8. 决意与让渡抉择论
8. Adhiṭṭhānavikappanavinicchayakathā
44如是说完不触犯抉择之论后,现在为了讲说决意与让渡之抉择,而说“然于决意与让渡中”等。其中,决意(adhiṭṭhāna)即被决意,义为执取、观察。让渡(vikappanā)即被让渡,义为思量、思惟。其中,“决意三衣者,称名而决意;不让渡者,不以此名而让渡”,此规则于一切处皆然。因此,决意三衣者,应称“我决意此僧伽帝”等名而决意。若让渡,则不取“此僧伽帝”等各别衣名,唯以“我将此衣让渡于汝”而让渡。无论三衣或其他,若取其名而让渡,则未完成让渡,处于长衣之位。此说见于《义明灯》。
44. Evaṃ anāmāsavinicchayakathaṃ kathetvā idāni adhiṭṭhānavikappanavinicchayaṃ kathetuṃ ‘‘adhiṭṭhānavikappanesu panā’’tiādimāha. Tattha adhiṭṭhiyate adhiṭṭhānaṃ, gahaṇaṃ sallakkhaṇanti attho. Vikappiyate vikappanā, saṅkappanaṃ cintananti attho. Tattha ‘‘ticīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhātunti nāmaṃ vatvā adhiṭṭhātuṃ. Na vikappetunti nāmaṃ vatvā na vikappetuṃ. Esa nayo sabbattha. Tasmā ticīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhahantena ‘imaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ adhiṭṭhāmī’tiādinā nāmaṃ vatvā adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ. Vikappentena pana ‘imaṃ saṅghāṭi’ntiādinā tassa tassa cīvarassa nāmaṃ aggahetvāva ‘imaṃ cīvaraṃ tuyhaṃ vikappemī’ti vikappetabbaṃ. Ticīvaraṃ vā hotu aññaṃ vā, yadi taṃ taṃ nāmaṃ gahetvā vikappeti , avikappitaṃ hoti, atirekacīvaraṭṭhāne tiṭṭhatī’’ti sāratthadīpaniyaṃ (sārattha. ṭī. 2.469) vuttaṃ.
然《疑惑消除》中说:“决意三衣,即以僧伽帝等名而决意;不让渡,即不以该名而让渡。由此显示:若已让渡三衣,则非三衣持有者,对其已决意之三衣,不应执行不离衣等规定,然让渡本身并无过失。”《金刚智疏》中则说:“决意三衣者,在此,三衣乃应由三衣决意而决意之相应者,或凡依三衣决意而决意者,我不允许让其让渡。因决意无时限,故唯允许随时欲决意者决意,不允许设定时限而令让渡。然若有因缘,随时收回而让渡是适当的,此由‘十日内决意或让渡,无犯’之语而成立。”
Vimativinodaniyaṃ (vi. vi. ṭī. 1.469) pana ‘‘ticīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhātunti saṅghāṭiādināmena adhiṭṭhātuṃ. Na vikappetunti iminā nāmena na vikappetuṃ, etena vikappitaticīvaro tecīvariko na hoti, tassa tasmiṃ adhiṭṭhitaticīvare viya avippavāsādinā kātabbavidhi na kātabboti dasseti, na pana vikappane doso’’ti vuttaṃ. Vajirabuddhiṭīkāyaṃ (vajira. ṭī. pārājika 469) pana ‘‘ticīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhātunti ettha ticīvaraṃ ticīvarādhiṭṭhānena adhiṭṭhātabbayuttakaṃ, yaṃ vā ticīvarādhiṭṭhānena adhiṭṭhātuṃ na vikappetuṃ anujānāmi, tassa adhiṭṭhānakālaparicchedābhāvato sabbakālaṃ icchantassa adhiṭṭhātuṃyeva anujānāmi, taṃ kālaparicchedaṃ katvā vikappetuṃ nānujānāmi, sati pana paccaye yadā tadā vā paccuddharitvā vikappetuṃ vaṭṭatīti ‘anāpatti antodasāhaṃ adhiṭṭheti vikappetī’ti vacanato siddhaṃ hotī’’ti vuttaṃ.
在这三种疏论之说中,第三说看来较为合理。为何?因为它与经和注释相符。如何相符?经中仅对已限定时间的雨浴衣和覆疮衣二者说「此后应让渡」;对于其他衣,则不应让渡。因此,当那些衣无其他因缘时,便应恒常唯作决意,而不得让渡——这似乎是经文的本意。至于其余两说,则主张仅在开许时才应决意,「此后应让渡」才与经文相合。注释中说:对于总称为三衣而持护者,我允许唯作决意,不允许让渡。而雨浴衣,四月后唯应让渡,不应决意。同样,若有人欲以三衣中之一衣离衣宿,则须撤回该衣的决意;为成就离衣宿的安乐,才给予让渡的机会。
Imesu pana tīsu ṭīkāvādesu tatiyavādo yuttataro viya dissati. Kasmā? Pāḷiyā aṭṭhakathāya ca saṃsandanato. Kathaṃ? Pāḷiyañhi kataparicchedāsuyeva dvīsu vassikasāṭikakaṇḍupaṭicchādīsu tato paraṃ vikappetunti vuttaṃ, tato aññesu na vikappetuṃ icceva, tasmā tesu asati paccaye niccaṃ adhiṭṭhātabbameva hoti, na vikappetabbanti ayaṃ pāḷiyā adhippāyo dissati, itarāsu pana dvīsu anuññātakāleyeva adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ, ‘‘tato paraṃ vikappetu’’nti evaṃ pāḷiyā saṃsandati, aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ticīvaraṃ ticīvarasaṅkhepena pariharato adhiṭṭhātumeva anujānāmi, na vikappetuṃ. Vassikasāṭikaṃ pana cātumāsato paraṃ vikappetumeva, na adhiṭṭhātuṃ, evañca sati yo ticīvare ekena cīvarena vippavasitukāmo hoti, tassa cīvarādhiṭṭhānaṃ paccuddharitvā vippavāsasukhatthaṃ vikappanāya okāso dinno hotīti.
第一说中,「不让渡」的意思是说出名称而不作让渡。如此,「其后应让渡」之义,便成了其后说出名称再作让渡,这是从让渡的权限来说的。如果在「说出名称」这一限定应当成立的情况下,就不应有「不让渡」与「其后应让渡」的区别之语,因为一切衣都应不须说出名称而让渡。第二说中,「不让渡」是指不以该名称让渡;「我不允许」是文之余义。第一说说「无论三衣或其他衣,若取其名称而让渡,则仍不能算作让渡,依旧处于长衣之位」,第二说却说「于让渡中并无过失」,这两者似乎相互矛盾,因此应当审察此事。
Paṭhamavāde ‘‘na vikappetu’’nti nāmaṃ vatvā ‘‘na vikappetu’’nti attho vutto, evaṃ sante ‘‘tato paraṃ vikappetu’’nti ettha tato paraṃ nāmaṃ vatvā vikappetunti attho bhaveyya, so ca attho vikappanādhikārena vutto, ‘‘nāmaṃ vatvā’’ti ca visesane kattabbe sati ‘‘na vikappetu’’nti ca ‘‘tato paraṃ vikappetu’’nti ca bhedavacanaṃ na siyā, sabbesupi cīvaresu nāmaṃ avatvāva vikappetabbato, dutiyavāde ca ‘‘na vikappetu’’nti iminā nāmena na vikappetunti vuttaṃ, na anujānāmīti pāṭhaseso. Paṭhame ca ‘‘ticīvaraṃ vā hotu aññaṃ vā, yadi taṃ taṃ nāmaṃ gahetvā vikappeti, avikappitaṃ hoti, atirekacīvaraṭṭhāne tiṭṭhatī’’ti. Dutiye ca ‘‘na pana vikappane doso’’ti, tañca aññamaññaviruddhaṃ viya dissati, tasmā vicāretabbametaṃ.
「此后应让渡」是说:四月之后,让渡而受用。这是三结文中所说。然而,有些人说:「让渡后,可保存至来年雨季的四月。」《义明灯》说:「不应执着‘我允许此后让渡’只是允许以雨浴衣、覆疮衣等各自名称而让渡的意思。因为此后雨浴衣等名称便已不存在,为何此后让渡也不应取名称而让渡?两者都允许此后让渡而受用,所以这样让渡之后,应以其他名称决意而受用。」这是三结文中所说。《疑除》也说:「关于『此后』,有些人说开许四月后让渡而受用。另一些人说:让渡后直至来年雨季,允许保存。还有人说:让渡中并无过失,这样让渡之后,应以资具等名称决意而受用。」
Tato paraṃ vikappetunti cātumāsato paraṃ vikappetvā paribhuñjitunti tīsu gaṇṭhipadesu vuttaṃ. Keci pana ‘‘tato paraṃ vikappetvā yāva āgāmisaṃvacchare vassānaṃ cātumāsaṃ, tāva ṭhapetuṃ anuññāta’’ntipi vadanti. ‘‘Tato paraṃ vikappetuṃ anujānāmīti ettāvatā vassikasāṭikaṃ kaṇḍupaṭicchādiñca taṃ taṃ nāmaṃ gahetvā vikappetuṃ anuññātanti evamattho na gahetabbo. Tato paraṃ vassikasāṭikādināmasseva abhāvato, kasmā tato paraṃ vikappentenapi nāmaṃ gahetvā na vikappetabbaṃ. Ubhinnampi tato paraṃ vikappetvā paribhogassa anuññātattā tathāvikappitaṃ aññanāmena adhiṭṭhahitvā paribhuñjitabbanti tīsupi gaṇṭhipadesu vutta’’nti sāratthadīpaniyaṃ (sārattha. ṭī. 2.469) vuttaṃ. Vimativinodaniyampi (vi. vi. ṭī. 1.469) ‘‘tato paranti cātumāsato paraṃ vikappetvā paribhuñjituṃ anuññātanti keci vadanti. Aññe pana ‘vikappetvā yāva āgāmivassānaṃ tāva ṭhapetuṃ vaṭṭatī’ti vadanti. Apare pana ‘vikappane na doso, tathā vikappitaṃ parikkhārādināmena adhiṭṭhahitvā paribhuñjitabba’nti vadantī’’ti vuttaṃ.
