第六,住处篇集
6. Senāsanakkhandhako
准许寺院之事的注释
Vihārānujānanakathāvaṇṇanā
295在《卧坐处篇》中,「寒冷」是指:寒季时,由于降霜和七日连绵大雨等降雨所生起的粗糙寒冷触感,此即所意指,故说「触及寒冷」。「由此」是表示工具的从格,其意为:由那座精舍遮止风热,故说「由精舍遮止」。
295. Senāsanakkhandhake sisireti sisirakāle himapātavasena sattāhavaddalikādivassapātavassena ca uppanno kharo sītasamphasso adhippetoti āha ‘‘samphusitako’’ti. ‘‘Tato’’ti idaṃ kattuatthe nissakkavacanaṃ, tena ca vihārena vātātapo paṭihaññatīti atthoti āha ‘‘vihārena paṭihaññatī’’ti.
296“拉绳孔”,是指将手指或绳索、锁链等插入其中,拉动门扇使其触及门框的孔洞,即此名称。为显示坐卧处资具皆无不适用者,故说“纵使以豹尾”等语。“如塔庙栏楯”,是指安设窗木或格网,在木料处仿照塔庙栏楯的板条等,以砖等向上、向横显出板条等形状,制成带有四方孔格的样式。“柱式窗”,是指不横置木料,仅用竖立木料所成者。“绑缚布片作为拭脚布”,是指依照窗户的大小,用布片等绑缚成类似拭脚布的形状,目的为防蝙蝠等进入。此即其义。“床架”,是指用木料、泥土等做成的床榻形高台。
296.Āviñchanachiddanti yattha aṅguliṃ vā rajjusaṅkhalikādiṃ vā pavesetvā kavāṭaṃ ākaḍḍhantā dvārabāhaṃ phusāpenti, tassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Senāsanaparibhoge akappiyaṃ nāma natthīti dassanatthaṃ ‘‘sacepi dīpinaṅguṭṭhenā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Cetiye vedikāsadisanti vātapānadāruṃ vā jālaṃ vā aṭṭhapetvā dāruṭṭhāne cetiye vedikāya paṭṭādīni viya iṭṭhakādīhi uddhaṃ, tiriyañca paṭṭikādayo dassetvā catuchiddayuttaṃ kataṃ. Thambhakavātapānaṃ nāma tiriyaṃ dārūni adatvā uddhaṃ ṭhapitadārūhi eva kataṃ. Coḷakapādapuñchanaṃ bandhitunti vātapānappamāṇena pādapuñchanasadisaṃ coḷakādinā bandhitvā vagguliādippavesananivāraṇatthaṃ, kathetunti attho. Miḍḍhakanti mañcākārena kaṭṭhamattikādīhi katavedikākāraṃ.
297“四方凳”,是指正四方形者。“八指高的脚方为合适”,意即唯有八指高的脚才合适。“超出此量亦合适”,这是针对正四方形所说。若是长方形凳,纵有七脚或五脚,若脚过高便不合适。用藤条编成四方形等样式的凳子,称为“吉祥凳”,故注文说“藤凳”。“在木板条上方”,是指在呈弓形排列的木板层下,将凳脚朝上放置。此处说“上方”,是就放置时的情形而言。又因其后两脚犹如山羊后腿般弯曲,故称为“山羊脚凳”。“滚落”,是指连卧榻一同翻滚。除树木、蔓藤外,其余如草、竹等一切皆属草类,故注文说“凡属草类”等。
297.Caturassapīṭhanti samacaturassaṃ. Aṭṭhaṅgulapādakaṃ vaṭṭatīti aṭṭhaṅgulapādakameva vaṭṭati. Pamāṇātikkantopi vaṭṭatīti samacaturassameva sandhāya vuttaṃ. Āyatacaturassā pana sattaṅgapañcaṅgāpi uccapādā na vaṭṭanti. Vetteheva caturassādiākārena kataṃ bhaddapīṭhanti āha ‘‘vettamayaṃ pīṭha’’nti. Dārupaṭṭikāya uparīti aṭaniākārena ṭhitadārupaṭalassa heṭṭhā uddhaṃ pādaṃ katvā. Pavesanakālañhi sandhāya ‘‘uparī’’ti vuttaṃ. Eḷakassa pacchimapādadvayaṃ viya vaṅkākārena ṭhitattā panetaṃ ‘‘eḷakapādapīṭha’’nti vuttaṃ. Paloṭhentīti saha mañcehi pavaṭṭenti. Rukkhe , latā ca muñcitvā avasesaṃ gacchādikaṃ sabbampi tiṇajāti evāti āha ‘‘yesaṃ kesañci tiṇajātikāna’’ntiādi.
