四、《起源经》
4. Aggaññasuttaṃ
婆悉咤与婆罗堕阇
Vāseṭṭhabhāradvājā
111如是我闻:一时,世尊住在舍卫城东园鹿母讲堂。那时,婆悉咤与婆罗堕阇正住在比丘众中,期望成就比丘的身份。于傍晚时分,世尊从独处禅修中出定,自楼阁下至楼阁阴凉处的空地上经行。
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati pubbārāme migāramātupāsāde. Tena kho pana samayena vāseṭṭhabhāradvājā bhikkhūsu parivasanti bhikkhubhāvaṃ ākaṅkhamānā. Atha kho bhagavā sāyanhasamayaṃ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito pāsādā orohitvā pāsādapacchāyāyaṃ abbhokāse caṅkamati.
112婆悉咤望见世尊于傍晚时分从独处禅修中出定,下楼在楼阁阴凉处的空地上经行,见后便对婆罗堕阇说:“婆罗堕阇贤友,世尊正从独处禅修中出定,下楼在阴凉处经行。来吧,贤友,我们一同到世尊那里,或许有幸能听闻世尊的法语。”婆罗堕阇答道:“好的,贤友。”
Addasā kho vāseṭṭho bhagavantaṃ sāyanhasamayaṃ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhitaṃ pāsādā orohitvā pāsādapacchāyāyaṃ abbhokāse caṅkamantaṃ. Disvāna bhāradvājaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘ayaṃ, āvuso bhāradvāja, bhagavā sāyanhasamayaṃ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito pāsādā orohitvā pāsādapacchāyāyaṃ abbhokāse caṅkamati. Āyāmāvuso bhāradvāja, yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamissāma; appeva nāma labheyyāma bhagavato santikā dhammiṃ kathaṃ savanāyā’’ti. ‘‘Evamāvuso’’ti kho bhāradvājo vāseṭṭhassa paccassosi.
113于是,婆悉咤与婆罗堕阇来到世尊处,礼敬世尊后,便随正在经行的世尊一同经行。那时,世尊对婆悉咤说:“婆悉咤,你们二人确为婆罗门种姓、婆罗门家族出身,从婆罗门家族弃家出离,过着无家的生活。婆悉咤,那些婆罗门是否辱骂、诽谤你们呢?”“世尊,那些婆罗门确实以种种恰如其分的言辞辱骂、诽谤我们,极尽毁谤,而非有所保留。”“婆悉咤,那些婆罗门是如何辱骂、诽谤你们的呢?如何极尽毁谤,而非有所保留?”“世尊,那些婆罗门这样说:‘婆罗门是最殊胜的种姓,其他种姓皆为低劣。婆罗门是白净的种姓,其他种姓皆为黑暗。唯有婆罗门得清净,非婆罗门则不然。婆罗门是梵天之子,从其口生,为梵天所化生、所创造,是梵天的继承者。你们竟舍弃了最殊胜的种姓,投身于低劣的种姓——那些剃发的沙门、卑贱者、黑种、大梵之足的子孙。这实非善举,甚为不妥,你们竟舍弃了最殊胜的种姓,投身于低劣的种姓——那些剃发的沙门、卑贱者、黑种、大梵之足的子孙。’世尊,那些婆罗门就是以这些话来辱骂、诽谤我们,极尽毁谤,而非有所保留。”
Atha kho vāseṭṭhabhāradvājā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā bhagavantaṃ caṅkamantaṃ anucaṅkamiṃsu. Atha kho bhagavā vāseṭṭhaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘tumhe khvattha, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇajaccā brāhmaṇakulīnā brāhmaṇakulā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajitā, kacci vo, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇā na akkosanti na paribhāsantī’’ti? ‘‘Taggha no, bhante, brāhmaṇā akkosanti paribhāsanti attarūpāya paribhāsāya paripuṇṇāya, no aparipuṇṇāyā’’ti. ‘‘Yathā kathaṃ pana vo, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇā akkosanti paribhāsanti attarūpāya paribhāsāya paripuṇṇāya, no aparipuṇṇāyā’’ti? ‘‘Brāhmaṇā, bhante, evamāhaṃsu – ‘brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo, hīnā aññe vaṇṇā . Brāhmaṇova sukko vaṇṇo , kaṇhā aññe vaṇṇā . Brāhmaṇāva sujjhanti, no abrāhmaṇā. Brāhmaṇāva brahmuno puttā orasā mukhato jātā brahmajā brahmanimmitā brahmadāyādā. Te tumhe seṭṭhaṃ vaṇṇaṃ hitvā hīnamattha vaṇṇaṃ ajjhupagatā, yadidaṃ muṇḍake samaṇake ibbhe kaṇhe bandhupādāpacce. Tayidaṃ na sādhu, tayidaṃ nappatirūpaṃ, yaṃ tumhe seṭṭhaṃ vaṇṇaṃ hitvā hīnamattha vaṇṇaṃ ajjhupagatā yadidaṃ muṇḍake samaṇake ibbhe kaṇhe bandhupādāpacce’ti. Evaṃ kho no, bhante, brāhmaṇā akkosanti paribhāsanti attarūpāya paribhāsāya paripuṇṇāya, no aparipuṇṇāyā’’ti.
114“婆悉咤,那些婆罗门正是忘了古代的事,才这样对你们说:‘婆罗门才是最高的种姓,其他种姓是低劣的;婆罗门才是白净的种姓,其他种姓是黑暗的;唯有婆罗门得以清净,非婆罗门则不能;婆罗门是梵天之子,从其口生,由梵天所化,是梵天的继承者。’然而,婆悉咤,人们明明看到婆罗门妇女也会来月经、怀孕、生子、哺乳。这些婆罗门自身本是从母胎所生,却依然说:‘婆罗门才是最高的种姓……是梵天的继承者。’他们这样说,既是对梵天的诽谤,也是说了妄语,为自己招感了诸多恶业。”
‘‘Taggha vo, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇā porāṇaṃ assarantā evamāhaṃsu – ‘brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo, hīnā aññe vaṇṇā; brāhmaṇova sukko vaṇṇo, kaṇhā aññe vaṇṇā; brāhmaṇāva sujjhanti, no abrāhmaṇā; brāhmaṇāva brahmuno puttā orasā mukhato jātā brahmajā brahmanimmitā brahmadāyādā’ti. Dissanti kho pana, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇānaṃ brāhmaṇiyo utuniyopi gabbhiniyopi vijāyamānāpi pāyamānāpi. Te ca brāhmaṇā yonijāva samānā evamāhaṃsu – ‘brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo, hīnā aññe vaṇṇā; brāhmaṇova sukko vaṇṇo, kaṇhā aññe vaṇṇā; brāhmaṇāva sujjhanti, no abrāhmaṇā; brāhmaṇāva brahmuno puttā orasā mukhato jātā brahmajā brahmanimmitā brahmadāyādā’ti. Te brahmānañceva abbhācikkhanti, musā ca bhāsanti, bahuñca apuññaṃ pasavanti.
四种姓清净
Catuvaṇṇasuddhi
115婆悉咤,有这四种姓:刹帝利、婆罗门、吠舍、首陀罗。婆悉咤,在此刹帝利种姓中,有个别人杀生、不与取、行邪淫,说妄语、离间语、粗恶语、绮语,心怀贪欲、瞋恚,持邪见。婆悉咤,像这样的法是不善的,被称为不善;是有过患的,被称为有过患;是不应修习的,被称为不应修习;是不配圣者的,被称为不配圣者;是黑暗的,带来黑暗的果报,为智者所诃责。这些法,在个别刹帝利身上也能见到。婆悉咤,在婆罗门种姓中,也有个别人如此;婆悉咤,在吠舍种姓中,也有个别人如此;婆悉咤,在这首陀罗种姓中,也有个别人杀生、不与取、行邪淫,说妄语、离间语、粗恶语、绮语,心怀贪欲、瞋恚,持邪见。婆悉咤,像这样的法是不善的,被称为不善……是黑暗的,带来黑暗的果报,为智者所诃责。这些法,在个别首陀罗身上也能见到。
‘‘Cattārome, vāseṭṭha, vaṇṇā – khattiyā, brāhmaṇā, vessā, suddā. Khattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, idhekacco pāṇātipātī hoti adinnādāyī kāmesumicchācārī musāvādī pisuṇavāco pharusavāco samphappalāpī abhijjhālu byāpannacitto micchādiṭṭhī. Iti kho, vāseṭṭha, yeme dhammā akusalā akusalasaṅkhātā sāvajjā sāvajjasaṅkhātā asevitabbā asevitabbasaṅkhātā naalamariyā naalamariyasaṅkhātā kaṇhā kaṇhavipākā viññugarahitā, khattiyepi te idhekacce sandissanti. Brāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha…pe… vessopi kho, vāseṭṭha…pe… suddopi kho, vāseṭṭha, idhekacco pāṇātipātī hoti adinnādāyī kāmesumicchācārī musāvādī pisuṇavāco pharusavāco samphappalāpī abhijjhālu byāpannacitto micchādiṭṭhī. Iti kho, vāseṭṭha, yeme dhammā akusalā akusalasaṅkhātā…pe… kaṇhā kaṇhavipākā viññugarahitā; suddepi te idhekacce sandissanti.
