10. 弊宿经
10. Pāyāsisuttaṃ
406如是我闻:一时,具寿童子迦叶在憍萨罗国游化,与大比丘僧团——约五百位比丘同行,来到一个名为设头城的憍萨罗城镇。具寿童子迦叶便住在设头城北边的尸舍婆林中。那时,弊宿王子正住在设头城;那里是憍萨罗国波斯匿王赐予的王室领地、梵赐之地,青草、薪材、水源丰足,谷物充盈。
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ āyasmā kumārakassapo kosalesu cārikaṃ caramāno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ pañcamattehi bhikkhusatehi yena setabyā nāma kosalānaṃ nagaraṃ tadavasari. Tatra sudaṃ āyasmā kumārakassapo setabyāyaṃ viharati uttarena setabyaṃ siṃsapāvane . Tena kho pana samayena pāyāsi rājañño setabyaṃ ajjhāvasati sattussadaṃ satiṇakaṭṭhodakaṃ sadhaññaṃ rājabhoggaṃ raññā pasenadinā kosalena dinnaṃ rājadāyaṃ brahmadeyyaṃ.
弊宿王族事
Pāyāsirājaññavatthu
407那时,弊宿王子心中生起了这样的邪见:“没有他世,没有化生之众生,也没有善行恶业的果报。”设头城的婆罗门和居士们听闻:“沙门童子迦叶——乔达摩尊者的弟子,正与约五百位比丘一起在拘萨罗国游方,现已抵达设头城,住在城北的辛沙巴林中。关于那位尊者童子迦叶,传扬着这样的美名:‘他贤明、通达、具足智慧、博学多闻、善于言辞、辩才无碍,是一位年高德劭的圣者。’去见这样的圣者,实在是善哉。”于是,设头城的婆罗门和居士们便成群结队地出了设头城,朝北面的辛沙巴林走去。
Tena kho pana samayena pāyāsissa rājaññassa evarūpaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ uppannaṃ hoti – ‘‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’ti. Assosuṃ kho setabyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā – ‘‘samaṇo khalu bho kumārakassapo samaṇassa gotamassa sāvako kosalesu cārikaṃ caramāno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ pañcamattehi bhikkhusatehi setabyaṃ anuppatto setabyāyaṃ viharati uttarena setabyaṃ siṃsapāvane. Taṃ kho pana bhavantaṃ kumārakassapaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggato – ‘paṇḍito byatto medhāvī bahussuto cittakathī kalyāṇapaṭibhāno vuddho ceva arahā ca. Sādhu kho pana tathārūpānaṃ arahataṃ dassanaṃ hotī’’’ti. Atha kho setabyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā setabyāya nikkhamitvā saṅghasaṅghī gaṇībhūtā uttarenamukhā gacchanti yena siṃsapāvanaṃ .
408那时,弊宿王子正在高楼上正午休憩。他望见设头城的婆罗门和居士们成群结队地出城,朝北面的辛沙巴林而去,便唤来侍从问道:“侍从官,为何这些设头城的婆罗门和居士们成群结队,朝北面的辛沙巴林去呢?”
Tena kho pana samayena pāyāsi rājañño uparipāsāde divāseyyaṃ upagato hoti. Addasā kho pāyāsi rājañño setabyake brāhmaṇagahapatike setabyāya nikkhamitvā saṅghasaṅghī gaṇībhūte uttarenamukhe gacchante yena siṃsapāvanaṃ , disvā khattaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho, bho khatte, setabyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā setabyāya nikkhamitvā saṅghasaṅghī gaṇībhūtā uttarenamukhā gacchanti yena siṃsapāvana’’nti ?
“大人,有一位沙门童子迦叶,是沙门乔达摩的弟子,与大约五百位比丘一起,在憍萨罗国游方行脚,现已抵达设头城,住在城北的辛沙巴林中。关于那位尊者童子迦叶,流传着这样的好名声:‘他贤明、通达、具足智慧、博学多闻、善于言辞、应答如流,是年高德劭的圣者。’这些人正是去拜访那位尊者童子迦叶。”“那么,侍从官,你去设头城的婆罗门和居士们那里,告诉他们:‘各位,弊宿王子说:请各位稍候,弊宿王子也将前去拜访沙门童子迦叶。’那个沙门童子迦叶,过去总用‘有他世、有化生之众生、有善恶业行的果报’这种说法,去说服那些愚昧无知的婆罗门和居士。侍从官,实际上根本没有他世,没有化生的众生,也没有善恶业行的果报。”“好的,大人。”那位侍从官回应弊宿王子后,便去到婆罗门和居士们那里,对他们说:“各位!弊宿王子说:‘请各位稍候,弊宿王子也将前去拜访沙门童子迦叶。’”
‘‘Atthi kho, bho, samaṇo kumārakassapo, samaṇassa gotamassa sāvako kosalesu cārikaṃ caramāno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ pañcamattehi bhikkhusatehi setabyaṃ anuppatto setabyāyaṃ viharati uttarena setabyaṃ siṃsapāvane. Taṃ kho pana bhavantaṃ kumārakassapaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggato – ‘paṇḍito byatto medhāvī bahussuto cittakathī kalyāṇapaṭibhāno vuddho ceva arahā cā’ti . Tamete bhavantaṃ kumārakassapaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamantī’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi, bho khatte, yena setabyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā tenupasaṅkama; upasaṅkamitvā setabyake brāhmaṇagahapatike evaṃ vadehi – ‘pāyāsi, bho, rājañño evamāha – āgamentu kira bhavanto, pāyāsipi rājañño samaṇaṃ kumārakassapaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamissatī’ti. Purā samaṇo kumārakassapo setabyake brāhmaṇagahapatike bāle abyatte saññāpeti – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’ti. Natthi hi, bho khatte, paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ bho’’ti kho so khattā pāyāsissa rājaññassa paṭissutvā yena setabyakā brāhmaṇagahapatikā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā setabyake brāhmaṇagahapatike etadavoca – ‘‘pāyāsi, bho, rājañño evamāha, āgamentu kira bhavanto, pāyāsipi rājañño samaṇaṃ kumārakassapaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamissatī’’ti.
409于是,弊宿王子便在设头城婆罗门和居士们的簇拥下,前往辛沙巴林拜见尊者童子迦叶。到了之后,与尊者童子迦叶互致问候,共叙亲切有礼的话语后,坐在一旁。那些设头城的婆罗门和居士们,有的向尊者童子迦叶礼敬后坐在一旁;有的与尊者童子迦叶互致问候,叙过亲切有礼的话语后坐在一旁;有的朝着尊者童子迦叶合掌致敬后坐在一旁;有的报上自己的名字和族姓后坐在一旁;有的则默不作声地坐在一旁。
Atha kho pāyāsi rājañño setabyakehi brāhmaṇagahapatikehi parivuto yena siṃsapāvanaṃ yenāyasmā kumārakassapo tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā āyasmatā kumārakassapena saddhiṃ sammodi, sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Setabyakāpi kho brāhmaṇagahapatikā appekacce āyasmantaṃ kumārakassapaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu; appekacce āyasmatā kumārakassapena saddhiṃ sammodiṃsu; sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce yenāyasmā kumārakassapo tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce nāmagottaṃ sāvetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Appekacce tuṇhībhūtā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu.
410弊宿王子坐在一旁,对尊者童子迦叶这样说:“迦叶尊者,我持这样的见解:‘既没有他世,也没有化生的众生,更没有善恶业的果报。’”“王子,我从未见过,也从未听过这样的说法与见解。怎么能说‘既没有他世,也没有化生的众生,更没有善恶业的果报’呢?”
Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho pāyāsi rājañño āyasmantaṃ kumārakassapaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ahañhi, bho kassapa, evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhī – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti. ‘‘Nāhaṃ, rājañña, evaṃvādiṃ evaṃdiṭṭhiṃ addasaṃ vā assosiṃ vā. Kathañhi nāma evaṃ vadeyya – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’ti?
日月譬喻
Candimasūriyaupamā
411“既然如此,王子,我便反问你此事,你就依自己所认同的来回答吧。王子,你认为如何:这日月是在此世界,还是在他世?是天神还是人类?”“迦叶尊者,这日月在他世,不在此世;他们是天神,不是人类。”“王子,仅凭这一层道理,你也应当这样认同:‘确实有他世,有化生的众生,有善恶业的果报。’”
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi, yathā te khameyya, tathā naṃ byākareyyāsi. Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, rājañña, ime candimasūriyā imasmiṃ vā loke parasmiṃ vā, devā vā te manussā vā’’ti? ‘‘Ime, bho kassapa, candimasūriyā parasmiṃ loke, na imasmiṃ; devā te na manussā’’ti. ‘‘Imināpi kho te, rājañña, pariyāyena evaṃ hotu – itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’ti.
412“纵使迦叶尊者这样说,我心中对此事依然持这样的见解:‘确实没有他世,没有化生的众生,也没有善恶业行的果报。’”“王子,你是否有某种理据,使你据此认为:‘确实没有他世,没有化生的众生,也没有善恶业行的果报’呢?”“迦叶尊者,有这样一番道理,使我据此认为:‘确实没有他世,没有化生的众生,也没有善恶业行的果报。’”“那是怎样的道理呢,王子?”“迦叶尊者,我的朋友、同僚、亲戚与血亲,他们杀害生命、偷盗、行邪淫;他们说妄语、两舌、粗恶语、绮语;他们心怀贪婪、瞋恨,持邪见。过了一些时日,他们生了病,痛苦不堪,病势沉重。当我知道‘他们的病已无法痊愈’,我便去到他们那里,对他们说:‘诸位,有些沙门婆罗门持这样的说法、这样的见解:那些杀害生命、偷盗、行邪淫、说妄语、两舌、粗恶语、绮语、心怀贪婪、瞋恨、持邪见的人,在身坏命终之后,会投生到苦界、恶趣、堕处、地狱。诸位正是杀害生命、偷盗、行邪淫、说妄语、两舌、粗恶语、绮语、心怀贪婪、瞋恨、持邪见的人。如果那些沙门婆罗门所言真实,那么诸位在身坏命终之后,就会投生到苦界、恶趣、堕处、地狱。各位,如果你们在身坏命终之后,确实投生到了苦界、恶趣、堕处、地狱,就请回来告知我:“确实有他世,有化生的众生,有善恶业行的果报。”诸位是我信赖、依托的人,你们亲眼所见,便如同我亲眼所见。’他们应允我说:‘好。’然而,他们既没有回来告诉我,也没有差遣使者来。迦叶尊者,这也是一番道理,我据此认为:‘确实没有他世,没有化生的众生,也没有善恶业行的果报。’”
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho evaṃ me ettha hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti. ‘‘Atthi pana, rājañña, pariyāyo, yena te pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti? ‘‘Atthi , bho kassapa, pariyāyo, yena me pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti. ‘‘Yathā kathaṃ viya, rājaññā’’ti? ‘‘Idha me, bho kassapa, mittāmaccā ñātisālohitā pāṇātipātī adinnādāyī kāmesumicchācārī musāvādī pisuṇavācā pharusavācā samphappalāpī abhijjhālū byāpannacittā micchādiṭṭhī. Te aparena samayena ābādhikā honti dukkhitā bāḷhagilānā. Yadāhaṃ jānāmi – ‘na dānime imamhā ābādhā vuṭṭhahissantī’ti tyāhaṃ upasaṅkamitvā evaṃ vadāmi – ‘santi kho, bho, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino – ye te pāṇātipātī adinnādāyī kāmesumicchācārī musāvādī pisuṇavācā pharusavācā samphappalāpī abhijjhālū byāpannacittā micchādiṭṭhī, te kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapajjantī’ti. Bhavanto kho pāṇātipātī adinnādāyī kāmesumicchācārī musāvādī pisuṇavācā pharusavācā samphappalāpī abhijjhālū byāpannacittā micchādiṭṭhī. Sace tesaṃ bhavataṃ samaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ saccaṃ vacanaṃ, bhavanto kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapajjissanti. Sace, bho, kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapajjeyyātha, yena me āgantvā āroceyyātha – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’ti . Bhavanto kho pana me saddhāyikā paccayikā, yaṃ bhavantehi diṭṭhaṃ, yathā sāmaṃ diṭṭhaṃ evametaṃ bhavissatī’ti. Te me ‘sādhū’ti paṭissutvā neva āgantvā ārocenti, na pana dūtaṃ pahiṇanti. Ayampi kho, bho kassapa, pariyāyo, yena me pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
413“那么,王族子弟,我且就此反问于你。你如何作答,可随己意。王族子弟,你以为如何?假如你的手下抓到一名盗贼与罪犯,押来见你,对你说:‘尊者,这是盗贼与罪犯。您要施以何等惩处,便请下令。’你便对他们这样说:‘那么,诸位,将此人用结实的绳索反绑双臂,紧紧捆缚,剃光其头。然后敲着刺耳的鼓,押着他经过一条条街道、一个个广场,从南城门出城,在城南的刑场,砍下他的头。’那些人应声说‘是’之后,便用结实的绳索将此人反绑双臂,紧紧捆缚,剃光其头。然后敲着刺耳的鼓,押着他经过一条条街道、一个个广场,从南城门出城,令他坐在城南的刑场。那位盗贼,在刽子手面前,能这样说道:‘诸位刽子手先生,请稍待片刻。我在某某村或某某镇有一些朋友、同事、亲戚、血亲,容我前往与他们辞别后再回来’吗?还是说,刽子手们根本不待他把这些徒劳无益的话说完,便将他的头砍下来了呢?”