“放置”,即安设之意。所谓“头部尺寸”,是指能够连颈部纳进整个头部之处,并说明其宽度为一拳一肘之量,故注文说“宽度”等。这是显示应置于枕头两端布片的尺寸。依此可确定枕头的宽度:缝制成圆形或方形,从一端到另一端,宽处为一拳一肘,应如此缝合。超过此量则不合宜。而枕头两端的布片,将对角折叠为双层,成为三角形。此三角形的三个角中,两角之间的距离为一搩手四指,中央处从角到角为一拳一肘,此即最大尺寸。故注文说“于三个角”等语。
Upadahantīti ṭhapenti. Sīsappamāṇaṃ nāma yattha gīvāya saha sakalaṃ sīsaṃ ṭhapetuṃ sakkā, tassa ca muṭṭhiratanaṃ vitthārappamāṇanti dassento ‘‘vitthārato’’tiādimāha. Idañca bimbohanassa ubhosu antesu ṭhapetabbacoḷappamāṇadassanaṃ. Tassa vasena bimbohanassa vitthārappamāṇaṃ paricchijjati, taṃ vaṭṭaṃ vā caturassaṃ vā katvā sibbitaṃ yathā koṭito koṭi vitthārato puthulaṭṭhānaṃ muṭṭhiratanappamāṇaṃ hoti, evaṃ sibbitabbaṃ. Ito adhikaṃ na vaṭṭati, taṃ pana antesu ṭhapitacoḷaṃ koṭiyā koṭiṃ āhacca diguṇaṃ kataṃ tikaṇṇaṃ hoti. Tesu tīsu kaṇṇesu dvinnaṃ kaṇṇānamantaraṃ vidatthicaturaṅgulaṃ hoti, majjhaṭṭhānaṃ koṭito koṭiṃ āhacca muṭṭhiratanaṃ hoti, idamassa ukkaṭṭhappamāṇaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘tīsu kaṇṇesū’’tiādi.
“毛毯……乃至……归入毛制枕头之列”是就一般情形而说,因此应知:将牛毛毯等不适宜之物放入毛制垫褥中睡觉,也是合适的。
‘‘Kambalameva…pe… uṇṇabhisisaṅkhyameva gacchatī’’ti sāmaññato vuttattā gonakādiakappiyampi uṇṇamayattharaṇaṃ bhisiyaṃ pakkhipitvā sayituṃ vaṭṭatīti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
“皮垫”指皮革所制的垫褥。皮革所制的枕头,即使填满棉花也不得使用。律文中“卧坐处资具布”是指用来制作卧坐处资具的布料。“包裹垫褥”是指放入垫褥套中并加以捆缚。“破损”是指当垫褥从床等拖移时,被坐在凳角等处的人摩擦而破损。“绑缚床”是指将垫褥一并绑缚起来的床。律文中“剥皮带走”是指盗贼剥走垫褥的外皮。“作记号”是指事后在被盗物上点上识别标记。“壁画”是指用各种颜色绘制分隔线条作为装饰。“手作”是指以手制作的任何标记。
Masūraketi cammamayabhisiyaṃ. Cammamayaṃ pana bimbohanaṃ tūlapuṇṇampi na vaṭṭati. Pāḷiyaṃ senāsanaparikkhāradussanti senāsanaparikkhārakaraṇatthāya dussaṃ. Bhisiṃ onandhitunti bhisitthavikāya pakkhipitvā bandhituṃ. Paribhijjatīti mañcādito sāriyamānā pīṭhakoṭiādīsu nisīdantehi ghaṃsiyamānā bhisi paribhijjati. Onaddhamañcanti bhisiṃ ekābaddhaṃ katvā baddhamañcaṃ. Pāḷiyaṃ chaviṃ uppāṭetvā harantīti bhisicchaviṃ corā haranti. Phositunti corehi haritassa pacchā haritasaññāṇaphusitabindūni dātuṃ. Bhittikammanti nānāvaṇṇehi vibhittirājikaraṇaṃ. Hatthakammanti hatthena yaṃ kiñci saññākaraṇaṃ.
