一法”,一直讲到“无学正见”等十个方面的“十法”。
* 这份清单不是念流水账,而是围绕着修行核心层层铺开的。比如讲“二法”时,他点出“名与色”、“无明与有渴爱”、“止与观”;讲“三法”时,点出“三不善根”(贪嗔痴)、“三学”(戒定慧);到了“十法”,更是详细描述了一位彻底解脱、守护内心、具足“无学十法”的阿拉汉的境界。
* 每讲完一组法,舍利弗都像念响应咒一样重复:“对此,所有的人都应合诵,不应争论……”→ 拆开看:这就在反复强调,这份清单不是用来比谁记性好、理解深的辩论赛题目。“合诵”就是大家一起准确无误地读、记、修,把共同的标准版本牢牢刻在心里,这才是教法不分裂、能长久住世的唯一办法。
→ 一句话要旨: 佛法的长久住世,不靠个人天才或死板教条,而靠整个僧团对核心教义标准化的“合诵”与修持,以此形成牢不可破的精神凝聚力,避免因争论而分裂。
关键术语锚
- dhamma → 教法/法
- 易错原因:多义词。本篇中特指佛陀所教导、应被“合诵”以避免争论的整套教义的集合,而非抽象的宇宙法则或事物。
- saṅkhāra → 行
- 易错原因:极度多义。在“一法·一切有情依行而住”中,指生命得以相续的生命活动、造作之力或业力累积,容易被理解为“诸行无常”中泛指的“有为事物”。
- āsava → 漏/烦恼
- 易错原因:带比喻性。在“三漏”(欲、有、无明漏)中,指那些从根本上泄漏智慧与善法,令心灵不净的深层烦恼,而非表面过失。
- bhava → 有
- 易错原因:多种分类。出现在“三有”(欲、色、无色有)中,指生命死后再投生的三种存在形态或生命领域,易与“有漏”等概念混淆。
- taṇhā → 爱/渴爱
- 易错原因:含义特殊。在“三爱”(欲、有、无有爱)中,它不是指一般的喜爱,而是导致轮回的、如饥似渴般的执取之欲,特别是对“不存在”本身也会产生渴爱。