“迦叶尊者,那位盗贼是不可能在刽子手面前说出:‘诸位刽子手先生,请稍待片刻。我在某某村或某某镇有一些朋友、同事、亲戚、血亲,容我前往与他们辞别后再回来。’他话尚未说完,刽子手们便会砍下他的头。”
“王族子弟,一个身为人的盗贼,面对同样身为人的刽子手,尚且不能说:‘诸位刽子手先生,请稍待片刻。我在某某村或某某镇有一些朋友、同事、亲戚、血亲,容我前往与他们辞别后再回来。’更何况你那些杀生、不与取、欲邪行、妄语、两舌、粗恶语、杂秽语、贪婪、心怀嗔恨、持邪见的朋友、同事、亲戚、血亲,身坏命终之后已投生苦界、恶趣、堕处、地狱,他们又怎能在地狱的狱卒面前说:‘诸位狱卒先生,请稍待片刻,容我们前往弊宿王族子弟处告诉他:“确实有他世,有化生众生,有善作恶作诸业的果报”’呢?王族子弟,以此理证,你也应当这样认为:‘确实有他世,有化生众生,有善作恶作诸业的果报。’”
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi. Yathā te khameyya tathā naṃ byākareyyāsi. Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, rājañña, idha te purisā coraṃ āgucāriṃ gahetvā dasseyyuṃ – ‘ayaṃ te, bhante, coro āgucārī; imassa yaṃ icchasi, taṃ daṇḍaṃ paṇehī’ti. Te tvaṃ evaṃ vadeyyāsi – ‘tena hi, bho, imaṃ purisaṃ daḷhāya rajjuyā pacchābāhaṃ gāḷhabandhanaṃ bandhitvā khuramuṇḍaṃ karitvā kharassarena paṇavena rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ parinetvā dakkhiṇena dvārena nikkhamitvā dakkhiṇato nagarassa āghātane sīsaṃ chindathā’ti. Te ‘sādhū’ti paṭissutvā taṃ purisaṃ daḷhāya rajjuyā pacchābāhaṃ gāḷhabandhanaṃ bandhitvā khuramuṇḍaṃ karitvā kharassarena paṇavena rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ parinetvā dakkhiṇena dvārena nikkhamitvā dakkhiṇato nagarassa āghātane nisīdāpeyyuṃ. Labheyya nu kho so coro coraghātesu – ‘āgamentu tāva bhavanto coraghātā, amukasmiṃ me gāme vā nigame vā mittāmaccā ñātisālohitā, yāvāhaṃ tesaṃ uddisitvā āgacchāmī’ti , udāhu vippalapantasseva coraghātā sīsaṃ chindeyyu’’nti? ‘‘Na hi so, bho kassapa, coro labheyya coraghātesu – ‘āgamentu tāva bhavanto coraghātā amukasmiṃ me gāme vā nigame vā mittāmaccā ñātisālohitā, yāvāhaṃ tesaṃ uddisitvā āgacchāmī’ti. Atha kho naṃ vippalapantasseva coraghātā sīsaṃ chindeyyu’’nti. ‘‘So hi nāma, rājañña, coro manusso manussabhūtesu coraghātesu na labhissati – ‘āgamentu tāva bhavanto coraghātā, amukasmiṃ me gāme vā nigame vā mittāmaccā ñātisālohitā, yāvāhaṃ tesaṃ uddisitvā āgacchāmī’ti. Kiṃ pana te mittāmaccā ñātisālohitā pāṇātipātī adinnādāyī kāmesumicchācārī musāvādī pisuṇavācā pharusavācā samphappalāpī abhijjhālū byāpannacittā micchādiṭṭhī, te kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapannā labhissanti nirayapālesu – ‘āgamentu tāva bhavanto nirayapālā, yāva mayaṃ pāyāsissa rājaññassa gantvā ārocema – ‘‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti? Imināpi kho te, rājañña, pariyāyena evaṃ hotu – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
414「尊者迦叶虽如此说,但我对此仍这样想:『确实没有他世,没有化生有情,没有善作恶作诸业的果报。』」
「然而,王族子弟,可有某种方法,让你依此方法而这样想:『确实没有他世,没有化生有情,没有善作恶作诸业的果报』吗?」
「尊者迦叶,有一种方法,使我依此方法而这样想:『确实没有他世,没有化生有情,没有善作恶作诸业的果报。』」
「王族子弟,是怎样的方法呢?」
「尊者迦叶,在这里,我的朋友、同僚、亲戚、血亲,远离杀生、远离不与取、远离欲邪行、远离妄语、远离两舌、远离粗恶语、远离杂秽语,不贪、无嗔恨心、具足正见。过了一些时候,他们生了病,遭受痛苦,患上重病。当我知道『他们此次无法从病中康复』时,我便前往他们那里,这样说:『尊者们,有一些沙门婆罗门持这样的见解、这样的言说:凡是那些远离杀生、远离不与取、远离欲邪行、远离妄语、远离两舌、远离粗恶语、远离杂秽语,不贪、无嗔恨心、具足正见的人,身坏命终之后会投生善趣天界。诸位正是远离杀生、远离不与取、远离欲邪行、远离妄语、远离两舌、远离粗恶语、远离杂秽语,不贪、无嗔恨心、具足正见。如果那些沙门婆罗门所说是真实的,那么诸位身坏命终之后,将投生善趣天界。尊者们,若你们身坏命终后投生善趣天界,请来告诉我:“确实有他世,有化生有情,有善作恶作诸业的果报。”诸位是我所信赖、所依靠的,你们所见的……』」
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho evaṃ me ettha hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’ti. ‘‘Atthi pana, rājañña, pariyāyo yena te pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti? ‘‘Atthi, bho kassapa, pariyāyo, yena me pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti. ‘‘Yathā kathaṃ viya, rājaññā’’ti? ‘‘Idha me, bho kassapa, mittāmaccā ñātisālohitā pāṇātipātā paṭiviratā adinnādānā paṭiviratā kāmesumicchācārā paṭiviratā musāvādā paṭiviratā pisuṇāya vācāya paṭiviratā pharusāya vācāya paṭiviratā samphappalāpā paṭiviratā anabhijjhālū abyāpannacittā sammādiṭṭhī. Te aparena samayena ābādhikā honti dukkhitā bāḷhagilānā. Yadāhaṃ jānāmi – ‘na dānime imamhā ābādhā vuṭṭhahissantī’ti tyāhaṃ upasaṅkamitvā evaṃ vadāmi – ‘santi kho, bho, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino – ye te pāṇātipātā paṭiviratā adinnādānā paṭiviratā kāmesumicchācārā paṭiviratā musāvādā paṭiviratā pisuṇāya vācāya paṭiviratā pharusāya vācāya paṭiviratā samphappalāpā paṭiviratā anabhijjhālū abyāpannacittā sammādiṭṭhī te kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjantīti . Bhavanto kho pāṇātipātā paṭiviratā adinnādānā paṭiviratā kāmesumicchācārā paṭiviratā musāvādā paṭiviratā pisuṇāya vācāya paṭiviratā pharusāya vācāya paṭiviratā samphappalāpā paṭiviratā anabhijjhālū abyāpannacittā sammādiṭṭhī. Sace tesaṃ bhavataṃ samaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ saccaṃ vacanaṃ, bhavanto kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjissanti. Sace, bho, kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjeyyātha, yena me āgantvā āroceyyātha – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’ti. Bhavanto kho pana me saddhāyikā paccayikā, yaṃ bhavantehi diṭṭhaṃ, yathā sāmaṃ diṭṭhaṃ evametaṃ bhavissatī’ti. Te me ‘sādhū’ti paṭissutvā neva āgantvā ārocenti, na pana dūtaṃ pahiṇanti. Ayampi kho, bho kassapa, pariyāyo, yena me pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
粪坑人喻
Gūthakūpapurisaupamā
415那么,王族,我为你作一个譬喻。通过譬喻,有智慧的人便能了知所说之义。王族,譬如有一个人,连头没入粪坑之中。那时你命令众人:‘诸位,将此人从粪坑中拉出来。’他们应声称‘是’,便将那人从粪坑中拉出。你又对他们说:‘诸位,用竹片将此人身上的粪秽刮除,彻底刮净。’他们应声称‘是’,便用竹片将那人身上的粪秽刮除,彻底刮净。你又对他们说:‘诸位,用黄泥涂擦此人的身体,反复涂擦三遍,彻底清净。’他们便用黄泥涂擦那人的身体,反复涂擦三遍,彻底清净。你又对他们说:‘诸位,给此人涂上油,再用细粉为他清洗三遍。’他们便给那人涂上油,再用细粉为他清洗三遍。你又对他们说:‘诸位,为此人梳理须发。’他们便为那人梳理须发。你又对他们说:‘诸位,为此人奉上贵重的花鬘、贵重的香膏、贵重的衣物。’他们便为那人奉上贵重的花鬘、贵重的香膏、贵重的衣物。你又对他们说:‘诸位,让此人登上高楼,以五种欲乐承事他。’他们便让那人登上高楼,以五种欲乐承事他。
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, upamaṃ te karissāmi. Upamāya midhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti. Seyyathāpi, rājañña, puriso gūthakūpe sasīsakaṃ nimuggo assa. Atha tvaṃ purise āṇāpeyyāsi – ‘tena hi, bho, taṃ purisaṃ tamhā gūthakūpā uddharathā’ti. Te ‘sādhū’ti paṭissutvā taṃ purisaṃ tamhā gūthakūpā uddhareyyuṃ. Te tvaṃ evaṃ vadeyyāsi – ‘tena hi, bho, tassa purisassa kāyā veḷupesikāhi gūthaṃ sunimmajjitaṃ nimmajjathā’ti. Te ‘sādhū’ti paṭissutvā tassa purisassa kāyā veḷupesikāhi gūthaṃ sunimmajjitaṃ nimmajjeyyuṃ. Te tvaṃ evaṃ vadeyyāsi – ‘tena hi, bho, tassa purisassa kāyaṃ paṇḍumattikāya tikkhattuṃ subbaṭṭitaṃ ubbaṭṭethā’ti . Te tassa purisassa kāyaṃ paṇḍumattikāya tikkhattuṃ subbaṭṭitaṃ ubbaṭṭeyyuṃ. Te tvaṃ evaṃ vadeyyāsi – ‘tena hi, bho, taṃ purisaṃ telena abbhañjitvā sukhumena cuṇṇena tikkhattuṃ suppadhotaṃ karothā’ti. Te taṃ purisaṃ telena abbhañjitvā sukhumena cuṇṇena tikkhattuṃ suppadhotaṃ kareyyuṃ. Te tvaṃ evaṃ vadeyyāsi – ‘tena hi, bho, tassa purisassa kesamassuṃ kappethā’ti. Te tassa purisassa kesamassuṃ kappeyyuṃ. Te tvaṃ evaṃ vadeyyāsi – ‘tena hi, bho, tassa purisassa mahagghañca mālaṃ mahagghañca vilepanaṃ mahagghāni ca vatthāni upaharathā’ti. Te tassa purisassa mahagghañca mālaṃ mahagghañca vilepanaṃ mahagghāni ca vatthāni upahareyyuṃ. Te tvaṃ evaṃ vadeyyāsi – ‘tena hi, bho, taṃ purisaṃ pāsādaṃ āropetvā pañcakāmaguṇāni upaṭṭhāpethā’ti. Te taṃ purisaṃ pāsādaṃ āropetvā pañcakāmaguṇāni upaṭṭhāpeyyuṃ.
“王族,你意如何?那人已善沐浴,善涂香,剃须理发,佩戴花鬘与饰物,身着白衣,登上楼阁宫殿,具足五种妙欲,正受侍奉,他还会想再浸入那粪坑中吗?”“不会的,迦叶尊者。是何缘故呢?”“迦叶尊者,粪坑不净,即被视为不净;恶臭,即被视为恶臭;可厌,即被视为可厌;可憎,即被视为可憎。”“王族,同样地,人类对天人来说是不净,被视为不净;恶臭,被视为恶臭;可厌,被视为可厌;可憎,被视为可憎。王族,人类的气味在百由旬之外便令天人烦扰不堪。那么,你的朋友、同僚、亲戚、血亲们,离杀生、离不与取、离欲邪行、离妄语、离两舌、离粗恶语、离杂秽语,不贪、心无嗔恨、具足正见,身坏命终后往生善趣天界,他们会来告诉你:‘确实有他世,有化生众生,有善作恶作诸业的果报’吗?王族,以此理证,你也应当这样认为:‘确实有他世,有化生众生,有善作恶作诸业的果报。’”
‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, rājañña, api nu tassa purisassa sunhātassa suvilittassa sukappitakesamassussa āmukkamālābharaṇassa odātavatthavasanassa uparipāsādavaragatassa pañcahi kāmaguṇehi samappitassa samaṅgībhūtassa paricārayamānassa punadeva tasmiṃ gūthakūpe nimujjitukāmatā assā’’ti? ‘‘No hidaṃ, bho kassapa’’. ‘‘Taṃ kissa hetu’’? ‘‘Asuci, bho kassapa, gūthakūpo asuci ceva asucisaṅkhāto ca duggandho ca duggandhasaṅkhāto ca jeguccho ca jegucchasaṅkhāto ca paṭikūlo ca paṭikūlasaṅkhāto cā’’ti. ‘‘Evameva kho, rājañña, manussā devānaṃ asucī ceva asucisaṅkhātā ca, duggandhā ca duggandhasaṅkhātā ca, jegucchā ca jegucchasaṅkhātā ca, paṭikūlā ca paṭikūlasaṅkhātā ca. Yojanasataṃ kho, rājañña, manussagandho deve ubbādhati. Kiṃ pana te mittāmaccā ñātisālohitā pāṇātipātā paṭiviratā adinnādānā paṭiviratā kāmesumicchācārā paṭiviratā musāvādā paṭiviratā pisuṇāya vācāya paṭiviratā pharusāya vācāya paṭiviratā samphappalāpā paṭiviratā anabhijjhālū abyāpannacittā sammādiṭṭhī, kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapannā te āgantvā ārocessanti – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’ti? Imināpi kho te, rājañña, pariyāyena evaṃ hotu – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
416“虽然尊者迦叶这般说,然而我对此仍这样想:‘实在没有他世,没有化生有情,没有善作恶作诸业的果报。’”“王族,有方法证明吗?”“有的,迦叶尊者,有方法……”“王族,是怎样的呢?”“迦叶尊者,这里,我的朋友、同僚、亲戚、血亲们,远离杀生、远离不与取、远离欲邪行、远离妄语、远离谷酒果酒等放逸处,他们后来身患疾病,感受苦痛,病得很重。当我知道他们已不能从这病中康复时,我便去见他们,对他们这样说:‘诸位尊者,有些沙门婆罗门这样说、这样见:那些远离杀生、远离不与取、远离欲邪行、远离妄语、远离谷酒果酒等放逸处者,身坏命终后投生善趣天界,与三十三天众为伴。诸位尊者正是远离杀生、远离不与取、远离欲邪行、远离妄语、远离谷酒果酒等放逸处的人。如果那些沙门婆罗门所言是真实语,那么诸位尊者身坏命终后当投生善趣天界,与三十三天众为伴。尊者,若你们身坏命终后投生善趣天界,与三十三天众为伴,请回来告诉我:“确实有他世,有化生有情,有善作恶作诸业的果报。”诸位尊者是我所信任、所依止的,你们所见,便当如实而见。’他们对我答应‘好的’之后,既不来告知,也不派遣使者。迦叶尊者,这也是方法,以这种方法,我这样想:‘实在没有他世,没有化生有情,没有善作恶作诸业的果报。’”
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho evaṃ me ettha hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti. ‘‘Atthi pana, rājañña, pariyāyo …pe… ‘‘atthi, bho kassapa, pariyāyo…pe… ``yathā kathaṃ viya, rājaññāti? ‘‘Idha me, bho kassapa, mittāmaccā ñātisālohitā pāṇātipātā paṭiviratā adinnādānā paṭiviratā kāmesumicchācārā paṭiviratā musāvādā paṭiviratā surāmerayamajjapamādaṭṭhānā paṭiviratā, te aparena samayena ābādhikā honti dukkhitā bāḷhagilānā. Yadāhaṃ jānāmi – ‘na dānime imamhā ābādhā vuṭṭhahissantī’ti tyāhaṃ upasaṅkamitvā evaṃ vadāmi – ‘santi kho, bho, eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā evaṃvādino evaṃdiṭṭhino – ye te pāṇātipātā paṭiviratā adinnādānā paṭiviratā kāmesumicchācārā paṭiviratā musāvādā paṭiviratā surāmerayamajjapamādaṭṭhānā paṭiviratā, te kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjanti devānaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ sahabyatanti. Bhavanto kho pāṇātipātā paṭiviratā adinnādānā paṭiviratā kāmesumicchācārā paṭiviratā musāvādā paṭiviratā surāmerayamajjapamādaṭṭhānā paṭiviratā. Sace tesaṃ bhavataṃ samaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ saccaṃ vacanaṃ, bhavanto kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjissanti, devānaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ sahabyataṃ. Sace, bho, kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjeyyātha devānaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ sahabyataṃ, yena me āgantvā āroceyyātha – `itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipākoti. Bhavanto kho pana me saddhāyikā paccayikā, yaṃ bhavantehi diṭṭhaṃ, yathā sāmaṃ diṭṭhaṃ evametaṃ bhavissatīti. Te me ‘sādhū’ti paṭissutvā neva āgantvā ārocenti, na pana dūtaṃ pahiṇanti. Ayampi kho, bho kassapa, pariyāyo, yena me pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
三十三天譬喻
Tāvatiṃsadevaupamā
417“那么,王子,就这件事我反过来问你,你尽可依自己所信作答。王子,人间的一百年,只是三十三天的一日一夜;三十个这样的夜晚为一个月,十二个月为一年;以这样的一年计算,三十三天天人的寿命是天寿一千年。你那些远离杀生、远离不与取、远离邪淫、远离妄语、远离饮酒等放逸行为的朋友、同僚、亲属、血亲,在身坏命终之后,投生于善趣、天界,与三十三天的天人为伴。然而,如果他们这样想:‘我们先在天界享受两三天的五欲之乐,然后再去告诉弊宿王子:“确实有他世,有化生众生,有善恶业行的果报。”’他们会来告诉你‘确实有他世,有化生众生,有善恶业行的果报’吗?”“不会的,迦叶尊者。迦叶尊者,我们早就已经死去很久了。可是,是谁告诉迦叶尊者‘有三十三天’或‘三十三天天人的寿命如此之长’的呢?我们实在无法相信迦叶尊者所说的‘有三十三天’或‘三十三天天人的寿命如此之长’。”
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi; yathā te khameyya, tathā naṃ byākareyyāsi. Yaṃ kho pana, rājañña, mānussakaṃ vassasataṃ, devānaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ eso eko rattindivo , tāya rattiyā tiṃsarattiyo māso, tena māsena dvādasamāsiyo saṃvaccharo, tena saṃvaccharena dibbaṃ vassasahassaṃ devānaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ āyuppamāṇaṃ. Ye te mittāmaccā ñātisālohitā pāṇātipātā paṭiviratā adinnādānā paṭiviratā kāmesumicchācārā paṭiviratā musāvādā paṭiviratā surāmerayamajjapamādaṭṭhānā paṭiviratā, te kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapannā devānaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ sahabyataṃ. Sace pana tesaṃ evaṃ bhavissati – ‘yāva mayaṃ dve vā tīṇi vā rattindivā dibbehi pañcahi kāmaguṇehi samappitā samaṅgībhūtā paricārema, atha mayaṃ pāyāsissa rājaññassa gantvā āroceyyāma – ‘‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’ti. Api nu te āgantvā āroceyyuṃ – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti? ‘‘No hidaṃ, bho kassapa. Api hi mayaṃ, bho kassapa, ciraṃ kālaṅkatāpi bhaveyyāma. Ko panetaṃ bhoto kassapassa āroceti – ‘atthi devā tāvatiṃsā’ti vā ‘evaṃdīghāyukā devā tāvatiṃsā’ti vā. Na mayaṃ bhoto kassapassa saddahāma – ‘atthi devā tāvatiṃsā’ti vā ‘evaṃdīghāyukā devā tāvatiṃsā’ti vā’’ti.
