第三 《转轮王经》
3. Cakkavattisuttaṃ
以自己为岛屿、以自己为皈依
Attadīpasaraṇatā
80如是我闻:一时,世尊住在摩揭陀国的马图喇。在那里,世尊对诸比丘说:“诸比丘。”那些比丘回答世尊:“尊者。”世尊这样说道:“诸比丘,你们要以自己为岛屿、以自己为皈依而住,不以他者为皈依;要以法为岛屿、以法为皈依而住,不以他者为皈依。诸比丘,一位比丘如何以自己为岛屿、以自己为皈依而住,不以他者为皈依;以法为岛屿、以法为皈依而住,不以他者为皈依呢?诸比丘,在此,一位比丘于身随观身而住,热忱、正知、具足正念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼;于受随观受而住,热忱、正知、具足正念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼;于心随观心而住,热忱、正知、具足正念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼;于法随观法而住,热忱、正知、具足正念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼。诸比丘,一位比丘正是这样以自己为岛屿、以自己为皈依而住,不以他者为皈依;以法为岛屿、以法为皈依而住,不以他者为皈依。
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā magadhesu viharati mātulāyaṃ. Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘bhikkhavo’’ti. ‘‘Bhaddante’’ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca – ‘‘attadīpā, bhikkhave, viharatha attasaraṇā anaññasaraṇā, dhammadīpā dhammasaraṇā anaññasaraṇā. Kathañca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu attadīpo viharati attasaraṇo anaññasaraṇo, dhammadīpo dhammasaraṇo anaññasaraṇo? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ. Vedanāsu vedanānupassī…pe… citte cittānupassī…pe… dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu attadīpo viharati attasaraṇo anaññasaraṇo, dhammadīpo dhammasaraṇo anaññasaraṇo.
诸比丘,你们当安住于自己的行境、父辈传承的领域。诸比丘,若你们安住于自己的行境、父辈传承的领域,魔罗便无机可乘,魔罗便无从下手。诸比丘,正是由于受持这些善法,功德才如此增长。
‘‘Gocare, bhikkhave, caratha sake pettike visaye. Gocare, bhikkhave, carataṃ sake pettike visaye na lacchati māro otāraṃ, na lacchati māro ārammaṇaṃ . Kusalānaṃ, bhikkhave, dhammānaṃ samādānahetu evamidaṃ puññaṃ pavaḍḍhati.
坚辋转轮王
Daḷhanemicakkavattirājā
81诸比丘,过去久远之时,有位国王名叫坚辋,是转轮王,为依法而行的法王,统御四方,降伏外敌,国土安泰,具足七宝。他拥有七宝,即:轮宝、象宝、马宝、珠宝、女宝、居士宝,以及第七——将军宝。他还有超过一千位儿子,个个勇猛英武,能摧破敌军。他不以棍杖、不用刀剑,唯以正法降伏并统领这片直至大海边际的大地。
‘‘Bhūtapubbaṃ , bhikkhave, rājā daḷhanemi nāma ahosi cakkavattī dhammiko dhammarājā cāturanto vijitāvī janapadatthāvariyappatto sattaratanasamannāgato. Tassimāni satta ratanāni ahesuṃ seyyathidaṃ – cakkaratanaṃu hatthiratanaṃ assaratanaṃ maṇiratanaṃ itthiratanaṃ gahapatiratanaṃ pariṇāyakaratanameva sattamaṃ. Parosahassaṃ kho panassa puttā ahesuṃ sūrā vīraṅgarūpā parasenappamaddanā. So imaṃ pathaviṃ sāgarapariyantaṃ adaṇḍena asatthena dhammena abhivijiya ajjhāvasi.
82诸比丘,就这样,许多年、许多百年、许多千年过去了。一天,坚念王对一个人说:“听着,当你看见那神圣的轮宝偏离原位、从所在之处退失时,便来禀报我。”那人回答:“是,大王。”诸比丘,又过了许多年、许多百年、许多千年,那人果然看见那神圣的轮宝偏离原位,从所在之处退失了。见后,他便去见坚念王;到了之后,对坚念王说:“大王,您应当知道,您那神圣的轮宝已经偏离原位,从所在之处退失了。”于是,诸比丘,坚念王召来长王子,对他这样说:“我的儿啊,听说我的神圣轮宝已偏离原位,从所在之处退失了。我也曾听闻这样一个道理:当转轮王的轮宝一旦偏离原位、从所在之处退失时,那位国王便不久于世了。我已享尽人间欲乐,如今该是我追求天界之乐的时候了。来吧,我的儿,你接掌这片直至大海边际的大地。而我则要剃除须发,披上袈裟,离家去过无家的出家生活了。”
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā daḷhanemi bahunnaṃ vassānaṃ bahunnaṃ vassasatānaṃ bahunnaṃ vassasahassānaṃ accayena aññataraṃ purisaṃ āmantesi – ‘yadā tvaṃ, ambho purisa, passeyyāsi dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cutaṃ, atha me āroceyyāsī’ti. ‘Evaṃ, devā’ti kho, bhikkhave, so puriso rañño daḷhanemissa paccassosi. Addasā kho, bhikkhave, so puriso bahunnaṃ vassānaṃ bahunnaṃ vassasatānaṃ bahunnaṃ vassasahassānaṃ accayena dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cutaṃ, disvāna yena rājā daḷhanemi tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā rājānaṃ daḷhanemiṃ etadavoca – ‘yagghe, deva, jāneyyāsi, dibbaṃ te cakkaratanaṃ osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cuta’nti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā daḷhanemi jeṭṭhaputtaṃ kumāraṃ āmantāpetvā etadavoca – ‘dibbaṃ kira me, tāta kumāra, cakkaratanaṃ osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cutaṃ. Sutaṃ kho pana metaṃ – yassa rañño cakkavattissa dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ osakkati ṭhānā cavati, na dāni tena raññā ciraṃ jīvitabbaṃ hotīti. Bhuttā kho pana me mānusakā kāmā, samayo dāni me dibbe kāme pariyesituṃ. Ehi tvaṃ, tāta kumāra, imaṃ samuddapariyantaṃ pathaviṃ paṭipajja. Ahaṃ pana kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajissāmī’ti.
83诸比丘,于是,坚念王在妥善教导长王子治国之道后,便剃除须发,披上袈裟,从在家生活出家而过着无家的生活。然而,诸比丘,就在这位王仙出家满七日后,天界的轮宝便消失了。
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā daḷhanemi jeṭṭhaputtaṃ kumāraṃ sādhukaṃ rajje samanusāsitvā kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbaji. Sattāhapabbajite kho pana, bhikkhave, rājisimhi dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ antaradhāyi.
诸比丘,那时,有一个人来见那位灌顶刹帝利王。到了之后,便对灌顶刹帝利王这样说道:“大王,请您知道,那天界的轮宝已经消失了。”诸比丘,听闻天界轮宝消失时,那位灌顶刹帝利王心生不悦,他以心感受到了不悦。于是,他便去见那位王仙。见了王仙后,对王仙这样说:“大王,请您知道,那天界的轮宝已经消失了。”诸比丘,听了这话,王仙便对灌顶刹帝利王这样说:“我儿,你不必因天界轮宝的消失而不悦,不必因此感受不悦。我儿,那天界的轮宝并非你父辈传下的家族传承之宝。来吧,我儿,你应当修习圣转轮王应行之道。这是完全有可能的:当你修习圣转轮王应行之道时——在半月十五的斋戒日,沐浴洗发,受持布萨戒,登上殊胜的殿堂高处——那天界的轮宝便会显现,千辐、有轮圈、有轮毂,一切特征圆满具足。”
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, aññataro puriso yena rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā rājānaṃ khattiyaṃ muddhābhisittaṃ etadavoca – ‘yagghe, deva, jāneyyāsi, dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ antarahita’nti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto dibbe cakkaratane antarahite anattamano ahosi, anattamanatañca paṭisaṃvedesi. So yena rājisi tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā rājisiṃ etadavoca – ‘yagghe, deva, jāneyyāsi, dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ antarahita’nti. Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, rājisi rājānaṃ khattiyaṃ muddhābhisittaṃ etadavoca – ‘mā kho tvaṃ, tāta, dibbe cakkaratane antarahite anattamano ahosi, mā anattamanatañca paṭisaṃvedesi, na hi te, tāta, dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ pettikaṃ dāyajjaṃ. Iṅgha tvaṃ, tāta, ariye cakkavattivatte vattāhi. Ṭhānaṃ kho panetaṃ vijjati, yaṃ te ariye cakkavattivatte vattamānassa tadahuposathe pannarase sīsaṃnhātassa uposathikassa uparipāsādavaragatassa dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ pātubhavissati sahassāraṃ sanemikaṃ sanābhikaṃ sabbākāraparipūra’nti.