然而,在《金刚智疏》中则说:“雨季衣,此后唯可让渡,不应决意。衣若已成,于四月内自雨季首日起算的十日之内,允许决意;若四月之后欲作为己物储存者,则允许让渡。”此即文句之义。在此二说中,后说似较殊胜,何以故?因其易于了知。至于先前诸师之意趣,则实难明了,因其说有多种解释之故。所谓“拳五”,即由拳所标示之五,意为以四手肘丈量后,再加第五拳以作应量。然另有一说:“拳、手、肘之五是为拳五,即五肘皆应作拳而量。”“拳三”之理亦同于此。因以二肘之下衣能覆盖三圆,故有“以披着”等语。“过量”者,谓较善逝之衣更为过量。“不足”者,谓较拳五等量为不足。由此显示,对于他们而言,三衣决意不成立。
Vajirabuddhiṭīkāyaṃ (vajira. ṭī. pārājika 469) pana ‘‘vassikasāṭikaṃ tato paraṃ vikappetuṃyeva, nādhiṭṭhātuṃ. Vatthañhi katapariyositaṃ antocātumāse vassānadivasaṃ ādiṃ katvā antodasāhe adhiṭṭhātuṃ anujānāmi, cātumāsato uddhaṃ attano santakaṃ katvā ṭhapetukāmena vikappetuṃ anujānāmīti attho’’ti vuttaṃ. Idhāpi pacchimavādo pasatthataroti dissati, kasmā? Suviññeyyattā, purimesu pana ācariyānaṃ adhippāyoyeva duviññeyyo hoti nānāvādasseva kathitattā. Muṭṭhipañcakanti muṭṭhiyā upalakkhitaṃ pañcakaṃ muṭṭhipañcakaṃ, catuhatthe minitvā pañcamaṃ hatthamuṭṭhiṃ katvā minitabbanti adhippāyo. Keci pana ‘‘muṭṭhihatthānaṃ pañcakaṃ muṭṭhipañcakaṃ. Pañcapi hatthā muṭṭhī katvāva minitabbā’’ti vadanti. Muṭṭhittikanti etthāpi eseva nayo. Dvihatthena antaravāsakena timaṇḍalaṃ paṭicchādetuṃ sakkāti āha ‘‘pārupanenapī’’tiādi. Atirekanti sugatacīvarato atirekaṃ. Ūnakanti muṭṭhipañcakādito ūnakaṃ. Tena ca tesu ticīvarādhiṭṭhānaṃ na ruhatīti dasseti.
“我退还此桑喀帝”,意谓:我撤销对此桑喀帝的决意,亦即舍弃之义。然在《精要灯》中,仅说:“‘我退还’者,放置之义,或舍弃之义。”“由身作动作者”,是指以手触摸或晃动袈裟者。“应以言语决意”,此处须知:即使用身晃动且以言语宣说,由身与语共同所作之决意,亦为所摄。因须说“未以身触及”故,有非手距与手距两种决意。其中,《除疑》说:“所谓‘手距’,即二肘半。有人说为十二肘,但此处并不相应。”又说:“为显示以面对与背对为区别的两种决意,故说‘若在手距之内’等语。”然《精要灯》则说:“‘手距’一语是就十二肘而言,故在十二肘之内,说‘此’而决意;超出此范围,则说‘彼’而决意,此为某些人所主张。然而,注解词条对此并未作任何说明。在巴利原典及注疏中,凡提及‘手距’之处皆为二肘半,故此处特别作此区分之理由,应予以探究。”如此,于巴利原典及注疏中皆以二肘半为手距,诸复注师亦依此受持,是故:置于二肘半以内之袈裟,说“此”而决意;置放于其外者,则说“彼”而决意。
Imaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ paccuddharāmīti imaṃ saṅghāṭiadhiṭṭhānaṃ ukkhipāmi, pariccajāmīti attho. Sāratthadīpaniyaṃ (sārattha. ṭī. 2.469) pana ‘‘paccuddharāmīti ṭhapemi, pariccajāmīti vā attho’’icceva vuttaṃ. Kāyavikāraṃ karontenāti hatthena cīvaraṃ parāmasantena, cālentena vā. Vācāya adhiṭṭhātabbāti ettha kāyenapi cāletvā vācampi bhinditvā kāyavācāhi adhiṭṭhānampi saṅgahitanti veditabbaṃ, ‘‘kāyena aphusitvā’’ti vattabbattā ahatthapāsahatthapāsavasena duvidhaṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ. Tattha ‘‘hatthapāso nāma aḍḍhateyyahattho vuccati. ‘Dvādasahattha’nti keci vadanti, taṃ idha na sametī’’ti vimativinodaniyaṃ (vi. vi. ṭī. 1.469) vuttaṃ. ‘‘Idāni sammukhāparammukhābhedena duvidhaṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘sace hatthapāsetiādi vuttaṃ. Sāratthadīpaniyaṃ (sārattha. ṭī. 2.469) pana ‘‘hatthapāseti ca idaṃ dvādasahatthaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ, tasmā dvādasahatthabbhantare ṭhitaṃ ‘ima’nti vatvā adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ, tato paraṃ ‘eta’nti vatvā adhiṭṭhātabbanti keci vadanti, gaṇṭhipadesu panettha na kiñci vuttaṃ, pāḷiyaṃ aṭṭhakathāyañca sabbattha ‘hatthapāso’ti aḍḍhateyyahattho vuccati, tasmā idha visesavikappanāya kāraṇaṃ gavesitabba’’nti vuttaṃ. Evaṃ pāḷiyaṭṭhakathāsupi aḍḍhateyyahatthameva hatthapāso vutto, ṭīkācariyehi ca tadeva sampaṭicchito, tasmā aḍḍhateyyahatthabbhantare ṭhitaṃ cīvaraṃ ‘‘ima’’nti, tato bahibhūtaṃ ‘‘eta’’nti vatvā adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ.
“邻近住处”一语,是就立于能辨认所放置处之适当位置者而言。即使立于较远处,只要能辨认所放置之处,亦应作决意。于此,以能辨认袈裟之放置状况为其准量。非能辨认常处,若将袈裟放置于一寺,却欲决意为放置于他寺,则是不允许的。然有人说“即便如此决意,亦无过失”,此说与注疏不符,应加详审。此为《除疑》所说。然《精要灯》则说:“所谓‘邻近住处’,即当天前往之后能返回之处。‘邻近住处’一语仅是开示之总纲,是故应辨认所放置之处,即便立于较远处亦可作决意,此为有人主张。‘辨认所放置处’一语,是就辨认所放置处之相称性而言,此处以能辨认袈裟本身为其准量。”《金刚智疏》则说:“桑喀帝、上衣、下衣,其已决意与未决意者名称相同。‘此桑喀帝’等语,是就有待决意者而言;‘应与三衣别住’之语,是就已决意者而言。关于‘邻近住处’,法喜长老认为是指从托钵村至住处之间;诸师长则认为即便在更远处亦可获得。附注词条中亦云:‘邻近住处’仅是开示之总纲,是故应辨认所放置之处,即便立于较远处亦须作决意。所谓‘邻近住处’,即当天前往后能返回之处。护持夜别住者,立于较此更
‘‘Sāmantavihāreti idaṃ ṭhapitaṭṭhānasallakkhaṇayogge ṭhitaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ, tato dūre ṭhitampi ṭhapitaṭṭhānaṃ sallakkhentena adhiṭṭhātabbameva. Tatthāpi cīvarassa ṭhapitabhāvasallakkhaṇameva pamāṇaṃ. Na hi sakkā niccassa ṭhānaṃ sallakkhetuṃ, ekasmiṃ vihāre ṭhapetvā tato aññasmiṃ ṭhapitanti adhiṭṭhātuṃ na vaṭṭati. Keci pana ‘tathāpi adhiṭṭhite na doso’ti vadanti, taṃ aṭṭhakathāya na sameti, vīmaṃsitabba’’nti vimativinodaniyaṃ (vi. vi. ṭī. 1.469) vuttaṃ. Sāratthadīpaniyaṃ (sārattha. ṭī. 2.469) pana ‘‘sāmantavihāro nāma yattha tadaheva gantvā nivattetuṃ sakkā. Sāmantavihāreti idaṃ desanāsīsamattaṃ, tasmā ṭhapitaṭṭhānaṃ sallakkhetvā dūre ṭhitampi adhiṭṭhātabbanti vadanti. Ṭhapitaṭṭhānaṃ sallakkhetvāti ca idaṃ ṭhapitaṭṭhānasallakkhaṇaṃ anucchavikanti katvā vuttaṃ, cīvarasallakkhaṇamevettha pamāṇa’’nti vuttaṃ. Vajirabuddhiṭīkāyañca (vajira. ṭī. pārājika 469) ‘‘saṅghāṭi uttarāsaṅgo antaravāsakanti adhiṭṭhitānadhiṭṭhitānaṃ samānameva nāmaṃ. ‘Ayaṃ saṅghāṭī’tiādīsu anadhiṭṭhitā vuttā. ‘Ticīvarena vippavaseyyā’ti ettha adhiṭṭhitā vuttā. Sāmantavihāreti gocaragāmato vihāreti dhammasiritthero. Dūratarepi labbhatevāti ācariyā. Anugaṇṭhipadepi ‘sāmantavihāreti desanāsīsamattaṃ, tasmā ṭhapitaṭṭhānaṃ sallakkhetvā dūre ṭhitampi adhiṭṭhātabba’nti vuttaṃ. Sāmantavihāro nāma yattha tadaheva gantvā nivattituṃ sakkā. Rattivippavāsaṃ rakkhantena tato dūre ṭhitaṃ adhiṭṭhātuṃ na vaṭṭati, evaṃ kira mahāaṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttanti. Keci ‘cīvaravaṃse ṭhapitaṃ añño parivattetvā nāgadante ṭhapeti, taṃ ajānitvā adhiṭṭhahantassapi ruhati cīvarassa sallakkhitattā’ti vadantī’’ti, tasmā ācariyānaṃ matabhedaṃ saṃsanditvā gahetabbaṃ.