418“王子,好比一个生来即盲的人,他看不见黑白色,看不见蓝色,看不见黄色,看不见红色,看不见深红色,看不见平坦与不平坦,看不见星宿,也看不见日月。他会这样说:‘没有黑白色,也没有能看见黑白色的人;没有蓝色,也没有能看见蓝色的人;没有黄色,也没有能看见黄色的人;没有红色,也没有能看见红色的人;没有深红色,也没有能看见深红色的人;没有平坦与不平坦,也没有能看见平坦与不平坦的人;没有星宿,也没有能看见星宿的人;没有日月,也没有能看见日月的人。我对此一无所知,未曾看见,所以这些便不存在。’王子,他这么说,说得对吗?”“不对,尊者迦叶。有黑白色,也有能看见黑白色的人;有蓝色,也有能看见蓝色的人;有黄色,也有能看见黄色的人;有红色,也有能看见红色的人;有深红色,也有能看见深红色的人;有平坦与不平坦,也有能看见平坦与不平坦的人;有星宿,也有能看见星宿的人;有日月,也有能看见日月的人。他所谓‘我对此一无所知,未曾看见,因此这些便不存在’是不对的,尊者迦叶,他说得不正确。”“王子,你正是如此。在我看来,你就如同那生来即盲的人,竟对我说出这样的话。”
‘‘Seyyathāpi, rājañña, jaccandho puriso na passeyya kaṇha – sukkāni rūpāni , na passeyya nīlakāni rūpāni, na passeyya pītakāni rūpāni, na passeyya lohitakāni rūpāni, na passeyya mañjiṭṭhakāni rūpāni, na passeyya samavisamaṃ, na passeyya tārakāni rūpāni, na passeyya candimasūriye. So evaṃ vadeyya – ‘natthi kaṇhasukkāni rūpāni, natthi kaṇhasukkānaṃ rūpānaṃ dassāvī. Natthi nīlakāni rūpāni, natthi nīlakānaṃ rūpānaṃ dassāvī. Natthi pītakāni rūpāni, natthi pītakānaṃ rūpānaṃ dassāvī. Natthi lohitakāni rūpāni, natthi lohitakānaṃ rūpānaṃ dassāvī. Natthi mañjiṭṭhakāni rūpāni, natthi mañjiṭṭhakānaṃ rūpānaṃ dassāvī. Natthi samavisamaṃ, natthi samavisamassa dassāvī. Natthi tārakāni rūpāni, natthi tārakānaṃ rūpānaṃ dassāvī. Natthi candimasūriyā, natthi candimasūriyānaṃ dassāvī. Ahametaṃ na jānāmi, ahametaṃ na passāmi, tasmā taṃ natthī’ti. Sammā nu kho so, rājañña, vadamāno vadeyyā’’ti? ‘‘No hidaṃ, bho kassapa. Atthi kaṇhasukkāni rūpāni, atthi kaṇhasukkānaṃ rūpānaṃ dassāvī. Atthi nīlakāni rūpāni, atthi nīlakānaṃ rūpānaṃ dassāvī…pe… atthi samavisamaṃ, atthi samavisamassa dassāvī. Atthi tārakāni rūpāni, atthi tārakānaṃ rūpānaṃ dassāvī. Atthi candimasūriyā, atthi candimasūriyānaṃ dassāvī. ‘Ahametaṃ na jānāmi, ahametaṃ na passāmi, tasmā taṃ natthī’ti. Na hi so, bho kassapa, sammā vadamāno vadeyyā’’ti. ‘‘Evameva kho tvaṃ, rājañña, jaccandhūpamo maññe paṭibhāsi yaṃ maṃ tvaṃ evaṃ vadesi’’.
“那么,是谁告知尊者迦叶‘有三十三天’或‘三十三天的天人寿命如此长久’呢?我们并不相信尊者迦叶所说的‘有三十三天’或‘三十三天的天人寿命如此长久’。”“王子,他世不能如你所想,用这肉眼去看。王子,那些沙门、婆罗门住在森林、荒野及偏僻的静寂处,在那里不放逸、精勤、坚定地修习,净化了天眼。他们以那超越凡人的清净天眼,看见此世与他世,以及化生的众生。王子,他世应当这样去看,绝不是如你所想,用这肉眼去看。王子,凭这个方法,你也应当这样确信:‘确实有他世,有化生众生,有善恶业行的果报。’”
‘‘Ko panetaṃ bhoto kassapassa āroceti – ‘atthi devā tāvatiṃsā’’ti vā, ‘evaṃdīghāyukā devā tāvatiṃsā’ti vā? Na mayaṃ bhoto kassapassa saddahāma – ‘atthi devā tāvatiṃsā’ti vā ‘evaṃdīghāyukā devā tāvatiṃsā’ti vā’’ti. ‘‘Na kho, rājañña, evaṃ paro loko daṭṭhabbo, yathā tvaṃ maññasi iminā maṃsacakkhunā. Ye kho te rājañña samaṇabrāhmaṇā araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni paṭisevanti , te tattha appamattā ātāpino pahitattā viharantā dibbacakkhuṃ visodhenti. Te dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena imaṃ ceva lokaṃ passanti parañca satte ca opapātike. Evañca kho, rājañña, paro loko daṭṭhabbo; natveva yathā tvaṃ maññasi iminā maṃsacakkhunā. Imināpi kho te, rājañña, pariyāyena evaṃ hotu – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
419“纵然尊者迦叶如此说,我心中仍这样想:‘如此便是没有他世,没有化生众生,没有善作恶行诸业的果报。’”“那么,王子,可有一种法门……确实有的,尊者迦叶,有一种法门……是怎样的呢,王子?”“尊者迦叶,在此世间,我见那些具戒、具诸善法的沙门与婆罗门,他们渴望活命、不愿死亡,希求快乐、厌恶痛苦。我便这样想:‘如果这些具戒、具诸善法的沙门婆罗门确实知道——‘从此处死后,我们必将更好’,那么这些具戒、具诸善法的沙门婆罗门,如今就应当服毒、执刀,或者自缢,或者投崖。正因为他们并不知道——‘从此处死后,我们必将更好’,所以这些具戒、具诸善法的沙门婆罗门才渴望活命、不愿死亡,希求快乐、厌恶痛苦,不杀害自己。’尊者迦叶,这也是一种法门,依此法门,我心中这样想:‘如此便是没有他世,没有化生众生,没有善作恶行诸业的果报。’”
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho evaṃ me ettha hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’ti . ‘‘Atthi pana, rājañña, pariyāyo…pe… atthi, bho kassapa, pariyāyo…pe… yathā kathaṃ viya, rājaññā’’ti? ‘‘Idhāhaṃ, bho kassapa, passāmi samaṇabrāhmaṇe sīlavante kalyāṇadhamme jīvitukāme amaritukāme sukhakāme dukkhapaṭikūle. Tassa mayhaṃ, bho kassapa, evaṃ hoti – sace kho ime bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā sīlavanto kalyāṇadhammā evaṃ jāneyyuṃ – ‘ito no matānaṃ seyyo bhavissatī’ti. Idānime bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā sīlavanto kalyāṇadhammā visaṃ vā khādeyyuṃ, satthaṃ vā āhareyyuṃ, ubbandhitvā vā kālaṅkareyyuṃ, papāte vā papateyyuṃ. Yasmā ca kho ime bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā sīlavanto kalyāṇadhammā na evaṃ jānanti – ‘ito no matānaṃ seyyo bhavissatī’ti, tasmā ime bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā sīlavanto kalyāṇadhammā jīvitukāmā amaritukāmā sukhakāmā dukkhapaṭikūlā attānaṃ na mārenti . Ayampi kho, bho kassapa, pariyāyo, yena me pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
420“「那么,王族,我为你作一个譬喻。有些有智慧的人,通过譬喻便能了知所说的义理。王族,往昔有一位婆罗门,拥有两位妻子。其中一位有个儿子,大约十岁或十二岁;另一位正怀有身孕,临近产期。后来,那位婆罗门去世了。那时,那位学童对母亲的共妻这样说:『夫人,所有这些财富、谷物、银、金,全都是我的,这里没有你的份。夫人,请把我父亲的遗产交出来。』听他这么说,那位婆罗门妇女便对学童说:『孩子,请等我生产。如果生下男孩,他也会有一份;如果生下女孩,她将来也归你受用。』学童第二次对母亲的共妻这样说:『夫人,所有这些财富、谷物、银、金,全都是我的,这里没有你的份。夫人,请把我父亲的遗产交出来。』婆罗门妇女第二次对学童这样说:『孩子,请等我生产。如果生下男孩,他也会有一份;如果生下女孩,她将来也归你受用。』学童第三次对母亲的共妻这样说:『夫人,所有这些财富、谷物、银、金,全都是我的,这里没有你的份。夫人,请把我父亲的遗产交出来。』”
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, upamaṃ te karissāmi. Upamāya midhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, rājañña, aññatarassa brāhmaṇassa dve pajāpatiyo ahesuṃ. Ekissā putto ahosi dasavassuddesiko vā dvādasavassuddesiko vā, ekā gabbhinī upavijaññā. Atha kho so brāhmaṇo kālamakāsi. Atha kho so māṇavako mātusapattiṃ etadavoca – ‘yamidaṃ, bhoti, dhanaṃ vā dhaññaṃ vā rajataṃ vā jātarūpaṃ vā, sabbaṃ taṃ mayhaṃ ; natthi tuyhettha kiñci. Pitu me bhoti, dāyajjaṃ niyyādehī’ti . Evaṃ vutte sā brāhmaṇī taṃ māṇavakaṃ etadavoca – ‘āgamehi tāva, tāta, yāva vijāyāmi. Sace kumārako bhavissati, tassapi ekadeso bhavissati; sace kumārikā bhavissati, sāpi te opabhoggā bhavissatī’ti. Dutiyampi kho so māṇavako mātusapattiṃ etadavoca – ‘yamidaṃ, bhoti, dhanaṃ vā dhaññaṃ vā rajataṃ vā jātarūpaṃ vā, sabbaṃ taṃ mayhaṃ; natthi tuyhettha kiñci. Pitu me, bhoti, dāyajjaṃ niyyādehī’ti. Dutiyampi kho sā brāhmaṇī taṃ māṇavakaṃ etadavoca – ‘āgamehi tāva, tāta, yāva vijāyāmi. Sace kumārako bhavissati, tassapi ekadeso bhavissati; sace kumārikā bhavissati sāpi te opabhoggā bhavissatī’ti. Tatiyampi kho so māṇavako mātusapattiṃ etadavoca – ‘yamidaṃ, bhoti, dhanaṃ vā dhaññaṃ vā rajataṃ vā jātarūpaṃ vā , sabbaṃ taṃ mayhaṃ; natthi tuyhettha kiñci. Pitu me, bhoti, dāyajjaṃ niyyādehī’ti.
“于是,那位婆罗门女拿起刀,走进内室,剖开自己的肚子,心想:『待我生下,管他是男孩还是女孩!』她就这样毁了自己的性命、腹中的胎儿,连同财产一并毁了。正如愚昧无知的人,以错误的方式寻求遗产,而招来衰败与不幸;王族啊,你也是如此,愚昧无知,以错误的方式寻求他世,必将招来衰败与不幸,正如那位愚昧无知、以错误的方式寻求遗产而招来衰败与不幸的婆罗门女一样。王族啊,具戒、具善法的沙门、婆罗门,不会去催熟尚未成熟的果实;他们只会等待它自然成熟。王族啊,具戒、具善法的沙门、婆罗门活在世间,正是智者所需的利益。王族啊,具戒、具善法的沙门、婆罗门住世越是长久,他们所生的福德便越多,所行的便越是为众人带来利益、为众人带来安乐,出于对世间的悲悯,为天与人带来福利、利益与安乐。王族啊,以此理证,你也应当这样认为:‘确实有他世,有化生众生,有善作恶作诸业的果报。’”
‘‘Atha kho sā brāhmaṇī satthaṃ gahetvā ovarakaṃ pavisitvā udaraṃ opādesi – ‘yāva vijāyāmi yadi vā kumārako yadi vā kumārikā’ti. Sā attānaṃ ceva jīvitañca gabbhañca sāpateyyañca vināsesi. Yathā taṃ bālā abyattā anayabyasanaṃ āpannā ayoniso dāyajjaṃ gavesantī, evameva kho tvaṃ, rājañña, bālo abyatto anayabyasanaṃ āpajjissasi ayoniso paralokaṃ gavesanto ; seyyathāpi sā brāhmaṇī bālā abyattā anayabyasanaṃ āpannā ayoniso dāyajjaṃ gavesantī. Na kho, rājañña, samaṇabrāhmaṇā sīlavanto kalyāṇadhammā apakkaṃ paripācenti; api ca paripākaṃ āgamenti. Paṇḍitānaṃ attho hi, rājañña, samaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ sīlavantānaṃ kalyāṇadhammānaṃ jīvitena. Yathā yathā kho, rājañña, samaṇabrāhmaṇā sīlavanto kalyāṇadhammā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ tiṭṭhanti, tathā tathā bahuṃ puññaṃ pasavanti, bahujanahitāya ca paṭipajjanti bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussānaṃ. Imināpi kho te, rājañña, pariyāyena evaṃ hotu – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
421“「尊者迦叶虽然这样说,但我心里仍这么想:『如此,则没有他世,没有化生的众生,没有善作恶作诸业的果报。』」「那么,王族,你可有什么方法……」「有的,尊者迦叶,我有方法……」「是怎样的方法呢,王族?」「尊者迦叶,是这样的:人们捉住盗贼、罪犯后,带到我面前说:『尊主,这是您的盗贼、罪犯,请您施以您想施的惩罚。』我便说:『那么,诸位,把这个人活着放进瓮里,盖上口,用湿皮革捆紧,再厚厚地涂上湿泥,放到炉上,点火。』他们应答『好』之后,便把那个人活着放进瓮里,盖上口,用湿皮革捆紧,再厚厚地涂上湿泥,放到炉上,点火。等我们知道『那人已经死了』,便把瓮从炉上取下,打破它,打开来仔细察看,心想:『或许能看到他的生命离去。』我们却看不到他的生命离去。尊者迦叶,正是借由这个方法,我才有了这样的想法:『如此,则没有他世,没有化生的众生,没有善作恶作诸业的果报。』”
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho evaṃ me ettha hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti. ‘‘Atthi pana, rājañña, pariyāyo…pe… atthi, bho kassapa, pariyāyo…pe… yathā kathaṃ viya, rājaññā’’ti? ‘‘Idha me, bho kassapa, purisā coraṃ āgucāriṃ gahetvā dassenti – ‘ayaṃ te, bhante, coro āgucārī; imassa yaṃ icchasi, taṃ daṇḍaṃ paṇehī’ti. Tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadāmi – ‘tena hi, bho, imaṃ purisaṃ jīvantaṃyeva kumbhiyā pakkhipitvā mukhaṃ pidahitvā allena cammena onandhitvā allāya mattikāya bahalāvalepanaṃ karitvā uddhanaṃ āropetvā aggiṃ dethā’ti. Te me ‘sādhū’ti paṭissutvā taṃ purisaṃ jīvantaṃyeva kumbhiyā pakkhipitvā mukhaṃ pidahitvā allena cammena onandhitvā allāya mattikāya bahalāvalepanaṃ karitvā uddhanaṃ āropetvā aggiṃ denti. Yadā mayaṃ jānāma ‘kālaṅkato so puriso’ti, atha naṃ kumbhiṃ oropetvā ubbhinditvā mukhaṃ vivaritvā saṇikaṃ nillokema – ‘appeva nāmassa jīvaṃ nikkhamantaṃ passeyyāmā’ti. Nevassa mayaṃ jīvaṃ nikkhamantaṃ passāma. Ayampi kho, bho kassapa, pariyāyo, yena me pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
422“那么,王族,我且以此反问你,你依所宜作答便可。王族,你可曾记得,于白昼睡眠时,在梦中得见可爱的园林、可爱的森林、可爱的土地、可爱的莲池吗?”“尊者迦叶,我确曾记得,于白昼睡眠时,在梦中得见可爱的园林、可爱的森林、可爱的土地、可爱的莲池。”“那时,可有驼背女、侏儒女、婢女、少女守护于你吗?”“尊者迦叶,正是如此,那时有驼背女、侏儒女、婢女、少女守护于我。”“她们可曾看见你的生命进入或离去吗?”“未曾,尊者迦叶。”“那么,王族,那些活着的女人,看你活着时尚且不能看见你的生命进入或离去,你又如何能看见已死者的生命进入或离去呢?王族,以此方式,你应当这样思惟:‘如此,实有他世,实有化生众生,实有善行恶行诸业的果报。’”
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi, yathā te khameyya, tathā naṃ byākareyyāsi. Abhijānāsi no tvaṃ, rājañña, divā seyyaṃ upagato supinakaṃ passitā ārāmarāmaṇeyyakaṃ vanarāmaṇeyyakaṃ bhūmirāmaṇeyyakaṃ pokkharaṇīrāmaṇeyyaka’’nti? ‘‘Abhijānāmahaṃ, bho kassapa, divāseyyaṃ upagato supinakaṃ passitā ārāmarāmaṇeyyakaṃ vanarāmaṇeyyakaṃ bhūmirāmaṇeyyakaṃ pokkharaṇīrāmaṇeyyaka’’nti. ‘‘Rakkhanti taṃ tamhi samaye khujjāpi vāmanakāpi velāsikāpi komārikāpī’’ti? ‘‘Evaṃ, bho kassapa, rakkhanti maṃ tamhi samaye khujjāpi vāmanakāpi velāsikāpi komārikāpī’’ti. ‘‘Api nu tā tuyhaṃ jīvaṃ passanti pavisantaṃ vā nikkhamantaṃ vā’’ti? ‘‘No hidaṃ, bho kassapa’’. ‘‘Tā hi nāma, rājañña, tuyhaṃ jīvantassa jīvantiyo jīvaṃ na passissanti pavisantaṃ vā nikkhamantaṃ vā. Kiṃ pana tvaṃ kālaṅkatassa jīvaṃ passissasi pavisantaṃ vā nikkhamantaṃ vā. Imināpi kho te, rājañña, pariyāyena evaṃ hotu – ‘‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
423“尊者迦叶虽如此说,然而我心中仍作此想:‘如此则无有他世,无有化生众生,无有善行恶行诸业的果报。’”“然而,王族,可有一理……(省略)……“尊者迦叶,确有一理……(省略)……王族,此理为何?”“尊者迦叶,在此地,人们逮捕盗贼、罪犯后,将他押到我面前说:‘尊主,这是你的盗贼、罪犯。请对他施加你所欲的惩罚。’我便这样说:‘那么,诸位,将此人活着时过秤,用绳索勒死后,再过一次秤。’他们应允我后,便将那人活着时过秤,用绳索勒死后,再过一次秤。当他活着时,更轻、更柔软、更柔顺。当他死后,则更重、更僵硬、更不柔顺。尊者迦叶,这也是一个理据,我凭此理据而有此想:‘如此则无有他世,无有化生众生,无有善行恶行诸业的果报。’”
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho evaṃ me ettha hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti. ‘‘Atthi pana, rājañña, pariyāyo…pe… ‘‘atthi, bho kassapa, pariyāyo…pe… yathā kathaṃ viya rājaññā’’ti? ‘‘Idha me, bho kassapa, purisā coraṃ āgucāriṃ gahetvā dassenti – ‘ayaṃ te, bhante, coro āgucārī; imassa yaṃ icchasi, taṃ daṇḍaṃ paṇehī’ti. Tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadāmi – ‘tena hi, bho, imaṃ purisaṃ jīvantaṃyeva tulāya tuletvā jiyāya anassāsakaṃ māretvā punadeva tulāya tulethā’ti. Te me ‘sādhū’ti paṭissutvā taṃ purisaṃ jīvantaṃyeva tulāya tuletvā jiyāya anassāsakaṃ māretvā punadeva tulāya tulenti. Yadā so jīvati, tadā lahutaro ca hoti mudutaro ca kammaññataro ca. Yadā pana so kālaṅkato hoti tadā garutaro ca hoti patthinnataro ca akammaññataro ca. Ayampi kho, bho kassapa, pariyāyo, yena me pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
炽热铁丸的譬喻
Santattaayoguḷaupamā
424“那么,王族,我为你作个譬喻。有些有智慧的人,能经由譬喻了知所说的义理。王族,就譬如有人,花了整整一天将铁球烧得炽热、燃烧、炽燃、火光闪耀,然后用秤称重。过了一段时间,再称那个冷却、息灭了的铁球。那个铁球在什么时候更轻、更柔软、更柔顺呢?是在它燃烧、炽燃、火光闪耀的时候,还是在它冷却、息灭了的时候?”