转轮圣王的圣行
Cakkavattiariyavattaṃ
84“大王,什么是圣转轮王之行呢?” “那么我儿,你要依止于法,恭敬法、尊重法、崇敬法、供奉法、尊崇法,以法为旗帜、以法为标志、以法为最高权威,如法安排保护、防护与守卫,护及宫廷眷属、军队、刹帝利、随从、婆罗门与居士、城镇与乡村的人民、沙门与婆罗门,乃至飞禽走兽。我儿,不要让非法的事情在你的领地中发生。在你的领土内,若有贫穷的人,你应给予他们财富。在你的领土内,若有沙门与婆罗门,远离放逸,安住于忍耐与柔和,各自调伏自己、寂静自己、趋向完全涅槃,你应当时常拜访他们、请教他们,并铭记于心:‘尊者,什么是善?什么是不善?什么是有罪过的?什么是无罪的?什么是应当修习的?什么是不应修习的?什么是我做了会给我长久带来损害和痛苦的?什么是我做了会给我长久带来利益和快乐的?’听了他们的话之后,你应当避开不善法,信受并奉行善法。我儿,这就是圣转轮王之行。”
‘‘‘Katamaṃ pana taṃ, deva, ariyaṃ cakkavattivatta’nti ? ‘Tena hi tvaṃ, tāta, dhammaṃyeva nissāya dhammaṃ sakkaronto dhammaṃ garuṃ karonto dhammaṃ mānento dhammaṃ pūjento dhammaṃ apacāyamāno dhammaddhajo dhammaketu dhammādhipateyyo dhammikaṃ rakkhāvaraṇaguttiṃ saṃvidahassu antojanasmiṃ balakāyasmiṃ khattiyesu anuyantesu brāhmaṇagahapatikesu negamajānapadesu samaṇabrāhmaṇesu migapakkhīsu. Mā ca te, tāta, vijite adhammakāro pavattittha. Ye ca te, tāta, vijite adhanā assu, tesañca dhanamanuppadeyyāsi . Ye ca te, tāta, vijite samaṇabrāhmaṇā madappamādā paṭiviratā khantisoracce niviṭṭhā ekamattānaṃ damenti, ekamattānaṃ samenti, ekamattānaṃ parinibbāpenti, te kālena kālaṃ upasaṅkamitvā paripuccheyyāsi pariggaṇheyyāsi – ‘‘kiṃ, bhante, kusalaṃ, kiṃ akusalaṃ, kiṃ sāvajjaṃ, kiṃ anavajjaṃ, kiṃ sevitabbaṃ, kiṃ na sevitabbaṃ, kiṃ me karīyamānaṃ dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāya assa, kiṃ vā pana me karīyamānaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya assā’’ti? Tesaṃ sutvā yaṃ akusalaṃ taṃ abhinivajjeyyāsi, yaṃ kusalaṃ taṃ samādāya vatteyyāsi. Idaṃ kho, tāta, taṃ ariyaṃ cakkavattivatta’nti.
轮宝出现
Cakkaratanapātubhāvo
85“遵命,大王!”诸位比丘,那位灌顶的刹帝利王回答王仙之后,便遵循圣转轮王之行而行。当他这样依圣转轮王之行而行时,正值当月十五布萨日,他洗过头,受持布萨戒,登上宫殿上层优美的楼阁,这时,天上的轮宝出现了,具足千辐、轮辋、轮毂,一切相状圆满。那位灌顶的刹帝利王见了,心中念道:“我曾听闻:若有灌顶的刹帝利王,在十五布萨日,洗头、受持布萨戒,登上宫殿上层楼阁,有千辐、有轮辋、有轮毂、一切相圆满的天上轮宝出现,那位王便成为转轮王。我莫非将成为转轮王?”
‘‘‘Evaṃ, devā’ti kho, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto rājisissa paṭissutvā ariye cakkavattivatte vatti. Tassa ariye cakkavattivatte vattamānassa tadahuposathe pannarase sīsaṃnhātassa uposathikassa uparipāsādavaragatassa dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ pāturahosi sahassāraṃ sanemikaṃ sanābhikaṃ sabbākāraparipūraṃ. Disvāna rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa etadahosi – ‘sutaṃ kho pana metaṃ – yassa rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa tadahuposathe pannarase sīsaṃnhātassa uposathikassa uparipāsādavaragatassa dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ pātubhavati sahassāraṃ sanemikaṃ sanābhikaṃ sabbākāraparipūraṃ , so hoti rājā cakkavattī’ti. Assaṃ nu kho ahaṃ rājā cakkavattīti.
于是,诸比丘,那位灌顶的刹帝利王从座而起,将上衣偏袒一肩,左手持金瓶,右手向轮宝洒水,说道:‘尊贵的轮宝,转动吧!尊贵的轮宝,去征服吧!’
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto uṭṭhāyāsanā ekaṃsaṃ utarāsaṅgaṃ karitvā vāmena hatthena bhiṅkāraṃ gahetvā dakkhiṇena hatthena cakkaratanaṃ abbhukkiri – ‘pavattatu bhavaṃ cakkaratanaṃ, abhivijinātu bhavaṃ cakkaratana’nti.
诸比丘,那时轮宝向东方转动,转轮王与四支军队紧随其后。诸比丘,轮宝停驻在哪里,转轮王便与四支军队在那里安营。诸比丘,那时东方那些敌对的国王来到转轮王面前,这样说道:‘请来吧,大王!欢迎您,大王!此处皆属于大王,请大王教导我们。’转轮王这样说道:‘不应杀害众生,不应取未给与之物,不应行邪淫,不应说虚妄语,不应饮酒;你们当如常享用固有的财物。’诸比丘,那时东方诸敌王便都成了转轮王的随从。
‘‘Atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, cakkaratanaṃ puratthimaṃ disaṃ pavatti, anvadeva rājā cakkavattī saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya. Yasmiṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, padese cakkaratanaṃ patiṭṭhāsi, tattha rājā cakkavattī vāsaṃ upagacchi saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya. Ye kho pana, bhikkhave, puratthimāya disāya paṭirājāno, te rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘ehi kho, mahārāja, svāgataṃ te mahārāja, sakaṃ te, mahārāja, anusāsa, mahārājā’ti. Rājā cakkavattī evamāha – ‘pāṇo na hantabbo, adinnaṃ nādātabbaṃ, kāmesumicchā na caritabbā, musā na bhāsitabbā, majjaṃ na pātabbaṃ, yathābhuttañca bhuñjathā’ti. Ye kho pana, bhikkhave, puratthimāya disāya paṭirājāno, te rañño cakkavattissa anuyantā ahesuṃ.
86诸比丘,这时,此轮宝投入东海而后升起,便转向南方……(中略)……又投入南海而后升起,转向西方。转轮王即率领四部军队紧随其后。诸比丘,轮宝在何处停驻,转轮王便率领四部军队在彼处安营。诸比丘,那时,西方诸敌王来到转轮王面前,如此说道:‘请来,大王!善来,大王!此处属于您,大王!请教导我们,大王!’转轮王如是说:‘不应杀害众生,未给与之物不应取,于爱欲不应行邪行,不应说虚妄语,不应饮酒,你们当如常受用原有的财物。’诸比丘,那时,西方诸敌王皆成为转轮王的随从。
‘‘Atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, cakkaratanaṃ puratthimaṃ samuddaṃ ajjhogāhetvā paccuttaritvā dakkhiṇaṃ disaṃ pavatti…pe… dakkhiṇaṃ samuddaṃ ajjhogāhetvā paccuttaritvā pacchimaṃ disaṃ pavatti, anvadeva rājā cakkavattī saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya. Yasmiṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, padese cakkaratanaṃ patiṭṭhāsi, tattha rājā cakkavattī vāsaṃ upagacchi saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya. Ye kho pana, bhikkhave, pacchimāya disāya paṭirājāno, te rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘ehi kho, mahārāja, svāgataṃ te, mahārāja, sakaṃ te, mahārāja, anusāsa, mahārājā’ti. Rājā cakkavattī evamāha – ‘pāṇo na hantabbo, adinnaṃ nādātabbaṃ, kāmesumicchā na caritabbā, musā na bhāsitabbā, majjaṃ na pātabbaṃ, yathābhuttañca bhuñjathā’ti. Ye kho pana, bhikkhave, pacchimāya disāya paṭirājāno, te rañño cakkavattissa anuyantā ahesuṃ.
87诸比丘,接着那轮宝沉入了西海,又升出之后,便转向北方行进,转轮王带领四部军队紧随其后。诸比丘,轮宝在何处停住,转轮王便与四部军队在何处扎营。诸比丘,那时北方的那些敌对诸王来至转轮王面前,这样说道:‘来啊,大王!欢迎您,大王!这一切都属于您,大王!请您教诫我们,大王!’转轮王这样说道:‘不应杀害生命,不应取未予之物,于爱欲中不应行邪淫,不应说虚妄语,不应饮酒,你们当如常受用各自的财物。’诸比丘,那时北方的那些敌对诸王,便都归顺了转轮王。
‘‘Atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, cakkaratanaṃ pacchimaṃ samuddaṃ ajjhogāhetvā paccuttaritvā uttaraṃ disaṃ pavatti, anvadeva rājā cakkavattī saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya. Yasmiṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, padese cakkaratanaṃ patiṭṭhāsi, tattha rājā cakkavattī vāsaṃ upagacchi saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya. Ye kho pana, bhikkhave, uttarāya disāya paṭirājāno, te rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘ehi kho, mahārāja, svāgataṃ te, mahārāja , sakaṃ te, mahārāja, anusāsa, mahārājā’ti. Rājā cakkavattī evamāha – ‘pāṇo na hantabbo, adinnaṃ nādātabbaṃ, kāmesumicchā na caritabbā, musā na bhāsitabbā, majjaṃ na pātabbaṃ, yathābhuttañca bhuñjathā’ti. Ye kho pana, bhikkhave, uttarāya disāya paṭirājāno, te rañño cakkavattissa anuyantā ahesuṃ.
诸比丘,那时,轮宝征服了直至海际的大地之后,便返回那座王城,停在转轮王内宫大门前、正对断事厅之处,安立不动,犹如被轴固定,照耀着转轮王的内宫。
‘‘Atha kho taṃ, bhikkhave, cakkaratanaṃ samuddapariyantaṃ pathaviṃ abhivijinitvā tameva rājadhāniṃ paccāgantvā rañño cakkavattissa antepuradvāre atthakaraṇapamukhe akkhāhataṃ maññe aṭṭhāsi rañño cakkavattissa antepuraṃ upasobhayamānaṃ.