“决意后存放之衣”,即是以“资具布”之名决意后而存放之衣。正因如此,通过“我退还此”来表示对资具布的退还;这也表明:持守三衣头陀支者,若从粪扫衣等途径获得布料,在十日内未能染色并穿着,则应以资具布的方式决意,并使该衣超过十日;否则便成为尼萨耆亚。因此,《清净道论》说:“然从染色之时起,不得存放,否则即是头陀支之贼。”“应再决意”——此语是针对那些想要以僧伽帝等三衣之名决意并受用者而言;至于其他情况,应知原先的决意已然足够。“应再决意”也显示应作净点。“无决意之事务”则显示无有作净点之事务。“更大者”等是一切决意的共通特征。其中,“应再决意”的特征是:若未决意之衣成为已决意衣的一部分,由于未决意,它便计入已决意之列;同样,若已决意之衣成为未决意衣的一部分,则计入未决意之列。此处不仅是第二层布,乃至第三层布等也是如此。正如世尊所说:“诸比丘,我允许……经过修整之布料,四重之僧伽帝……粪扫衣则随意。”
Adhiṭṭhahitvāṭhapitavatthehīti parikkhāracoḷanāmena adhiṭṭhahitvā ṭhapitavatthehi. Teneva ‘‘imaṃ paccuddharāmī’’ti parikkhāracoḷassa paccuddhāraṃ dasseti, etena ca tecīvarikadhutaṅgaṃ pariharantena paṃsukūlādivasena laddhaṃ vatthaṃ dasāhabbhantare katvā rajitvā pārupitumasakkontena parikkhāracoḷavasena adhiṭṭhahitvāva dasāhamatikkamāpetabbaṃ, itarathā nissaggiyaṃ hotīti dasseti, teneva ‘‘rajitakālato pana paṭṭhāya nikkhipituṃ na vaṭṭati, dhutaṅgacoro nāma hotī’’ti visuddhimagge (visuddhi. 1.25) vuttaṃ. Puna adhiṭṭhātabbānīti idañca saṅghāṭiāditicīvaranāmena adhiṭṭhahitvā paribhuñjitukāmassa vasena vuttaṃ, itarassa pana purimādhiṭṭhānameva alanti veditabbaṃ. Puna adhiṭṭhātabbanti iminā kappabindupi dātabbanti dasseti. Adhiṭṭhānakiccaṃnatthīti iminā kappabindudānakiccampi natthīti dasseti, mahantataramevātiādi sabbādhiṭṭhānasādhāraṇalakkhaṇaṃ. Tattha puna adhiṭṭhātabbanti anadhiṭṭhitacīvarassa ekadesabhūtattā anadhiṭṭhitañce, adhiṭṭhitassa appabhāvena ekadesabhūtaṃ adhiṭṭhitasaṅkhameva gacchati, tathā adhiṭṭhitañce, anadhiṭṭhitassa ekadesabhūtaṃ anadhiṭṭhitasaṅkhaṃ gacchatīti lakkhaṇaṃ. Na kevalañcettha dutiyapaṭṭameva, atha kho tatiyapaṭṭādikampi. Yathāha ‘‘anujānāmi bhikkhave…pe… utuddhaṭānaṃ dussānaṃ catugguṇaṃ saṅghāṭiṃ…pe… paṃsukūle yāvadattha’’nti (mahāva. 348).
这是就与拳量等相应的三衣尺寸而言,故说“至于三衣”等语。“以资具布决意”:即作为资具布而决意。“其余比丘”:是指即将说法时在场的比丘。“故允许”:如世尊所说“诸比丘,我允许决意三衣,不得作分别净”,对资具布也是如此说,并未规定其最高限量,也未规定数量限制。因此,退还三衣后,将这些衣作为资具布决意而受用,是允许的——这是其义。“此为存放之门”:此资具布决意即是存放的门径、安置的门径,也就是存放多余衣物的方便——这是其义。何以得知?当时,诸比丘三衣已经具足,却还需要滤水器和袋子。在这一因缘中,由于世尊开许了“诸比丘,我允许资具布”,而诸比丘只有一件滤水器或袋子是允许的,因为并未禁止拥有两件或三件,所以,达到或超过分别净所及最小量的滤水器等资具便是可行的,这一点已得成立。首先,应以三衣决意的方式决意;此后,若有人无法持守,可退还后以资具布决意,但并非最初即如此说。由于在有结界之处,存在衣不别离界的僧事,衣的别离并无过失,所以那里不难持守,因此说“无结界处则难以持守”。
Muṭṭhipañcakāditicīvarappamāṇayuttaṃ sandhāya ‘‘ticīvaraṃ panā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Parikkhāracoḷaṃ adhiṭṭhātunti parikkhāracoḷaṃ katvā adhiṭṭhātuṃ. Avasesā bhikkhūti vakkhamānakāle nisinnā bhikkhū. Tasmā vaṭṭatīti yathā ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, ticīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhātuṃ, na vikappetu’’nti (mahāva. 358) vuttaṃ, evaṃ parikkhāracoḷampi vuttaṃ, na cassa ukkaṭṭhaparicchedo vutto, na ca saṅkhāparicchedo, tasmā tīṇipi cīvarāni paccuddharitvā imāni cīvarāni parikkhāracoḷāni adhiṭṭhahitvā paribhuñjituṃ vaṭṭatīti attho. Nidhānamukhametanti etaṃ parikkhāracoḷādhiṭṭhānaṃ nidhānamukhaṃ ṭhapanamukhaṃ, atirekacīvaraṭṭhapanakāraṇanti attho. Kathaṃ ñāyatīti ce, tena kho pana samayena bhikkhūnaṃ paripuṇṇaṃ hoti ticīvaraṃ, attho ca hoti parissāvanehipi thavikāhipi. Etasmiṃ vatthusmiṃ ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, parikkhāracoḷaka’’nti anuññātattā bhikkhūnañca ekameva parissāvanaṃ, thavikā vā vaṭṭati, na dve vā tīṇi vāti paṭikkhepābhāvato vikappanūpagapacchimappamāṇāni, atirekappamāṇāni vā parissāvanādīni parikkhārāni kappantīti siddhaṃ. Paṭhamaṃ ticīvarādhiṭṭhānena adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ, puna pariharituṃ asakkontena paccuddharitvā parikkhāracoḷaṃ adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ , na tveva āditova idaṃ vuttaṃ. Baddhasīmāya avippavāsasīmāsammutisambhavato cīvaravippavāse nevatthi dosoti na tattha dupparihāroti āha ‘‘abaddhasīmāya dupparihāra’’nti.