“婆悉咤,刹帝利种姓之中,同样有人远离杀生,远离偷盗,远离邪淫,远离妄语,远离离间语,远离粗恶语,远离杂秽语;他们无贪、无瞋害心,具足正见。婆悉咤,这些法被称为善、被认定为善,是无有过患的、被认定为无有过患的,是应当修习的、被认定为应当修习的,是相应于圣者的、被认定为相应于圣者的,是清净的、能带来乐报的、为智者所称赞的——这些法,也显现于某些刹帝利身上。婆悉咤,婆罗门种姓之中,同样如此……婆悉咤,吠舍种姓之中,同样如此……婆悉咤,首陀罗种姓之中,同样有人远离杀生……乃至无贪、无瞋害心,具足正见。婆悉咤,这些法被称为善的……乃至清净、能带来乐报、为智者所称赞的——这些法,也显现于某些首陀罗身上。”
‘‘Khattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, idhekacco pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti, adinnādānā paṭivirato, kāmesumicchācārā paṭivirato, musāvādā paṭivirato, pisuṇāya vācāya paṭivirato, pharusāya vācāya paṭivirato, samphappalāpā paṭivirato, anabhijjhālu abyāpannacitto, sammādiṭṭhī. Iti kho, vāseṭṭha, yeme dhammā kusalā kusalasaṅkhātā anavajjā anavajjasaṅkhātā sevitabbā sevitabbasaṅkhātā alamariyā alamariyasaṅkhātā sukkā sukkavipākā viññuppasatthā, khattiyepi te idhekacce sandissanti. Brāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha…pe… vessopi kho, vāseṭṭha…pe… suddopi kho, vāseṭṭha, idhekacco pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti…pe… anabhijjhālu , abyāpannacitto, sammādiṭṭhī. Iti kho, vāseṭṭha, yeme dhammā kusalā kusalasaṅkhātā anavajjā anavajjasaṅkhātā sevitabbā sevitabbasaṅkhātā alamariyā alamariyasaṅkhātā sukkā sukkavipākā viññuppasatthā; suddepi te idhekacce sandissanti.
116婆悉咤,当这四种姓中黑法与白法如此混合俱在——既有被智者所谴责的,也有被智者所称赞的——婆罗门们却这样说:'婆罗门种姓最胜,其他种姓为劣;婆罗门是白净的种姓,余种姓为黑;唯有婆罗门能清净,非婆罗门不能;婆罗门是梵天之子、其亲子,从口生出,为梵所生,为梵所化作,是梵的继承者。' 然而,智者并不认可这种说法。为什么呢?婆悉咤,因为于此四种姓中,不论是谁出家为比丘、成为阿拉汉——灭尽诸漏,梵行已立,所作已办,卸下重担,得达己利,灭尽有结,以正智究竟解脱——他便依法被尊为他们中之最上者,而非依非法。婆悉咤,因为法于人世间,无论现见或来世,确实是最上的。
‘‘Imesu kho, vāseṭṭha, catūsu vaṇṇesu evaṃ ubhayavokiṇṇesu vattamānesu kaṇhasukkesu dhammesu viññugarahitesu ceva viññuppasatthesu ca yadettha brāhmaṇā evamāhaṃsu – ‘brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo, hīnā aññe vaṇṇā; brāhmaṇova sukko vaṇṇo, kaṇhā aññe vaṇṇā; brāhmaṇāva sujjhanti, no abrāhmaṇā; brāhmaṇāva brahmuno puttā orasā mukhato jātā brahmajā brahmanimmitā brahmadāyādā’ti. Taṃ tesaṃ viññū nānujānanti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Imesañhi, vāseṭṭha, catunnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ yo hoti bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññāvimutto, so nesaṃ aggamakkhāyati dhammeneva, no adhammena. Dhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṃ, diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca .
117婆悉咤,当以此譬喻而了知:法在世间,无论现见或来世,确为最上。
‘‘Tadamināpetaṃ, vāseṭṭha, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ, yathā dhammova seṭṭho janetasmiṃ, diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.
婆悉咤,憍萨罗国波斯匿王知道:‘沙门乔达摩是从相邻的释迦族出家的。’婆悉咤,而释迦族人是臣属于憍萨罗国波斯匿王的。婆悉咤,释迦族人对憍萨罗国波斯匿王表示谦恭——礼敬、起迎、合掌、行合宜的礼节。婆悉咤,正如释迦族人对憍萨罗国波斯匿王所行的谦恭、礼敬、起迎、合掌、合宜礼节一样,憍萨罗国波斯匿王也向如来行同样的谦恭、礼敬、起迎、合掌、合宜礼节,他并不这样想:‘沙门乔达摩出身好,我出身不好;沙门乔达摩强而有力,我虚弱无力;沙门乔达摩仪表令人愉悦,我容貌丑陋;沙门乔达摩有大威德,我只有微小的威德。’绝非如此,他正是因为崇敬法、尊重法、尊崇法、供养法、礼敬法,憍萨罗国波斯匿王才这样向如来表示谦恭,行礼敬、起迎、合掌、合宜礼节。婆悉咤,通过这个譬喻,你应当了知:法在世间最为殊胜,无论是此世可见的,还是未来世的。
‘‘Jānāti kho , vāseṭṭha, rājā pasenadi kosalo – ‘samaṇo gotamo anantarā sakyakulā pabbajito’ti. Sakyā kho pana, vāseṭṭha, rañño pasenadissa kosalassa anuyuttā bhavanti. Karonti kho, vāseṭṭha, sakyā raññe pasenadimhi kosale nipaccakāraṃ abhivādanaṃ paccuṭṭhānaṃ añjalikammaṃ sāmīcikammaṃ. Iti kho, vāseṭṭha, yaṃ karonti sakyā raññe pasenadimhi kosale nipaccakāraṃ abhivādanaṃ paccuṭṭhānaṃ añjalikammaṃ sāmīcikammaṃ, karoti taṃ rājā pasenadi kosalo tathāgate nipaccakāraṃ abhivādanaṃ paccuṭṭhānaṃ añjalikammaṃ sāmīcikammaṃ, na naṃ ‘sujāto samaṇo gotamo, dujjātohamasmi. Balavā samaṇo gotamo, dubbalohamasmi. Pāsādiko samaṇo gotamo, dubbaṇṇohamasmi. Mahesakkho samaṇo gotamo, appesakkhohamasmī’ti. Atha kho naṃ dhammaṃyeva sakkaronto dhammaṃ garuṃ karonto dhammaṃ mānento dhammaṃ pūjento dhammaṃ apacāyamāno evaṃ rājā pasenadi kosalo tathāgate nipaccakāraṃ karoti, abhivādanaṃ paccuṭṭhānaṃ añjalikammaṃ sāmīcikammaṃ. Imināpi kho etaṃ, vāseṭṭha, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ, yathā dhammova seṭṭho janetasmiṃ, diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.
118婆悉咤,你们出身不同,名字不同,氏族不同,家庭不同,却从在家生活出家,而过无家生活。当被问及‘你们是谁’时,你们回答:‘我们是沙门释子。’婆悉咤,若有人对如来生起净信,且那净信已确立、已生根、已安住、坚固不移,不为任何沙门、婆罗门、天、魔、梵天或世间任何人所动摇,他便有资格说:‘我是世尊的亲生子,从口所生,为法所生,为法所化作,是法的继承者。’为什么呢?婆悉咤,因为如来另有异名:‘法身’、‘梵身’,亦称为‘法体’、‘梵体’。
‘‘Tumhe khvattha, vāseṭṭha, nānājaccā nānānāmā nānāgottā nānākulā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajitā. ‘Ke tumhe’ti – puṭṭhā samānā ‘samaṇā sakyaputtiyāmhā’ti – paṭijānātha. Yassa kho panassa, vāseṭṭha, tathāgate saddhā niviṭṭhā mūlajātā patiṭṭhitā daḷhā asaṃhāriyā samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṃ, tassetaṃ kallaṃ vacanāya – ‘bhagavatomhi putto oraso mukhato jāto dhammajo dhammanimmito dhammadāyādo’ti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Tathāgatassa hetaṃ, vāseṭṭha, adhivacanaṃ ‘dhammakāyo’ itipi, ‘brahmakāyo’ itipi, ‘dhammabhūto’ itipi, ‘brahmabhūto’ itipi.