第二等转轮王论
Dutiyādicakkavattikathā
88诸比丘,第二位转轮王也是如此……第三位转轮王也是如此……第四位……第五位……第六位……乃至第七位转轮王,在许多年、许多百年、许多千年过后,对某个人说道:“朋友,当你看见那神圣的轮宝从原位滑落、移离原位时,便来告知我。”那人回答:“是,大王。”诸比丘,在许多年、许多百年、许多千年过后,那人果然看见那神圣的轮宝从原位滑落、移离原位。见后,他来到转轮王之处,对转轮王说:“大王,请您留意,您那神圣的轮宝已从原位滑落、移离原位。”
‘‘Dutiyopi kho, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī…pe… tatiyopi kho, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī… catutthopi kho, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī… pañcamopi kho, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī… chaṭṭhopi kho, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī… sattamopi kho, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī bahunnaṃ vassānaṃ bahunnaṃ vassasatānaṃ bahunnaṃ vassasahassānaṃ accayena aññataraṃ purisaṃ āmantesi – ‘yadā tvaṃ, ambho purisa, passeyyāsi dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cutaṃ, atha me āroceyyāsī’ti. ‘Evaṃ, devā’ti kho, bhikkhave, so puriso rañño cakkavattissa paccassosi. Addasā kho , bhikkhave, so puriso bahunnaṃ vassānaṃ bahunnaṃ vassasatānaṃ bahunnaṃ vassasahassānaṃ accayena dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cutaṃ. Disvāna yena rājā cakkavattī tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā rājānaṃ cakkavattiṃ etadavoca – ‘yagghe , deva, jāneyyāsi, dibbaṃ te cakkaratanaṃ osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cuta’nti?
89诸比丘,那时,转轮王召来长子王子,对他说:‘亲爱的王子,听说我的圣轮宝已从原位滑落,离开了本来之处。而我曾听过这样的说法:任何一位转轮王的圣轮宝若滑落、离开原位,那位国王便不久于世。人间欲乐我已享尽,现在是寻求天界欲乐的时候了。来吧,孩子,你来接管这片直至海际的大地。我将剃除须发,披上袈裟,从家至无家,出家修道。’
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī jeṭṭhaputtaṃ kumāraṃ āmantāpetvā etadavoca – ‘dibbaṃ kira me, tāta kumāra, cakkaratanaṃ osakkitaṃ, ṭhānā cutaṃ, sutaṃ kho pana metaṃ – yassa rañño cakkavattissa dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ osakkati, ṭhānā cavati, na dāni tena raññā ciraṃ jīvitabbaṃ hotīti. Bhuttā kho pana me mānusakā kāmā, samayo dāni me dibbe kāme pariyesituṃ, ehi tvaṃ, tāta kumāra, imaṃ samuddapariyantaṃ pathaviṃ paṭipajja . Ahaṃ pana kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajissāmī’ti.
诸比丘,转轮王妥善地教导长子王子治国之道后,便剃除须发,著袈裟衣,从家至无家,出家为僧。然而,诸比丘,就在这位王仙出家后第七日,那神圣的轮宝便隐没了。
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā cakkavattī jeṭṭhaputtaṃ kumāraṃ sādhukaṃ rajje samanusāsitvā kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbaji. Sattāhapabbajite kho pana, bhikkhave, rājisimhi dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ antaradhāyi.
90诸比丘,那时有一人前去见那位灌顶刹帝利王,见后便对他说:‘大王,您当知,天界的轮宝已消失了。’诸比丘,灌顶刹帝利王得知天界轮宝消失后,心中不悦,生起忧恼。然而他并未去王仙那里,请问圣转轮王之行,只是依自己的想法治理国家。当他这样依己意治理时,各地的繁荣便渐次衰减,再也不像从前的国王们那样奉行圣转轮王之行时那般兴盛。
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, aññataro puriso yena rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā rājānaṃ khattiyaṃ muddhābhisittaṃ etadavoca – ‘yagghe, deva, jāneyyāsi, dibbaṃ cakkaratanaṃ antarahita’nti? Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto dibbe cakkaratane antarahite anattamano ahosi. Anattamanatañca paṭisaṃvedesi; no ca kho rājisiṃ upasaṅkamitvā ariyaṃ cakkavattivattaṃ pucchi. So samateneva sudaṃ janapadaṃ pasāsati. Tassa samatena janapadaṃ pasāsato pubbenāparaṃ janapadā na pabbanti, yathā taṃ pubbakānaṃ rājūnaṃ ariye cakkavattivatte vattamānānaṃ.
诸比丘,那时大臣、侍从、理财官、军队将领、守门人及谋士们集合在一起,对那位灌顶刹帝利王说:‘大王,您只是依自己的见解治理国家,各地并不像从前那些奉行圣转轮王之行的国王在世时那样,相续繁荣。大王,在您的领土内,有我们这些大臣、侍从、理财官、军队将领、守门人和谋士,还有其他人等,都记得圣转轮王之行。大王,请您来问我们圣转轮王之行吧。您若垂问,我们便为您解说。’
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, amaccā pārisajjā gaṇakamahāmattā anīkaṭṭhā dovārikā mantassājīvino sannipatitvā rājānaṃ khattiyaṃ muddhābhisittaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘na kho te, deva, samatena (sudaṃ) janapadaṃ pasāsato pubbenāparaṃ janapadā pabbanti, yathā taṃ pubbakānaṃ rājūnaṃ ariye cakkavattivatte vattamānānaṃ. Saṃvijjanti kho te, deva, vijite amaccā pārisajjā gaṇakamahāmattā anīkaṭṭhā dovārikā mantassājīvino mayañceva aññe ca ye mayaṃ ariyaṃ cakkavattivattaṃ dhārema. Iṅgha tvaṃ, deva, amhe ariyaṃ cakkavattivattaṃ puccha. Tassa te mayaṃ ariyaṃ cakkavattivattaṃ puṭṭhā byākarissāmā’ti.
寿命容色等衰灭论
Āyuvaṇṇādipariyānikathā
91那时,诸比丘,灌顶刹帝利王召集大臣、随从、会计官、将军、守门卫兵及以智慧为生者,向他们询问圣转轮王之行。众人受问之后,便为他说明圣转轮王之行。国王听闻之后,虽如法地安排了守护、防卫与保护,却没有将财富给予那些贫穷的人。由于贫者未得财富,贫困便蔓延开来。贫困蔓延之后,有一个人取走了他人未给与之物,即行偷盗。他们便抓住他,将他带到灌顶刹帝利王面前,禀报说:'大王,此人取走了他人未给与之物,行偷盗。'诸比丘,灌顶刹帝利王听闻此言,便问那人:'来人,听说你确实拿了别人未给的东西,犯了偷盗,是真的吗?'那人答道:'是真的,大王。'国王问:'你为何如此做?'他回答:'大王,我无法活命了。'于是,诸比丘,灌顶刹帝利王便赐予那人财富,并说:'来人,你可凭借这些财富养活自己,奉养父母,照料妻儿,经营家业,并为沙门、婆罗门施设能带来生天果报、快乐果报、导向天界的布施。'诸比丘,那人回答国王:'遵命,大王。'
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto amacce pārisajje gaṇakamahāmatte anīkaṭṭhe dovārike mantassājīvino sannipātetvā ariyaṃ cakkavattivattaṃ pucchi. Tassa te ariyaṃ cakkavattivattaṃ puṭṭhā byākariṃsu. Tesaṃ sutvā dhammikañhi kho rakkhāvaraṇaguttiṃ saṃvidahi, no ca kho adhanānaṃ dhanamanuppadāsi. Adhanānaṃ dhane ananuppadiyamāne dāliddiyaṃ vepullamagamāsi. Dāliddiye vepullaṃ gate aññataro puriso paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyi. Tamenaṃ aggahesuṃ. Gahetvā rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa dassesuṃ – ‘ayaṃ, deva, puriso paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyī’ti. Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto taṃ purisaṃ etadavoca – ‘saccaṃ kira tvaṃ, ambho purisa, paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyī’ti ? ‘Saccaṃ, devā’ti. ‘Kiṃ kāraṇā’ti? ‘Na hi, deva, jīvāmī’ti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto tassa purisassa dhanamanuppadāsi – ‘iminā tvaṃ, ambho purisa, dhanena attanā ca jīvāhi, mātāpitaro ca posehi, puttadārañca posehi, kammante ca payojehi, samaṇabrāhmaṇesu uddhaggikaṃ dakkhiṇaṃ patiṭṭhāpehi sovaggikaṃ sukhavipākaṃ saggasaṃvattanika’nti. ‘Evaṃ, devā’ti kho, bhikkhave, so puriso rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa paccassosi.
诸比丘,又有另一人取了他人未予之物,行偷盗事。众人将他捉住,带至那位灌顶刹帝利王面前,禀报说:‘大王,此人取了他人未予之物,行偷盗事。’诸比丘,闻此言语,那位灌顶刹帝利王便问那人:‘朋友,听说你果真取了他人未予之物而行偷盗,可是真的?’那人回答:‘确实如此,大王。’王问:‘因何缘故?’他答:‘大王,我无法存活。’于是,诸比丘,那位灌顶刹帝利王便施予此人钱财,并说:‘朋友,你可用这些钱财养活自己、奉养父母、照料妻儿、经营生计,并在沙门、婆罗门处建立能带来生天乐报、导向天界的布施。’诸比丘,那人也回答国王说:‘遵命,大王。’
‘‘Aññataropi kho, bhikkhave, puriso paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyi. Tamenaṃ aggahesuṃ. Gahetvā rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa dassesuṃ – ‘ayaṃ, deva, puriso paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyī’ti. Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto taṃ purisaṃ etadavoca – ‘saccaṃ kira tvaṃ, ambho purisa, paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyī’ti? ‘Saccaṃ, devā’ti. ‘Kiṃ kāraṇā’ti? ‘Na hi, deva, jīvāmī’ti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto tassa purisassa dhanamanuppadāsi – ‘iminā tvaṃ, ambho purisa, dhanena attanā ca jīvāhi, mātāpitaro ca posehi, puttadārañca posehi, kammante ca payojehi, samaṇabrāhmaṇesu uddhaggikaṃ dakkhiṇaṃ patiṭṭhāpehi sovaggikaṃ sukhavipākaṃ saggasaṃvattanika’nti. ‘Evaṃ, devā’ti kho, bhikkhave, so puriso rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa paccassosi .