45“超出限量者犯截断之波逸提”,故说“未超出限量”。“此后应退还并作分别净”:即在雨季月过后,应退还决意并作分别净;由此可知,决意持续至四个雨季月结束之后,否则便无有退还的必要。然而,《本母注》中说:“雨季衣,于雨季月过后,乃至以覆痒衣等疾病平息时,也舍弃决意。”这在《善见》中并无此说,在《附随注》中“于冬季犯过,非于夏季”之处,也未如此说。在咖提咖月满月日的翌日,穿着已作分别净而存放的雨季衣,于冬季犯过。不过,《古伦迪》中说:“若在咖提咖满月日未退还,于冬季犯过”,这也说得恰当。因为世尊说:“四个月中作决意,此后作分别净。”其中,《大注》是就穿着之因缘而说恶作,而《古伦迪注》则是就未退还之因缘而说;因此,依《古伦迪》所说之义,可知雨季衣纵然过了雨季,其决意也不会舍弃。而在令决意舍弃的种种情形中,因雨季月结束及疾病消除而舍弃,在《本母注》中也未提及;故应依《善见》所载之义而取:决意持续直至退还为止。
45. Atirittappamāṇāya chedanakaṃ pācittiyanti āha ‘‘anatirittappamāṇā’’ti. Tato paraṃ paccuddharitvā vikappetabbāti vassikamāsato paraṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ paccuddharitvā vikappetabbā, iminā catunnaṃ vassikamāsānaṃ upari adhiṭṭhānaṃ tiṭṭhatīti viññāyati, asato paccuddharāyogā, yañca mātikāṭṭhakathāyaṃ (kaṅkhā. aṭṭha. kathinasikkhāpadavaṇṇanā) ‘‘vassikasāṭikā vassānamāsātikkamenāpi kaṇḍupaṭicchādi ābādhavūpasamenāpi adhiṭṭhānaṃ vijahantī’’ti vuttaṃ, taṃ samantapāsādikāyaṃ natthi, parivāraṭṭhakathāyañca ‘‘atthāpatti hemante āpajjati, no gimhe’’ti ettha na taṃ vuttaṃ, kattikapuṇṇamāsiyā pacchime pāṭipadadivase vikappetvā ṭhapitaṃ vassikasāṭikaṃ nivāsento hemante āpajjati. Kurundiyaṃ pana ‘‘kattikapuṇṇamadivase apaccuddharitvā hemante āpajjatī’’ti vuttaṃ, tampi suvuttaṃ. ‘‘Cātumāsaṃ adhiṭṭhātuṃ, tato paraṃ vikappetu’’nti hi vuttaṃ. Tattha mahāaṭṭhakathāyaṃ nivāsanapaccayā dukkaṭaṃ vuttaṃ, kurundaṭṭhakathāyaṃ pana apaccuddhārapaccayā, tasmā kurundiyaṃ vuttanayenapi vassikasāṭikā vassānātikkamepi adhiṭṭhānaṃ na vijahatīti paññāyati. Adhiṭṭhānavijahanesu ca vassānamāsaābādhānaṃ vigame vijahanaṃ mātikāṭṭhakathāyampi na uddhaṭaṃ, tasmā samantapāsādikāyaṃ (pārā. aṭṭha. 2.469) āgatanayena yāva paccuddhārā adhiṭṭhānaṃ tiṭṭhatīti gahetabbaṃ.
因沐浴已被开许,故说“即便只是颜色不同,此衣亦可使用”。至于“两件则不可用”,是表明对于僧伽梨等,第二件不能另作决意,否则便成多余之衣。《大疏》中,考虑到并非经由衣来受用的情形,说为“无犯”,如同为坐卧处使用而施的敷具一般。然而,所谓“敷具亦应决意”,并非仅限于坐卧处之用,因其已摄入九种衣之中,故应以己名决意后存放,如同资具布那样,随宜取用,应作如是解。披风、外衣等,在世间也以敷具等名称呼,所以从“为坐卧资具所施的敷具”中另作别说。若在最后又获得另一件非雨季衣,则应舍弃前一件雨季衣,作说净后,再行决意,诸师如是说。
Nahānatthāya anuññātattā ‘‘vaṇṇabhedamattarattāpi cesā vaṭṭatī’’ti vuttaṃ. Dve pana na vaṭṭantīti iminā saṅghāṭiādīsupi dutiyaadhiṭṭhānaṃ na ruhati, taṃ atirekacīvaraṃ hotīti dasseti. Mahāpaccariyaṃ cīvaravasena paribhogakiccassa abhāvaṃ sandhāya ‘‘anāpattī’’ti vuttā senāsanaparibhogatthāya dinnapaccattharaṇe viya. Yaṃ pana ‘‘paccattharaṇampi adhiṭṭhātabba’’nti vuttaṃ, taṃ senāsanatthāyevāti niyamitaṃ na hoti navasu cīvaresu gahitattā, tasmā attano nāmena adhiṭṭhahitvā nidahitvā parikkhāracoḷaṃ viya yathā tathā viniyujjitamevāti gahetabbaṃ, pāvārokojavoti imesampi paccattharaṇādinā lokepi voharaṇato senāsanaparikkhāratthāya dinnapaccattharaṇato visuṃ gahaṇaṃ kataṃ. Sace avasāne aparāvassikasāṭikā uppannā hoti, purimavassikasāṭikaṃ paccuddharitvā vikappetvā adhiṭṭhātabbāti vadanti.
“坐具应量”,是指符合“长善逝张手二张手,宽一张手半,缘一张手”的量。若以中等身材者之手,即木工手来计,长为三手,宽为二手加六指,缘为一手加一张手。今以常人自然手计,长为四手加一张手,宽为三手加九指,缘为二手加六指。少于彼量者可用,超过则不可,因律中说“若超过彼量,应截断,波逸提”。
“疥疮衣应量”,是依“长四善逝张手,宽二张手”之说,符合如是之量。以木工手计,长为六手,宽为三手。今以常人自然手计,长为九手,宽为四手加一张手,应如是知。
“可作说净之最小衣量的资具布”:此处所谓可作说净的最小衣量,以善逝指计,长八指,宽四指;以木工手计,长一手,宽一张手量;今以常人自然手计,长一手加一张手,宽一张手加六指量。故说“彼之量”等。
Nisīdanamhi pamāṇayuttanti ‘‘dīghato sugatavidatthiyā dve vidatthiyo, vitthārato diyaḍḍhaṃ, dasā vidatthī’’tiiminā pamāṇena yuttaṃ, taṃ pana majjhimapurisahatthasaṅkhātena vaḍḍhakīhatthena dīghato tihatthaṃ hoti, vitthārato chaḷaṅgulādhikadvihatthaṃ, dasā vidatthādhikahatthaṃ, idāni manussānaṃ pakatihatthena dīghato vidatthādhikacatuhatthaṃ hoti, vitthārato navaṅgulādhikatihatthaṃ, dasā chaḷaṅgulādhikadvihatthā, tato ūnaṃ vaṭṭati, na adhikaṃ ‘‘taṃ atikkāmayato chedanakaṃ pācittiya’’nti (pāci. 533) vuttattā. Kaṇḍupaṭicchādiyā pamāṇikāti ‘‘dīghato catasso vidatthiyo sugatavidatthiyā, tiriyaṃ dve vidatthiyo’’ti (pāci. 538) vuttattā evaṃ vuttappamāṇayuttā, sā pana vaḍḍhakīhatthena dīghato chahatthā hoti, vitthārato tihatthā, idāni pakatihatthena pana dīghato navahatthā hoti, tiriyato vidatthādhikacatuhatthāti veditabbā. Vikappanūpagapacchimacīvarappamāṇaṃ parikkhāracoḷanti ettha pana vikappanūpagapacchimacīvarappamāṇaṃ nāma sugataṅgulena dīghato aṭṭhaṅgulaṃ hoti, tiriyato caturaṅgulaṃ, vaḍḍhakīhatthena dīghato ekahatthaṃ hoti, tiriyato vidatthippamāṇaṃ, idāni pakatihatthena pana dīghato vidatthādhikahatthaṃ hoti, tiriyato chaḷaṅgulādhikavidatthippamāṇaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘tassa pamāṇa’’ntiādi.
在“为药物故”等句中,是针对已从自身所有权中舍出而放置的物品,说“虽未决意亦无罪”,其意趣为:通过区分“这是为药物用,这是为母亲用”而从自身所有权中舍出并放置者,无决意之必要。然而,若怀着“我将以此换取药物,我将以此给予母亲”的想法而放置者,则必须决意,诸师如是说。
关于“为坐卧资具所施的敷具”:此中,有人说:未穿着、未披覆,仅铺于床椅而受用的敷具,即便是自己所有,也可不作决意。但后文无简别地说“敷具亦应决意”,因此自己所有的敷具必须决意,此为我们之见解,应审察而受持。
“在织机上尚在织时即应决意”,是说后来超出的部分已属已被决意者,无需再行决意。但若已示界限,中间又有超出者,有人说应再行决意。
“此即方法”,意为:在可作说净的量上,于织机上尚在织时即应决意。
Bhesajjatthāyātiādīsu attano santakabhāvato mocetvā ṭhapitaṃ sandhāya ‘‘anadhiṭṭhitepi natthi āpattī’’ti vuttaṃ, ‘‘idaṃ bhesajjatthāya, idaṃ mātuyā’’ti vibhajitvā sakasantakabhāvato mocetvā ṭhapentena adhiṭṭhānakiccaṃ natthīti adhippāyo. ‘‘Iminā bhesajjaṃ cetāpessāmi, idaṃ mātuyā dassāmī’’ti ṭhapentena pana adhiṭṭhātabbamevāti vadanti. Senāsanaparikkhāratthāya dinnapaccattharaṇeti ettha anivāsetvā apārupitvā kevalaṃ mañcapīṭhesuyeva attharitvā paribhuñjiyamānaṃ paccattharaṇaṃ attano santakampi anadhiṭṭhātuṃ vaṭṭatīti vadanti, heṭṭhā pana paccattharaṇampi adhiṭṭhātabbamevāti avisesena vuttattā attano santakaṃ adhiṭṭhātabbamevāti amhākaṃ khanti, vīmaṃsitvā gahetabbaṃ. Tante ṭhitaṃyeva adhiṭṭhātabbanti ettha pacchā vītaṭṭhānaṃ adhiṭṭhitameva hoti, puna adhiṭṭhānakiccaṃ natthi. Sace pana paricchedaṃ dassetvā antarantarā vītaṃ hoti, puna adhiṭṭhātabbanti vadanti. Eseva nayoti vikappanūpagappamāṇamatte vīte tante ṭhitaṃyeva adhiṭṭhātabbanti attho.