“尊者迦叶,当那铁球与火为伴、与风为伴,燃烧、炽燃、火光闪耀时,那时更轻、更柔软、更柔顺。当那铁球既不与火为伴、也不与风为伴,冷却、息灭了的时候,那时更重、更僵硬、更不柔顺。”
“同样地,王族,当这身体与寿为伴、与暖为伴、与识为伴时,那时更轻、更柔软、更柔顺。当这身体既不与寿为伴、也不与暖为伴、也不与识为伴时,那时更重、更僵硬、更不柔顺。王族,以此方式,你应作这样的思惟:‘如此,确有他世,有化生的众生,有善行恶行诸业的果报。’”
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, upamaṃ te karissāmi. Upamāya midhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti. Seyyathāpi, rājañña, puriso divasaṃ santattaṃ ayoguḷaṃ ādittaṃ sampajjalitaṃ sajotibhūtaṃ tulāya tuleyya. Tamenaṃ aparena samayena sītaṃ nibbutaṃ tulāya tuleyya. Kadā nu kho so ayoguḷo lahutaro vā hoti mudutaro vā kammaññataro vā, yadā vā āditto sampajjalito sajotibhūto, yadā vā sīto nibbuto’’ti? ‘‘Yadā so, bho kassapa, ayoguḷo tejosahagato ca hoti vāyosahagato ca āditto sampajjalito sajotibhūto, tadā lahutaro ca hoti mudutaro ca kammaññataro ca. Yadā pana so ayoguḷo neva tejosahagato hoti na vāyosahagato sīto nibbuto, tadā garutaro ca hoti patthinnataro ca akammaññataro cā’’ti. ‘‘Evameva kho, rājañña, yadāyaṃ kāyo āyusahagato ca hoti usmāsahagato ca viññāṇasahagato ca, tadā lahutaro ca hoti mudutaro ca kammaññataro ca. Yadā panāyaṃ kāyo neva āyusahagato hoti na usmāsahagato na viññāṇasahagato tadā garutaro ca hoti patthinnataro ca akammaññataro ca. Imināpi kho te, rājañña, pariyāyena evaṃ hotu – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
425「尊者迦叶虽然这样说,然而我在此有这样的想法:『如此,没有他世,没有化生的众生,没有善作恶作诸业的果报。』」「然而,王族,有方法……(省略)……有的,尊者迦叶,有方法……(省略)……如何说呢,王族?」「尊者迦叶,在此,人们捉住盗贼罪犯后,带来给我看:『尊主,这是你的盗贼罪犯;请对他施加你想要的惩罚。』我这样说:『那么,诸位,不伤害皮肤、皮革、肉、筋、骨、骨髓,从生命中取出,或许我们能看见他的生命出去。』他们对我说「好的」后,不伤害那个人,剥开皮肤……(省略)……从生命中取出。当他半死时,我这样说:『那么,诸位,将这个人仰面放倒,或许我们能看见他的生命出去。』他们将那个人仰面放倒。我们没有看见他的生命出去。我这样说:『那么,诸位,将这个人俯面放倒……侧面放倒……另一侧面放倒……竖立起来……倒立起来……用手拍打……用石块拍打……用棍子拍打……用刀拍打……摇动、震动、抖动,或许我们能看见他的生命出去。』他们摇动、震动、抖动那个人。我们没有看见他的生命出去。他有同样的眼和那些色,但不感受那个处。他有同样的耳和那些声,但不感受那个处。他有同样的鼻和那些香,但不感受那个处。他有同样的舌和那些味,但不感受那个处。他有同样的身和那些触,但不感受那个处。尊者迦叶,这也是方法,以此方法我有这样的想法:『如此,没有他世,没有化生的众生,没有善作恶作诸业的果报。』」
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho evaṃ me ettha hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti. ‘‘Atthi pana, rājañña, pariyāyo…pe… atthi, bho kassapa, pariyāyo…pe… yathā kathaṃ viya rājaññā’’ti? ‘‘Idha me, bho kassapa, purisā coraṃ āgucāriṃ gahetvā dassenti – ‘ayaṃ te, bhante, coro āgucārī; imassa yaṃ icchasi , taṃ daṇḍaṃ paṇehī’ti. Tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadāmi – ‘tena hi, bho, imaṃ purisaṃ anupahacca chaviñca cammañca maṃsañca nhāruñca aṭṭhiñca aṭṭhimiñjañca jīvitā voropetha, appeva nāmassa jīvaṃ nikkhamantaṃ passeyyāmā’ti. Te me ‘sādhū’ti paṭissutvā taṃ purisaṃ anupahacca chaviñca…pe… jīvitā voropenti. Yadā so āmato hoti, tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadāmi – ‘tena hi, bho, imaṃ purisaṃ uttānaṃ nipātetha, appeva nāmassa jīvaṃ nikkhamantaṃ passeyyāmā’ti. Te taṃ purisaṃ uttānaṃ nipātenti. Nevassa mayaṃ jīvaṃ nikkhamantaṃ passāma. Tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadāmi – ‘tena hi, bho, imaṃ purisaṃ avakujjaṃ nipātetha… passena nipātetha… dutiyena passena nipātetha… uddhaṃ ṭhapetha… omuddhakaṃ ṭhapetha… pāṇinā ākoṭetha… leḍḍunā ākoṭetha… daṇḍena ākoṭetha… satthena ākoṭetha… odhunātha sandhunātha niddhunātha, appeva nāmassa jīvaṃ nikkhamantaṃ passeyyāmā’ti. Te taṃ purisaṃ odhunanti sandhunanti niddhunanti. Nevassa mayaṃ jīvaṃ nikkhamantaṃ passāma. Tassa tadeva cakkhu hoti te rūpā, tañcāyatanaṃ nappaṭisaṃvedeti. Tadeva sotaṃ hoti te saddā, tañcāyatanaṃ nappaṭisaṃvedeti. Tadeva ghānaṃ hoti te gandhā, tañcāyatanaṃ nappaṭisaṃvedeti . Sāva jivhā hoti te rasā, tañcāyatanaṃ nappaṭisaṃvedeti. Sveva kāyo hoti te phoṭṭhabbā, tañcāyatanaṃ nappaṭisaṃvedeti. Ayampi kho, bho kassapa, pariyāyo, yena me pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
吹螺譬喻
Saṅkhadhamaupamā
426“那么,王族,我为你作个譬喻。在此,某些智者能借譬喻了知所说的义理。王族,往昔有一吹螺人,持螺前往边地。他来到一个村落,站在村中心,吹响三次螺,然后将螺放在地上,坐于一旁。那时,王族,那些边地的人们心想:‘这是谁的声音,如此迷人、如此悦意、如此令人陶醉、如此摄心、如此令人沉醉?’他们聚集起来,对那吹螺人说:‘这是谁的声音,如此迷人、如此悦意、如此令人陶醉、如此摄心、如此令人沉醉?’‘诸位,这叫作螺,它的声音正是如此迷人、如此悦意、如此令人陶醉、如此摄心、如此令人沉醉。’他们把那螺仰面倒置,说:‘说吧,螺先生!说吧,螺先生!’螺却默然无声。他们又把它俯面倒置、侧放、另一侧放、竖立、倒立,用手敲打、用石块敲打、用棍棒敲打、用刀敲打,又摇、又振、又抖:‘说吧,螺先生!说吧,螺先生!’螺依然默然无声。”
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, upamaṃ te karissāmi. Upamāya midhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, rājañña, aññataro saṅkhadhamo saṅkhaṃ ādāya paccantimaṃ janapadaṃ agamāsi. So yena aññataro gāmo tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā majjhe gāmassa ṭhito tikkhattuṃ saṅkhaṃ upalāpetvā saṅkhaṃ bhūmiyaṃ nikkhipitvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Atha kho, rājañña, tesaṃ paccantajanapadānaṃ manussānaṃ etadahosi – ‘ambho kassa nu kho eso saddo evaṃrajanīyo evaṃkamanīyo evaṃmadanīyo evaṃbandhanīyo evaṃmucchanīyo’ti. Sannipatitvā taṃ saṅkhadhamaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘ambho, kassa nu kho eso saddo evaṃrajanīyo evaṃkamanīyo evaṃmadanīyo evaṃbandhanīyo evaṃmucchanīyo’ti. ‘Eso kho, bho, saṅkho nāma yasseso saddo evaṃrajanīyo evaṃkamanīyo evaṃmadanīyo evaṃbandhanīyo evaṃmucchanīyo’ti. Te taṃ saṅkhaṃ uttānaṃ nipātesuṃ – ‘vadehi, bho saṅkha, vadehi, bho saṅkhā’ti. Neva so saṅkho saddamakāsi. Te taṃ saṅkhaṃ avakujjaṃ nipātesuṃ, passena nipātesuṃ, dutiyena passena nipātesuṃ, uddhaṃ ṭhapesuṃ, omuddhakaṃ ṭhapesuṃ, pāṇinā ākoṭesuṃ, leḍḍunā ākoṭesuṃ, daṇḍena ākoṭesuṃ, satthena ākoṭesuṃ, odhuniṃsu sandhuniṃsu niddhuniṃsu – ‘vadehi, bho saṅkha, vadehi, bho saṅkhā’ti. Neva so saṅkho saddamakāsi.
“王族,那时,那位吹螺人心中生起这样的念头:“这些边远地区的人何其愚昧!怎会如此不如理地寻求螺号之声呢?”就在众人注视下,他拿起螺号,吹响三声,便带着螺号离去了。王族,那时,那些边远地区的人们才生起这样的念头:“诸位,看来,当这所谓的螺号与人的配合、与努力的配合、与吹出的气息配合时,它便发出声音;而当螺号不与人配合,不与努力配合,不与气息配合时,它便不发出声音。”王族,正是同样道理,当这个身体具足寿命、具足体温、具足心识之时,它便能前进、后退、站立、坐下、躺卧,能以眼观色、以耳闻声、以鼻嗅香、以舌尝味、以身触触、以意了知诸法。然而,当这个身体不具寿命、不具体温、不具心识之时,它便不能前进、后退、站立、坐下、躺卧,不能以眼观色、以耳闻声、以鼻嗅香、以舌尝味、以身触触,也不能以意了知诸法。王族,以此事理,你应当这样思惟:“由此可知,确实有他方世界,有化生众生,有善恶业行的果报。”
‘‘Atha kho, rājañña, tassa saṅkhadhamassa etadahosi – ‘yāva bālā ime paccantajanapadāmanussā, kathañhi nāma ayoniso saṅkhasaddaṃ gavesissantī’ti. Tesaṃ pekkhamānānaṃ saṅkhaṃ gahetvā tikkhattuṃ saṅkhaṃ upalāpetvā saṅkhaṃ ādāya pakkāmi. Atha kho, rājañña, tesaṃ paccantajanapadānaṃ manussānaṃ etadahosi – ‘yadā kira, bho, ayaṃ saṅkho nāma purisasahagato ca hoti vāyāmasahagato ca vāyusahagato ca, tadāyaṃ saṅkho saddaṃ karoti, yadā panāyaṃ saṅkho neva purisasahagato hoti na vāyāmasahagato na vāyusahagato, nāyaṃ saṅkho saddaṃ karotī’ti . Evameva kho, rājañña, yadāyaṃ kāyo āyusahagato ca hoti usmāsahagato ca viññāṇasahagato ca, tadā abhikkamatipi paṭikkamatipi tiṭṭhatipi nisīdatipi seyyampi kappeti, cakkhunāpi rūpaṃ passati, sotenapi saddaṃ suṇāti, ghānenapi gandhaṃ ghāyati, jivhāyapi rasaṃ sāyati, kāyenapi phoṭṭhabbaṃ phusati, manasāpi dhammaṃ vijānāti. Yadā panāyaṃ kāyo neva āyusahagato hoti, na usmāsahagato, na viññāṇasahagato, tadā neva abhikkamati na paṭikkamati na tiṭṭhati na nisīdati na seyyaṃ kappeti, cakkhunāpi rūpaṃ na passati, sotenapi saddaṃ na suṇāti, ghānenapi gandhaṃ na ghāyati, jivhāyapi rasaṃ na sāyati, kāyenapi phoṭṭhabbaṃ na phusati, manasāpi dhammaṃ na vijānāti. Imināpi kho te, rājañña, pariyāyena evaṃ hotu – ‘itipi atthi paro loko, atthi sattā opapātikā, atthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’ti .