92诸比丘,人们听闻了这样的说法:“诸友,听说凡是拿了别人没给的东西、犯了偷盗的人,国王都会赐予他们财富!”他们听后,心里便想:“不如我们也去拿别人没给的东西,犯一犯偷盗吧!”于是,诸比丘,又有一个人拿了别人没给的东西,犯了偷盗。他们抓住了他,将他带到那位灌顶刹帝利王面前,禀报说:“大王,这个人拿了别人没给的东西,犯了偷盗。”诸比丘,听闻此言,灌顶刹帝利王便问那个人:“贤友,听说你真的拿了别人没给的东西,犯了偷盗吗?”那人回答:“是真的,大王。”国王问:“你为何这么做?”那人回答:“大王,我无法活下去了。”这时,诸比丘,那位灌顶刹帝利王心中思惟:“如果任何一个拿了别人没给的东西、犯了偷盗的人,我都赐予他财富,那么这种偷盗的事只会越来越多。不如我好好地惩处此人,将他彻底铲除,砍掉他的头!”于是,诸比丘,灌顶刹帝利王命令手下的人们:“士兵们,你们把这个人用结实的绳子反绑双手,牢牢绑紧,剃光他的头,然后敲响刺耳的大鼓,带着他走过一条又一条街,穿过一个又一个十字路口,从城南门出去,在城南边的城外,好好地惩处他,将他彻底铲除,砍掉他的头!”诸比丘,那些人遵照灌顶刹帝利王的命令,应诺“遵命,大王”之后,便用结实的绳子将那个人反绑双手,牢牢绑紧,剃光了他的头,然后敲响刺耳的大鼓,带着他走过一条又一条街,穿过一个又一个十字路口,从城南门出去,在城南边的城外,好好地惩处了他,将他彻底铲除,砍掉了他的头。
‘‘Assosuṃ kho, bhikkhave, manussā – ‘ye kira, bho, paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyanti, tesaṃ rājā dhanamanuppadetī’ti. Sutvāna tesaṃ etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūna mayampi paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyeyyāmā’ti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, aññataro puriso paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyi. Tamenaṃ aggahesuṃ. Gahetvā rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa dassesuṃ – ‘ayaṃ, deva, puriso paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyī’ti. Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto taṃ purisaṃ etadavoca – ‘saccaṃ kira tvaṃ, ambho purisa, paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyī’ti? ‘Saccaṃ, devā’ti. ‘Kiṃ kāraṇā’ti? ‘Na hi, deva, jīvāmī’ti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa etadahosi – ‘sace kho ahaṃ yo yo paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyissati, tassa tassa dhanamanuppadassāmi, evamidaṃ adinnādānaṃ pavaḍḍhissati. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ imaṃ purisaṃ sunisedhaṃ nisedheyyaṃ, mūlaghaccaṃ kareyyaṃ, sīsamassa chindeyya’nti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto purise āṇāpesi – ‘tena hi, bhaṇe, imaṃ purisaṃ daḷhāya rajjuyā pacchābāhaṃ gāḷhabandhanaṃ bandhitvā khuramuṇḍaṃ karitvā kharassarena paṇavena rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ parinetvā dakkhiṇena dvārena nikkhamitvā dakkhiṇato nagarassa sunisedhaṃ nisedhetha, mūlaghaccaṃ karotha, sīsamassa chindathā’ti. ‘Evaṃ, devā’ti kho, bhikkhave, te purisā rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa paṭissutvā taṃ purisaṃ daḷhāya rajjuyā pacchābāhaṃ gāḷhabandhanaṃ bandhitvā khuramuṇḍaṃ karitvā kharassarena paṇavena rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ parinetvā dakkhiṇena dvārena nikkhamitvā dakkhiṇato nagarassa sunisedhaṃ nisedhesuṃ, mūlaghaccaṃ akaṃsu, sīsamassa chindiṃsu.
93诸比丘,人们听说了这件事:‘诸位,听说凡拿走他人未予之物、行偷盗者,国王会加以严惩、彻底铲除,砍下他们的头。’他们听闻后,心中便想:‘我们不也打造些锋利的武器,等有了锋利的武器,对于我们要去取其未予之物的人,就同样严加惩罚、彻底铲除,砍下他们的头。’于是,他们让人打造了锋利的武器。有了锋利的武器后,他们便开始洗劫村庄,开始洗劫城镇,开始洗劫城市,开始拦路抢劫。对于他们去取其财物的人,便予以严惩、彻底铲除,砍下对方的头。
‘‘Assosuṃ kho, bhikkhave, manussā – ‘ye kira, bho, paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyanti, te rājā sunisedhaṃ nisedheti, mūlaghaccaṃ karoti, sīsāni tesaṃ chindatī’ti. Sutvāna tesaṃ etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūna mayampi tiṇhāni satthāni kārāpessāma , tiṇhāni satthāni kārāpetvā yesaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyissāma, te sunisedhaṃ nisedhessāma, mūlaghaccaṃ karissāma, sīsāni tesaṃ chindissāmā’ti. Te tiṇhāni satthāni kārāpesuṃ, tiṇhāni satthāni kārāpetvā gāmaghātampi upakkamiṃsu kātuṃ, nigamaghātampi upakkamiṃsu kātuṃ, nagaraghātampi upakkamiṃsu kātuṃ, panthaduhanampi upakkamiṃsu kātuṃ. Yesaṃ te adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyanti, te sunisedhaṃ nisedhenti, mūlaghaccaṃ karonti, sīsāni tesaṃ chindanti.
94诸比丘,就这样,由于穷人得不到财富,贫困便蔓延开来;贫困蔓延开来后,偷盗便蔓延开来;偷盗蔓延开来后,暴力便蔓延开来;暴力蔓延开来后,杀生便蔓延开来;杀生蔓延开来后,那些众生的寿命便衰减了,容貌也衰减了。在寿命衰减、容貌衰减的情形下,那些原本寿命八万岁的人们,他们的子孙寿命只有四万岁了。
‘‘Iti kho, bhikkhave, adhanānaṃ dhane ananuppadiyamāne dāliddiyaṃ vepullamagamāsi, dāliddiye vepullaṃ gate adinnādānaṃ vepullamagamāsi, adinnādāne vepullaṃ gate satthaṃ vepullamagamāsi, satthe vepullaṃ gate pāṇātipāto vepullamagamāsi, pāṇātipāte vepullaṃ gate tesaṃ sattānaṃ āyupi parihāyi, vaṇṇopi parihāyi. Tesaṃ āyunāpi parihāyamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi parihāyamānānaṃ asītivassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ cattārīsavassasahassāyukā puttā ahesuṃ.
诸比丘,在人们寿命四万岁时,有一个人拿了别人的未予之物,即犯了偷盗。他们抓住了他,将他带到灌顶刹帝利王面前,禀报说:‘大王,这个人拿了别人的未予之物,犯了偷盗。’诸比丘,当听到这样的话,那位灌顶刹帝利王便对那人说:‘朋友,你当真拿了别人的未予之物,犯了偷盗吗?’那人明知事实,却故意说:‘并非如此,大王!’
‘‘Cattārīsavassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu aññataro puriso paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyi. Tamenaṃ aggahesuṃ. Gahetvā rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa dassesuṃ – ‘ayaṃ, deva, puriso paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyī’ti. Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, rājā khattiyo muddhābhisitto taṃ purisaṃ etadavoca – ‘saccaṃ kira tvaṃ, ambho purisa, paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyī’ti? ‘Na hi, devā’ti sampajānamusā abhāsi.
95“诸比丘,正是如此,因为对贫穷者未施与财物,贫穷便普遍蔓延;贫穷普遍蔓延之后,偷盗便普遍蔓延;偷盗普遍蔓延之后,刀杖便普遍蔓延;刀杖普遍蔓延之后,杀生便普遍蔓延;杀生普遍蔓延之后,妄语便普遍蔓延;妄语普遍蔓延之后,那些众生的寿命便衰减了,容貌也衰减了。在他们寿命衰减、容貌衰减的过程中,原本寿命为四万岁的人,所生的子女寿命仅为二万岁。”
‘‘Iti kho, bhikkhave, adhanānaṃ dhane ananuppadiyamāne dāliddiyaṃ vepullamagamāsi. Dāliddiye vepullaṃ gate adinnādānaṃ vepullamagamāsi, adinnādāne vepullaṃ gate satthaṃ vepullamagamāsi. Satthe vepullaṃ gate pāṇātipāto vepullamagamāsi, pāṇātipāte vepullaṃ gate musāvādo vepullamagamāsi , musāvāde vepullaṃ gate tesaṃ sattānaṃ āyupi parihāyi, vaṇṇopi parihāyi. Tesaṃ āyunāpi parihāyamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi parihāyamānānaṃ cattārīsavassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ vīsativassasahassāyukā puttā ahesuṃ.
“诸比丘,在人类寿命两万岁时,有一人拿了他人未予之物,即行了所谓偷盗。另一人向那位受灌顶的刹帝利王禀报此事,说:‘大王,某人在他人未予之时拿取,行了偷盗。’他如此言语,便造作了两舌。”
‘‘Vīsativassasahassāyukesu , bhikkhave, manussesu aññataro puriso paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyi. Tamenaṃ aññataro puriso rañño khattiyassa muddhābhisittassa ārocesi – ‘itthannāmo, deva, puriso paresaṃ adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyī’ti pesuññamakāsi.