119“婆悉咤,有时,在漫长的时期过后,此世间会收缩。当世间收缩时,众生大多转生光音天。他们在那里是意所成,以喜为食,自身发光,飞行于空中,安住于荣耀,长久地存续。”
‘‘Hoti kho so, vāseṭṭha, samayo yaṃ kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena ayaṃ loko saṃvaṭṭati. Saṃvaṭṭamāne loke yebhuyyena sattā ābhassarasaṃvattanikā honti. Te tattha honti manomayā pītibhakkhā sayaṃpabhā antalikkhacarā subhaṭṭhāyino ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ tiṭṭhanti.
“婆悉咤,有那样的时候,经历极漫长岁月后,此世间正在扩展。世间扩展时,众生大多从光音天身殁,转生于此界。他们在这里是意所成,以喜为食,自身光明,游于空中,住于荣光,久远安住。”
‘‘Hoti kho so, vāseṭṭha, samayo yaṃ kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena ayaṃ loko vivaṭṭati. Vivaṭṭamāne loke yebhuyyena sattā ābhassarakāyā cavitvā itthattaṃ āgacchanti. Tedha honti manomayā pītibhakkhā sayaṃpabhā antalikkhacarā subhaṭṭhāyino ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ tiṭṭhanti.
地味出现
Rasapathavipātubhāvo
120“婆悉咤,那时,世界唯存一片大水,幽暗无光,漆黑一片。日月不现,星辰不现,昼夜不现,半月不现,季节与年岁不现,男女也不现。众生只被唤作‘众生’。婆悉咤,那时,经历极长久后,地味浮现在水面上。犹如热牛乳冷却时,表面结成乳皮,正是那样出现。它具足色泽,具足香气,具足味道,颜色如同纯净的熟酥或鲜纯的生酥。其美味如同无蜡的纯蜜。婆悉咤,那时,某个生性贪着的众生说:‘咦,这是什么呢?’便用手指蘸尝地味。当他以指尝味时,那滋味令他喜爱,贪爱便进入他心里。婆悉咤,其他众生也效仿那位众生的样子,用手指蘸尝地味。当他们以指尝味时,那滋味令他们喜爱,贪爱便进入他们心里。”
‘‘Ekodakībhūtaṃ kho pana, vāseṭṭha, tena samayena hoti andhakāro andhakāratimisā . Na candimasūriyā paññāyanti, na nakkhattāni tārakarūpāni paññāyanti, na rattindivā paññāyanti, na māsaḍḍhamāsā paññāyanti, na utusaṃvaccharā paññāyanti , na itthipumā paññāyanti, sattā sattātveva saṅkhyaṃ gacchanti. Atha kho tesaṃ, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṃ kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena rasapathavī udakasmiṃ samatani ; seyyathāpi nāma payaso tattassa nibbāyamānassa upari santānakaṃ hoti, evameva pāturahosi. Sā ahosi vaṇṇasampannā gandhasampannā rasasampannā, seyyathāpi nāma sampannaṃ vā sappi sampannaṃ vā navanītaṃ evaṃvaṇṇā ahosi. Seyyathāpi nāma khuddamadhuṃ aneḷakaṃ , evamassādā ahosi. Atha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññataro satto lolajātiko – ‘ambho, kimevidaṃ bhavissatī’ti rasapathaviṃ aṅguliyā sāyi. Tassa rasapathaviṃ aṅguliyā sāyato acchādesi, taṇhā cassa okkami. Aññepi kho, vāseṭṭha, sattā tassa sattassa diṭṭhānugatiṃ āpajjamānā rasapathaviṃ aṅguliyā sāyiṃsu. Tesaṃ rasapathaviṃ aṅguliyā sāyataṃ acchādesi, taṇhā ca tesaṃ okkami.
月日等显现
Candimasūriyādipātubhāvo
121“那时,婆悉咤,那些众生开始用手将地味捏成小块来食用。当他们这样做时,自身的光明便消失了。自身的光明消失后,日月便出现了;日月出现后,星辰便出现了;星辰出现后,白天与黑夜便分别显现了;白天与黑夜分别后,月与半月便分明了;月与半月分明后,季节与年岁也分明了。婆悉咤,世间就是这样再次展开的。”
‘‘Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā rasapathaviṃ hatthehi āluppakārakaṃ upakkamiṃsu paribhuñjituṃ. Yato kho te , vāseṭṭha, sattā rasapathaviṃ hatthehi āluppakārakaṃ upakkamiṃsu paribhuñjituṃ. Atha tesaṃ sattānaṃ sayaṃpabhā antaradhāyi. Sayaṃpabhāya antarahitāya candimasūriyā pāturahesuṃ. Candimasūriyesu pātubhūtesu nakkhattāni tārakarūpāni pāturahesuṃ. Nakkhattesu tārakarūpesu pātubhūtesu rattindivā paññāyiṃsu. Rattindivesu paññāyamānesu māsaḍḍhamāsā paññāyiṃsu. Māsaḍḍhamāsesu paññāyamānesu utusaṃvaccharā paññāyiṃsu. Ettāvatā kho , vāseṭṭha, ayaṃ loko puna vivaṭṭo hoti.
122“婆悉咤,那时,那些众生一直享用地味,以它为食、赖它维生,安住了极其漫长的岁月。然而,婆悉咤,随着他们如此享用地味、以它为食、赖它维生,度过了极长的时间,众生们的身体便渐渐变得粗糙坚实,容貌的优劣差别也随之显现。有些众生容貌俊美,有些众生则相貌丑陋。那些容貌俊美的众生便轻慢那些相貌丑陋的众生,心想:‘我们比他们俊美,他们比我们丑陋。’正是他们心中生起的这种以貌取人的傲慢与自负,使得地味消失。地味消失后,他们聚集一处,聚拢后悲叹道:‘啊,那美味!啊,那美味!’时至今日,人们尝到某种美妙滋味时,仍会说:‘啊,那美味!啊,那美味!’他们只不过是在重复那个古老的原始词汇,却全然不知它的真实含义。”
‘‘Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā rasapathaviṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu. Yathā yathā kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā rasapathaviṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu, tathā tathā tesaṃ sattānaṃ (rasapathaviṃ paribhuñjantānaṃ) kharattañceva kāyasmiṃ okkami, vaṇṇavevaṇṇatā ca paññāyittha. Ekidaṃ sattā vaṇṇavanto honti, ekidaṃ sattā dubbaṇṇā. Tattha ye te sattā vaṇṇavanto, te dubbaṇṇe satte atimaññanti – ‘mayametehi vaṇṇavantatarā, amhehete dubbaṇṇatarā’ti. Tesaṃ vaṇṇātimānapaccayā mānātimānajātikānaṃ rasapathavī antaradhāyi. Rasāya pathaviyā antarahitāya sannipatiṃsu. Sannipatitvā anutthuniṃsu – ‘aho rasaṃ, aho rasa’nti! Tadetarahipi manussā kañcideva surasaṃ labhitvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘aho rasaṃ, aho rasa’nti! Tadeva porāṇaṃ aggaññaṃ akkharaṃ anusaranti, na tvevassa atthaṃ ājānanti.
地饼现起。
Bhūmipappaṭakapātubhāvo
123“婆悉咤,那时,众生的地味消失后,地饼便出现了。它如同蕈菌一般出现,具足色泽、具足芳香、具足滋味,颜色犹如纯净的熟酥或生酥,滋味如同纯净无蜡的蜂蜜。”
‘‘Atha kho tesaṃ, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṃ rasāya pathaviyā antarahitāya bhūmipappaṭako pāturahosi. Seyyathāpi nāma ahicchattako, evameva pāturahosi. So ahosi vaṇṇasampanno gandhasampanno rasasampanno, seyyathāpi nāma sampannaṃ vā sappi sampannaṃ vā navanītaṃ evaṃvaṇṇo ahosi. Seyyathāpi nāma khuddamadhuṃ aneḷakaṃ, evamassādo ahosi.
“于是,婆悉咤,那些众生开始取食地饼。他们享用地饼,以此为食、赖此存活,度过了极为漫长的岁月。然而,随着他们以此地饼为食、赖此存活,度过了极为漫长的岁月,众生的身体愈发变得粗糙坚固,容貌的优劣也愈发明显分化。其中有的众生容貌俊美,有的则相貌丑陋。那些俊美的众生便轻慢丑陋的众生,心想:‘我们比他们俊美,他们比我们丑陋。’正因为他们心中生起了这种以貌取人的傲慢与极度自负,地饼便消失了。”
‘‘Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā bhūmipappaṭakaṃ upakkamiṃsu paribhuñjituṃ. Te taṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu. Yathā yathā kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā bhūmipappaṭakaṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu, tathā tathā tesaṃ sattānaṃ bhiyyoso mattāya kharattañceva kāyasmiṃ okkami, vaṇṇavevaṇṇatā ca paññāyittha. Ekidaṃ sattā vaṇṇavanto honti, ekidaṃ sattā dubbaṇṇā. Tattha ye te sattā vaṇṇavanto, te dubbaṇṇe satte atimaññanti – ‘mayametehi vaṇṇavantatarā, amhehete dubbaṇṇatarā’ti. Tesaṃ vaṇṇātimānapaccayā mānātimānajātikānaṃ bhūmipappaṭako antaradhāyi.