427“尊者迦叶虽如此说,我于此仍这样想:‘确实没有他世,没有化生的众生,也没有善作恶所作业的果报。’”“王族子,可有方法……”“尊者迦叶,有方法……”“具体如何呢,王族子?”“尊者迦叶,此处,我的人拿获一个作恶的盗贼后,带来见我说:‘尊主,这是您的盗贼、作恶者,请您依愿施予惩罚。’我便说:‘那么,诸位,剖开这个人的皮肤,或许我们能见到他的命。’他们剖开那人的皮肤,却未见到他的命。我又说:‘那么,诸位,再剖开他的真皮、肉、筋、骨、骨髓,或许我们能见到他的命。’他们剖开骨髓,仍未见到他的命。尊者迦叶,这也是一个方法,即由此方法,我这样想:‘的确没有他世,没有化生的众生,没有善作恶所作业的果报。’”
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho evaṃ me ettha hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti. ‘‘Atthi pana, rājañña, pariyāyo…pe… atthi, bho kassapa, pariyāyo…pe… yathā kathaṃ viya rājaññā’’ti? ‘‘Idha me, bho kassapa, purisā coraṃ āgucāriṃ gahetvā dassenti – ‘ayaṃ te, bhante, coro āgucārī, imassa yaṃ icchasi, taṃ daṇḍaṃ paṇehī’ti. Tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadāmi – ‘tena hi, bho, imassa purisassa chaviṃ chindatha , appeva nāmassa jīvaṃ passeyyāmā’ti. Te tassa purisassa chaviṃ chindanti. Nevassa mayaṃ jīvaṃ passāma. Tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadāmi – ‘tena hi, bho, imassa purisassa cammaṃ chindatha, maṃsaṃ chindatha, nhāruṃ chindatha, aṭṭhiṃ chindatha, aṭṭhimiñjaṃ chindatha, appeva nāmassa jīvaṃ passeyyāmā’ti. Te tassa purisassa aṭṭhimiñjaṃ chindanti, nevassa mayaṃ jīvaṃ passeyyāma. Ayampi kho, bho kassapa, pariyāyo, yena me pariyāyena evaṃ hoti – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti.
拜火结发外道譬喻
Aggikajaṭilaupamā
428那么,王族子,我为你作一个譬喻。以此,某些智者通过譬喻便能了知所说的意义。王族子,往昔有一位拜火的结发外道,住在林野间的叶屋中。王族子,那时,有一商队从地区出发。那商队在那位拜火结发外道的住处附近宿了一夜,随后离去。王族子,那时,那位拜火结发外道心想:'我何不前往那商队的宿营地?或许能在那里获得一些有用之物。'王族子,那时,那位拜火结发外道清晨起来后,前往那商队的宿营地。到了那里,看见商队宿营地中有一个被遗弃的幼婴,正仰面而卧。见此,他心想:'让一个生而为人的婴孩死在我眼前,这对我实在不合适。我何不把这孩子带回住处,养育他、抚育他,令他长大?'王族子,于是,那位拜火结发外道便将那孩子带回住处,养育他、抚育他,令他成长。当那孩子年约十岁或十二岁时,那位拜火结发外道在村落中有一些事务要办。王族子,那时,那位拜火结发外道对那孩子说:'孩子,我想去村落。孩子,你应当照料好火,不要让你的火熄灭。假如火熄灭了,这是钻火棒,这些是木柴,这是钻火器;你重新生起火后,应当照料好它。'王族子,那时,那位拜火结发外道如此教诫那孩子之后,便前往村落。那孩子沉溺于游戏时,火熄灭了。
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, upamaṃ te karissāmi. Upamāya midhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, rājañña, aññataro aggiko jaṭilo araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭiyā sammati . Atha kho, rājañña, aññataro janapade sattho vuṭṭhāsi. Atha kho so sattho tassa aggikassa jaṭilassa assamassa sāmantā ekarattiṃ vasitvā pakkāmi. Atha kho, rājañña, tassa aggikassa jaṭilassa etadahosi – ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ yena so satthavāso tenupasaṅkameyyaṃ, appeva nāmettha kiñci upakaraṇaṃ adhigaccheyya’nti. Atha kho so aggiko jaṭilo kālasseva vuṭṭhāya yena so satthavāso tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā addasa tasmiṃ satthavāse daharaṃ kumāraṃ mandaṃ uttānaseyyakaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ. Disvānassa etadahosi – ‘na kho me taṃ patirūpaṃ yaṃ me pekkhamānassa manussabhūto kālaṅkareyya; yaṃnūnāhaṃ imaṃ dārakaṃ assamaṃ netvā āpādeyyaṃ poseyyaṃ vaḍḍheyya’nti. Atha kho so aggiko jaṭilo taṃ dārakaṃ assamaṃ netvā āpādesi posesi vaḍḍhesi. Yadā so dārako dasavassuddesiko vā hoti dvādasavassuddesiko vā, atha kho tassa aggikassa jaṭilassa janapade kañcideva karaṇīyaṃ uppajji. Atha kho so aggiko jaṭilo taṃ dārakaṃ etadavoca – ‘icchāmahaṃ, tāta, janapadaṃ gantuṃ; aggiṃ, tāta, paricareyyāsi. Mā ca te aggi nibbāyi. Sace ca te aggi nibbāyeyya, ayaṃ vāsī imāni kaṭṭhāni idaṃ araṇisahitaṃ, aggiṃ nibbattetvā aggiṃ paricareyyāsī’ti. Atha kho so aggiko jaṭilo taṃ dārakaṃ evaṃ anusāsitvā janapadaṃ agamāsi. Tassa khiḍḍāpasutassa aggi nibbāyi.
那时,那男孩心里想:‘父亲曾这样对我说:“孩子,你要看护火,不要让火熄灭。如果火灭了,这儿有斧头、有木柴、有取火木燧,你当生起火来看护。”现在,我何不生起火来看护呢。’于是,那男孩用斧头劈那取火木燧,心想:‘或许我能得到火。’但他没有得到火。他把那对取火木燧劈成两半、劈成三半、劈成四半、劈成五半、劈成十半、又劈成百片,再捣成碎屑,放进臼中舂过之后,撒到风中簸扬,心想:‘或许我能得到火。’他仍然没有得到火。
‘‘Atha kho tassa dārakassa etadahosi – ‘pitā kho maṃ evaṃ avaca – ‘‘aggiṃ, tāta, paricareyyāsi. Mā ca te aggi nibbāyi. Sace ca te aggi nibbāyeyya, ayaṃ vāsī imāni kaṭṭhāni idaṃ araṇisahitaṃ, aggiṃ nibbattetvā aggiṃ paricareyyāsī’’ti. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ aggiṃ nibbattetvā aggiṃ paricareyya’nti. Atha kho so dārako araṇisahitaṃ vāsiyā tacchi – ‘appeva nāma aggiṃ adhigaccheyya’nti. Neva so aggiṃ adhigacchi. Araṇisahitaṃ dvidhā phālesi, tidhā phālesi, catudhā phālesi, pañcadhā phālesi, dasadhā phālesi, satadhā phālesi, sakalikaṃ sakalikaṃ akāsi, sakalikaṃ sakalikaṃ karitvā udukkhale koṭṭesi, udukkhale koṭṭetvā mahāvāte opuni – ‘appeva nāma aggiṃ adhigaccheyya’nti. Neva so aggiṃ adhigacchi.
“那时,那位拜火的结发修行者在地方上办完了那件事,便回到自己的净修林。到了之后,他对那个孩子这样说:“孩子,你的火没有熄灭吧?”“父亲,我只顾着玩耍,火熄灭了。当时我心想:‘父亲曾这样对我说:“孩子,你要照管好火。孩子,别让火熄灭。如果你的火熄灭了,这里有这把斧头、这些木柴、这对取火木燧,你就自己生起火来,然后照管好它。”那我何不生起火来照管呢?’父亲啊,于是我就用钻凿去钻磨那对取火木燧,心想:‘说不定能弄出火来。’但我没有弄出火。我又把那对取火木燧劈成两半、劈成三半、劈成四半、劈成五半、劈成十半、劈成百片,弄成碎块;弄成碎块后,又放进臼里去捣;放进臼里捣了之后,又撒向大风中去吹,心想:‘说不定能弄出火来。’我还是没有弄出火。”王族,当时那位拜火的结发修行者心生此念:“这孩子真是多么愚昧、多么无知啊,怎么还会这样不如理地去求火呢!”他便当着这孩子的面,拿起那对取火木燧,生起了火,然后对这个孩子说:“孩子,火是要这样生的。不像你这样,又愚昧又无知,不如理地去求火。”王族,正是同样的道理,你也是这样愚昧无知,不如理地去寻求他世。王族,请你舍弃这邪恶的见解吧,请你舍弃这邪恶的见解吧,别让它为你带来长夜的不利与痛苦。”
‘‘Atha kho so aggiko jaṭilo janapade taṃ karaṇīyaṃ tīretvā yena sako assamo tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā taṃ dārakaṃ etadavoca – ‘kacci te, tāta, aggi na nibbuto’ti? ‘Idha me, tāta, khiḍḍāpasutassa aggi nibbāyi. Tassa me etadahosi – ‘‘pitā kho maṃ evaṃ avaca aggiṃ, tāta, paricareyyāsi. Mā ca te, tāta, aggi nibbāyi. Sace ca te aggi nibbāyeyya, ayaṃ vāsī imāni kaṭṭhāni idaṃ araṇisahitaṃ, aggiṃ nibbattetvā aggiṃ paricareyyāsīti. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ aggiṃ nibbattetvā aggiṃ paricareyya’’nti. Atha khvāhaṃ, tāta, araṇisahitaṃ vāsiyā tacchiṃ – ‘‘appeva nāma aggiṃ adhigaccheyya’’nti. Nevāhaṃ aggiṃ adhigacchiṃ. Araṇisahitaṃ dvidhā phālesiṃ, tidhā phālesiṃ, catudhā phālesiṃ, pañcadhā phālesiṃ, dasadhā phālesiṃ , satadhā phālesiṃ, sakalikaṃ sakalikaṃ akāsiṃ, sakalikaṃ sakalikaṃ karitvā udukkhale koṭṭesiṃ, udukkhale koṭṭetvā mahāvāte opuniṃ – ‘‘appeva nāma aggiṃ adhigaccheyya’’nti. Nevāhaṃ aggiṃ adhigacchi’’’nti. Atha kho tassa aggikassa jaṭilassa etadahosi – ‘yāva bālo ayaṃ dārako abyatto, kathañhi nāma ayoniso aggiṃ gavesissatī’ti. Tassa pekkhamānassa araṇisahitaṃ gahetvā aggiṃ nibbattetvā taṃ dārakaṃ etadavoca – ‘evaṃ kho, tāta, aggi nibbattetabbo. Na tveva yathā tvaṃ bālo abyatto ayoniso aggiṃ gavesī’ti. Evameva kho tvaṃ, rājañña, bālo abyatto ayoniso paralokaṃ gavesissasi. Paṭinissajjetaṃ, rājañña, pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ, paṭinissajjetaṃ, rājañña, pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ, mā te ahosi dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāyā’’ti.
429“迦叶尊者,尽管您这样说,我仍旧无法舍弃此恶邪见。憍萨罗国波斯匿王知道,他国的王也知道——‘弊宿王子持这样的说法、这样的见解:正因如此,没有他世,没有化生之众生,没有善恶诸业的果报。’我若舍弃了此恶邪见,他们便会说:‘弊宿王子多么愚痴、多么无能、执持谬见啊!’我宁可以忿怒护持它,以伪诈护持它,以刚愎护持它。”
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho nevāhaṃ sakkomi idaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ paṭinissajjituṃ. Rājāpi maṃ pasenadi kosalo jānāti tirorājānopi – ‘pāyāsi rājañño evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhī – ‘‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’ti. Sacāhaṃ, bho kassapa, idaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ paṭinissajjissāmi, bhavissanti me vattāro – ‘yāva bālo pāyāsi rājañño abyatto duggahitagāhī’ti. Kopenapi naṃ harissāmi, makkhenapi naṃ harissāmi, palāsenapi naṃ harissāmī’’ti.
两位商主的譬喻
Dve satthavāhaupamā
430“那么,王族子,我将为你作一个譬喻。通过譬喻,有些智者便能领悟所说的义理。从前,王族子,有一支大商队,千辆车子从东方国土前往西方国土。它一路所到之处,草、柴、水、绿叶很快便被耗尽。那支商队中有两位商主,一人带领五百辆车,另一人也带领五百辆车。那时,那两位商主这样想:‘这是一支千辆大商队;我们无论走到哪里,草、柴、水、绿叶都很快被耗尽。何不将这商队分成两支,一边五百辆车,另一边五百辆车呢?’他们便将商队分成两支,一边五百,一边五百。其中一位商主装载了大量草、柴和水,便率领商队出发。商队行走了两三天后,看见一个人:肤色黝黑、双眼赤红,佩带箭袋,戴着睡莲花环,衣衫尽湿,头发滴水,车轮沾满泥浆,驾着一辆美车迎面而来。看见之后,他问道:‘尊者,您从哪里来?’‘从某处国土来。’‘您要往哪里去?’‘往某处国土去。’‘尊者,前方旷野是否降了大雨?’‘是的,尊者,前方旷野降了大雨,道路积满了水,有充足的草、柴和水。尊者们,请丢弃旧的草、柴和水,令车辆轻装快速前行,莫使役畜疲累。’”
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, upamaṃ te karissāmi. Upamāya midhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, rājañña, mahāsakaṭasattho sakaṭasahassaṃ puratthimā janapadā pacchimaṃ janapadaṃ agamāsi. So yena yena gacchi, khippaṃyeva pariyādiyati tiṇakaṭṭhodakaṃ haritakapaṇṇaṃ. Tasmiṃ kho pana satthe dve satthavāhā ahesuṃ eko pañcannaṃ sakaṭasatānaṃ, eko pañcannaṃ sakaṭasatānaṃ. Atha kho tesaṃ satthavāhānaṃ etadahosi – ‘ayaṃ kho mahāsakaṭasattho sakaṭasahassaṃ; te mayaṃ yena yena gacchāma, khippameva pariyādiyati tiṇakaṭṭhodakaṃ haritakapaṇṇaṃ. Yaṃnūna mayaṃ imaṃ satthaṃ dvidhā vibhajeyyāma – ekato pañca sakaṭasatāni ekato pañca sakaṭasatānī’ti. Te taṃ satthaṃ dvidhā vibhajiṃsu ekato pañca sakaṭasatāni, ekato pañca sakaṭasatāni. Eko satthavāho bahuṃ tiṇañca kaṭṭhañca udakañca āropetvā satthaṃ payāpesi . Dvīhatīhapayāto kho pana so sattho addasa purisaṃ kāḷaṃ lohitakkhaṃ sannaddhakalāpaṃ kumudamāliṃ allavatthaṃ allakesaṃ kaddamamakkhitehi cakkehi bhadrena rathena paṭipathaṃ āgacchantaṃ’, disvā etadavoca – ‘kuto, bho, āgacchasī’ti? ‘Amukamhā janapadā’ti. ‘Kuhiṃ gamissasī’ti? ‘Amukaṃ nāma janapada’nti. ‘Kacci, bho, purato kantāre mahāmegho abhippavuṭṭho’ti? ‘Evaṃ, bho, purato kantāre mahāmegho abhippavuṭṭho, āsittodakāni vaṭumāni, bahu tiṇañca kaṭṭhañca udakañca. Chaḍḍetha, bho, purāṇāni tiṇāni kaṭṭhāni udakāni, lahubhārehi sakaṭehi sīghaṃ sīghaṃ gacchatha, mā yoggāni kilamitthā’ti.