96“诸比丘,正是如此,由于没有给那些贫穷的人提供财富,贫穷便日益蔓延。贫穷蔓延后,偷盗便日益蔓延;偷盗蔓延后,刀杖便日益蔓延;刀杖蔓延后,杀生便日益蔓延;杀生蔓延后,妄语便日益蔓延;妄语蔓延后,两舌便日益蔓延。两舌蔓延后,那些众生的寿命减损,容色亦减损。在他们寿命衰减、容色衰减的过程中,原本寿命二万岁的人类,他们所生的子女寿命便仅为一万岁。”
‘‘Iti kho, bhikkhave, adhanānaṃ dhane ananuppadiyamāne dāliddiyaṃ vepullamagamāsi. Dāliddiye vepullaṃ gate adinnādānaṃ vepullamagamāsi, adinnādāne vepullaṃ gate satthaṃ vepullamagamāsi, satthe vepullaṃ gate pāṇātipāto vepullamagamāsi, pāṇātipāte vepullaṃ gate musāvādo vepullamagamāsi, musāvāde vepullaṃ gate pisuṇā vācā vepullamagamāsi, pisuṇāya vācāya vepullaṃ gatāya tesaṃ sattānaṃ āyupi parihāyi, vaṇṇopi parihāyi. Tesaṃ āyunāpi parihāyamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi parihāyamānānaṃ vīsativassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ dasavassasahassāyukā puttā ahesuṃ.
“诸比丘,人寿一万岁时,有些众生容貌端正,有些则相貌丑陋。那些相貌丑陋的众生,贪慕容貌端正者,便与他人妻子行邪淫。”
‘‘Dasavassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu ekidaṃ sattā vaṇṇavanto honti, ekidaṃ sattā dubbaṇṇā. Tattha ye te sattā dubbaṇṇā, te vaṇṇavante satte abhijjhāyantā paresaṃ dāresu cārittaṃ āpajjiṃsu.
97“诸比丘,正因为未曾给贫穷者施予财物,贫穷便日益泛滥;贫穷泛滥后……乃至……邪淫便日益泛滥。邪淫泛滥后,那些众生的寿命与容色便告衰减。在他们寿命衰减、容色衰减的过程中,原本寿量一万岁的人类,所生子女,寿命仅有五千岁。”
‘‘Iti kho, bhikkhave, adhanānaṃ dhane ananuppadiyamāne dāliddiyaṃ vepullamagamāsi. Dāliddiye vepullaṃ gate…pe… kāmesumicchācāro vepullamagamāsi, kāmesumicchācāre vepullaṃ gate tesaṃ sattānaṃ āyupi parihāyi, vaṇṇopi parihāyi. Tesaṃ āyunāpi parihāyamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi parihāyamānānaṃ dasavassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ pañcavassasahassāyukā puttā ahesuṃ.
98诸比丘,人寿五千岁时,有两种法变得泛滥——粗恶语与杂秽语。当这两种法泛滥后,那些众生的寿命与容色便衰减了。在他们寿命衰减、容色衰减的过程中,原本寿量五千岁的人类,所生子女,有的寿命仅二千五百岁,有的仅二千岁。
‘‘Pañcavassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave , manussesu dve dhammā vepullamagamaṃsu – pharusāvācā samphappalāpo ca. Dvīsu dhammesu vepullaṃ gatesu tesaṃ sattānaṃ āyupi parihāyi, vaṇṇopi parihāyi. Tesaṃ āyunāpi parihāyamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi parihāyamānānaṃ pañcavassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ appekacce aḍḍhateyyavassasahassāyukā, appekacce dvevassasahassāyukā puttā ahesuṃ.
99诸比丘,当人寿为二千五百岁时,贪欲与嗔恨开始盛行。在贪欲与嗔恨盛行之后,那些众生的寿命与容貌也衰减了。随着寿命与容貌的衰减,那些寿量二千五百岁之人,其子女的寿命便减为一千岁。
‘‘Aḍḍhateyyavassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu abhijjhābyāpādā vepullamagamaṃsu. Abhijjhābyāpādesu vepullaṃ gatesu tesaṃ sattānaṃ āyupi parihāyi, vaṇṇopi parihāyi. Tesaṃ āyunāpi parihāyamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi parihāyamānānaṃ aḍḍhateyyavassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ vassasahassāyukā puttā ahesuṃ.
100诸比丘,当人寿为一千岁时,邪见开始盛行。在邪见盛行之后,那些众生的寿命与容貌也衰减了。随着寿命与容貌的衰减,那些寿量一千岁之人,其子女的寿命便减为五百岁。
‘‘Vassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu micchādiṭṭhi vepullamagamāsi. Micchādiṭṭhiyā vepullaṃ gatāya tesaṃ sattānaṃ āyupi parihāyi, vaṇṇopi parihāyi. Tesaṃ āyunāpi parihāyamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi parihāyamānānaṃ vassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ pañcavassasatāyukā puttā ahesuṃ.
101诸比丘,当人寿为五百岁时,三种法开始盛行:非法欲求、粗恶贪欲与邪法。在这三种法盛行之后,那些众生的寿命与容貌也衰减了。随着寿命与容貌的衰减,那些寿量五百岁之人,其子女中,有些寿命减为二百五十岁,有些则减为二百岁。
‘‘Pañcavassasatāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu tayo dhammā vepullamagamaṃsu. Adhammarāgo visamalobho micchādhammo. Tīsu dhammesu vepullaṃ gatesu tesaṃ sattānaṃ āyupi parihāyi, vaṇṇopi parihāyi. Tesaṃ āyunāpi parihāyamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi parihāyamānānaṃ pañcavassasatāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ appekacce aḍḍhateyyavassasatāyukā, appekacce dvevassasatāyukā puttā ahesuṃ.
诸比丘,当人类寿命为二百五十岁时,这些法便广泛流布:不敬母亲、不敬父亲、不敬沙门、不敬婆罗门、不尊重家族中的长辈。
‘‘Aḍḍhateyyavassasatāyukesu, bhikkhave , manussesu ime dhammā vepullamagamaṃsu. Amatteyyatā apetteyyatā asāmaññatā abrahmaññatā na kule jeṭṭhāpacāyitā.
102诸比丘,正是这样,当人不向贫穷者施与财物时,贫穷便蔓延盛行了。贫穷盛行之后,不与取便盛行了。不与取盛行之后,刀兵便盛行了。刀兵盛行之后,杀生便盛行了。杀生盛行之后,妄语便盛行了。妄语盛行之后,离间语便盛行了。离间语盛行之后,邪淫便盛行了。邪淫盛行之后,又有两种法盛行了,即粗恶语与杂秽语。这两种法盛行之后,贪欲与嗔恨便盛行了。贪欲与嗔恨盛行之后,邪见便盛行了。邪见盛行之后,又有三种法盛行了:对非法之物的贪爱、不正当的贪婪、邪法。这三种法盛行之后,这些法又盛行了:不敬母亲、不敬父亲、不敬沙门、不敬婆罗门、不尊重家族中的长辈。这些法盛行之后,那些众生的寿命衰减了,容貌也衰减了。当寿命衰减、容貌衰减之时,寿命二百五十岁的人,他们子女的寿命便减至一百岁。
‘‘Iti kho, bhikkhave, adhanānaṃ dhane ananuppadiyamāne dāliddiyaṃ vepullamagamāsi. Dāliddiye vepullaṃ gate adinnādānaṃ vepullamagamāsi. Adinnādāne vepullaṃ gate satthaṃ vepullamagamāsi. Satthe vepullaṃ gate pāṇātipāto vepullamagamāsi. Pāṇātipāte vepullaṃ gate musāvādo vepullamagamāsi. Musāvāde vepullaṃ gate pisuṇā vācā vepullamagamāsi. Pisuṇāya vācāya vepullaṃ gatāya kāmesumicchācāro vepullamagamāsi. Kāmesumicchācāre vepullaṃ gate dve dhammā vepullamagamaṃsu, pharusā vācā samphappalāpo ca. Dvīsu dhammesu vepullaṃ gatesu abhijjhābyāpādā vepullamagamaṃsu. Abhijjhābyāpādesu vepullaṃ gatesu micchādiṭṭhi vepullamagamāsi. Micchādiṭṭhiyā vepullaṃ gatāya tayo dhammā vepullamagamaṃsu, adhammarāgo visamalobho micchādhammo. Tīsu dhammesu vepullaṃ gatesu ime dhammā vepullamagamaṃsu, amatteyyatā apetteyyatā asāmaññatā abrahmaññatā na kule jeṭṭhāpacāyitā. Imesu dhammesu vepullaṃ gatesu tesaṃ sattānaṃ āyupi parihāyi, vaṇṇopi parihāyi. Tesaṃ āyunāpi parihāyamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi parihāyamānānaṃ aḍḍhateyyavassasatāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ vassasatāyukā puttā ahesuṃ.
十岁寿命时期
Dasavassāyukasamayo
103“诸比丘,将会有那样的时代,那时这些人们的子女寿命仅有十岁。诸比丘,当人类寿命为十岁时,女孩五岁便达适婚之龄。诸比丘,当人类寿命为十岁时,这些滋味将会消失,即是:酥油、鲜奶油、油、蜂蜜、糖蜜和盐。诸比丘,当人类寿命为十岁时,草籽将成为最好的食物。诸比丘,正如现今米饭拌肉是最好的食物,同样地,当人类寿命为十岁时,草籽将成为最好的食物。”
‘‘Bhavissati , bhikkhave, so samayo, yaṃ imesaṃ manussānaṃ dasavassāyukā puttā bhavissanti. Dasavassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu pañcavassikā kumārikā alaṃpateyyā bhavissanti. Dasavassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu imāni rasāni antaradhāyissanti, seyyathidaṃ, sappi navanītaṃ telaṃ madhu phāṇitaṃ loṇaṃ. Dasavassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu kudrūsako aggaṃ bhojanānaṃ bhavissati. Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, etarahi sālimaṃsodano aggaṃ bhojanānaṃ; evameva kho, bhikkhave, dasavassāyukesu manussesu kudrūsako aggaṃ bhojanānaṃ bhavissati.