298298. 律文中的“不落下”即不附着。“推开”即摩擦。“不缚”指不可缚,也就是不粘着的意思。
298. Pāḷiyaṃ na nipatatīti na allīyati. Paṭibāhetvāti ghaṃsitvā. Na nibandhatīti anibandhanīyo, na lagganakoti attho.
299“做吧”这样的话,即使想说也不被允许,因为直接的命令已被禁止。因此,可以用“你为何不做?”等委婉方式对守门人说。“本生品”是指与本生相关的任何男女等形象。由于提到“令他人制作”,因此即使是佛陀的形象,自己也不能制作。在律文中,“五种板”指的是素色等五种颜色的光滑板。
299.‘‘Karohī’’ti vattumpi na labbhatīti āṇattiyā eva paṭikkhittattā dvārapālaṃ ‘‘kiṃ na karosī’’tiādinā pariyāyena vattuṃ vaṭṭati. Jātakapakaraṇanti jātakapaṭisaṃyuttaṃ itthipurisādi yaṃ kiñci rūpaṃ adhippetaṃ. ‘‘Parehi kārāpetu’’nti vuttattā buddharūpampi sayaṃ kātuṃ na labhati. Pāḷiyaṃ pañcapaṭikanti jātiādipañcappakāravaṇṇamaṭṭhaṃ.
300“没有空间”:指内室之外四周没有可供绕行的空间。“穿孔于树”:指将削好的心材在靠近顶端处穿孔。“作”:指作出孔洞。如同已加工的木桩一般,将其敲入,如此作成者,称为“可移动的墙脚”。“为支撑而立于地”:指在旧墙脚处,用桩头从外侧撑起同等的重量,并将桩根立于地中。“为防护”:指为防护涂泥小屋的漏雨处。“席”:指以棕榈叶等制成的板条。“揉捏的泥”:指为堵塞漏雨孔而揉捏的泥。
300.Upacārona hotīti gabbhassa bahi samantā anuparigamanassa okāso nappahoti. Rukkhaṃ vijjhitvāti tacchitasāradāruṃ aggasamīpe vijjhitvā. Katvāti chidde katvā. Kappakataṃ viya sārakhāṇuke ākoṭetvā evaṃ katameva ‘‘āharimaṃ bhittipāda’’nti vuttaṃ. Upatthambhanatthaṃ bhūmiyaṃ patiṭṭhāpetunti jiṇṇabhittipādena bahi samānabhāraṃ khāṇukappasīsena ussāpetvā mūlena bhūmiyaṃ patiṭṭhāpetuṃ. Parittāṇatthanti ullittāvalittakuṭiyā ovassanaṭṭhānassa parittāṇatthaṃ. Kiṭikanti tālapaṇṇādīhi katapadalaṃ. Madditamattikanti ovassanachiddassa pidahanatthaṃ vuttaṃ.
“将两端截齐后所作之处”是指:装设正对门口的墙壁以及另一处的门,使得外面站着的人无法径直看见里面坐着的人,这样的处所他如此说。“四周环绕的房屋”是指从四周环绕、正面敞开的建筑。“安放竹子后”是指:在与人等高的柱子上挖槽,于其上安放一根如同脊背的横梁,然后将其嵌入。“将一根木杆的一端过高地置于精舍墙壁的角落,另一端低低地置于竹背之上”,如此将木杆铺展开来。“装有滑轮的帘子”是指:如同门扇一样,为便于开合而装有滑轮的帘子。在巴利文中,“上翻帘”是指:在店铺等处,不需要时将其向上掀起并绑在上方,需用时再放下;或者用棉绳头或支撑物将其向上掀起,之后再放下的帘子。
Ubhatokuṭṭaṃ nīharitvā katapadesassāti yathā bahi ṭhitā ujukaṃ anto nisinne na passanti, evaṃ dvārābhimukhaṃ pidahanavasena bhittiñca aññato dvārañca yojetvā kataṭṭhānaṃ vadati. Samantā pariyāgāroti samantato āviddhapamukhaṃ. Vaṃsaṃ datvāti purisappamāṇe pāde nikhaṇitvā tesaṃ upari piṭṭhivaṃsasadisaṃ passavaṃsaṃ ṭhapetvā osāretvā. Ekaṃ daṇḍakoṭiṃ atiuccāya vihārabhittikoṭiyā ekaṃ koṭiṃ nīce vaṃsapiṭṭhiyaṃ ṭhapanavasena daṇḍake pasāretvā. Cakkalayutto kiṭikoti kavāṭaṃ viya vivaraṇathakanasukhatthaṃ cakkalabandhakiṭikaṃ. Pāḷiyaṃ ugghāṭanakiṭikanti āpaṇādīsu anatthikakāle ukkhipitvā, upari ca bandhitvā pacchā otaraṇakiṭikaṃ, kappasīsehi vā upatthambhanīhi ukkhipitvā pacchā otaraṇakiṭikampi.
301“饮水变热”是指:放置在饮水器中的饮用水,因日照而变热。
301.Pānīyaṃ otappatīti pānīyabhājanesu ṭhapitapānīyaṃ ātapena santappati.