蔓藤出现
Padālatāpātubhāvo
124“地饼消失之后,蔓藤便出现了,犹如竹笋一般。它色泽美妙,香气具足,味道可口,就像纯净的酥油或鲜美的生酥;又如无蜡的纯蜂蜜,那般甜美。”
‘‘Bhūmipappaṭake antarahite padālatā pāturahosi, seyyathāpi nāma kalambukā , evameva pāturahosi. Sā ahosi vaṇṇasampannā gandhasampannā rasasampannā, seyyathāpi nāma sampannaṃ vā sappi sampannaṃ vā navanītaṃ evaṃvaṇṇā ahosi. Seyyathāpi nāma khuddamadhuṃ aneḷakaṃ, evamassādā ahosi.
那时,婆悉咤,那些众生便开始采食蔓藤。他们以这蔓藤为食,以此为粮,度过了极为漫长的时间。婆悉咤,随着他们吃着这蔓藤,以此为食,以此为粮,度过极为漫长的时间,这些众生的身体变得更加粗糙,相貌的差异也就显现出来:有的端正,有的丑陋。其中那些相貌端正的众生,便轻慢那些相貌丑陋的众生,心想:'我们比他们更美,他们比我们更丑。'由于他们以容貌而生起憍慢,那些怀有骄慢与过慢的众生,蔓藤便消失了。
‘‘Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā padālataṃ upakkamiṃsu paribhuñjituṃ. Te taṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu. Yathā yathā kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā padālataṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu, tathā tathā tesaṃ sattānaṃ bhiyyosomattāya kharattañceva kāyasmiṃ okkami, vaṇṇavevaṇṇatā ca paññāyittha. Ekidaṃ sattā vaṇṇavanto honti, ekidaṃ sattā dubbaṇṇā. Tattha ye te sattā vaṇṇavanto, te dubbaṇṇe satte atimaññanti – ‘mayametehi vaṇṇavantatarā, amhehete dubbaṇṇatarā’ti. Tesaṃ vaṇṇātimānapaccayā mānātimānajātikānaṃ padālatā antaradhāyi.
蔓藤消失之后,他们聚集在一起,聚在一起便哀叹道:“唉,我们曾经拥有啊!唉,我们的蔓藤失去了啊!”即使在今天,人们遭遇某种苦难时,也会这样说:“唉,我们曾经拥有啊!唉,我们失去了啊!”他们只是沿用了这古老、最初的言辞,却全然不知其义。
‘‘Padālatāya antarahitāya sannipatiṃsu. Sannipatitvā anutthuniṃsu – ‘ahu vata no, ahāyi vata no padālatā’ti! Tadetarahipi manussā kenaci dukkhadhammena phuṭṭhā evamāhaṃsu – ‘ahu vata no, ahāyi vata no’ti! Tadeva porāṇaṃ aggaññaṃ akkharaṃ anusaranti, na tvevassa atthaṃ ājānanti.
不耕而熟的稻米出现
Akaṭṭhapākasālipātubhāvo
125婆悉咤,那时,蔓藤消失之后,一种不耕而自然成熟的稻米出现了。它无糠无壳,清净芬芳,唯以米粒为实。他们傍晚所采、用作晚餐的,到清晨又已成熟,恢复生长。他们清晨所采、用作早餐的,到傍晚又已成熟,恢复生长,不见有被采割的痕迹。婆悉咤,那时,那些众生便以这自然成熟的稻米为食,以此为粮,度过了极为久远的时光。
‘‘Atha kho tesaṃ, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṃ padālatāya antarahitāya akaṭṭhapāko sāli pāturahosi akaṇo athuso suddho sugandho taṇḍulapphalo. Yaṃ taṃ sāyaṃ sāyamāsāya āharanti, pāto taṃ hoti pakkaṃ paṭivirūḷhaṃ. Yaṃ taṃ pāto pātarāsāya āharanti, sāyaṃ taṃ hoti pakkaṃ paṭivirūḷhaṃ; nāpadānaṃ paññāyati. Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā akaṭṭhapākaṃ sāliṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu.
女男之相开始显现
Itthipurisaliṅgapātubhāvo
126婆悉咤,当他们以此自然成熟的稻米为食、以此为粮,经过极为漫长的时间后,这些众生的身体便愈发粗糙,容貌的优劣也开始显现,并且,女性的特征在女性身上出现了,男性的特征在男性身上也出现了。女人长久地凝视男人,男人也长久地凝视女人。由于这样长久地互相凝视,情欲便生起了,身体里的欲火炽盛燃烧。因为这份欲火,他们便行了男女交合之事。
‘‘Yathā yathā kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā akaṭṭhapākaṃ sāliṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhaṃsu, tathā tathā tesaṃ sattānaṃ bhiyyosomattāya kharattañceva kāyasmiṃ okkami, vaṇṇavevaṇṇatā ca paññāyittha, itthiyā ca itthiliṅgaṃ pāturahosi purisassa ca purisaliṅgaṃ. Itthī ca purisaṃ ativelaṃ upanijjhāyati puriso ca itthiṃ. Tesaṃ ativelaṃ aññamaññaṃ upanijjhāyataṃ sārāgo udapādi, pariḷāho kāyasmiṃ okkami. Te pariḷāhapaccayā methunaṃ dhammaṃ paṭiseviṃsu.
婆悉咤,那时,见到行淫法者的有情们,有的向他们抛撒尘土,有的抛撒灰,有的抛撒牛粪,说道:‘消灭吧,不净者!消灭吧,不净者!一个有情怎可对另一个有情做这样的事!’时至今日,在某些地方,当人们带走新娘时,仍向她抛撒尘土、灰或牛粪。他们只是在随顺那古老、最初的传统,却不明白这其中的含义。
‘‘Ye kho pana te, vāseṭṭha, tena samayena sattā passanti methunaṃ dhammaṃ paṭisevante, aññe paṃsuṃ khipanti, aññe seṭṭhiṃ khipanti , aññe gomayaṃ khipanti – ‘nassa asuci , nassa asucī’ti. ‘Kathañhi nāma satto sattassa evarūpaṃ karissatī’ti! Tadetarahipi manussā ekaccesu janapadesu vadhuyā nibbuyhamānāya aññe paṃsuṃ khipanti, aññe seṭṭhiṃ khipanti, aññe gomayaṃ khipanti. Tadeva porāṇaṃ aggaññaṃ akkharaṃ anusaranti, na tvevassa atthaṃ ājānanti.
行淫法
Methunadhammasamācāro
127婆悉咤,在那个时候,被视为不如法的事,如今却被视为如法。婆悉咤,那时,那些行淫法的有情,在一个月乃至两个月里,都不得进入村落或城镇。后来,婆悉咤,那些有情由于在那不善法上过度放纵、习以为常,便开始建造房屋,正是为了遮蔽那不善法。接着,婆悉咤,有一位生性懒惰的有情这样想:‘我何必这般辛苦,傍晚为了晚餐去取稻,早晨为了早餐去取稻?不如我一次就把早晚两餐的稻米都取回来吧!’
‘‘Adhammasammataṃ kho pana , vāseṭṭha, tena samayena hoti, tadetarahi dhammasammataṃ. Ye kho pana, vāseṭṭha, tena samayena sattā methunaṃ dhammaṃ paṭisevanti, te māsampi dvemāsampi na labhanti gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā pavisituṃ. Yato kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā tasmiṃ asaddhamme ativelaṃ pātabyataṃ āpajjiṃsu. Atha agārāni upakkamiṃsu kātuṃ tasseva asaddhammassa paṭicchādanatthaṃ. Atha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññatarassa sattassa alasajātikassa etadahosi – ‘ambho, kimevāhaṃ vihaññāmi sāliṃ āharanto sāyaṃ sāyamāsāya pāto pātarāsāya! Yaṃnūnāhaṃ sāliṃ āhareyyaṃ sakiṃdeva sāyapātarāsāyā’ti !