46所谓“由还向下”,三部结集中说为“不舍学而趣向在家性”,此说恰当,因为就如衣施与他人,由于无依恋而舍弃了决意。然而,有些人取“由还向下”即“由比丘尼趣向在家性”这一意义,并说:“但比丘即使还俗,只要未舍学,仍为比丘,不舍决意。”这种看法不应采纳,因为并未特别说明“由比丘尼还向下”。比丘尼由趣向在家性而舍决意,本不必另加说明,因为她由舍戒便已非沙门女性。但是,“由舍学”这句话,正是为了显示:若有人保持比丘的形相而舍学,则其身上所系之衣也舍决意,故此说。这是《义明灯》中的说法。而在《疑惑除灭》中说:“‘由还向下’,这是针对犯最后事而仍受比丘承认者、投向外道者,以及比丘尼而说,因对比丘尼性不再有欲求,而取在家之相或外道之相。有人说乃是不舍学而趣向在家性,这不恰当,因为那时他仍是具足戒者,且衣为他所有,但已舍了。”如此,这两种说法似乎彼此矛盾。
46.‘‘Hīnāyāvattanenāti ‘sikkhaṃ appaccakkhāya gihibhāvūpagamanenā’ti tīsupi gaṇṭhipadesu vuttaṃ, taṃ yuttaṃ aññassa dāne viya cīvare nirālayabhāveneva pariccattattā. Keci pana ‘hīnāyāvattanenāti bhikkhuniyā gihibhāvūpagamanenevāti etamatthaṃ gahetvā bhikkhu pana vibbhamantopi yāva sikkhaṃ na paccakkhāti, tāva bhikkhuyevāti adhiṭṭhānaṃ na vijahatī’ti vadanti, taṃ na gahetabbaṃ ‘bhikkhuniyā hīnāyāvattanenā’ti visesetvā avuttattā. Bhikkhuniyā hi gihibhāvūpagamanena adhiṭṭhānavijahanaṃ visuṃ vattabbaṃ natthi tassā vibbhamaneneva assamaṇībhāvato. Sikkhāpaccakkhānenāti pana idaṃ sace bhikkhuliṅge ṭhitova sikkhaṃ paccakkhāti, tassa kāyalaggampi cīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ vijahatīti dassanatthaṃ vutta’’nti sāratthadīpaniyaṃ (sārattha. ṭī. 2.469) vuttaṃ. Vimativinodaniyaṃ (vi. vi. ṭī. 1.469) pana ‘‘hīnāyāvattanenāti idaṃ antimavatthuṃ ajjhāpajjitvā bhikkhupaṭiññāya ṭhitassa ceva titthiyapakkantassa ca bhikkhuniyā ca bhikkhunibhāve nirapekkhatāya gihiliṅgatitthiyaliṅgaggahaṇaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Sikkhaṃ appaccakkhāya gihibhāvūpagamanaṃ sandhāya vuttanti keci vadanti, taṃ na yuttaṃ, tadāpi tassa upasampannattā cīvarassa ca tassa santakattā vijahanato’’ti vuttaṃ, iti imāni dve vacanāni aññamaññaviruddhāni hutvā dissanti.
然而在注疏中,由于分别说明了“由还向下”和“由舍学”,其意趣显明为:当还向下时,即使不舍学,衣也舍去决意;当舍学时,即使不还向下,衣也舍去决意。因此,不舍学而仅仅趣向在家性的人,虽然仍有比丘身份,衣虽为他所有而已舍,却依“由还向下”之说,由趣向在家性而舍决意,应知如同由转变形相而舍。不趣向在家性而仅行舍学的人,虽然保持比丘形相,衣虽为他所有而已舍,却依“由舍学”之说,由舍学而舍决意,应知如同在驱摈中而舍。因此,不论比丘还是比丘尼,只要以“我将还向下”之心,取了在家之相,衣便舍决意。而由舍学,仅限比丘的衣会舍,因为比丘尼没有舍学的情况,这是我等的意见。至于犯最后事者、投向外道者的衣舍决意,因注疏中并未提及,且他们没有“还向下”的说法,应当加以审察。
Aṭṭhakathāyaṃ pana ‘‘hīnāyāvattanena sikkhāpaccakkhānenā’’ti (pārā. aṭṭha. 2.469) visuṃ vuttattā hīnāyāvattante sati sikkhaṃ appaccakkhantepi cīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ vijahati, sikkhaṃ paccakkhante sati hīnāya anāvattantepīti adhippāyo dissati, tasmā sikkhaṃ appaccakkhāya kevalaṃ gihibhāvaṃ upagacchantassa kiñcāpi bhikkhubhāvo atthi, cīvarassa ca tassa santakattā vijahanaṃ, tathāpi ‘‘hīnāyāvattanenā’’ti vuttattā gihibhāvūpagamaneneva adhiṭṭhānavijahanaṃ siyā yathā taṃ liṅgaparivattanena. Gihibhāvaṃ anupagantvā ca kevalaṃ sikkhāpaccakkhānaṃ karontassa kiñcāpi bhikkhuliṅgaṃ atthi, cīvarassa ca tassa santakattā vijahanaṃ, tathāpi ‘‘sikkhāpaccakkhānenā’’ti vuttattā sikkhāpaccakkhāneneva adhiṭṭhānavijahanaṃ siyā yathā taṃ paccuddharaṇe, tasmā bhikkhu vā hotu bhikkhunī vā, hīnāyāvattissāmīti cittena gihiliṅgaggahaṇena cīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ vijahati. Sikkhāpaccakkhānena pana bhikkhusseva cīvaraṃ bhikkhuniyā sikkhāpaccakkhānābhāvāti ayamamhākaṃ khanti. Antimavatthuajjhāpannakatitthiyapakkantakānaṃ pana cīvarassa adhiṭṭhānavijahanaṃ aṭṭhakathāyaṃ anāgatattā tesañca hīnāyāvattānavohārābhāvā vicāretabbaṃ.
“以小指甲”是显示下界限。“内与孔”中说道:“内部的孔会破坏决意,外部的孔则不会破坏。”如何了知内与外的差别呢?犹如在以河流划分的地域,人们居住方向的那一岸称为此岸,另一方向的那一岸称为彼岸。同样地,比丘穿着覆盖之处,衣的中央部位,即所称的一肘半等量之内的部位,称为内;衣的边缘部位则称为外。按照世间说法,或者如同“应以内部为使用面,外部为边缘来放置衣”的说法,比丘面前的那一面称为内,其余部分称为外。同样地,比丘穿着覆盖的部位称为内,其余称为外。如是,依教法应知内外的差别。因此,如果在薄弱处先打一个结,而后截断该薄弱处并除去,决意便不遭破坏。“在整件衣中,此即方法”,这是显示对于整件衣,决意被破坏与不被破坏的性质。因此,《疑惑除灭》中说:“‘此即方法’是指以此摄于应量衣中,无论何处有孔,都有决意舍断等含义。”
Kaniṭṭhaṅgulinakhavasenāti heṭṭhimaparicchedaṃ dasseti. Orato paratoti ettha ca ‘‘orato chiddaṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ bhindati, parato na bhindatī’’ti vuttaṃ. Kathaṃ oraparabhāvo veditabboti? Yathā nadīparicchinne padese manussānaṃ vasanadisābhāge tīraṃ orimaṃ nāma hoti, itaradisābhāge tīraṃ pārimaṃ nāma, tathā bhikkhūnaṃ nivāsanapārupanaṭṭhānabhūtaṃ cīvarassa majjhaṭṭhānaṃ yathāvuttavidatthiādippamāṇassa padesassa oraṃ nāma, cīvarapariyantaṭṭhānaṃ paraṃ nāma, iti lokato vā yathā ca orato bhogaṃ parato antaṃ katvā cīvaraṃ ṭhapetabbanti vutte bhikkhuno abhimukhaṭṭhānaṃ oraṃ nāma, itaraṭṭhānaṃ paraṃ nāma, evaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ nivāsanapārupanaṭṭhānaṃ oraṃ nāma, itaraṃ paraṃ nāma. Evaṃ sāsanato vā oraparabhāvo veditabbo. Teneva yo pana dubbalaṭṭhāne paṭhamaṃ aggaḷaṃ datvā pacchā dubbalaṭṭhānaṃ chinditvā apaneti, adhiṭṭhānaṃ na bhijjati. Maṇḍalaparivattanepi eseva nayoti sakalasmiṃ cīvare adhiṭṭhānabhijjanābhijjanabhāvo dassito. Tena vuttaṃ vimativinodaniyaṃ (vi. vi. ṭī. 1.469) ‘‘esa nayoti iminā pamāṇayuttesu yattha katthaci chidde adhiṭṭhānaṃ vijahatītiādiatthaṃ saṅgaṇhātī’’ti.