诸比丘,在人类寿命十岁时,十种善业道将全然消失,十种不善业道将极度盛行。在人类寿命十岁时,连'善'的名称都将不存在,更何况行善之人呢?在人类寿命十岁时,那些不孝敬母亲、不孝敬父亲、不尊敬沙门、不尊敬婆罗门、不恭敬家族中长辈的人,他们反而会受到崇敬和称赞。诸比丘,如同现今这个时代,那些孝敬母亲、孝敬父亲、尊敬沙门、尊敬婆罗门、恭敬家族中长辈的人受到崇敬和称赞;同样地,诸比丘,在人类寿命十岁时,那些不孝敬母亲、不孝敬父亲、不尊敬沙门、不尊敬婆罗门、不恭敬家族中长辈的人,却会受到崇敬和称赞。
‘‘Dasavassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu dasa kusalakammapathā sabbena sabbaṃ antaradhāyissanti, dasa akusalakammapathā atibyādippissanti . Dasavassāyukesu , bhikkhave, manussesu kusalantipi na bhavissati, kuto pana kusalassa kārako. Dasavassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu ye te bhavissanti amatteyyā apetteyyā asāmaññā abrahmaññā na kule jeṭṭhāpacāyino, te pujjā ca bhavissanti pāsaṃsā ca. Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, etarahi matteyyā petteyyā sāmaññā brahmaññā kule jeṭṭhāpacāyino pujjā ca pāsaṃsā ca; evameva kho, bhikkhave, dasavassāyukesu manussesu ye te bhavissanti amatteyyā apetteyyā asāmaññā abrahmaññā na kule jeṭṭhāpacāyino, te pujjā ca bhavissanti pāsaṃsā ca.
诸比丘,在人类寿命十岁时,将不再有'母亲'、'姨母'、'舅母'、'师母'或'尊长之妻'这样的概念。世间将陷入普遍的混杂,如同山羊与绵羊、鸡与猪、狗与豺狼一般无有分别。
‘‘Dasavassāyukesu , bhikkhave, manussesu na bhavissati mātāti vā mātucchāti vā mātulānīti vā ācariyabhariyāti vā garūnaṃ dārāti vā. Sambhedaṃ loko gamissati yathā ajeḷakā kukkuṭasūkarā soṇasiṅgālā .
诸比丘,当人寿仅有十岁时,那些众生彼此之间将现起强烈的敌意、强烈的恶意、强烈的怨恨与强烈的杀心。母亲对于儿子,儿子对于母亲;父亲对于儿子,儿子对于父亲;兄弟对于姐妹,姐妹对于兄弟,皆会现起强烈的敌意、强烈的恶意、强烈的怨恨与强烈的杀心。诸比丘,犹如猎人见到鹿时,心中便会现起强烈的敌意、强烈的恶意、强烈的怨恨与强烈的杀心。同样地,诸比丘,当人寿仅有十岁时,那些众生彼此之间将现起强烈的敌意、强烈的恶意、强烈的怨恨与强烈的杀心。母亲对于儿子,儿子对于母亲;父亲对于儿子,儿子对于父亲;兄弟对于姐妹,姐妹对于兄弟,皆会现起强烈的敌意、强烈的恶意、强烈的怨恨与强烈的杀心。
‘‘Dasavassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu tesaṃ sattānaṃ aññamaññamhi tibbo āghāto paccupaṭṭhito bhavissati tibbo byāpādo tibbo manopadoso tibbaṃ vadhakacittaṃ. Mātupi puttamhi puttassapi mātari; pitupi puttamhi puttassapi pitari; bhātupi bhaginiyā bhaginiyāpi bhātari tibbo āghāto paccupaṭṭhito bhavissati tibbo byāpādo tibbo manopadoso tibbaṃ vadhakacittaṃ. Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, māgavikassa migaṃ disvā tibbo āghāto paccupaṭṭhito hoti tibbo byāpādo tibbo manopadoso tibbaṃ vadhakacittaṃ; evameva kho, bhikkhave, dasavassāyukesu manussesu tesaṃ sattānaṃ aññamaññamhi tibbo āghāto paccupaṭṭhito bhavissati tibbo byāpādo tibbo manopadoso tibbaṃ vadhakacittaṃ. Mātupi puttamhi puttassapi mātari; pitupi puttamhi puttassapi pitari; bhātupi bhaginiyā bhaginiyāpi bhātari tibbo āghāto paccupaṭṭhito bhavissati tibbo byāpādo tibbo manopadoso tibbaṃ vadhakacittaṃ.
104诸比丘,在人类寿命只有十岁的时候,将会出现为期七天的‘刀兵劫’。那时他们会将彼此视为野兽,锋利刀器将出现在他们手中,他们便用这锋利刀器互相夺命,喊道:‘这是野兽!这是野兽!’
‘‘Dasavassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu sattāhaṃ satthantarakappo bhavissati. Te aññamaññamhi migasaññaṃ paṭilabhissanti. Tesaṃ tiṇhāni satthāni hatthesu pātubhavissanti. Te tiṇhena satthena ‘esa migo esa migo’ti aññamaññaṃ jīvitā voropessanti.
诸比丘,那时,那些众生中有一部分会这样想:‘我们不要杀害任何人,也不要被任何人杀害。我们何不躲进茂密的草丛、密林、树丛、险阻的河岸,或者崎岖的山地,以林中的根果为食而活命呢?’于是,他们就躲进茂密的草丛、密林、树丛、险阻的河岸和崎岖的山地,以林中的根果为食,度过七日。七日过后,他们从那些草丛、密林、树丛、险阻的河岸和崎岖的山地中走出,彼此拥抱,聚集一处,齐声高呼:‘怨敌啊,你们还活着!怨敌啊,你们还活着!’
‘‘Atha kho tesaṃ, bhikkhave, sattānaṃ ekaccānaṃ evaṃ bhavissati – ‘mā ca mayaṃ kañci , mā ca amhe koci, yaṃnūna mayaṃ tiṇagahanaṃ vā vanagahanaṃ vā rukkhagahanaṃ vā nadīviduggaṃ vā pabbatavisamaṃ vā pavisitvā vanamūlaphalāhārā yāpeyyāmā’ti. Te tiṇagahanaṃ vā vanagahanaṃ vā rukkhagahanaṃ vā nadīviduggaṃ vā pabbatavisamaṃ vā pavisitvā sattāhaṃ vanamūlaphalāhārā yāpessanti. Te tassa sattāhassa accayena tiṇagahanā vanagahanā rukkhagahanā nadīviduggā pabbatavisamā nikkhamitvā aññamaññaṃ āliṅgitvā sabhāgāyissanti samassāsissanti – ‘diṭṭhā, bho, sattā jīvasi, diṭṭhā, bho, sattā jīvasī’ti.
寿命、容貌等增长之说
Āyuvaṇṇādivaḍḍhanakathā
105诸比丘,那时,那些众生心中会这样想:‘我们正是由于受持不善法的缘故,才遭遇了如此广泛的亲族灭绝。来,让我们行善吧。我们应行怎样的善呢?来,让我们远离杀生,受持并依这个善法而住吧。’于是,他们便远离杀生,受持并依这个善法而住。正是由于受持善法的缘故,他们的寿命将会增长,容貌亦将增长。当这些寿命与容貌都在增长的人们,其寿命原本为十岁时,他们的子孙将会拥有二十岁的寿命。
‘‘Atha kho tesaṃ, bhikkhave, sattānaṃ evaṃ bhavissati – ‘mayaṃ kho akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ samādānahetu evarūpaṃ āyataṃ ñātikkhayaṃ pattā. Yaṃnūna mayaṃ kusalaṃ kareyyāma. Kiṃ kusalaṃ kareyyāma? Yaṃnūna mayaṃ pāṇātipātā virameyyāma, idaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ samādāya vatteyyāmā’ti. Te pāṇātipātā viramissanti, idaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ samādāya vattissanti. Te kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ samādānahetu āyunāpi vaḍḍhissanti, vaṇṇenapi vaḍḍhissanti . Tesaṃ āyunāpi vaḍḍhamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi vaḍḍhamānānaṃ dasavassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ vīsativassāyukā puttā bhavissanti.
那时,诸比丘,那些众生心中这样想:‘我们因受持善法,寿命得以增长,容貌得以改善。何不更精进地修习善法?应修习何种善法呢?何不远离不与取……远离欲邪行……远离妄语……远离离间语……远离粗恶语……远离杂秽语……断除贪欲……断除瞋恚……断除邪见……断除三种法——非法的贪求、不公的欲求、邪曲之法……何不成为孝敬母亲、孝敬父亲、尊敬沙门、尊敬婆罗门、恭敬家中长者的人呢?’ 他们便如此受持这些善法,成为孝敬母亲、孝敬父亲、尊敬沙门、尊敬婆罗门、恭敬家中长者的人,依此善法而安住生活。
‘‘Atha kho tesaṃ, bhikkhave, sattānaṃ evaṃ bhavissati – ‘mayaṃ kho kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ samādānahetu āyunāpi vaḍḍhāma, vaṇṇenapi vaḍḍhāma. Yaṃnūna mayaṃ bhiyyosomattāya kusalaṃ kareyyāma. Kiṃ kusalaṃ kareyyāma? Yaṃnūna mayaṃ adinnādānā virameyyāma… kāmesumicchācārā virameyyāma… musāvādā virameyyāma… pisuṇāya vācāya virameyyāma… pharusāya vācāya virameyyāma… samphappalāpā virameyyāma… abhijjhaṃ pajaheyyāma… byāpādaṃ pajaheyyāma… micchādiṭṭhiṃ pajaheyyāma… tayo dhamme pajaheyyāma – adhammarāgaṃ visamalobhaṃ micchādhammaṃ… yaṃnūna mayaṃ matteyyā assāma petteyyā sāmaññā brahmaññā kule jeṭṭhāpacāyino, idaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ samādāya vatteyyāmā’ti. Te matteyyā bhavissanti petteyyā sāmaññā brahmaññā kule jeṭṭhāpacāyino, idaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ samādāya vattissanti.