“婆悉咤,那时,那位有情便一次取回了供早晚两餐的稻米。婆悉咤,那时,另一位有情来到他那里,对他说:‘来吧,贤友,我们去取稻吧。’‘不用了,贤友,我已一次取回了供早晚两餐的稻米了。’婆悉咤,那时,那位有情效仿所见,也一次取了供两天的稻米。‘贤友,这样做实在很好。’”
‘‘Atha kho so, vāseṭṭha, satto sāliṃ āhāsi sakiṃdeva sāyapātarāsāya. Atha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññataro satto yena so satto tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā taṃ sattaṃ etadavoca – ‘ehi, bho satta, sālāhāraṃ gamissāmā’ti. ‘Alaṃ, bho satta, āhato me sāli sakiṃdeva sāyapātarāsāyā’ti. Atha kho so, vāseṭṭha, satto tassa sattassa diṭṭhānugatiṃ āpajjamāno sāliṃ āhāsi sakiṃdeva dvīhāya. ‘Evampi kira, bho, sādhū’ti.
那时,婆悉咤,另一位有情来到那位有情处,对他说:“来吧,贤友,我们一起去取稻米吧。”“不用了,贤友,我已一次取了两天的稻米。”那时,婆悉咤,那位有情便仿效于他,一次取了四天的稻米,心想:“贤友,这样确实很好。”
‘‘Atha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññataro satto yena so satto tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā taṃ sattaṃ etadavoca – ‘ehi, bho satta, sālāhāraṃ gamissāmā’ti. ‘Alaṃ, bho satta, āhato me sāli sakiṃdeva dvīhāyā’ti. Atha kho so, vāseṭṭha, satto tassa sattassa diṭṭhānugatiṃ āpajjamāno sāliṃ āhāsi sakiṃdeva catūhāya, ‘evampi kira, bho, sādhū’ti.
婆悉咤,那时,另一位有情来到那位有情处,对他说:“来吧,贤友,我们去取稻米吧。”“不用了,贤友,我已一次取了四天的稻米。”婆悉咤,那时,那位有情便仿效于他,一次取了八天的稻米,心想:“贤友,这样确实很好。”
‘‘Atha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññataro satto yena so satto tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā taṃ sattaṃ etadavoca – ‘ehi, bho satta, sālāhāraṃ gamissāmā’ti. ‘Alaṃ, bho satta, āhato me sāli sakideva catūhāyā’ti. Atha kho so, vāseṭṭha, satto tassa sattassa diṭṭhānugatiṃ āpajjamāno sāliṃ āhāsi sakideva aṭṭhāhāya, ‘evampi kira, bho, sādhū’ti.
“婆悉咤,当那些有情开始储存稻米来食用时,那时,糠包裹了米粒,谷壳包裹了米粒;收割后不再生长,留下了割痕,稻丛成簇而立。”
‘‘Yato kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā sannidhikārakaṃ sāliṃ upakkamiṃsu paribhuñjituṃ. Atha kaṇopi taṇḍulaṃ pariyonandhi, thusopi taṇḍulaṃ pariyonandhi; lūnampi nappaṭivirūḷhaṃ , apadānaṃ paññāyittha, saṇḍasaṇḍā sālayo aṭṭhaṃsu.
128“婆悉咤,那时,那些众生聚集一处,聚集之后,悲叹道:“诸位贤友啊,恶法确实在众生之中出现了。我们往昔本是意所生,以喜为食,自身光明,飞行空中,住于胜妙,如是安住了极长久的岁月。于我们而言,经过极长久的岁月之后,地味曾在水中显现。那地味具足色泽、具足香气、具足滋味。那时,我们开始用手揉抟地味而取食;就在我们用手揉抟地味而取食的时候,自身的净光便隐没不现了。自身的净光隐没不现之后,日月便显现出来;日月显现之后,星宿与星辰便显现出来;星宿与星辰显现之后,昼夜便了了分明;昼夜了了分明之后,半月与月份便了了分明;半月与月份了了分明之后,季节与年岁便了了分明。我们便这样取用地味,以它为食,以它为粮,安住了极长久的岁月。后来,由于那些恶、不善法的生起,地味隐没不见了。地味隐没不见之后,地饼显现出来。那地饼具足色泽、具足香气、具足滋味。那时,我们开始取用地饼。我们取用那地饼,以它为食,以它为粮,安住了极长久的岁月。后来,由于那些恶、不善法的生起,地饼也隐没不见了。地饼隐没不见之后,蔓藤显现出来。那蔓藤具足色泽、具足香气、具足滋味。那时,我们开始取用蔓藤。我们取用那蔓藤,以它为食,以它为粮,安住了极长久的岁月。后来,由于那些恶、不善法的生起,蔓藤也隐没不见了。蔓藤隐没不见之后,无需耕种的稻米便显现出来,那稻米没有糠秕、没有谷壳,清净而有香气,米粒完好。我们傍晚为晚餐而收取的,到早晨便又成熟再生;早晨为早餐而收取的,到傍晚便又成熟再生,不见有割取的痕迹。我们便取用这无需耕种的稻米,以它为食,以它为粮,安住了极长久的岁月。后来,由于那些恶、不善法的生起,糠秕裹住了米粒,谷壳包住了米粒,收割之后便不再生长,割痕也清晰可见,稻禾一丛丛地直立着。到了这个时候,我们应当来分配稻米,划定界限了吧!”婆悉咤,就在那时,那些众生便分配了稻米,划定了界限。”
‘‘Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā sannipatiṃsu, sannipatitvā anutthuniṃsu – ‘pāpakā vata, bho, dhammā sattesu pātubhūtā. Mayañhi pubbe manomayā ahumhā pītibhakkhā sayaṃpabhā antalikkhacarā subhaṭṭhāyino, ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhamhā. Tesaṃ no amhākaṃ kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena rasapathavī udakasmiṃ samatani. Sā ahosi vaṇṇasampannā gandhasampannā rasasampannā. Te mayaṃ rasapathaviṃ hatthehi āluppakārakaṃ upakkamimha paribhuñjituṃ, tesaṃ no rasapathaviṃ hatthehi āluppakārakaṃ upakkamataṃ paribhuñjituṃ sayaṃpabhā antaradhāyi. Sayaṃpabhāya antarahitāya candimasūriyā pāturahesuṃ, candimasūriyesu pātubhūtesu nakkhattāni tārakarūpāni pāturahesuṃ, nakkhattesu tārakarūpesu pātubhūtesu rattindivā paññāyiṃsu, rattindivesu paññāyamānesu māsaḍḍhamāsā paññāyiṃsu. Māsaḍḍhamāsesu paññāyamānesu utusaṃvaccharā paññāyiṃsu. Te mayaṃ rasapathaviṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhamhā. Tesaṃ no pāpakānaṃyeva akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pātubhāvā rasapathavī antaradhāyi. Rasapathaviyā antarahitāya bhūmipappaṭako pāturahosi. So ahosi vaṇṇasampanno gandhasampanno rasasampanno. Te mayaṃ bhūmipappaṭakaṃ upakkamimha paribhuñjituṃ. Te mayaṃ taṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhamhā. Tesaṃ no pāpakānaṃyeva akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pātubhāvā bhūmipappaṭako antaradhāyi. Bhūmipappaṭake antarahite padālatā pāturahosi. Sā ahosi vaṇṇasampannā gandhasampannā rasasampannā. Te mayaṃ padālataṃ upakkamimha paribhuñjituṃ. Te mayaṃ taṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhamhā. Tesaṃ no pāpakānaṃyeva akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pātubhāvā padālatā antaradhāyi. Padālatāya antarahitāya akaṭṭhapāko sāli pāturahosi akaṇo athuso suddho sugandho taṇḍulapphalo. Yaṃ taṃ sāyaṃ sāyamāsāya āharāma, pāto taṃ hoti pakkaṃ paṭivirūḷhaṃ. Yaṃ taṃ pāto pātarāsāya āharāma, sāyaṃ taṃ hoti pakkaṃ paṭivirūḷhaṃ. Nāpadānaṃ paññāyittha. Te mayaṃ akaṭṭhapākaṃ sāliṃ paribhuñjantā taṃbhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ aṭṭhamhā. Tesaṃ no pāpakānaṃyeva akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pātubhāvā kaṇopi taṇḍulaṃ pariyonandhi, thusopi taṇḍulaṃ pariyonandhi, lūnampi nappaṭivirūḷhaṃ, apadānaṃ paññāyittha, saṇḍasaṇḍā sālayo ṭhitā. Yaṃnūna mayaṃ sāliṃ vibhajeyyāma, mariyādaṃ ṭhapeyyāmā’ti! Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā sāliṃ vibhajiṃsu, mariyādaṃ ṭhapesuṃ.