「小衣」:指分量不少于五拳等最后量的小衣。「或使大者为小」:此处是说,在三衣的四边,于洞孔不弃决意之处,从周围裁剪使大变小者,其决意并不失去,此为意趣。然而在《疑惑除灭》中说:「或使大者为小」,此中,即使将极大的衣裁成五拳等最后量,也从四周截断;截断时,所截除的部分不构成计孔之数,故决意未舍,如是得以成就,且与「缝合而截断不破」的说法吻合。而对于资具布,若作成小于最后量者,孔处便舍决意;因决意无所依止故,应知他们须再缝合再作决意。另有人说:「当雨浴衣截为二时,虽然每一片都达到最后量,但决意仅住于一片,不住于另一片,两者皆不被允许。」因此,在坐具、疥疮衣等中,这也是同样的规则。
Khuddakaṃ cīvaranti muṭṭhipañcakādibhedappamāṇato anūnameva khuddakacīvaraṃ. Mahantaṃ vā khuddakaṃ karotīti ettha tiṇṇaṃ cīvarānaṃ catūsu passesu yasmiṃ padese chiddaṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ na vijahati, tasmiṃ padese samantato chinditvā khuddakaṃ karontassa adhiṭṭhānaṃ na vijahatīti adhippāyo. Vimativinodaniyaṃ pana vuttaṃ ‘‘mahantaṃ vā khuddakaṃ vā karotīti ettha atimahantaṃ cīvaraṃ muṭṭhipañcakādipacchimappamāṇayuttaṃ katvā samantato chindanenapi vicchindanakāle chijjamānaṭṭhānaṃ chiddasaṅkhaṃ na gacchati, adhiṭṭhānaṃ na vijahati evāti sijjhati, ‘ghaṭetvā chindati na bhijjatī’ti vacanena ca sameti. Parikkhāracoḷaṃ pana vikappanūpagapacchimappamāṇato ūnaṃ katvā chiddaṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ vijahati adhiṭṭhānassa anissayattā, tāni puna baddhāni ghaṭitāni puna adhiṭṭhātabbamevāti veditabbaṃ. Keci pana ‘vassikasāṭikacīvare dvidhā chinne yadipi ekekaṃ khaṇḍaṃ pacchimappamāṇaṃ hoti, ekasmiṃyeva khaṇḍe adhiṭṭhānaṃ tiṭṭhati, na itarasmiṃ, dve pana na vaṭṭantī’ti vuttattā nisīdanakaṇḍupaṭicchādīsupi eseva nayoti vadantī’’ti.
47「当面进行」中的「当面」,是面对面的说法,也是分配的定语,因此,即使将「当面」解为处所义的从格,亦可说通,其义为「面向」。或者,以当面——即依自己的言语——进行分配,称为「当面分配」;以他面进行分配,称为「他面分配」,此义也应从工具格来理解。这与圣典相合。「在与不在的状态」:指近与远的状态。「仅此即足以储存」:意为仅凭此分配的作用已经完成,故该衣不成为长衣,即超过十日亦不生尼萨耆。「不得受用……」:这是针对自己不取回而受用时犯波逸提,针对确定时及交付他人时犯恶作而说的。「受用等亦得」:意指受用、交付、确定皆可。以「亦」字,宣说储存亦得。以此显示:纵使作了取回,若欲确定该衣者,它依然只是已分配衣,并非长衣;然而,若欲以三衣等名目确定者,则应确定;其他人则应仅视作已分配衣而受用。
47. Sammukhe pavattā sammukhāti paccattavacanaṃ, tañca vikappanāvisesanaṃ, tasmā ‘‘sammukhe’’ti bhummatthe nissakkavacanaṃ katvāpi atthaṃ vadanti, abhimukheti attho. Atha vā sammukhena attano vācāya eva vikappanā sammukhāvikappanā. Parammukhena vikappanā parammukhāvikappanāti karaṇatthenapi attho daṭṭhabbo. Ayameva pāḷiyā sameti. Sannihitāsannihitabhāvanti āsannadūrabhāvaṃ. Ettāvatā nidhetuṃ vaṭṭatīti ettakeneva vikappanākiccassa niṭṭhitattā atirekacīvaraṃ na hotīti dasāhātikkame nissaggiyaṃ na janetīti adhippāyo. Paribhuñjituṃ…pe… na vaṭṭatīti sayaṃ apaccuddhāraṇaparibhuñjane pācittiyaṃ, adhiṭṭhahane paresaṃ vissajjane ca dukkaṭañca sandhāya vuttaṃ. Paribhogādayopi vaṭṭantīti paribhogavissajjanaadhiṭṭhānāni vaṭṭanti. Api-saddena nidhetumpi vaṭṭatīti attho. Etena paccuddhārepi kate cīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhātukāmena vikappitacīvarameva hoti, na atirekacīvaraṃ, taṃ pana ticīvarādināmena adhiṭṭhātukāmena adhiṭṭhahitabbaṃ, itarena vikappitacīvarameva katvā paribhuñjitabbanti dasseti.
然而有些人说:「凡是已作分配的衣,应不令取回而存放至受用时,但到了受用时,应令取回后作确定而受用。因为若在那之前就令取回,仅以取回,分配便已失去,即成为长衣,超过十日便成尼萨耆亚,故凡不令受用而存放者,应分配之。且作了取回后,应在十日内确定。而注疏中所说『从那以后受用等皆得』等,与圣典相违。」此乃他们之见解而已。因为圣典中「在十日内确定或分配」及「自己分配衣后,不取回而受用者,巴吉帝亚」及「无罪:彼给与,或信赖彼而受用」等,是概括而说;且在注疏中,未显示「我取回此衣或此分配」等之取回,而说「受用我之所有物,或分发,或随宜而作」,如此未解除自己之所有性,即以受用等方式说了取回;又说「从那以后受用等亦得」,即使无确定,单独说了受用与存放,故分配之后立即令取回,且不作确定,即可受用及存放除三衣外应分配之衣,此显现为别别的律行。再者,因说了应分配及取回众多钵,故在取回时显示他们成为长钵,由此成立,因他们中仅一个应确定。因此,应依注疏中所来之方式而取。
Keci pana ‘‘yaṃ vikappitacīvaraṃ, taṃ yāva paribhogakālā apaccuddharāpetvā nidahetabbaṃ, paribhogakāle pana sampatte paccuddharāpetvā adhiṭṭhahitvā paribhuñjitabbaṃ. Yadi hi tato pubbepi paccuddharāpeyya, paccuddhāreneva vikappanāya vigatattā atirekacīvaraṃ nāma hoti, dasāhātikkame patteva nissaggiyaṃ, tasmā yaṃ aparibhuñjitvā ṭhapetabbaṃ, tadeva vikappetabbaṃ. Paccuddhāre ca kate antodasāheyeva adhiṭṭhātabbaṃ. Yañca aṭṭhakathāyaṃ (pārā. aṭṭha. 2.469) ‘tato paraṃ paribhogādi vaṭṭatī’tiādi vuttaṃ, taṃ pāḷiyā virujjhatī’’ti vadanti, taṃ tesaṃ matimattameva. Pāḷiyañhi ‘‘antodasāhaṃ adhiṭṭheti vikappetī’’ti (pārā. 469) ca ‘‘sāmaṃ cīvaraṃ vikappetvā apaccuddhāraṇaṃ paribhuñjeyya pācittiya’’nti (pāci. 373) ca ‘‘anāpatti so vā deti, tassa vā vissāsanto paribhuñjatī’’ti (pāci. 376) ca sāmaññato vuttattā, aṭṭhakathāyañca (pārā. aṭṭha. 2.469) ‘‘imaṃ cīvaraṃ vā vikappanaṃ vā paccuddharāmī’’tiādinā paccuddhāraṃ adassetvā ‘‘mayhaṃ santakaṃ paribhuñja vā vissajjehi vā yathāpaccayaṃ karohī’’ti evaṃ attano santakattaṃ amocetvāva paribhogādivasena paccuddhārassa vuttattā, ‘‘tato pabhuti paribhogādayopi vaṭṭantī’’ti adhiṭṭhānaṃ vināpi visuṃ paribhogassa nidhānassa ca vuttattā vikappanānantarameva paccuddharāpetvā anadhiṭṭhahitvā eva ca ticīvararahitaṃ vikappanārahaṃ cīvaraṃ paribhuñjituñca nidahituñca idaṃ pāṭekkaṃ vinayakammanti khāyati. Apica bahūnaṃ pattānaṃ vikappetuṃ paccuddharetuñca vuttattā paccuddhāre tesaṃ atirekapattatā dassitāti sijjhati tesu ekasseva adhiṭṭhātabbato, tasmā aṭṭhakathāyaṃ āgatanayeneva gahetabbaṃ.