303“三种围栏”指三种围墙。“竹围栏”涵盖了所有木制围墙,“刺围栏”则涵盖所有枝条围墙。
303.Tayo vāṭeti tayo parikkhepe. Veḷuvāṭanti sabbaṃ dāruparikkhepaṃ saṅgaṇhāti. Kaṇṭakavāṭanti sabbasākhāparikkhepaṃ.
305“光明消失”:由于缘取佛陀为所缘的喜悦之威力而生起的大光明消失了。靠着这光明,他的道路犹如千盏灯火,驱散了黑暗。然而,当他来到城外那尸骸狼藉、恶臭逼人、令人怖畏的生鲜墓地时,因恐惧而喜悦之势衰微,光明便消失了。
305.Āloko antaradhāyīti yo buddhārammaṇāya pītiyā ānubhāvena mahanto obhāso ahosi, yena cassa padīpasahassena viya vigatandhakāro maggo ahosi, so bahinagare chavasarīrasamākulaṃ duggandhaṃ bībhacchaṃ āmakasusānaṃ pattassa bhayena pītivege mandībhūte antaradhāyi.
「百象」者,偈颂中的“象百千”等,应各自与“千”字连接来理解其义。「足迹功德」者,指以“我将礼敬佛陀”之心,为三宝而前往所踏一步的功德,即由此因缘所生善业果报之义。其十六分之一称为“迦罗”,前述象等一切尚不及此十六迦罗,此处仅为举例;实则不及其无量百千分之一。
Sataṃhatthīti gāthāya hatthino satasahassānīti evaṃ paccekaṃ sahassa-saddena yojetvā attho ñātabbo. Padavītihārassāti ‘‘buddhaṃ vandissāmī’’ti ratanattayaṃ uddissa gacchato ekapadavītihārassa , tappaccayakusalaphalassāti attho. Tassa soḷasamo bhāgo kalaṃ nāma, taṃ soḷasiṃ kalaṃ yathāvuttā hatthiādayo sabbe nāgghanti nārahanti, nidassanamattañcetaṃ. Anekasatasahassabhāgampi nāgghanti.
「黑暗消失」者,指强力喜悦之光再次生起时,黑暗便即消失。「执着」者,指渴爱。「修缮」者,指以布施物为根本的新建工程。
Andhakāro antaradhāyīti puna balavapītiyā āloke samuppanne antaradhāyi. Āsattiyoti taṇhāyo. Vayakaraṇanti deyyadhammamūlaṃ navakammaṃ.
309「应施与」者,指应授与在寺院中主持新建工程的权力。「已施与」者,指为作新建工程而施与了寺院,或指在寺院中施与了新建工程之义。
309.Dadeyyāti navakammaṃ adhiṭṭhātuṃ vihāre issariyaṃ dadeyyāti attho. Dinnoti navakammaṃ kātuṃ vihāro dinno, vihāre navakammaṃ dinnanti vā attho.
313-4“集会堂”指集会的殿堂。“处所”指居住的处所。“为僧团而作”指特别为僧团所作成的。“居士所作”指由居士们所作、所施设,属于居士所有。
313-4.Santhāgāreti sannipātamaṇḍape. Okāseti nivāsokāse. Uddissa katanti saṅghaṃ uddissa kataṃ. Gihivikaṭanti gihīhi kataṃ paññattaṃ, gihisantakanti attho.
分配住处之事的注释
Senāsanaggāhakathāvaṇṇanā
318“六月期满、六月期满”者,这是重复两次,为显示施与资具的时间分限,以下也是如此。对于“不应取彼”这句话,说明其理由:“唯依资具”等。意趣是:唯依资具而住于彼处,便会有服侍照料之事。
318.‘‘Chamāsaccayena chamāsaccayenā’’ti idaṃ dvikkhattuṃ paccayadānakālaparicchedadassanaṃ, evaṃ uparipi. ‘‘Taṃ na gāhetabba’’nti vacanassa kāraṇamāha ‘‘paccayeneva hi ta’’ntiādinā, paccayaññeva nissāya tattha vasitvā paṭijagganā bhavissantīti adhippāyo.
“高举物品”指物品将被举起拿走。“长廊”指经行堂。“圆形讲堂”指侍奉堂。“烧灼”指逼迫。以“不得不给”一语说明,故意不给者若在被阻挡时进入,即犯恶作罪。
Ubbhaṇḍikāti ukkhittabhaṇḍā bhavissanti. Dīghasālāti caṅkamanasālā. Maṇḍalamāḷoti upaṭṭhānasālā. Anudahatīti pīḷeti. ‘‘Adātuṃ na labbhatī’’ti iminā sañcicca adadantassa paṭibāhane pavisanato dukkaṭanti dīpeti.