129“婆悉咤,那时,某位生性贪婪的有情,在守护自己的份额后,拿取另一份未经给予的来食用。大家抓住他,抓住后对他说:‘贤友有情,你的确做了恶事:你守护着自己的份额,却拿取他人未经给予的来食用。贤友有情,不可再造这样的事了!’他答道:‘是的,贤友。’婆悉咤,那位有情这样答应了那些有情。婆悉咤,第二次,那位有情……(中略)……婆悉咤,第三次,那位有情又在守护自己的份额后,拿取另一份未经给予的来食用。大家抓住他,抓住后对他说:‘贤友有情,你的确做了恶事:你守护着自己的份额,却拿取他人未经给予的来食用。贤友有情,不可再造这样的事了!’于是,有的人用手打他,有的人用土块掷他,有的人用棍棒打他。婆悉咤,从那时起,不与取便被了知,呵责便被了知,妄语便被了知,执持棍棒便被了知。”
‘‘Atha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññataro satto lolajātiko sakaṃ bhāgaṃ parirakkhanto aññataraṃ bhāgaṃ adinnaṃ ādiyitvā paribhuñji. Tamenaṃ aggahesuṃ, gahetvā etadavocuṃ – ‘pāpakaṃ vata, bho satta, karosi, yatra hi nāma sakaṃ bhāgaṃ parirakkhanto aññataraṃ bhāgaṃ adinnaṃ ādiyitvā paribhuñjasi. Māssu, bho satta, punapi evarūpamakāsī’ti. ‘Evaṃ, bho’ti kho, vāseṭṭha, so satto tesaṃ sattānaṃ paccassosi. Dutiyampi kho, vāseṭṭha, so satto…pe… tatiyampi kho, vāseṭṭha, so satto sakaṃ bhāgaṃ parirakkhanto aññataraṃ bhāgaṃ adinnaṃ ādiyitvā paribhuñji. Tamenaṃ aggahesuṃ, gahetvā etadavocuṃ – ‘pāpakaṃ vata, bho satta, karosi, yatra hi nāma sakaṃ bhāgaṃ parirakkhanto aññataraṃ bhāgaṃ adinnaṃ ādiyitvā paribhuñjasi. Māssu, bho satta, punapi evarūpamakāsī’ti. Aññe pāṇinā pahariṃsu, aññe leḍḍunā pahariṃsu, aññe daṇḍena pahariṃsu. Tadagge kho, vāseṭṭha, adinnādānaṃ paññāyati, garahā paññāyati, musāvādo paññāyati, daṇḍādānaṃ paññāyati.
130「婆悉咤,那时,那些有情聚集到一起,聚后悲叹道:『诸贤友,恶法确实已在有情中出现了——不与取已然显露,责备已然显露,妄语已然显露,执持棍棒也已显露。我们何不选立一位有情,由他依法呵责应呵责者,依法谴责应谴责者,依法放逐应放逐者?我们则给他一份稻米作为供养。』」
‘‘Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā sannipatiṃsu, sannipatitvā anutthuniṃsu – ‘pāpakā vata bho dhammā sattesu pātubhūtā, yatra hi nāma adinnādānaṃ paññāyissati, garahā paññāyissati, musāvādo paññāyissati, daṇḍādānaṃ paññāyissati. Yaṃnūna mayaṃ ekaṃ sattaṃ sammanneyyāma, yo no sammā khīyitabbaṃ khīyeyya, sammā garahitabbaṃ garaheyya, sammā pabbājetabbaṃ pabbājeyya. Mayaṃ panassa sālīnaṃ bhāgaṃ anuppadassāmā’ti.
「婆悉咤,那时,那些有情来到他们当中最端正、最好看、最悦意、最具大威力的那位有情跟前,对他这样说道:『来吧,贤友,依法呵责应呵责者,依法谴责应谴责者,依法放逐应放逐者。我们将给你一份稻米。』那位有情应声说:『好吧,贤友。』婆悉咤,那位有情答应他们之后,便如理呵责了应呵责者,如理谴责了应谴责者,如理放逐了应放逐者。于是他们给了他一份稻米。」
‘‘Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā yo nesaṃ satto abhirūpataro ca dassanīyataro ca pāsādikataro ca mahesakkhataro ca taṃ sattaṃ upasaṅkamitvā etadavocuṃ – ‘ehi, bho satta, sammā khīyitabbaṃ khīya, sammā garahitabbaṃ garaha, sammā pabbājetabbaṃ pabbājehi. Mayaṃ pana te sālīnaṃ bhāgaṃ anuppadassāmā’ti. ‘Evaṃ, bho’ti kho, vāseṭṭha, so satto tesaṃ sattānaṃ paṭissuṇitvā sammā khīyitabbaṃ khīyi, sammā garahitabbaṃ garahi, sammā pabbājetabbaṃ pabbājesi. Te panassa sālīnaṃ bhāgaṃ anuppadaṃsu.
131婆悉咤,所谓“大众推举者”,这第一个名称“大众推举者”便由此而来。“田地的掌管者”,婆悉咤,这第二个名称“刹帝利”便由此而来。“他以法令众生欢喜”,婆悉咤,这第三个名称“王”便由此而来。婆悉咤,这个刹帝利阶层,正是以这种最初起源的名称,在那些众生当中产生的——惟是那类有情,而非其他;是同类者,而非异类者;是以法,而非以非法。婆悉咤,在此人等之间,无论于现世,还是于来世,法都是最上的。
‘‘Mahājanasammatoti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘mahāsammato, mahāsammato’ tveva paṭhamaṃ akkharaṃ upanibbattaṃ. Khettānaṃ adhipatīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘khattiyo, khattiyo’ tveva dutiyaṃ akkharaṃ upanibbattaṃ. Dhammena pare rañjetīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘rājā, rājā’ tveva tatiyaṃ akkharaṃ upanibbattaṃ. Iti kho, vāseṭṭha, evametassa khattiyamaṇḍalassa porāṇena aggaññena akkharena abhinibbatti ahosi tesaṃyeva sattānaṃ, anaññesaṃ. Sadisānaṃyeva, no asadisānaṃ. Dhammeneva, no adhammena. Dhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṃ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.
婆罗门圈
Brāhmaṇamaṇḍalaṃ
132婆悉咤,那时,那些有情当中,有一部分这样想道:“诸位啊,不善法确已显现于有情之中:不与取已被察知,呵责已被察知,妄语已被察知,执杖已被察知,驱逐已被察知。我们何不舍弃这些恶不善法呢?”于是,他们舍弃了那些恶不善法。婆悉咤,“舍弃诸恶不善法者”——因此,“婆罗门、婆罗门”这最初的名字便产生了。他们于林野之地搭建叶屋,在叶屋中安坐禅修。他们不生炭火,不起烟,放下舂杵;傍晚为晚餐,清晨为早餐,才下至村落、城镇、王都寻求食物。得到食物后,他们又返回林野间的叶屋,继续禅修。人们见到他们,便这样说:“诸位,这些有情在林野之地搭建叶屋,于叶屋中禅修,不生炭火,不起烟,放下舂杵;傍晚为晚餐,清晨为早餐,下至村落、城镇、王都寻求食物。得食之后,又返回林野间的叶屋,继续禅修。”婆悉咤,“他们禅修”——因此,“禅修者、禅修者”这第二个名字便产生了。婆悉咤,然而,那些有情中的一些,未能在林野叶屋中成就那样的禅修,便下到村落附近、城镇附近,编撰经典,依其而住。人们见到他们,便这样说:“诸位,这些有情未能在林野叶屋中成就禅修,下到村落附近、城镇附近,编撰经典而住。如今,他们不再禅修了。”婆悉咤,“如今他们不禅修”——因此,“诵习者、诵习者”这第三个名字便产生了。婆悉咤,在那时,这被视为低劣;到如今,却被视为最上。婆悉咤,就是这样,这个婆罗门阶层,是以古老、最初的名称而生起的。它属于那些有情自身,而不属于其他;属于同类,而不属于异类;依于法,而非依于非法。婆悉咤,法于此世间的人类当中,在现世与来世,都是最殊胜的。
‘‘Atha kho tesaṃ, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṃyeva ekaccānaṃ etadahosi – ‘pāpakā vata, bho, dhammā sattesu pātubhūtā, yatra hi nāma adinnādānaṃ paññāyissati, garahā paññāyissati, musāvādo paññāyissati, daṇḍādānaṃ paññāyissati, pabbājanaṃ paññāyissati. Yaṃnūna mayaṃ pāpake akusale dhamme vāheyyāmā’ti. Te pāpake akusale dhamme vāhesuṃ . Pāpake akusale dhamme vāhentīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘brāhmaṇā, brāhmaṇā’ tveva paṭhamaṃ akkharaṃ upanibbattaṃ. Te araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭiyo karitvā paṇṇakuṭīsu jhāyanti vītaṅgārā vītadhūmā pannamusalā sāyaṃ sāyamāsāya pāto pātarāsāya gāmanigamarājadhāniyo osaranti ghāsamesamānā . Te ghāsaṃ paṭilabhitvā punadeva araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭīsu jhāyanti. Tamenaṃ manussā disvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘ime kho, bho, sattā araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭiyo karitvā paṇṇakuṭīsu jhāyanti, vītaṅgārā vītadhūmā pannamusalā sāyaṃ sāyamāsāya pāto pātarāsāya gāmanigamarājadhāniyo osaranti ghāsamesamānā. Te ghāsaṃ paṭilabhitvā punadeva araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭīsu jhāyantī’ti, jhāyantīti kho , vāseṭṭha, ‘jhāyakā, jhāyakā’ tveva dutiyaṃ akkharaṃ upanibbattaṃ. Tesaṃyeva kho, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṃ ekacce sattā araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭīsu taṃ jhānaṃ anabhisambhuṇamānā gāmasāmantaṃ nigamasāmantaṃ osaritvā ganthe karontā acchanti. Tamenaṃ manussā disvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘ime kho, bho, sattā araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭīsu taṃ jhānaṃ anabhisambhuṇamānā gāmasāmantaṃ nigamasāmantaṃ osaritvā ganthe karontā acchanti, na dānime jhāyantī’ti. Na dānime jhāyantīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘ajjhāyakā ajjhāyakā’ tveva tatiyaṃ akkharaṃ upanibbattaṃ. Hīnasammataṃ kho pana, vāseṭṭha, tena samayena hoti, tadetarahi seṭṭhasammataṃ. Iti kho, vāseṭṭha, evametassa brāhmaṇamaṇḍalassa porāṇena aggaññena akkharena abhinibbatti ahosi tesaṃyeva sattānaṃ , anaññesaṃ sadisānaṃyeva no asadisānaṃ dhammeneva , no adhammena. Dhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṃ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.