「友」是指坚固之友。「相识」是指仅有一面之缘,并非坚固之友。「不通晓规定」是指不知在如此分配后,随即应当如此取回的这一律仪行事,因此说「不知取回」。由此亦可得知:「分配之后,应随即取回。」「此名为已分配之分配得」,其意正如已确定之确定一般。
Mittoti daḷhamitto. Sandiṭṭhoti diṭṭhamatto, na daḷhamitto. Paññattikovido na hotīti evaṃ vikappite anantarameva evaṃ paccuddharitabbanti vinayakammaṃ na jānāti. Tenāha ‘‘na jānāti paccuddharitu’’nti. Imināpi cetaṃ veditabbaṃ ‘‘vikappanāsamanantarameva paccuddhāro kātabbo’’ti. Vikappitavikappanā nāmesā vaṭṭatīti adhiṭṭhitaadhiṭṭhānaṃ viyāti adhippāyo.
48【48】如此开示了衣的确定与分配之方式后,现在为说明钵的确定与分配之方式,故有「然而于钵」等语。其中,因为「食物落于此中」,所以称为钵,它是胜者教法中比丘食器的特定名称。正如所说:「钵,于翼、于叶、于器皿,于去处,共有三义。」在此处,指后者之钵。「然而」是表示转向另一方面的不变词。「方式」是指确定与分配的方式。应知此处将要宣说的钵的确定与分配方式,与前述衣的确定与分配方式不同,这是上下文的连接。所确定之钵,应当是如法合量的钵,而非不如法或不合量的钵,这是内容上的关联。以此表明,对于尺寸不足或超过规定之钵,确定不能成立,因此这类钵应当以「器皿受用」的方式来使用。因为后文将说:「这些应以器皿受用之方式受用,不适于确定,不适于分配。」
48. Evaṃ cīvare adhiṭṭhānavikappanānayaṃ dassetvā idāni patte adhiṭṭhānavikappanānayaṃ dassento ‘‘patte panā’’tiādimāha. Tattha patati piṇḍapāto etthāti patto, jinasāsanabhāvo bhikkhābhājanaviseso. Vuttañhi ‘‘pattaṃ pakkhe dale patto, bhājane so gate tisū’’ti, tasmiṃ patte. Panāti pakkhantaratthe nipāto. Nayoti adhiṭṭhānavikappanānayo. Cīvare vuttaadhiṭṭhānavikappanānayato aññabhūto ayaṃ vakkhamāno patte adhiṭṭhānavikappanānayo veditabboti yojanā. Pattaṃ adhiṭṭhahantena pamāṇayuttova adhiṭṭhātabbo, na appamāṇayuttoti sambandho. Tena pamāṇato ūnādhike patte adhiṭṭhānaṃ na ruhati, tasmā tādisaṃ pattaṃ bhājanaparibhogena paribhuñjitabbanti dasseti. Vakkhati hi ‘‘ete bhājanaparibhogena paribhuñjitabbā, na adhiṭṭhānūpagā na vikappanūpagā’’ti.
「二摩揭陀纳离」:此处的摩揭陀纳离,是指以摩揭陀秤量,能取十三巴拉半水量之量器。在锡兰岛,它比当地的常用纳离为小,但比达米拉纳离为大。这在《普端严》中已有说明:「摩揭陀纳离为十三巴拉半,此据安达咖注疏所说。在锡兰岛,常用纳离较大,达米拉纳离较小,合摩揭陀纳离之量,以二纳离半摩揭陀纳离为一锡兰纳离,此据大注疏所说。」或者,另一种说法,摩揭陀纳离是指取五库杜瓦、一穆提又一又三分之一穆提之量。此义在《义灯》中有说明:「摩揭陀纳离,有人说是六百纳离,也有人说是八百纳离。若依前一种观点,三百纳离的二倍为一摩揭陀纳离。若依后一种观点,四百纳离的二倍为一摩揭陀纳离。然而,达摩波罗长老阿阇梨说:通常四穆提为一库杜瓦,四库杜瓦为一纳离咖。以此纳离咖计,十六纳离为多那;而以摩揭陀纳离计,十二纳离为多那。因此,依此方式应知,摩揭陀纳离是取五库杜瓦、一穆提又一又三分之一穆提之量。」此中,「库杜瓦」即为巴萨多。因《名义灯》中说——
Dve magadhanāḷiyoti ettha magadhanāḷi nāma yā māgadhikāya tulāya aḍḍhaterasapalaparimitaṃ udakaṃ gaṇhāti. Sīhaḷadīpe pakatināḷito khuddakā hoti, damiḷanāḷito pana mahantā. Vuttañhetaṃ samantapāsādikāyaṃ (pārā. aṭṭha. 2.602) ‘‘magadhanāḷi nāma aḍḍhaterasapalā hotīti andhakaṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttaṃ. Sīhaḷadīpe pakatināḷi mahantā, damiḷanāḷi khuddakā, magadhanāḷipamāṇayuttā, tāya magadhanāḷiyā diyaḍḍhanāḷi ekā sīhaḷanāḷi hotīti mahāaṭṭhakathāyaṃ vutta’’nti. Atha vā magadhanāḷi nāma yā pañca kuḍuvāni ekañca muṭṭhiṃ ekāya ca muṭṭhiyā tatiyabhāgaṃ gaṇhāti. Vuttañhetaṃ sāratthadīpaniyaṃ (sārattha. ṭī. 2.598-602) ‘‘magadhanāḷi nāma chapasatā nāḷīti keci. ‘Aṭṭhapasatā’ti apare. Tattha purimānaṃ matena tipasatāya nāḷiyā dve nāḷiyo ekā magadhanāḷi hoti. Pacchimānaṃ catupasatāya nāḷiyā dve nāḷiyo ekā magadhanāḷi. Ācariyadhammapālattherena pana pakatiyā catumuṭṭhikaṃ kuḍuvaṃ, catukuḍuvaṃ nāḷikaṃ, tāya nāḷiyā soḷasa nāḷiyo doṇaṃ, taṃ pana magadhanāḷiyā dvādasa nāḷiyo hontīti vuttaṃ, tasmā tena nayena magadhanāḷi nāma pañca kuḍuvāni ekañca muṭṭhiṃ ekāya muṭṭhiyā tatiyabhāgañca gaṇhātīti veditabba’’nti. Tattha kuḍuvoti pasato. Vuttañhi abhidhānappadīpikāyaṃ –
库杜瓦、巴萨多,一;
一巴塔为四库杜瓦;
一阿拉咖为四巴塔;
一多那等于四阿罗迦。
‘‘Kuḍuvo pasato eko; Pattho te caturo siyuṃ; Āḷhako caturo patthā; Doṇaṃ vā caturāḷhaka’’nti.