由于受持了这些善法,他们的寿命便会增长,容貌也会变得端严。随着他们的寿命渐渐增长、容貌渐渐端严,那些寿量二十岁的人,所生的孩子将有四十岁的寿量;寿量四十岁的人,所生的孩子将有八十岁的寿量;寿量八十岁的人,所生的孩子将有一百六十岁的寿量;寿量一百六十岁的人,所生的孩子将有三百二十岁的寿量;寿量三百二十岁的人,所生的孩子将有六百四十岁的寿量;寿量六百四十岁的人,所生的孩子将有二千岁的寿量;寿量二千岁的人,所生的孩子将有四千岁的寿量;寿量四千岁的人,所生的孩子将有八千岁的寿量;寿量八千岁的人,所生的孩子将有二万岁的寿量;寿量二万岁的人,所生的孩子将有四万岁的寿量;寿量四万岁的人,所生的孩子将有八万岁的寿量。诸比丘,当人类的寿量达到八万岁时,五百岁的少女便到了适婚的年龄。
‘‘Te kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ samādānahetu āyunāpi vaḍḍhissanti, vaṇṇenapi vaḍḍhissanti. Tesaṃ āyunāpi vaḍḍhamānānaṃ vaṇṇenapi vaḍḍhamānānaṃ vīsativassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ cattārīsavassāyukā puttā bhavissanti… cattārīsavassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ asītivassāyukā puttā bhavissanti… asītivassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ saṭṭhivassasatāyukā puttā bhavissanti… saṭṭhivassasatāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ vīsatitivassasatāyukā puttā bhavissanti… vīsatitivassasatāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ cattārīsachabbassasatāyukā puttā bhavissanti. Cattārīsachabbassasatāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ dvevassasahassāyukā puttā bhavissanti… dvevassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ cattārivassasahassāyukā puttā bhavissanti… cattārivassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ aṭṭhavassasahassāyukā puttā bhavissanti… aṭṭhavassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ vīsativassasahassāyukā puttā bhavissanti… vīsativassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ cattārīsavassasahassāyukā puttā bhavissanti… cattārīsavassasahassāyukānaṃ manussānaṃ asītivassasahassāyukā puttā bhavissanti… asītivassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu pañcavassasatikā kumārikā alaṃpateyyā bhavissanti.
桑卡王出世
Saṅkharājauppatti
106诸比丘,当人寿八万岁时,将只有三种病:贪欲、饥饿与衰老。诸比丘,当人寿八万岁时,此赡部洲洲将富饶繁荣,村落、城镇与王都之间,近如雄鸡振翅可至。诸比丘,当人寿八万岁时,此赡部洲洲将遍布人群,拥挤如竹林或芦苇丛一般。诸比丘,当人寿八万岁时,波罗奈城将成为王都,名为翅头末,它富足繁荣,人口众多,人烟稠密,物产丰饶。诸比丘,当人寿八万岁时,于此赡部洲洲中,将有八万四千座城市,以王都翅头末为首。诸比丘,当人寿八万岁时,翅头末王都中将出现一位名为桑卡的国王。他是转轮王,是依正法而治的法王,已征服四方,国土安稳,具足七宝。他将拥有这七种宝,即:轮宝、象宝、马宝、珠宝、女宝、居士宝,及第七种,将军宝。他还有逾千子嗣,个个是英勇的战士,相貌端严,能摧破敌军。他将不依刀杖,而以正法征服这片以海为界的土地,并安隐而住。
‘‘Asītivassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu tayo ābādhā bhavissanti, icchā, anasanaṃ, jarā. Asītivassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu ayaṃ jambudīpo iddho ceva bhavissati phīto ca, kukkuṭasampātikā gāmanigamarājadhāniyo . Asītivassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu ayaṃ jambudīpo avīci maññe phuṭo bhavissati manussehi, seyyathāpi naḷavanaṃ vā saravanaṃ vā. Asītivassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu ayaṃ bārāṇasī ketumatī nāma rājadhānī bhavissati iddhā ceva phītā ca bahujanā ca ākiṇṇamanussā ca subhikkhā ca. Asītivassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu imasmiṃ jambudīpe caturāsītinagarasahassāni bhavissanti ketumatīrājadhānīpamukhāni. Asītivassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu ketumatiyā rājadhāniyā saṅkho nāma rājā uppajjissati cakkavattī dhammiko dhammarājā cāturanto vijitāvī janapadatthāvariyappatto sattaratanasamannāgato. Tassimāni satta ratanāni bhavissanti, seyyathidaṃ, cakkaratanaṃ hatthiratanaṃ assaratanaṃ maṇiratanaṃ itthiratanaṃ gahapatiratanaṃ pariṇāyakaratanameva sattamaṃ. Parosahassaṃ kho panassa puttā bhavissanti sūrā vīraṅgarūpā parasenappamaddanā. So imaṃ pathaviṃ sāgarapariyantaṃ adaṇḍena asatthena dhammena abhivijiya ajjhāvasissati.
弥勒佛陀出世
Metteyyabuddhuppādo
107“诸比丘,于人类寿命八万岁时,将有名为弥勒的世尊出现于世,彼是阿拉汉、正自觉者、明行具足、善逝、世间解、无上调御丈夫、天人师、佛陀、世尊。恰如我今日出现于世,为阿拉汉、正自觉者、明行具足、善逝、世间解、无上调御丈夫、天人师、佛陀、世尊。他将亲自证悟此包含天界、魔界与梵天界,含纳沙门、婆罗门、天人众生的世界,并开示宣说;正如我今日亲证后,开示宣说此包含天界、魔界与梵天界,含纳沙门、婆罗门、天人众生的世界。他将教导初善、中善、后善,义理具足、文句具足之法,宣示完全圆满、清净的梵行;正如我今日教导初善、中善、后善,义理具足、文句具足之法,宣示完全圆满、清净的梵行。他将统领数千比丘之僧团,亦如我今日统领数百比丘之僧团。”
‘‘Asītivassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu metteyyo nāma bhagavā loke uppajjissati arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā. Seyyathāpāhametarahi loke uppanno arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā. So imaṃ lokaṃ sadevakaṃ samārakaṃ sabrahmakaṃ sassamaṇabrāhmaṇiṃ pajaṃ sadevamanussaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedessati, seyyathāpāhametarahi imaṃ lokaṃ sadevakaṃ samārakaṃ sabrahmakaṃ sassamaṇabrāhmaṇiṃ pajaṃ sadevamanussaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedemi. So dhammaṃ desessati ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāsessati; seyyathāpāhametarahi dhammaṃ desemi ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāsemi. So anekasahassaṃ bhikkhusaṃghaṃ pariharissati, seyyathāpāhametarahi anekasataṃ bhikkhusaṃghaṃ pariharāmi.
108那时,诸比丘,名为桑卡的国王将竖起那根由马哈巴那达王所造的柱子,并居住在那里。之后,他会将此柱施舍、弃舍,并向沙门、婆罗门、穷人、流浪者与乞者广行布施。接着,他将在弥勒世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者的座前剃除须发,披上袈裟,从在家生活出家,步入无家的修行。出家之后,他将独自隐退,不放逸、热忱、意志坚定地修行,不久便会在现法中,以自身智慧证悟并安住于那善男子由在家而出家所追求的、无上的梵行究竟。
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, saṅkho nāma rājā yo so yūpo raññā mahāpanādena kārāpito. Taṃ yūpaṃ ussāpetvā ajjhāvasitvā taṃ datvā vissajjitvā samaṇabrāhmaṇakapaṇaddhikavaṇibbakayācakānaṃ dānaṃ datvā metteyyassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa santike kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajissati. So evaṃ pabbajito samāno eko vūpakaṭṭho appamatto ātāpī pahitatto viharanto nacirasseva yassatthāya kulaputtā sammadeva agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajanti, tadanuttaraṃ brahmacariyapariyosānaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharissati.
109“诸比丘,你们应当以自己为岛屿、以自己为皈依而住,不以他人为皈依;应当以法为岛屿、以法为皈依而住,不以他人为皈依。诸比丘,比丘如何能以自己为岛屿、以自己为皈依而住,不以他人为皈依;以法为岛屿、以法为皈依而住,不以他人为皈依呢?诸比丘,在此,比丘于身,随观身而住,精勤、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼;于诸受,随观受而住,精勤、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼;于心,随观心而住,精勤、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼;于诸法,随观法而住,精勤、正知、具念,调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼。诸比丘,比丘正是这样,以自己为岛屿、以自己为皈依而住,不以他人为皈依;以法为岛屿、以法为皈依而住,不以他人为皈依。”
‘‘Attadīpā, bhikkhave, viharatha attasaraṇā anaññasaraṇā, dhammadīpā dhammasaraṇā anaññasaraṇā. Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu attadīpo viharati attasaraṇo anaññasaraṇo dhammadīpo dhammasaraṇo anaññasaraṇo? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ. Vedanāsu vedanānupassī…pe… citte cittānupassī…pe… dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu attadīpo viharati attasaraṇo anaññasaraṇo dhammadīpo dhammasaraṇo anaññasaraṇo.
比丘寿命、容色等增长论
Bhikkhunoāyuvaṇṇādivaḍḍhanakathā
110“诸比丘,你们应当在自己的行境——父辈的领域内游走。诸比丘,若在自己的行境、父辈的领域内游走,你们的寿命便会增长,容貌便会增长,快乐便会增长,财富便会增长,力量也会增长。”
‘‘Gocare, bhikkhave, caratha sake pettike visaye. Gocare, bhikkhave, carantā sake pettike visaye āyunāpi vaḍḍhissatha, vaṇṇenapi vaḍḍhissatha, sukhenapi vaḍḍhissatha, bhogenapi vaḍḍhissatha, balenapi vaḍḍhissatha.