“于是,那位商主告诉商人们:‘诸位,那人这样说:“前方旷野降了大雨,道路积满了水,有充足的草、柴和水。诸位,请丢弃旧的草、柴和水,令车辆轻装,快快前进,莫使役畜疲劳。”诸位,请丢弃旧的草、柴和水,以轻载的车辆引导商队前进。’‘是的,先生。’那些商人应诺商主后,便丢弃了旧的草、柴和水,以轻载的车辆引导商队前进。他们在第一处商队宿营地,不见草、柴或水;在第二处宿营地……第三处宿营地……第四处宿营地……第五处宿营地……第六处宿营地……在第七处宿营地,也不见草、柴或水。他们全都遭遇了灾祸与不幸。那支商队中所有的人与牲畜,全都被那个夜叉、非人吞食,只余骨骸。”
‘‘Atha kho so satthavāho satthike āmantesi – ‘ayaṃ, bho, puriso evamāha – ‘‘purato kantāre mahāmegho abhippavuṭṭho, āsittodakāni vaṭumāni, bahu tiṇañca kaṭṭhañca udakañca. Chaḍḍetha, bho, purāṇāni tiṇāni kaṭṭhāni udakāni, lahubhārehi sakaṭehi sīghaṃ sīghaṃ gacchatha, mā yoggāni kilamitthā’’ti. Chaḍḍetha, bho, purāṇāni tiṇāni kaṭṭhāni udakāni, lahubhārehi sakaṭehi satthaṃ payāpethā’ti. ‘Evaṃ, bho’ti kho te satthikā tassa satthavāhassa paṭissutvā chaḍḍetvā purāṇāni tiṇāni kaṭṭhāni udakāni lahubhārehi sakaṭehi satthaṃ payāpesuṃ. Te paṭhamepi satthavāse na addasaṃsu tiṇaṃ vā kaṭṭhaṃ vā udakaṃ vā. Dutiyepi satthavāse… tatiyepi satthavāse… catutthepi satthavāse… pañcamepi satthavāse… chaṭṭhepi satthavāse… sattamepi satthavāse na addasaṃsu tiṇaṃ vā kaṭṭhaṃ vā udakaṃ vā. Sabbeva anayabyasanaṃ āpajjiṃsu. Ye ca tasmiṃ satthe ahesuṃ manussā vā pasū vā, sabbe so yakkho amanusso bhakkhesi. Aṭṭhikāneva sesāni.
当第二位商主知道:‘诸位,先前那支商队已经出发很久了’,便装载了大量草、柴和水,带领商队上路。这支商队走了两三天后,看见一个人——肤色黝黑、双眼赤红,身佩箭筒,头戴睡莲花环,身着湿衣,头发濡湿,驾着一辆车轮沾满泥浆的漂亮驴车迎面而来。看见之后便这样问道:‘先生,你从何处来?’‘从某国来。’‘你要往何处去?’‘往某处国土去。’‘先生,前方旷野是否降了大雨?’‘是的,先生,前方旷野降了大雨,道路积满了水,有充足的草、柴和水。诸位,请丢弃旧的草、柴和水,令车辆轻装快速前行,莫使役畜疲累。’
‘‘Yadā aññāsi dutiyo satthavāho – ‘bahunikkhanto kho, bho, dāni so sattho’ti bahuṃ tiṇañca kaṭṭhañca udakañca āropetvā satthaṃ payāpesi. Dvīhatīhapayāto kho pana so sattho addasa purisaṃ kāḷaṃ lohitakkhaṃ sannaddhakalāpaṃ kumudamāliṃ allavatthaṃ allakesaṃ kaddamamakkhitehi cakkehi bhadrena rathena paṭipathaṃ āgacchantaṃ, disvā etadavoca – ‘kuto, bho, āgacchasī’ti? ‘Amukamhā janapadā’ti. ‘Kuhiṃ gamissasī’ti? ‘Amukaṃ nāma janapada’nti. ‘Kacci, bho, purato kantāre mahāmegho abhippavuṭṭho’ti? ‘Evaṃ, bho, purato kantāre mahāmegho abhippavuṭṭho. Āsittodakāni vaṭumāni, bahu tiṇañca kaṭṭhañca udakañca. Chaḍḍetha , bho, purāṇāni tiṇāni kaṭṭhāni udakāni, lahubhārehi sakaṭehi sīghaṃ sīghaṃ gacchatha, mā yoggāni kilamitthā’ti.
“于是,那位商主便对商队的人们说:‘诸位,这人如此说道:“前方的旷野降下大雨,大小路径都积满了水,到处是草、柴和水。诸位,丢弃旧的草、柴和水,让车辆轻载快行,莫使役畜疲劳。”诸位,这人既不是我们的朋友,也不是亲戚眷属,我们怎能轻信他而继续前行呢?你们不应丢弃旧的草、柴和水,带着原有的货物引导商队前进。我们不丢弃旧的。’‘是的,先生。’商队的人们回答商主后,便带着原有的货物引导商队前进。他们来到第一处商队宿营地,没有见到草、柴或水;第二处、第三处、第四处、第五处、第六处,乃至第七处商队宿营地,也没有见到草、柴或水。他们看到那支商队遭遇了灾祸与不幸,也看到那商队中所有人与牲畜的骸骨,都被那个夜叉非人吃掉了。”
‘‘Atha kho so satthavāho satthike āmantesi – ‘ayaṃ, bho, ‘‘puriso evamāha – purato kantāre mahāmegho abhippavuṭṭho, āsittodakāni vaṭumāni, bahu tiṇañca kaṭṭhañca udakañca. Chaḍḍetha, bho, purāṇāni tiṇāni kaṭṭhāni udakāni, lahubhārehi sakaṭehi sīghaṃ sīghaṃ gacchatha; mā yoggāni kilamitthā’’ti. Ayaṃ bho puriso neva amhākaṃ mitto, na ñātisālohito, kathaṃ mayaṃ imassa saddhāya gamissāma. Na vo chaḍḍetabbāni purāṇāni tiṇāni kaṭṭhāni udakāni, yathābhatena bhaṇḍena satthaṃ payāpetha. Na no purāṇaṃ chaḍḍessāmā’ti. ‘Evaṃ, bho’ti kho te satthikā tassa satthavāhassa paṭissutvā yathābhatena bhaṇḍena satthaṃ payāpesuṃ. Te paṭhamepi satthavāse na addasaṃsu tiṇaṃ vā kaṭṭhaṃ vā udakaṃ vā. Dutiyepi satthavāse… tatiyepi satthavāse… catutthepi satthavāse… pañcamepi satthavāse… chaṭṭhepi satthavāse… sattamepi satthavāse na addasaṃsu tiṇaṃ vā kaṭṭhaṃ vā udakaṃ vā. Tañca satthaṃ addasaṃsu anayabyasanaṃ āpannaṃ. Ye ca tasmiṃ satthepi ahesuṃ manussā vā pasū vā, tesañca aṭṭhikāneva addasaṃsu tena yakkhena amanussena bhakkhitānaṃ.
“接着,那位商主便对商队的人们说:‘各位,这支商队遭遇了灾难与不幸,正如由那愚痴的商主带领所会遭遇的一样。那么,各位,把我们商队里不值钱的货物丢弃,从这支商队里取走那些贵重的货物吧。’‘好的,朋友。’商队的人们回答商主之后,便将自己商队里不值钱的货物丢弃,从那个商队取走了贵重的货物。因为有这位明智的商主带领,他们平安地走出了那片荒漠。王族子,你也是如此。你若像个愚人、不明事理的人,以错误的方法去追寻他世,你也会遭遇灾难与不幸,就像那位先行的商主一样;那些认为你值得听从、值得信赖的人,也同样会遭遇灾难与不幸,就像那些商队成员一样。王族子,放下那错误的见解吧!王族子,放下那错误的见解吧!不要让它长久地给你带来损害和痛苦啊。”
‘‘Atha kho so satthavāho satthike āmantesi – ‘ayaṃ kho, bho, sattho anayabyasanaṃ āpanno, yathā taṃ tena bālena satthavāhena pariṇāyakena. Tena hi, bho, yānamhākaṃ satthe appasārāni paṇiyāni, tāni chaḍḍetvā, yāni imasmiṃ satthe mahāsārāni paṇiyāni, tāni ādiyathā’ti. ‘Evaṃ, bho’ti kho te satthikā tassa satthavāhassa paṭissutvā yāni sakasmiṃ satthe appasārāni paṇiyāni, tāni chaḍḍetvā yāni tasmiṃ satthe mahāsārāni paṇiyāni, tāni ādiyitvā sotthinā taṃ kantāraṃ nitthariṃsu, yathā taṃ paṇḍitena satthavāhena pariṇāyakena. Evameva kho tvaṃ, rājañña, bālo abyatto anayabyasanaṃ āpajjissasi ayoniso paralokaṃ gavesanto seyyathāpi so purimo satthavāho. Yepi tava sotabbaṃ saddhātabbaṃ maññissanti, tepi anayabyasanaṃ āpajjissanti, seyyathāpi te satthikā. Paṭinissajjetaṃ, rājañña , pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ; paṭinissajjetaṃ, rājañña, pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ. Mā te ahosi dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāyā’’ti.
431“尊者迦叶虽这样说,我仍无法舍弃此恶见。憍萨罗国波斯匿王知我,其他国王也知晓:‘弊宿王子作如是说、如是见——实无他世……无有果报。’尊者迦叶,若我舍弃此恶见,人们将会说:‘弊宿王子何其愚痴、无智、执持恶见!’我当以忿怒持守它,以虚伪持守它,以欺诳持守它。”
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho nevāhaṃ sakkomi idaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ paṭinissajjituṃ. Rājāpi maṃ pasenadi kosalo jānāti tirorājānopi – ‘pāyāsi rājañño evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhī – ‘‘itipi natthi paro loko…pe… vipāko’’’ti. Sacāhaṃ, bho kassapa, idaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ paṭinissajjissāmi, bhavissanti me vattāro – ‘yāva bālo pāyāsi rājañño, abyatto duggahitagāhī’ti. Kopenapi naṃ harissāmi, makkhenapi naṃ harissāmi, palāsenapi naṃ harissāmī’’ti.
粪担者譬喻
Gūthabhārikaupamā
432“那么,族姓子,我为你作一个譬喻。通过譬喻,一些有智慧的人便能理解所说的义理。族姓子,往昔有一个养猪人,从自己的村子去到另一个村子。在那里,他看到大量被丢弃的干粪。见到后,他心想:‘这里有这么多被丢弃的干粪,正好可作我猪的食料,我何不从此处取些干粪带走呢?’于是,他铺开上衣,堆上许多干粪,捆成一包,顶在头上便离开了。途中,他遭遇了一场大暴雨,以致全身直至指甲缝都淌满了流溢而下的粪水,就这样顶着粪担前行。众人看见他,便对他说:‘朋友,你莫非疯了,莫非失了心智?你全身直至指甲缝都淌满了流溢的粪水,为何还要顶着这粪担呢?’他回答:‘朋友,疯的是你们,失心的才是你们,因为这可是我猪的食料。’族姓子,依我看,你也是如此,如同那顶粪担之人。族姓子,请舍弃此恶见!族姓子,请舍弃此恶见!切勿让它长久地给你带来损害和痛苦!”
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, upamaṃ te karissāmi. Upamāya midhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, rājañña, aññataro sūkaraposako puriso sakamhā gāmā aññaṃ gāmaṃ agamāsi. Tattha addasa pahūtaṃ sukkhagūthaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ. Disvānassa etadahosi – ‘ayaṃ kho pahuto sukkhagūtho chaḍḍito, mama ca sūkarabhattaṃ ; yaṃnūnāhaṃ ito sukkhagūthaṃ hareyya’nti. So uttarāsaṅgaṃ pattharitvā pahūtaṃ sukkhagūthaṃ ākiritvā bhaṇḍikaṃ bandhitvā sīse ubbāhetvā agamāsi. Tassa antarāmagge mahāakālamegho pāvassi. So uggharantaṃ paggharantaṃ yāva agganakhā gūthena makkhito gūthabhāraṃ ādāya agamāsi. Tamenaṃ manussā disvā evamāhaṃsu – ‘kacci no tvaṃ, bhaṇe, ummatto, kacci viceto, kathañhi nāma uggharantaṃ paggharantaṃ yāva agganakhā gūthena makkhito gūthabhāraṃ harissasī’ti. ‘Tumhe khvettha, bhaṇe, ummattā, tumhe vicetā, tathā hi pana me sūkarabhatta’nti. Evameva kho tvaṃ, rājañña, gūthabhārikūpamo maññe paṭibhāsi. Paṭinissajjetaṃ, rājañña, pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ. Paṭinissajjetaṃ, rājañña, pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ. Mā te ahosi dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāyā’’ti.
433“尊者迦叶虽这样说,我仍无法舍弃此恶见。憍萨罗国波斯匿王知我,其他国王也知晓:‘弊宿王子作如是说、如是见——实无他世……无有果报。’尊者迦叶,若我舍弃此恶见,人们将会说:‘弊宿王子何其愚痴、无智、执持恶见!’我当以忿怒持守它,以虚伪持守它,以欺诳持守它。”
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho nevāhaṃ sakkomi idaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ paṭinissajjituṃ. Rājāpi maṃ pasenadi kosalo jānāti tirorājānopi – ‘pāyāsi rājañño evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhī – ‘‘itipi natthi paro loko…pe… vipāko’’ti. Sacāhaṃ, bho kassapa, idaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ paṭinissajjissāmi, bhavissanti me vattāro – ‘yāva bālo pāyāsi rājañño abyatto duggahitagāhī’ti. Kopenapi naṃ harissāmi, makkhenapi naṃ harissāmi, palāsenapi naṃ harissāmī’’ti.
赌徒譬喻
Akkhadhuttakaupamā
434“那么,王子,我为你说一个譬喻。藉由譬喻,有些聪慧之人能了达所言之义。王子,往昔有两位赌徒用骰子相赌。其中一人每逢掷出败骰,便将它吞下。另一个赌徒见他把把吞下败骰,见后便对他说:‘朋友,你简直是常胜不败啊。朋友,把骰子给我,我要为它们祈福。’‘好的,朋友。’那个赌徒便将骰子交给了对方。于是,那个赌徒用毒浸染了骰子,然后对另一个赌徒说:‘来吧,朋友,我们再来赌一局。’‘好的,朋友。’那个赌徒应允了他。于是,二人再次用骰子相赌。这一次,那个赌徒依旧每逢掷出败骰便吞下。另一个赌徒见他再次把把吞下败骰,见后便对他说:
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, upamaṃ te karissāmi, upamāya midhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, rājañña, dve akkhadhuttā akkhehi dibbiṃsu. Eko akkhadhutto āgatāgataṃ kaliṃ gilati. Addasā kho dutiyo akkhadhutto taṃ akkhadhuttaṃ āgatāgataṃ kaliṃ gilantaṃ, disvā taṃ akkhadhuttaṃ etadavoca – ‘tvaṃ kho, samma, ekantikena jināsi, dehi me, samma, akkhe pajohissāmī’ti. ‘Evaṃ sammā’ti kho so akkhadhutto tassa akkhadhuttassa akkhe pādāsi. Atha kho so akkhadhutto akkhe visena paribhāvetvā taṃ akkhadhuttaṃ etadavoca – ‘ehi kho, samma, akkhehi dibbissāmā’ti. ‘Evaṃ sammā’ti kho so akkhadhutto tassa akkhadhuttassa paccassosi. Dutiyampi kho te akkhadhuttā akkhehi dibbiṃsu. Dutiyampi kho so akkhadhutto āgatāgataṃ kaliṃ gilati. Addasā kho dutiyo akkhadhutto taṃ akkhadhuttaṃ dutiyampi āgatāgataṃ kaliṃ gilantaṃ, disvā taṃ akkhadhuttaṃ etadavoca –
“骰子已浸染最猛烈的毒汁,那人吞下时却浑然不觉;
吞吧,吞吧,你这邪恶的赌徒,苦果随后便会来到你身上。”
‘‘Littaṃ paramena tejasā, gilamakkhaṃ puriso na bujjhati; Gila re gila pāpadhuttaka , pacchā te kaṭukaṃ bhavissatīti.
“正是这样,王子,在我看来,你正如那赌徒一般。舍弃这恶见吧,王子!舍弃这恶见吧,王子!莫让它为你长夜带来损害与痛苦。”
‘‘Evameva kho tvaṃ, rājañña, akkhadhuttakūpamo maññe paṭibhāsi. Paṭinissajjetaṃ, rājañña, pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ; paṭinissajjetaṃ, rājañña, pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ. Mā te ahosi dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāyā’’ti.
435“尽管尊者迦叶如此说,我仍无力舍断这恶见。憍萨罗国波斯匿王知我,诸国之王亦知——‘弊宿王子如是说、如是见:“没有他世……(中略)……果报。”’ 尊者迦叶,我若舍此恶见,便有人言:‘弊宿王子何等愚痴、无智、执持恶见!’ 我将以忿怒持守此见,以轻蔑持守此见,以怨恨持守此见。”
‘‘Kiñcāpi bhavaṃ kassapo evamāha, atha kho nevāhaṃ sakkomi idaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ paṭinissajjituṃ. Rājāpi maṃ pasenadi kosalo jānāti tirorājānopi – ‘pāyāsi rājañño evaṃvādī evaṃdiṭṭhī – ‘‘itipi natthi paro loko…pe… vipāko’’ti. Sacāhaṃ, bho kassapa, idaṃ pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ paṭinissajjissāmi, bhavissanti me vattāro – ‘yāva bālo pāyāsi rājañño abyatto duggahitagāhī’ti. Kopenapi naṃ harissāmi, makkhenapi naṃ harissāmi, palāsenapi naṃ harissāmī’’ti.