又,所谓摩揭陀纳离,是指以四库杜瓦为一纳离之制,取其四倍为一摩揭陀纳离。《疑惑消除》中说:‘达弥拉纳离者,是就古纳离而言。它以四握为库杜瓦,八库杜瓦为一纳离;以此纳离为准,二纳离即等于一摩揭陀纳离。然诸古德又谓,锡哈拉纳离则取三纳离。’依此而说,现今通行的四库杜瓦达弥拉纳离,相当于摩揭陀纳离之四纳离。由此,摩揭陀纳离之半名为巴塔,此是依古达弥拉纳离所计。此小钵名为巴塔,取巴塔饭,正合圣典之说。世俗亦云:
Atha vā magadhanāḷi nāma yā catukuḍuvāya nāḷiyā catasso nāḷiyo gaṇhāti. Vuttañhetaṃ vimativinodaniyaṃ (vi. vi. ṭī. 1.602) ‘‘damiḷanāḷīti purāṇakanāḷiṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Sā ca catumuṭṭhikehi kuḍuvehi aṭṭhakuḍuvā, tāya nāḷiyā dve nāḷiyo magadhanāḷi gaṇhāti, purāṇā pana sīhaḷanāḷi tisso nāḷiyo gaṇhātīti vadanti, tesaṃ matena magadhanāḷi idāni vattamānāya catukuḍuvāya damiḷanāḷiyā catunāḷikā hoti, tato magadhanāḷito upaḍḍhañca purāṇadamiḷanāḷisaṅkhātaṃ patthaṃ nāma hoti, etena ca omako nāma patto patthodanaṃ gaṇhātīti pāḷivacanaṃ sameti. Lokiyehipi –
“世间与摩揭陀,共说二种巴塔;世间巴塔十六巴拉,摩揭陀则倍之为量。”
世间秤为十六巴拉,摩揭陀秤是其两倍,这是公认的说法。
‘Lokiyaṃ magadhañceti, patthadvayamudāhaṭaṃ; Lokiyaṃ soḷasapalaṃ, māgadhaṃ diguṇaṃ mata’nti. (vi. vi. ṭī. 1.602) –
如此,以世间的那离为标准,摩揭陀那离是其两倍,这已得到显示。若依此理解,则“小钵者”与“仅取足维生食者”两者便得以成立。因为不可能用容量少于八库杜瓦的钵,寻得满钵之食而维生。因此,在《韦兰若犍度》的注疏中说:“所谓一钵之量,即是一那离的量,足够一人维生。”在《本生注疏》中也说:“一钵饭,不足二人食用”,以及“给予一人,足够二人乃至三人”,故此处应依所说之理来理解。“每一团食之相应”:即饭的四分之一量。因为在《中部·梵寿经》的注疏中说:“所谓副食之量,即饭的四分之一。”“以饭为去处者”:那些以饭的去处为去处的有情,称为以饭为去处者。所谓去处,即是空间;因饭有进入其中的性质,故饭的空间就是它们的空间,不寻求自己另外的空间,这就是它的含义。“以容器之使用”:即取水等容器的使用。
Evaṃ loke nāḷiyā magadhanāḷi diguṇāti dassitā. Evañca gayhamāne omakapattassa ca yāpanamattodanagāhikā ca siddhā hoti. Na hi sakkā aṭṭhakuḍuvato ūnodanagāhinā pattena athūpīkataṃ piṇḍapātaṃ pariyesitvā yāpetuṃ. Teneva vuttaṃ verañjakaṇḍaṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘pattho nāma nāḷimattaṃ hoti, ekassa purisassa alaṃ yāpanāyā’ti’’. Vuttampi hetaṃ jātakaṭṭhakathāyaṃ (jā. aṭṭha. 5.21.192) ‘‘patthodano nālamayaṃ duvinna’’nti, ‘‘ekassa dinnaṃ dvinnaṃ tiṇṇaṃ pahotī’’ti ca, tasmā idha vuttanayānusārena gahetabbanti. Ālopassa ālopassa anurūpanti odanassa catubhāgamattaṃ. Vuttañhetaṃ majjhimanikāye brahmāyusuttasaṃvaṇṇanāyaṃ (ma. ni. aṭṭha. 2.387) ‘‘byañjanassa mattā nāma odanacatutthabhāgo’’ti. Odanagatikānīti odanassa gati gati yesaṃ tāni odanagatikāni. Gatīti ca okāso odanassa antopavisanasīlattā odanassa okāsoyeva tesaṃ okāso hoti, na aññaṃ attano okāsaṃ gavesantīti attho. Bhājanaparibhogenāti udakāharaṇādinā bhājanaparibhogena.
如此,从量上显示了适合决意、适合分配的钵之后,现在为从烧制和根本方面来显示,故说“即使是量相应者”等等。其中,铁钵由五次烧制而成:不仅是铁匠的烧制,为成就适合沙门的青黑色,还需以各种材料反复烧制;因铁钵极为坚硬,与铁匠的烧制合计共经五次烧制,方成就适合沙门的青黑色。陶钵由二次烧制而成,此中道理相同。然而因其较为柔软,与陶工的烧制合计共经二次烧制,也得成就适合沙门的青黑色。唯有如此制作的钵,才适合决意与分配,未经这样制作则不适合。因此将说:“在烧制及根本上善成就者,才适合决意;凡是适合决意的,便适合分配。”无论已得手或未得手,都应决意、分配,以此显示:即便钵置于远处,也可得决意、得分配,唯以放置处的观察为量。现在为详细解说此义,故说“若是”等。“若”字表示详说。其中“烧制后将置放”,是就黑色烧制而言。
Evaṃ pamāṇato adhiṭṭhānūpagavikappanūpagapattaṃ dassetvā idāni pākato mūlato ca taṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘pamāṇayuttānampī’’tiādimāha. Tattha ayopatto pañcahi pākehi pattoti kammārapakkaṃyeva anadhiṭṭhahitvā samaṇasāruppanīlavaṇṇakaraṇatthāya punappunaṃ nānāsambhārehi pacitabbo, ayopattassa atikakkhaḷattā kammārapākena saddhiṃ pañcavārapakkoyeva samaṇasāruppanīlavaṇṇo hoti. Mattikāpatto dvīhi pākehi pakkoti etthāpi eseva nayo. Tassa pana mudukattā kumbhakārakapākena saddhiṃ dvivārapakkopi samaṇasāruppanīlavaṇṇo hoti. Evaṃ katoyeva hi patto adhiṭṭhānūpago vikappanūpago ca hoti, nākato. Tena vakkhati ‘‘pāke ca mūle ca suniṭṭhiteyeva adhiṭṭhānūpago hoti. Yo adhiṭṭhānūpago, sveva vikappanūpago’’ti (vi. saṅga. aṭṭha. 48). So hatthaṃ āgatopi anāgatopi adhiṭṭhātabbo vikappetabboti etena dūre ṭhitampi adhiṭṭhātuṃ vikappetuñca labhati, ṭhapitaṭṭhānasallakkhaṇameva pamāṇanti dasseti. Idāni tamevatthaṃ vitthāretumāha ‘‘yadi hī’’tiādi. Hi-saddo vitthārajotako. Tattha pacitvā ṭhapessāmīti kāḷavaṇṇapākaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ.
为说明钵的决意,故说“其中,钵有二种决意”等。其中所说的“周围住处”,是举例而言,即使置于更远处也应当决意。所说的“观察所置之处”,也仅是方便之说,此处唯以观察到钵为量。
Idāni pattādhiṭṭhānaṃ dassetumāha ‘‘tattha dve pattassa adhiṭṭhānā’’tiādi. Tattha sāmantavihāreti idaṃ upalakkhaṇavasena vuttaṃ, tato dūre ṭhitampi adhiṭṭhātabbameva. Ṭhapitaṭṭhānaṃ sallakkhetvāti idampi upacāramattaṃ, pattasallakkhaṇamevettha pamāṇaṃ.
为说明决意的舍弃,故说“如是不放逸者”等。其中,“钵上有孔”,是指从钵口边缘以下二指量处开始,不论何处出现破孔。
Idāni adhiṭṭhānavijahanaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘evaṃ appamattassa’’tyādimāha. Tattha patte vā chiddaṃ hotīti mukhavaṭṭito heṭṭhā dvaṅgulamattokāsato paṭṭhāya yattha katthaci chiddaṃ hoti.
“七种谷物”:
Sattannaṃdhaññānanti –
稻、米与谷;
小麦、稗、大麦;
粟——这就是七种谷物。
‘‘Sāli vīhi ca kudrūso; Godhūmo varako yavo; Kaṅgūti satta dhaññāni; Nīvārādī tu tabbhidā’’ti. –
此即所说之七种谷物。
Vuttānaṃ sattavidhānaṃ dhaññānaṃ.
49如是显示了钵的决意后,今为显示钵的分配,而说“于分配中”等。此应依衣之分配中所说之方式了知。
49. Evaṃ pattādhiṭṭhānaṃ dassetvā idāni pattavikappanaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘vikappane panā’’tiādimāha. Taṃ cīvaravikappane vuttanayeneva veditabbaṃ.
50如此说明了分配的规则之后,现在为显示钵破损时应作之规定,而说“如是决意后”等语。其中,“非钵”一语,也由此显示了决意的舍弃。即使是五处缚合之钵,若如未完全烧成的钵,决意也不能成立。因有“或以锡片”之说,故以铜、铅等许可金属覆盖铁钵的孔隙是允许的,因此说“以金属圆片”。所谓“以纯净者……不允许”,是因为若投入热食将会熔化,所以这样说。“以糖浆煮沸后用石粉缚合是允许”,是将糖浆与石粉一同煮沸后,以此烧制过的石粉来缚合,这是允许的。“以非使用”指以不适当的方式使用。因世尊曾说“诸比丘,我允许承座”,所以将承座放置于床、椅等任何处所,再把钵放在上面是允许的,因为放置承座的处所没有限定。如此说。
50. Evaṃ vikappanānayaṃ dassetvā idāni patte bhinne kattabbavidhiṃ dassetumāha ‘‘evaṃ adhiṭṭhahitvā’’iccādi. Tattha apattoti iminā adhiṭṭhānavijahanampi dasseti. Pañcabandhanepi patte aparipuṇṇapāke patte viya adhiṭṭhānaṃ na ruhati. ‘‘Tipupaṭṭena vā’’ti vuttattā tambalohādikappiyalohehi ayopattassa chiddaṃ chādetuṃ vaṭṭati. Teneva ‘‘lohamaṇḍalakenā’’ti vuttaṃ. Suddhehi…pe… na vaṭṭatīti idaṃ uṇhabhojane pakkhitte vilīyamānattā vuttaṃ. Phāṇitaṃ jhāpetvā pāsāṇacuṇṇena bandhituṃ vaṭṭatīti pāsāṇacuṇṇena saddhiṃ phāṇitaṃ pacitvā tathāpakkena pāsāṇacuṇṇena bandhituṃ vaṭṭati. Aparibhogenāti ayuttaparibhogena. ‘‘Anujānāmi bhikkhave ādhāraka’’nti vuttattā mañcapīṭhādīsu yattha katthaci ādhārakaṃ ṭhapetvā tattha pattaṃ ṭhapetuṃ vaṭṭati ādhārakaṭṭhapanokāsassa aniyamitattāti vadanti.