“诸比丘,什么是比丘的寿命?在此,比丘修习由欲、定、勤励、造作所共同成就的神足;修习由精进、定、勤励、造作所共同成就的神足;修习由心、定、勤励、造作所共同成就的神足;修习由观、定、勤励、造作所共同成就的神足。他如此修习、多修这四种神足,若他希望,便能住世一劫,或超过一劫。诸比丘,这就是比丘的寿命。”
‘‘Kiñca , bhikkhave, bhikkhuno āyusmiṃ? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu chandasamādhipadhānasaṅkhārasamannāgataṃ iddhipādaṃ bhāveti, vīriyasamādhipadhānasaṅkhārasamannāgataṃ iddhipādaṃ bhāveti, cittasamādhipadhānasaṅkhārasamannāgataṃ iddhipādaṃ bhāveti, vīmaṃsāsamādhipadhānasaṅkhārasamannāgataṃ iddhipādaṃ bhāveti. So imesaṃ catunnaṃ iddhipādānaṃ bhāvitattā bahulīkatattā ākaṅkhamāno kappaṃ vā tiṭṭheyya kappāvasesaṃ vā. Idaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno āyusmiṃ.
“诸比丘,什么是比丘的庄严?在此,比丘具足戒行,以巴帝摩卡律仪防护而住,行处与正行圆满具足,于微细过失亦见怖畏,受持诸学处而修学。诸比丘,这就是比丘的庄严。”
‘‘Kiñca, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno vaṇṇasmiṃ? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sīlavā hoti, pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto viharati ācāragocarasampanno, aṇumattesu vajjesu bhayadassāvī, samādāya sikkhati sikkhāpadesu. Idaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno vaṇṇasmiṃ.
诸比丘,什么是比丘的乐?在此,比丘远离欲乐,远离不善法,有寻有伺,由远离而生喜乐,进入并安住于初禅。以寻伺的止息……进入并安住于第二禅……第三禅……第四禅。诸比丘,这就是比丘的乐。
‘‘Kiñca, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno sukhasmiṃ? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā…pe… dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ…pe… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ…pe… catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. Idaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno, sukhasmiṃ.
诸比丘,什么是比丘的财富呢?比丘以慈俱之心遍满一方而住,如是第二方,如是第三方,如是第四方。同样,向上、向下、横向,遍及一切处,含摄一切世界,他以广大、崇高、无量、无怨恨、无恼害的慈俱之心遍满而住。以悲俱之心遍满一方而住,如是第二方,如是第三方,如是第四方。同样,向上、向下、横向,遍及一切处,含摄一切世界,他以广大、崇高、无量、无怨恨、无恼害的悲俱之心遍满而住。以喜俱之心遍满一方而住,如是第二方,如是第三方,如是第四方。同样,向上、向下、横向,遍及一切处,含摄一切世界,他以广大、崇高、无量、无怨恨、无恼害的喜俱之心遍满而住。以舍俱之心遍满一方而住,如是第二方,如是第三方,如是第四方。同样,向上、向下、横向,遍及一切处,含摄一切世界,他以广大、崇高、无量、无怨恨、无恼害的舍俱之心遍满而住。诸比丘,这就是比丘的财富。
‘‘Kiñca, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno bhogasmiṃ? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu mettāsahagatena cetasā ekaṃ disaṃ pharitvā viharati tathā dutiyaṃ. Tathā tatiyaṃ. Tathā catutthaṃ. Iti uddhamadho tiriyaṃ sabbadhi sabbattatāya sabbāvantaṃ lokaṃ mettāsahagatena cetasā vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena averena abyāpajjena pharitvā viharati. Karuṇāsahagatena cetasā…pe… muditāsahagatena cetasā…pe… upekkhāsahagatena cetasā ekaṃ disaṃ pharitvā viharati. Tathā dutiyaṃ. Tathā tatiyaṃ. Tathā catutthaṃ. Iti uddhamadho tiriyaṃ sabbadhi sabbattatāya sabbāvantaṃ lokaṃ upekkhāsahagatena cetasā vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena averena abyāpajjena pharitvā viharati. Idaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno bhogasmiṃ.
“诸比丘,什么是比丘的力量呢?比丘由烦恼的灭尽,于现法中,以自智证知、现证无漏的心解脱与慧解脱,具足而住。诸比丘,这就是比丘的力量。”
‘‘Kiñca , bhikkhave, bhikkhuno balasmiṃ? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu āsavānaṃ khayā anāsavaṃ cetovimuttiṃ paññāvimuttiṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja viharati. Idaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno balasmiṃ.
诸比丘,我不见有其他任何一种力量能像魔罗的力量这般难以摧伏。诸比丘,由于受持诸善法,这福德便如此增长。世尊这样说了。那些比丘心满意悦,欢喜世尊之所说。
‘‘Nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, aññaṃ ekabalampi samanupassāmi yaṃ evaṃ duppasahaṃ, yathayidaṃ, bhikkhave, mārabalaṃ. Kusalānaṃ , bhikkhave, dhammānaṃ samādānahetu evamidaṃ puññaṃ pavaḍḍhatī’’ti. Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 说法者 |
| bhikkhū | 诸比丘 | 闻法者 |
| Daḷhanemi | 坚辋 | 初位转轮圣王(经中名 Dalhanemi) |
| khattiyo muddhābhisitto | 灌顶刹帝利王 | 转轮王子,继位王 |
| rājisi | 王仙 | 即出家后的达喇哈内弥王 |
| Saṅkha | 桑卡王 | 未来于弥勒佛世出家的国王 |
| Metteyya | 弥勒 | 未来佛 |
事件
世尊教诫比丘应以自己与法为岛屿。随后,他讲述了过去转轮圣王达喇哈内弥及其后代的故事。当一任国王只凭己意治国,忘记给穷人财富时,社会开始堕落,偷盗滋生。
随着恶行蔓延,人间寿命、容貌逐渐衰减,直至人心全然败坏,经历刀兵劫。最终,幸存者开始反省持戒,人间福德增长,寿命回升至八万岁,弥勒佛出世,国王桑卡将出家证果,世尊以此开示修行根本在于法。
经文摘要
以自为岛的法随观(A) → 转轮王依圣法治世与忘失圣法导致人间堕落、回升的轮回历史(B) → 归结于未来弥勒佛出世与比丘修行真义(C)。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:国王不给钱,世界就会变坏?
这经用一个宏大的历史循环故事,讲透了社会道德如何崩盘,又如何重建。开头看似在讲国王治国,其实在讲人心与“法”的关联。转轮圣王统治靠的不是武力,而是“圣转轮王之行”——向穷苦人布施财物、向修行人请教善恶、用五戒守护众生。这一切的崩塌,就是从一位国王“没让贫穷者获得财富”开始的。一个人因为穷去偷盗,国王不是惩罚他,而是再给他钱,结果所有人都效仿偷盗。这时,国王才开始动用刑罚,但为时已晚,人心已滑向算计与暴力。
2. 核心:十岁寿命的警示,不是预言,是逻辑链
经由偷盗开始,妄语、两舌、邪淫、贪嗔痴依次爆发,人类寿命从八万岁一路跌破十岁。经文用一套清晰的因果链讲这个堕落过程:“由于这些恶不善法盛行,人寿衰减、容色衰减。” 到了十岁时期,人与人见面像野兽相遇,互相残杀,七天刀兵劫的惨状,就是对“失法”最极端的警示。
但希望也在这里诞生。少数人在刀兵劫中躲进山林,活下来后互相约定:“我只见过活着的,没见过死去的,我们从此行善吧?” 他们从“不杀生”这一个念头开始,重新建立道德。经文说得很清楚:“他们以身行善,以语行善,以意行善,由此福德增长,寿命与容色才逐步恢复到八万岁。”
「→ 拆开看:」道德不是来自惩罚,而是源自内心的“摄受诸善法”。社会堕落的起点是割裂了“法”与“利”,而恢复的起点是回归对生命的尊重。经文用千年为单位的轮回,事实上在说:众生的苦乐与寿命,完全是自业所感,根源在于是否依“法”而住。
3. 要旨:比丘的“财宝”与魔罗的力量
在讲完大历史的轮回后,佛收回话头,告诉比丘们:你们的“财富”不是黄金,是慈、悲、喜、舍四无量心;你们的“力量”是漏尽解脱。最后一句点题:“我不见有其他任何一种力量如此难以战胜,如魔的力量。” 魔的力量就是让人忘记“以自己为岛、以法为岛”,而陷入外在财富与刑罚治国的迷思。
「→ 一句话要旨:」 外求的王权与社会福利无法根除苦难,唯有每一个人都“在自己的行境中行走”,修习戒、定、慧、四无量心,才能从内部斩断堕落的链条。
关键术语锚
- dhamma→法:本篇的“法”含义极广,既要指“教法/真理”(以法为岛),又要指“社会正义/准则”(如法法王),还在最后等同于“善法”的戒与德行。极易混淆其超越性与社会性之双重含义。
- gocara→行境/领域:字面为牛吃草的牧场,这里译为“行境”。指比丘应当活动的范畴,即念处的对象。经文强调在自己的“行境”行走,魔罗就没有机会。它不是地理范围,是心与法的相应范围。
- cakkavatti→转轮王:字面是“轮宝转动者”。本篇的关键是区分以其七宝、五戒治世的“圣转轮王之行”,与后来失法后仅凭己意或以刑罚治国的“灌顶刹帝利”。前者依“法”,后者依“我”。
- saraṇa→岛/归依:经文开篇与结尾反复出现“以自己为岛,以自己为归依”。这里的“岛”不是寻求外在庇护,而是指在法上自力、自证的那个安全处所,呼应四念处的实修。
- vedanā→受:出现在开篇与结尾的“于诸受随观受”。本篇未展开论受,但作为四念处的一支,它是打破人间“乐受染着、苦受嗔恚”循环那个关键觉知锚点。