133婆悉咤,那些有情中的一部分,受持淫欲法后,便从事种种工作。婆悉咤,“受持淫欲法后从事种种工作者”,因此“吠舍、吠舍”这一名称便产生了。婆悉咤,如此,这吠舍阶层依古老、最初的名号而生起,正是那些有情的,而非其他;是相同者的,而非不相同的;是依法,而非依非法。婆悉咤,于此世间人群之中,法于现法与来世皆为最胜。
‘‘Tesaṃyeva kho, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṃ ekacce sattā methunaṃ dhammaṃ samādāya visukammante payojesuṃ. Methunaṃ dhammaṃ samādāya visukammante payojentīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘vessā, vessā’ tveva akkharaṃ upanibbattaṃ. Iti kho, vāseṭṭha, evametassa vessamaṇḍalassa porāṇena aggaññena akkharena abhinibbatti ahosi tesaññeva sattānaṃ anaññesaṃ sadisānaṃyeva , no asadisānaṃ, dhammeneva no adhammena. Dhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṃ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.
134婆悉咤,那些有情中其余的有情,过着粗野卑劣的生活。婆悉咤,正因为他们过着粗野卑劣的生活,才被称为‘首陀罗’,‘首陀罗’这一名称便由此而生。婆悉咤,就是这样,这首陀罗的阶层,依其古老而原初的名称而生起,正是对于这些有情,而非其他;是同样的人,而非不同的人;是依于法,而非非法。婆悉咤,应知法于此世间,于人群中,在现世与来世中,都是最殊胜的。
‘‘Tesaññeva kho, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṃ ye te sattā avasesā te luddācārā khuddācārā ahesuṃ. Luddācārā khuddācārāti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘suddā, suddā’ tveva akkharaṃ upanibbattaṃ. Iti kho, vāseṭṭha, evametassa suddamaṇḍalassa porāṇena aggaññena akkharena abhinibbatti ahosi tesaṃyeva sattānaṃ anaññesaṃ, sadisānaṃyeva no asadisānaṃ, dhammeneva, no adhammena. Dhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṃ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.
135婆悉咤,曾有那样的时候:刹帝利对自己的法生起厌责,便从在家出家而为非家,想道:‘我将成为沙门。’婆悉咤,婆罗门也是如此……吠舍也是如此……婆悉咤,首陀罗也是如此,对自己的法生起厌责,从在家出家而为非家,想道:‘我将成为沙门。’婆悉咤,正是从这四个阶层中,沙门的阶层产生了,正是对于这些有情,而非其他;是同样的人,而非不同的人;是依于法,而非非法。婆悉咤,应知法于此世间,于人群中,在现世与来世中,都是最殊胜的。
‘‘Ahu kho so, vāseṭṭha, samayo, yaṃ khattiyopi sakaṃ dhammaṃ garahamāno agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajati – ‘samaṇo bhavissāmī’ti. Brāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha…pe… vessopi kho, vāseṭṭha…pe… suddopi kho, vāseṭṭha, sakaṃ dhammaṃ garahamāno agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajati – ‘samaṇo bhavissāmī’ti. Imehi kho, vāseṭṭha, catūhi maṇḍalehi samaṇamaṇḍalassa abhinibbatti ahosi, tesaṃyeva sattānaṃ anaññesaṃ, sadisānaṃyeva no asadisānaṃ, dhammeneva no adhammena. Dhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṃ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.
恶行等论
Duccaritādikathā
136婆悉咤,刹帝利若以身行恶、以语行恶、以意行恶,怀有邪见,执持邪见之业,以此执持邪见业为因缘,于身坏命终之后,便会投生于苦界、恶趣、堕处、地狱。婆悉咤,婆罗门若以身行恶、以语行恶、以意行恶,怀有邪见,执持邪见之业,以此执持邪见业为因缘,于身坏命终之后,便会投生于苦界、恶趣、堕处、地狱。婆悉咤,吠舍若以身行恶、以语行恶、以意行恶,怀有邪见,执持邪见之业,以此执持邪见业为因缘,于身坏命终之后,便会投生于苦界、恶趣、堕处、地狱。婆悉咤,首陀罗若以身行恶、以语行恶、以意行恶,怀有邪见,执持邪见之业,以此执持邪见业为因缘,于身坏命终之后,便会投生于苦界、恶趣、堕处、地狱。婆悉咤,沙门若以身行恶、以语行恶、以意行恶,怀有邪见,执持邪见之业,以此执持邪见业为因缘,于身坏命终之后,便会投生于苦界、恶趣、堕处、地狱。
‘‘Khattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena duccaritaṃ caritvā vācāya duccaritaṃ caritvā manasā duccaritaṃ caritvā micchādiṭṭhiko micchādiṭṭhikammasamādāno micchādiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapajjati. Brāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha…pe… vessopi kho, vāseṭṭha… suddopi kho, vāseṭṭha… samaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena duccaritaṃ caritvā vācāya duccaritaṃ caritvā manasā duccaritaṃ caritvā micchādiṭṭhiko micchādiṭṭhikammasamādāno micchādiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapajjati.
婆悉咤,刹帝利、婆罗门、吠舍、首陀罗,乃至沙门,若以身造作善行、以语造作善行、以意造作善行,持正见,行正见之业,以此为因,身坏命终后,便投生于善趣、天界。
‘‘Khattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena sucaritaṃ caritvā vācāya sucaritaṃ caritvā manasā sucaritaṃ caritvā sammādiṭṭhiko sammādiṭṭhikammasamādāno sammādiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjati. Brāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha…pe… vessopi kho, vāseṭṭha… suddopi kho, vāseṭṭha… samaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena sucaritaṃ caritvā vācāya sucaritaṃ caritvā manasā sucaritaṃ caritvā sammādiṭṭhiko sammādiṭṭhikammasamādāno sammādiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjati.
137婆悉咤,刹帝利、婆罗门、吠舍、首陀罗,乃至沙门,若以身造作二行、以语造作二行、以意造作二行,持混杂之见,行混杂之业,以此为因,身坏命终后,便感受苦与乐。
‘‘Khattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena dvayakārī, vācāya dvayakārī, manasā dvayakārī, vimissadiṭṭhiko vimissadiṭṭhikammasamādāno vimissadiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sukhadukkhappaṭisaṃvedī hoti. Brāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe… vessopi kho, vāseṭṭha… suddopi kho, vāseṭṭha… samaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena dvayakārī , vācāya dvayakārī, manasā dvayakārī, vimissadiṭṭhiko vimissadiṭṭhikammasamādāno vimissadiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sukhadukkhappaṭisaṃvedī hoti.