担麻者喻
Sāṇabhārikaupamā
436「那么,王族子,我为你作个譬喻。藉由譬喻,有些智者便能了知所说之义。王族子,从前,有处地方,居民都已迁离。那时,一位同伴对另一位同伴说:『来吧,朋友,我们到那地方去,或许能在那里找到些财物。』『好的,朋友。』那位同伴答道。于是他们去到那地方,来到一处荒废的聚落,在那里看见许多被遗弃的麻。见后,一位同伴对另一位说:『朋友,这里有这么多麻被遗弃。这样吧,朋友,你捆一捆麻,我也捆一捆,我们各自拿着麻捆走吧。』『好的,朋友。』那位同伴答允后,便捆了一捆麻。两人拿着麻捆,又到了另一处荒废的聚落,在那里看见许多被丢弃的麻线。见后,一位同伴对另一位说:『朋友,我们何必还要这些麻呢?这里有这么多麻线。这样吧,朋友,你丢下你的麻捆,我也丢下我的麻捆,我们都拿着麻线捆走吧。』『朋友,我这捆麻是从远处带来的,又捆得牢靠,对我已经足够了。你自便吧。』那位同伴便丢下麻捆,取走了麻线捆。
‘‘Tena hi, rājañña, upamaṃ te karissāmi, upamāya midhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti. Bhūtapubbaṃ, rājañña, aññataro janapado vuṭṭhāsi. Atha kho sahāyako sahāyakaṃ āmantesi – ‘āyāma, samma, yena so janapado tenupasaṅkamissāma, appeva nāmettha kiñci dhanaṃ adhigaccheyyāmā’ti. ‘Evaṃ sammā’ti kho sahāyako sahāyakassa paccassosi. Te yena so janapado, yena aññataraṃ gāmapaṭṭaṃ tenupasaṅkamiṃsu , tattha addasaṃsu pahūtaṃ sāṇaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā sahāyako sahāyakaṃ āmantesi – ‘idaṃ kho, samma, pahūtaṃ sāṇaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, tena hi, samma, tvañca sāṇabhāraṃ bandha, ahañca sāṇabhāraṃ bandhissāmi, ubho sāṇabhāraṃ ādāya gamissāmā’ti. ‘Evaṃ sammā’ti kho sahāyako sahāyakassa paṭissutvā sāṇabhāraṃ bandhitvā te ubho sāṇabhāraṃ ādāya yena aññataraṃ gāmapaṭṭaṃ tenupasaṅkamiṃsu. Tattha addasaṃsu pahūtaṃ sāṇasuttaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā sahāyako sahāyakaṃ āmantesi – ‘yassa kho, samma, atthāya iccheyyāma sāṇaṃ, idaṃ pahūtaṃ sāṇasuttaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ. Tena hi, samma, tvañca sāṇabhāraṃ chaḍḍehi, ahañca sāṇabhāraṃ chaḍḍessāmi, ubho sāṇasuttabhāraṃ ādāya gamissāmā’ti. ‘Ayaṃ kho me, samma, sāṇabhāro dūrābhato ca susannaddho ca, alaṃ me tvaṃ pajānāhī’ti. Atha kho so sahāyako sāṇabhāraṃ chaḍḍetvā sāṇasuttabhāraṃ ādiyi.
他们又前往另一处荒废的聚落。在那里,他们看见许多被遗弃的麻布。见后,一位同伴对另一位说:『朋友,我们原本想要的不过是麻或麻线,这里却有这么多麻布被丢弃。这样吧,朋友,你丢下你的麻捆,我也丢下我的麻线捆,我们俩都拿麻布捆走吧。』『朋友,我这捆麻是从远处带来的,又捆得结实,对我已经足够了。你自便吧。』于是,那位同伴便丢下麻线捆,取走了麻布捆。
‘‘Te yena aññataraṃ gāmapaṭṭaṃ tenupasaṅkamiṃsu. Tattha addasaṃsu pahūtā sāṇiyo chaḍḍitā, disvā sahāyako sahāyakaṃ āmantesi – ‘yassa kho , samma, atthāya iccheyyāma sāṇaṃ vā sāṇasuttaṃ vā, imā pahūtā sāṇiyo chaḍḍitā. Tena hi, samma, tvañca sāṇabhāraṃ chaḍḍehi, ahañca sāṇasuttabhāraṃ chaḍḍessāmi, ubho sāṇibhāraṃ ādāya gamissāmā’ti . ‘Ayaṃ kho me, samma, sāṇabhāro dūrābhato ca susannaddho ca, alaṃ me, tvaṃ pajānāhī’ti. Atha kho so sahāyako sāṇasuttabhāraṃ chaḍḍetvā sāṇibhāraṃ ādiyi.
他们去到另一处村落遗址。在那里,他们看见大量被丢弃的亚麻,见已……大量被丢弃的亚麻线,见已……大量被丢弃的亚麻布,见已……大量被丢弃的棉花,见已……大量被丢弃的棉线,见已……大量被丢弃的棉布,见已……大量被丢弃的铁,见已……大量被丢弃的铜,见已……大量被丢弃的锡,见已……大量被丢弃的铅,见已……大量被丢弃的银,见已……大量被丢弃的金,见已,一位同伴对另一位同伴说:“朋友,我们之前想要麻、麻线、麻布、亚麻、亚麻线、亚麻布、棉花、棉线、棉布、铁、铜、锡、铅、银,不就是为了这个么?这里竟有这么多被丢弃的金。那么,朋友,你放下你的麻捆,我也放下我的银捆,我们俩各取一捆金,再继续上路吧。”另一位说:“朋友,我这捆麻从远方一路带来,而且捆扎得结实。对我来说,它已经足够了,你自己心里有数。”于是,那位同伴便放下自己的银捆,取了一捆金。
‘‘Te yena aññataraṃ gāmapaṭṭaṃ tenupasaṅkamiṃsu. Tattha addasaṃsu pahūtaṃ khomaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā…pe… pahūtaṃ khomasuttaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā… pahūtaṃ khomadussaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā… pahūtaṃ kappāsaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā… pahūtaṃ kappāsikasuttaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā… pahūtaṃ kappāsikadussaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā… pahūtaṃ ayaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā… pahūtaṃ lohaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā… pahūtaṃ tipuṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā… pahūtaṃ sīsaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā… pahūtaṃ sajjhaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā… pahūtaṃ suvaṇṇaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ, disvā sahāyako sahāyakaṃ āmantesi – ‘yassa kho, samma, atthāya iccheyyāma sāṇaṃ vā sāṇasuttaṃ vā sāṇiyo vā khomaṃ vā khomasuttaṃ vā khomadussaṃ vā kappāsaṃ vā kappāsikasuttaṃ vā kappāsikadussaṃ vā ayaṃ vā lohaṃ vā tipuṃ vā sīsaṃ vā sajjhaṃ vā, idaṃ pahūtaṃ suvaṇṇaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ. Tena hi, samma, tvañca sāṇabhāraṃ chaḍḍehi, ahañca sajjhabhāraṃ chaḍḍessāmi, ubho suvaṇṇabhāraṃ ādāya gamissāmā’ti. ‘Ayaṃ kho me, samma, sāṇabhāro dūrābhato ca susannaddho ca, alaṃ me tvaṃ pajānāhī’ti. Atha kho so sahāyako sajjhabhāraṃ chaḍḍetvā suvaṇṇabhāraṃ ādiyi.
他们就这样回到了自己的村庄。那位担着麻捆回去的同伴,父母不欢喜,妻儿不欢喜,朋友与同伴不欢喜,他也没有由此获得快乐与喜悦。而那位担着黄金回去的同伴,父母欢喜,妻儿欢喜,朋友与同伴欢喜,他也由此获得了快乐与喜悦。王族子,你正如那位担麻者一般。王族子,舍弃这邪恶的见解吧;王族子,抛弃这邪恶的见解吧。莫让它长久地为你带来损害与痛苦。
‘‘Te yena sako gāmo tenupasaṅkamiṃsu. Tattha yo so sahāyako sāṇabhāraṃ ādāya agamāsi, tassa neva mātāpitaro abhinandiṃsu, na puttadārā abhinandiṃsu, na mittāmaccā abhinandiṃsu, na ca tatonidānaṃ sukhaṃ somanassaṃ adhigacchi. Yo pana so sahāyako suvaṇṇabhāraṃ ādāya agamāsi, tassa mātāpitaropi abhinandiṃsu, puttadārāpi abhinandiṃsu, mittāmaccāpi abhinandiṃsu, tatonidānañca sukhaṃ somanassaṃ adhigacchi. ‘‘Evameva kho tvaṃ, rājañña, sāṇabhārikūpamo maññe paṭibhāsi. Paṭinissajjetaṃ, rājañña, pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ; paṭinissajjetaṃ, rājañña, pāpakaṃ diṭṭhigataṃ. Mā te ahosi dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāyā’’ti.
437“尊者迦叶,您先前的譬喻已令我心满意足、深生欢喜。然而,我希望能听闻您对各种问题的种种善巧解答,因此才有意与尊者迦叶相诘难。殊胜啊,尊者迦叶!殊胜啊,尊者迦叶!尊者迦叶,譬如有人将倒下的扶起,将隐藏的揭开,为迷路者指明道路,在黑暗中擎举油灯,令有眼者得见诸色;同样地,尊者迦叶以种种方便阐明了法。尊者迦叶,我皈依世尊乔达摩、皈依法、皈依比丘僧团。请尊者迦叶忆持我为近事男,从今日起尽形寿皈依。”
‘‘Purimeneva ahaṃ opammena bhoto kassapassa attamano abhiraddho. Api cāhaṃ imāni vicitrāni pañhāpaṭibhānāni sotukāmo evāhaṃ bhavantaṃ kassapaṃ paccanīkaṃ kātabbaṃ amaññissaṃ. Abhikkantaṃ, bho kassapa, abhikkantaṃ, bho kassapa. Seyyathāpi, bho kassapa, nikkujjitaṃ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṃ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṃ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya ‘cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantī’ti evamevaṃ bhotā kassapena anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Esāhaṃ, bho kassapa, taṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi, dhammañca, bhikkhusaṅghañca. Upāsakaṃ maṃ bhavaṃ kassapo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ saraṇaṃ gataṃ.
“迦叶尊者,我欲举行一场盛大的祭祀。恳请您教导我,如何使这场祭祀能为我带来长远的利益与安乐。”
‘‘Icchāmi cāhaṃ, bho kassapa, mahāyaññaṃ yajituṃ, anusāsatu maṃ bhavaṃ kassapo, yaṃ mamassa dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāyā’’ti.
438“王族,若有这样的祭祀:牛被宰杀,山羊与绵羊被宰杀,鸡和猪被宰杀,种种生命遭到杀戮;而受供养者具足邪见、邪思惟、邪语、邪业、邪命、邪精进、邪念、邪定——王族,这样的祭祀没有大果报、大利益、大光辉、大威力。王族,譬如农夫带着种子和犁走进森林,在贫瘠的土地、未清除树桩与荆棘的田地上,播下破碎的、腐烂的、被风热所损的、无有精华的、难以妥善保存的种子,天又时时不降下适量的雨水:那些种子能得以增长、成长、壮大吗?农夫能获得丰硕的收成吗?”
“不能,迦叶尊者。”
“同样地,王族,若有这样的祭祀:牛被宰杀,山羊与绵羊被宰杀,鸡和猪被宰杀,种种生命遭到杀戮;而受供养者具足邪见、邪思惟、邪语、邪业、邪命、邪精进、邪念、邪定——王族,这样的祭祀没有大果报、大利益、大光辉、大威力。”
‘‘Yathārūpe kho, rājañña, yaññe gāvo vā haññanti ajeḷakā vā haññanti, kukkuṭasūkarā vā haññanti, vividhā vā pāṇā saṃghātaṃ āpajjanti, paṭiggāhakā ca honti micchādiṭṭhī micchāsaṅkappā micchāvācā micchākammantā micchāājīvā micchāvāyāmā micchāsatī micchāsamādhī, evarūpo kho, rājañña, yañño na mahapphalo hoti na mahānisaṃso na mahājutiko na mahāvipphāro. Seyyathāpi, rājañña, kassako bījanaṅgalaṃ ādāya vanaṃ paviseyya. So tattha dukkhette dubbhūme avihatakhāṇukaṇṭake bījāni patiṭṭhāpeyya khaṇḍāni pūtīni vātātapahatāni asāradāni asukhasayitāni. Devo ca na kālena kālaṃ sammādhāraṃ anuppaveccheyya. Api nu tāni bījāni vuddhiṃ virūḷhiṃ vepullaṃ āpajjeyyuṃ, kassako vā vipulaṃ phalaṃ adhigaccheyyā’’ti? ‘‘No hidaṃ bho kassapa’’. ‘‘Evameva kho, rājañña, yathārūpe yaññe gāvo vā haññanti, ajeḷakā vā haññanti, kukkuṭasūkarā vā haññanti, vividhā vā pāṇā saṃghātaṃ āpajjanti, paṭiggāhakā ca honti micchādiṭṭhī micchāsaṅkappā micchāvācā micchākammantā micchāājīvā micchāvāyāmā micchāsatī micchāsamādhī, evarūpo kho , rājañña, yañño na mahapphalo hoti na mahānisaṃso na mahājutiko na mahāvipphāro.
“王族啊,在这种祭祀中,牛不被宰杀,山羊与绵羊不被宰杀,鸡与猪不被宰杀,种种生物不遭杀戮;而接受布施者具备正见、正思惟、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定,这样的祭祀便有大果报、大利益、大光辉、大广大。王族啊,譬如一位农夫带着种子和犁具走进林中,在肥美的良田、已清除树桩与荆棘之处播下种子,那些种子完好不破碎、不腐烂、不因风吹日晒而受损,颗颗饱满,有生机,宜于贮藏;天又适时降下适宜的雨水。那些种子能否生长、茁壮、繁茂?农夫能否获得丰硕的果实?”“是的,尊者迦叶。”“同样地,王族啊,在这种祭祀中,牛不被宰杀,山羊与绵羊不被宰杀,鸡与猪不被宰杀,种种生物不遭杀戮;而接受布施者具备正见、正思惟、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定,这样的祭祀便有大果报、大利益、大光辉、大广大。”
‘‘Yathārūpe ca kho, rājañña, yaññe neva gāvo haññanti, na ajeḷakā haññanti, na kukkuṭasūkarā haññanti, na vividhā vā pāṇā saṃghātaṃ āpajjanti, paṭiggāhakā ca honti sammādiṭṭhī sammāsaṅkappā sammāvācā sammākammantā sammāājīvā sammāvāyāmā sammāsatī sammāsamādhī, evarūpo kho, rājañña, yañño mahapphalo hoti mahānisaṃso mahājutiko mahāvipphāro. Seyyathāpi, rājañña, kassako bījanaṅgalaṃ ādāya vanaṃ paviseyya. So tattha sukhette subhūme suvihatakhāṇukaṇṭake bījāni patiṭṭhapeyya akhaṇḍāni apūtīni avātātapahatāni sāradāni sukhasayitāni. Devo ca kālena kālaṃ sammādhāraṃ anuppaveccheyya. Api nu tāni bījāni vuddhiṃ virūḷhiṃ vepullaṃ āpajjeyyuṃ, kassako vā vipulaṃ phalaṃ adhigaccheyyā’’ti? ‘‘Evaṃ, bho kassapa’’. ‘‘Evameva kho, rājañña, yathārūpe yaññe neva gāvo haññanti, na ajeḷakā haññanti, na kukkuṭasūkarā haññanti, na vividhā vā pāṇā saṃghātaṃ āpajjanti, paṭiggāhakā ca honti sammādiṭṭhī sammāsaṅkappā sammāvācā sammākammantā sammāājīvā sammāvāyāmā sammāsatī sammāsamādhī, evarūpo kho, rājañña, yañño mahapphalo hoti mahānisaṃso mahājutiko mahāvipphāro’’ti.