菩提分修习
Bodhipakkhiyabhāvanā
138“婆悉咤,若有刹帝利防护身、防护语、防护意,修习七菩提分法,即于现法中般涅槃。婆悉咤,若有婆罗门……吠舍……首陀罗……沙门,防护身、防护语、防护意,修习七菩提分法,即于现法中般涅槃。”
‘‘Khattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena saṃvuto vācāya saṃvuto manasā saṃvuto sattannaṃ bodhipakkhiyānaṃ dhammānaṃ bhāvanamanvāya diṭṭheva dhamme parinibbāyati . Brāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha…pe… vessopi kho vāseṭṭha… suddopi kho, vāseṭṭha … samaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena saṃvuto vācāya saṃvuto manasā saṃvuto sattannaṃ bodhipakkhiyānaṃ dhammānaṃ bhāvanamanvāya diṭṭheva dhamme parinibbāyati.
139婆悉咤,在这四种姓中,若有比丘是阿拉汉,已灭尽诸漏,梵行已立,所作已办,卸下重担,证得己利,彻底断尽有结,以正慧得究竟解脱,那么,他依法而被说为其中最上者,不依非法。婆悉咤,法在世间人中才是最上的,无论于现生还是来世。
‘‘Imesañhi, vāseṭṭha, catunnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ yo hoti bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññā vimutto so nesaṃ aggamakkhāyati dhammeneva. No adhammena. Dhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṃ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.
140婆悉咤,梵天常童子曾诵出此偈颂:
‘‘Brahmunā pesā, vāseṭṭha, sanaṅkumārena gāthā bhāsitā –
「于人间,依种姓而论者,以刹帝利为最胜;」
“明行具足者,于天人中最胜。”
‘Khattiyo seṭṭho janetasmiṃ, ye gottapaṭisārino; Vijjācaraṇasampanno, so seṭṭho devamānuse’ti.
婆悉咤,梵天常童子所唱此偈,实为善唱,非不善唱;善说,非不善说;具足义利,非无义利。我亦赞同。婆悉咤,我亦如是说:
‘‘Sā kho panesā, vāseṭṭha, brahmunā sanaṅkumārena gāthā sugītā, no duggītā. Subhāsitā, no dubbhāsitā. Atthasaṃhitā, no anatthasaṃhitā. Anumatā mayā. Ahampi, vāseṭṭha, evaṃ vadāmi –
「于人间,依种姓而论者,以刹帝利为最胜;」
“明行足者,于天人中最胜。』”
‘Khattiyo seṭṭho janetasmiṃ, ye gottapaṭisārino; Vijjācaraṇasampanno, so seṭṭho devamānuse’ti.
世尊如是说。婆悉咤与婆罗堕阇二位比丘心生欢喜,于世尊的开示赞叹随喜。”
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā vāseṭṭhabhāradvājā bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Vāseṭṭha | 婆悉咤 | 婆罗门种姓出身的比丘,听闻者之一 |
| Bhāradvāja | 婆罗堕阇 | 婆罗门种姓出身的比丘,听闻者之一 |
| Pasenadi | 波斯匿 | 憍萨罗国国王,被引为敬法的例证 |
| Sakya | 释迦族 | 世尊出身的种族,被引为臣属关系的例证 |
| Khattiya | 刹帝利 | 四种种姓之一,核心讨论对象 |
| Brāhmaṇa | 婆罗门 | 四种种姓之一,核心讨论对象 |
| Vessa | 吠舍 | 四种种姓之一,核心讨论对象 |
| Sudda | 首陀罗 | 四种种姓之一,核心讨论对象 |
| Samaṇa | 沙门 | 从四个阶层出家形成的第五群体 |
| Sanaṅkumārena | 梵天常童子 | 梵天,其偈颂为世尊所引述 |
事件
两位出身婆罗门种姓的比丘——婆悉吒与婆罗堕阇,因受其他婆罗门辱骂其舍弃“高种姓”而成为“卑贱的沙门”,向世尊请教。世尊首先指出,胎生的人类宣称自己是“梵天口生之子”本身就是虚妄的,是对梵天的诽谤。接着,世尊在批判了基于出身的血统论后,讲述了一部宏大的宇宙与社会演化史:从世界劫初、光音天众生的纯净状态开始,讲到因贪婪而引发的地味消失、日月出现、性别分化、私有财产产生,直至社会分工与四种姓的缘起。最终开示,衡量一个人是否为最上者,完全基于其“法”上的行为与智慧,而非出身。
经文摘要
批判种姓血统论 → 演述众生依业与贪而生的社会演化史(四种种姓缘起)→ 安立“法”为世间最胜,圣者以法而非出身方为最高。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
背景: 这部经要怼的,是当时婆罗门教那种“咱血统天生高你一等”的傲慢。两位弟子跑来诉苦说被人骂“你们这些叛徒,居然抛弃高贵的婆罗门种姓,去当低贱的沙门!”,世尊没有直接安慰,而是从根本上拆了解构这套说辞。
核心:
首先,世尊用常识就破了“梵天口生”的神话。他说,婆罗门妇女一样会怀孕、生产、喂奶,明明就是“胎生”,却硬说自己是“梵天从口里生出来的”。这话本身就是“诽谤梵天,说虚妄语”,在行为上已经造了不善业。
接着,佛讲了一个更深刻的社会演化故事。这故事说,在很久远劫初,众生本来都是轻盈光明的,自己会发光,以喜乐为食。但因为起了贪心,尝了地味,身体就变粗糙,光明消失,日月星辰才开始出现。随着贪欲增长,食物从地味变成地饼、地蕈、自然稻,越来越粗劣;同时,“美丑”分别心一起,傲慢就产生了,好的食物也因之消失。后来,因为储存私粮,田地被划分,冲突开始;为了保护私有财产,众生才推举出一位公正的王(“大选王”,就是最初的刹帝利)。然后,一部分众生因为厌恶恶行,去隐居禅修,这就形成了婆罗门;再有一些人,不修禅定,去从事生产和贸易,就成了吠舍;最后,那些干粗活、习性比较粗暴的,就成了首陀罗。
→ 拆开看:这套叙事的颠覆性在于,它从根本上把四种姓说成是众生后天行为习惯、社会分工逐步形成的,而不是天生注定的神圣秩序。婆罗门不是梵天造的,而是因为一部分人选择了“禅修”这种生活方式才拥有了这个名字。世尊原话是:“如此,婆悉咤,这婆罗门阶层以古老的、最初的名称而产生,就是那些有情的,不是其他的;相同者的,不是不相同的;以法,不是以非法。” 这里的“以法,不是以非法”,反复出现,就是为了钉死一个核心观点:你的身份,是由你的行为(法)决定的,而不是靠娘胎里带出来的标签。
→ 一句话要旨:四种姓不过是随人类行为习气演化而来的社会标签,真正决定一个人尊贵与否的,是他的“法”——他的行为、智慧与解脱,而不是他的出身。
升华:
故事讲完后,佛放了个大招做总结:任何种姓的人,行恶就下地狱,行善就升天国,修行七觉支就能涅槃。一个真正的阿拉汉,“他以法而非以非法被宣称为他们中的最上者。” 最后,他直接给弟子们发了新身份:“你们是‘法所生’、‘梵所成’,是法的继承者。” 这等于说,别执着那个婆罗门血统了,在佛教的修行体系里,智慧和解脱才是最高贵的血统。
关键术语锚
- vaṇṇa (种姓/色)
- 易错原因:本经中,它有双重含义。开始表社会阶层的“种姓”(如四种姓),但在演化史部分,众生的“色”(vaṇṇa)出现美丑差别,进而因“色慢”堕落。一词将社会阶级与身体外貌的执着捆绑在一起,揭示阶级歧视根植于更原始的傲慢与分别心。
- brahma (梵天/梵/神圣)
- 易错原因:婆罗门宣称是“梵天的儿子”,而佛反用此词,说阿拉汉是“梵成者”(brahmabhūta),又将佛法身称为“梵身”(brahmakāya)。等于把“梵/神圣”这个最高概念从“神的后代”重新定义为“觉悟者的境界”。
- dhamma (法/教法/事物/自然规律)
- 易错原因:全文出现次数极多,是最高频词。在“以法,不是以非法”中,指宇宙规律、正义;在“法身”中指佛法的真理整体;在“法的谈论”中指教义。需要根据上下文切换,不能死译为“佛法”或“方法”。
- loka (世间/世界)
- 易错原因:在阐述起世演化时,“世间收缩/扩展”的“世间”(loka)指器世界。但结尾开示“法在世间中是最胜的”,这里的世间则指向人群社会。需要区分指物质宇宙还是人类生存空间。
- jāti (生/种姓/阶层)
- 易错原因:这个词在经中既是缘起十二支的“生”,又常等于“vaṇṇa”表示社会出身的“种姓/阶层”。例如“婆罗门是最胜的种姓(jāti)”。若不懂其二义,就很难把握佛如何用缘起论的“生”这个无常概念,去瓦解血统论者口中那个永恒固化的“种姓”。