优多罗学童事
Uttaramāṇavavatthu
439那时,弊宿王子便开始向沙门、婆罗门、贫苦者、流浪者、乞者与乞丐们施设布施。然而,在那布施中,所施的食物只是碎米渣拌酸粥,所施的衣服则粗糙不堪,带着穗边。在这布施中,有一位名叫优多罗的学童负责安排。他布施之后,如此回向说:“愿以此布施的功德,使我在这个世间与弊宿王子相遇,而非在他世。”弊宿王子听说此事:“优多罗学童布施之后,竟如此回向:‘愿以此布施的功德,使我在这个世间与弊宿王子相遇,而非在他世。’”于是,弊宿王子召来优多罗学童,对他说:“亲爱的优多罗,听说你布施之后,确实这样回向:‘愿以此布施的功德,使我在这个世间与弊宿王子相遇,而非在他世’,这是真的吗?”“是的,大人。”“亲爱的优多罗,你布施之后,为何这样回向:‘愿以此布施的功德,使我在这个世间与弊宿王子相遇,而非在他世’呢?亲爱的优多罗,我们不是希望获得功德,并期待这布施本身带来的果报吗?”“大人,您布施时所施的食物,是碎米渣拌酸粥,这种东西,您连用脚碰一下都不愿意,更不用说吃了;所施的衣服,粗糙带穗边,这种东西,您连用脚碰一下都不愿意,更不用说穿了。大人是我们喜爱敬重的人,我们怎好用这些令人不悦之物,去与令我们欢喜的您结缘呢?”“那么,亲爱的优多罗,你便准备如我所食那样的食物,如我所穿那样的衣服,用以布施吧。”“好的,大人。”优多罗学童答应了弊宿王子之后,便准备了如同弊宿王子所食的食物,和如同弊宿王子所穿的衣服,用以布施。
Atha kho pāyāsi rājañño dānaṃ paṭṭhapesi samaṇabrāhmaṇakapaṇaddhikavaṇibbakayācakānaṃ . Tasmiṃ kho pana dāne evarūpaṃ bhojanaṃ dīyati kaṇājakaṃ bilaṅgadutiyaṃ, dhorakāni ca vatthāni guḷavālakāni . Tasmiṃ kho pana dāne uttaro nāma māṇavo vāvaṭo ahosi. So dānaṃ datvā evaṃ anuddisati – ‘‘imināhaṃ dānena pāyāsiṃ rājaññameva imasmiṃ loke samāgacchiṃ, mā parasmi’’nti. Assosi kho pāyāsi rājañño – ‘‘uttaro kira māṇavo dānaṃ datvā evaṃ anuddisati – ‘imināhaṃ dānena pāyāsiṃ rājaññameva imasmiṃ loke samāgacchiṃ, mā parasmi’’’nti. Atha kho pāyāsi rājañño uttaraṃ māṇavaṃ āmantāpetvā etadavoca – ‘‘saccaṃ kira tvaṃ, tāta uttara, dānaṃ datvā evaṃ anuddisasi – ‘imināhaṃ dānena pāyāsiṃ rājaññameva imasmiṃ loke samāgacchiṃ, mā parasmi’’’nti? ‘‘Evaṃ, bho’’. ‘‘Kissa pana tvaṃ, tāta uttara, dānaṃ datvā evaṃ anuddisasi – ‘imināhaṃ dānena pāyāsiṃ rājaññameva imasmiṃ loke samāgacchiṃ, mā parasmi’nti? Nanu mayaṃ, tāta uttara, puññatthikā dānasseva phalaṃ pāṭikaṅkhino’’ti? ‘‘Bhoto kho dāne evarūpaṃ bhojanaṃ dīyati kaṇājakaṃ bilaṅgadutiyaṃ, yaṃ bhavaṃ pādāpi na iccheyya samphusituṃ , kuto bhuñjituṃ, dhorakāni ca vatthāni guḷavālakāni, yāni bhavaṃ pādāpi na iccheyya samphusituṃ, kuto paridahituṃ. Bhavaṃ kho panamhākaṃ piyo manāpo, kathaṃ mayaṃ manāpaṃ amanāpena saṃyojemā’’ti? ‘‘Tena hi tvaṃ, tāta uttara, yādisāhaṃ bhojanaṃ bhuñjāmi, tādisaṃ bhojanaṃ paṭṭhapehi. Yādisāni cāhaṃ vatthāni paridahāmi, tādisāni ca vatthāni paṭṭhapehī’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bho’’ti kho uttaro māṇavo pāyāsissa rājaññassa paṭissutvā yādisaṃ bhojanaṃ pāyāsi rājañño bhuñjati, tādisaṃ bhojanaṃ paṭṭhapesi. Yādisāni ca vatthāni pāyāsi rājañño paridahati, tādisāni ca vatthāni paṭṭhapesi.
440后来,弊宿王子因为以不恭敬的方式布施、不亲手布施、不用心布施、如同丢弃一般布施,在身体败坏、死后,投生到了四天王天,住在一座名为斯瑞萨卡的空旷宫殿中。而那位为他安排布施的优多罗学童,则因为以恭敬的方式布施、亲手布施、用心布施、不胡乱丢弃地布施,在身体败坏、死后,投生到了善道、天界,与三十三天的天人共住。
Atha kho pāyāsi rājañño asakkaccaṃ dānaṃ datvā asahatthā dānaṃ datvā acittīkataṃ dānaṃ datvā apaviddhaṃ dānaṃ datvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā cātumahārājikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajji suññaṃ serīsakaṃ vimānaṃ. Yo pana tassa dāne vāvaṭo ahosi uttaro nāma māṇavo. So sakkaccaṃ dānaṃ datvā sahatthā dānaṃ datvā cittīkataṃ dānaṃ datvā anapaviddhaṃ dānaṃ datvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajji devānaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ sahabyataṃ.
弊宿天子
Pāyāsidevaputto
441那时,具寿憍梵波提常常前往那座名为斯瑞萨卡的空旷宫殿作日间休息。此时,弊宿天子来到具寿憍梵波提尊者面前,顶礼之后,立于一面。具寿憍梵波提尊者对立于一侧的弊宿天子这样说道:“贤友,你是谁?”“尊者,我是弊宿王。”“贤友,你从前难道不是这样认为的吗:‘如此说来,既无他世,亦无化生有情,也无善恶之业的果报与异熟’?”“是的,尊者,我从前确有这样的见解:‘如此说来,既无他世,亦无化生有情,也无善恶之业的果报与异熟。’然而,圣童子迦叶尊者已令我远离了那种邪见。”“贤友,那么在你那次供养中负责操办的优多罗学童,他投生到了何处?”“尊者,在我那次供养中负责操办的优多罗学童,因恭敬地施与、亲手施与、用心施与、不轻弃施与,身坏命终之后,投生到了善趣、天界,与三十三天诸天共住。而我,尊者,因不恭敬地施与、不亲手施与、不用心施与、如弃物般施与,身坏命终之后,投生到了为四天王天众眷属的一处名为斯瑞萨卡的空旷宫殿中。因此,具寿憍梵波提尊者,恳请您回到人间后,如此宣告:‘你们应当恭敬地施与,亲手施与,用心施与,不轻弃施与。弊宿王因不恭敬地施与、不亲手施与、不用心施与、如弃物般施与,身坏命终之后,投生到了为四天王天众眷属的一处名为斯瑞萨卡的空旷宫殿中。而那位在他供养时负责操办的优多罗学童,因恭敬地施与、亲手施与、用心施与、不轻弃施与,身坏命终之后,投生到了善趣、天界,与三十三天诸天共住。’”
Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā gavampati abhikkhaṇaṃ suññaṃ serīsakaṃ vimānaṃ divāvihāraṃ gacchati. Atha kho pāyāsi devaputto yenāyasmā gavampati tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā āyasmantaṃ gavampatiṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Ekamantaṃ ṭhitaṃ kho pāyāsiṃ devaputtaṃ āyasmā gavampati etadavoca – ‘‘kosi tvaṃ, āvuso’’ti? ‘‘Ahaṃ, bhante, pāyāsi rājañño’’ti. ‘‘Nanu tvaṃ, āvuso, evaṃdiṭṭhiko ahosi – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’’’ti? ‘‘Saccāhaṃ, bhante, evaṃdiṭṭhiko ahosiṃ – ‘itipi natthi paro loko, natthi sattā opapātikā, natthi sukatadukkaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko’ti. Api cāhaṃ ayyena kumārakassapena etasmā pāpakā diṭṭhigatā vivecito’’ti. ‘‘Yo pana te, āvuso, dāne vāvaṭo ahosi uttaro nāma māṇavo, so kuhiṃ upapanno’’ti? ‘‘Yo me, bhante, dāne vāvaṭo ahosi uttaro nāma māṇavo, so sakkaccaṃ dānaṃ datvā sahatthā dānaṃ datvā cittīkataṃ dānaṃ datvā anapaviddhaṃ dānaṃ datvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapanno devānaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ sahabyataṃ. Ahaṃ pana, bhante, asakkaccaṃ dānaṃ datvā asahatthā dānaṃ datvā acittīkataṃ dānaṃ datvā apaviddhaṃ dānaṃ datvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā cātumahārājikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapanno suññaṃ serīsakaṃ vimānaṃ. Tena hi, bhante gavampati, manussalokaṃ gantvā evamārocehi – ‘sakkaccaṃ dānaṃ detha, sahatthā dānaṃ detha, cittīkataṃ dānaṃ detha, anapaviddhaṃ dānaṃ detha. Pāyāsi rājañño asakkaccaṃ dānaṃ datvā asahatthā dānaṃ datvā acittīkataṃ dānaṃ datvā apaviddhaṃ dānaṃ datvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā cātumahārājikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapanno suññaṃ serīsakaṃ vimānaṃ. Yo pana tassa dāne vāvaṭo ahosi uttaro nāma māṇavo, so sakkaccaṃ dānaṃ datvā sahatthā dānaṃ datvā cittīkataṃ dānaṃ datvā anapaviddhaṃ dānaṃ datvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapanno devānaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ sahabyata’’’nti.
于是,尊者憍梵波提回到人间后,这样宣告:“你们应当恭敬地布施,亲手布施,心存敬意地布施,不轻弃地布施。弊宿王子因为以不恭敬的方式布施、不亲手布施、不心存敬意地布施、像弃物一样布施,在身体败坏、死后,投生到四天王天中的一处名为斯瑞萨卡的露天宫殿,成为那里的天人。而那位在弊宿王子布施时为他办理的优多罗学童,因为以恭敬的方式布施、亲手布施、心存敬意地布施、不轻弃地布施,在身体败坏、死后,投生到善道、天界,与三十三天的天人共住。”
Atha kho āyasmā gavampati manussalokaṃ āgantvā evamārocesi – ‘‘sakkaccaṃ dānaṃ detha, sahatthā dānaṃ detha, cittīkataṃ dānaṃ detha, anapaviddhaṃ dānaṃ detha. Pāyāsi rājañño asakkaccaṃ dānaṃ datvā asahatthā dānaṃ datvā acittīkataṃ dānaṃ datvā apaviddhaṃ dānaṃ datvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā cātumahārājikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapanno suññaṃ serīsakaṃ vimānaṃ. Yo pana tassa dāne vāvaṭo ahosi uttaro nāma māṇavo, so sakkaccaṃ dānaṃ datvā sahatthā dānaṃ datvā cittīkataṃ dānaṃ datvā anapaviddhaṃ dānaṃ datvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapanno devānaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ sahabyata’’nti.
大本、因缘,涅槃与善见;
阇尼沙、典尊,三弥提、帝释所问;
大念处与弊宿为第十。
Mahāpadāna nidānaṃ, nibbānañca sudassanaṃ; Janavasabha govindaṃ, samayaṃ sakkapañhakaṃ; Mahāsatipaṭṭhānañca, pāyāsi dasamaṃ bhave .
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Kumārakassapo | 童子迦叶 | 本经主角,佛陀的弟子,以譬喻教化弊宿王子 |
| Pāyāsi | 弊宿 | 憍萨罗国王族,持有“无他世、无化生、无业果”恶见的王子 |
| Gavampati | 憍梵波提 | 比丘,常去空的帝释天宫殿作日中住,为弊宿天子和伍答喇的故事作传话人 |
| Uttaro māṇavo | 优多罗学童 | 弊宿王子布施时的分派人,因布施方式不同而获得不同果报 |
地点
佛陀灭度后,童子迦叶尊者与五百比丘游行至拘萨罗国的斯耶达毗耶城,住在城北的辛沙巴林中。弊宿王子当时也住在这座城里。
事件
弊宿王子生起了一种顽固的邪见,认为“没有他世,没有化生众生,没有善恶业行的果报”。城中的婆罗门居士们听闻童子迦叶尊者的名声,成群结队前去拜访,引起了弊宿王子的注意。弊宿王子为了阻止他们被说服,便亲自前去与尊者辩论。童子迦叶尊者用一系列生动的譬喻(如日月、盗贼、粪坑人等),层层递进地破除了王子的断灭见,最终引导他归依三宝并教导他正确的布施之道。故事结尾,弊宿王子因不恭敬的布施,死后投生为低阶空殿天子,而代他布施的伍答喇学童因恭敬施舍而投生到三十三天,印证了业果真实不虚。
经文摘要
弊宿王子持断灭见→童子迦叶尊者以譬喻破斥,证成他世与业果存在→弊宿王子归依,但由于布施不敬,死后生于低阶天界→负责布施的伍答喇学童因恭敬施舍,反生更高天界,证明业报于细微处的真实不虚。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 破除“眼见为实”的局限:死去的人为什么没回来报信?
弊宿王子推理的逻辑很简单:如果做了坏事真会下地狱,那为什么我那些做尽坏事、死后应该下地狱的亲友,没一个回来告诉我一声?
童子迦叶尊者用一个“盗贼譬喻”来点破这个逻辑盲点。一个即将被斩首的罪犯,苦苦哀求刽子手放他回去跟亲友道个别,行吗?当然不行。
“那个盗贼是人,对身为人的刽子手们尚且不能说:‘诸位刽子手请稍等,让我去向他们告别后再回来’”——这句话是釜底抽薪。
→ 拆开看:一个在人间被抓住处决的凡夫,在面对刀斧手时,连想回去几分钟跟家人说句话的自由都没有。那么,一个因为作恶而堕落地狱的罪人,他在承受着无间断的酷烈刑罚时,又怎么可能向地狱的狱卒请假,大摇大摆地回到人间来给你托梦报平安呢?自由的丧失使得“回来报信”这个设想从根上就不成立。弊宿的错误在于,用人类社会的自由意志去想象一个完全不自由的、受苦的生存状态。
→ 一句话要旨:不要用凡夫在自由状态下的可能性,去揣测三恶道众生在受报时的绝对不自由,亲证者无法逃脱,地狱之报更是无从往返。
2. 天界与人间有着不可逾越的“感官鸿沟”
对于善人死后不回来报信,尊者用了“粪坑人譬喻”来回应。一个不慎掉进粪坑的人,被国王救上来,沐浴熏香后住进宫殿享受五欲之乐。他还会想再跳回粪坑里吗?绝对不会。为什么?因为粪坑对他来说,太脏、太臭、太让人厌恶了。
“人类对天人来说是不净的,被认为是恶臭的……人类的气味在百由旬外就使天人苦恼。”
→ 拆开看:这不是在贬低人类,而是在说明不同道众生感官和环境存在天壤之别。你问一个享尽天福的天人,愿不愿意专程回人间这个充满腥膻与污秽的“大粪坑”来告诉你一声他过得很好?这就像问一个正常人愿不愿意回粪坑游泳一样荒谬。天人的极乐与清净,让他们对被他们视为臭秽的人间产生了巨大的厌离,这无关情义,完全是感官层次的抵触。
→ 一句话要旨:天人的极乐境界导致他们不会产生再入人间这个“秽土”的意愿,这是由乐受的清净本质决定的,而非他们忘了本。
关键术语锚
- attā → 我/自我/灵魂
- 为何易错:弊宿的核心邪见本质就是否定一个常存、能去往来世的“我”或“灵魂”。他并非否定现世的行为,而是否定一个能承载业力穿越生死的存在主体。锁定此词是以断常见为靶心。
- kamma → 业/(善恶)行
- 为何易错:经文反复讨论“善作恶作诸业”的果报。普通人易将“业”理解为固定不变的“宿命”,而在此处的讨论核心是:某一行为必定会导向与其性质相符的未来结果,这个因果律的真实不虚是辩论的焦点。
- deva → 天/天神/天人
- 为何易错:经文中日月之喻、粪坑之喻、最终投生处,都涉及“天人”这一生存形态。普通读者易将其想象为只有精神而无物质的神祇。但在佛教概念中,天人是“化生”的众生,有细妙色身、有感官享受、有寿量和阶位,是一种具体、真实、但远超人类认知的存在方式,理解这一点是理解“与他世无法沟通”的关键。
- dāna → 布施/施舍
- 为何易错:故事后段聚焦于弊宿王子“不恭敬、不亲手、不用心、弃舍地”施予布施,与伍答喇学童的施舍方式形成对比。这揭示了布施的关键并非财物的价值或形式,而是布施时“思(cetanā)”心所的强弱、纯净度与恭敬心。布施的动机与心态决定了业的品级,而非布施物本身。
- diṭṭhi → 见/见解
- 为何易错:此经的根本就是转化一种“恶见”。这个“见”不仅是理论上的错误观点,更是一种深植于心的固执执念。它像有色眼镜一样扭曲着人的全部认知,驱动着身口意的行为。破除此“恶见”即是修行与得度的起点。