为了阐明已说“不得骚扰施食村”之义,故说“不得在彼处对人说话”等。断除寻思,即不生起“见到以此方式出行者,便加阻止令其施予资具”之类的寻思。覆盖物品之衣,即覆盖物品的布料,义指覆身之衣。“唯因心净故无过”一语,是就当时被问而说明原因所说,并非指心不清净者回答所问时也无过失。应知,此语是针对“若如此前往,他们便会问我”的想法而不前往一事所说。
‘‘Na gocaragāmo ghaṭṭetabbo’’ti vuttamevatthaṃ vibhāvetuṃ ‘‘na tattha manussā vattabbā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Vitakkaṃ chinditvāti ‘‘iminā nīhārena gacchantaṃ disvā nivāretvā paccaye dassantī’’ti evarūpaṃ vitakkaṃ anuppādetvā. Bhaṇḍappaṭicchādananti paṭicchādanabhaṇḍaṃ. Sarīrappaṭicchādanacīvaranti attho. ‘‘Suddhacittattāva anavajja’’nti idaṃ pucchitakkhaṇe kāraṇācikkhanaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ na hoti asuddhacittassapi pucchitapañhavisajjane dosābhāvā. Evaṃ pana gate maṃ pucchissantītisaññāya agamanaṃ sandhāya vuttanti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
应当照料,即应以修补破损、清扫等方式加以照料。圆形台基,指塔庙楼台的台基,形如瓮状,其上为四方形台基。“为何应当询问”等,是因为本来便可获得。此处说明询问之因由,也是为了指示其缘由。
Paṭijaggitabbānīti khaṇḍaphullapaṭisaṅkharaṇasammajjanādīhi paṭijaggitabbāni. Muddavedikāyāti cetiyassa hammiyavedikāya ghaṭākārassa upari caturassavedikāya. Kasmā pucchitabbantiādi yato pakatiyā labhati. Tatthāpi pucchanassa kāraṇasandassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ.
退离,即从精舍退出。为了显示此义,故说“相距一由旬或二由旬之处”。存放附加款项,即存放利息所得的迦哈巴纳等钱币,或指定田地等。如此,净信所施之物,即依上文所述方式,以净信应施的雨安居所得之物的范围。
Paṭikkammāti vihārato apasakkitvā. Tamatthaṃ dassento ‘‘yojanadviyojanantare hotī’’ti āha. Upanikkhepaṃ ṭhapetvāti vaḍḍhiyā kahāpaṇādiṃ ṭhapetvā, khettādīni vā niyametvā. Iti saddhādeyyeti evaṃ heṭṭhā vuttanayena saddhāya dātabbe vassāvāsikalābhavisayeti attho.
然而,“物”是指在那里生起的金银钱财。这些钱财是因施主说“请从彼处受用四资具”并布施田地等所生,故与施主所施的净物相似,因此说“在净人手中”等,意即此物与施主所施之物同类,应交由净人持有并受用。
Vatthu panāti tatruppāde uppannarūpiyaṃ, tañca ‘‘tato catupaccayaṃ paribhuñjathā’’ti dinnakhettādito uppannattā kappiyakārakānaṃ hatthe ‘‘kappiyabhaṇḍaṃ paribhuñjathā’’ti dāyakehi dinnavatthusadisaṃ hotīti āha ‘‘kappiyakārakānaṃ hī’’tiādi.
“为僧团之善”,即是为僧团的利益。“就个人而言”,是指以“比丘们因衣而疲劳”这样的方式,就个人角度而言,而不是以“僧团疲劳”的方式,从僧团角度而言。
Saṅghasuṭṭhutāyāti saṅghassa hitāya. Puggalavasenāti ‘‘bhikkhū cīvarena kilamantī’’ti evaṃ puggalaparāmāsavasena, na ‘‘saṅgho kilamatī’’ti evaṃ saṅghaparāmāsavasena.
以“净财物为由”是总说。为阐明此义,故说“仅以袈裟、米粮等为由”。此处“ca”字应当理解为转折语气,而非并列连接,应如此了知。为了显示以个人为由和以净财物为由这两种求听羯磨的方式,因而说“然此事应如此行”等语。
‘‘Kappiyabhaṇḍavasenā’’ti sāmaññato vuttamevatthaṃ vibhāvetuṃ ‘‘cīvarataṇḍulādivaseneva cā’’ti vuttaṃ. Ca-kāro cettha pana-saddatthe vattati, na samuccayattheti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Puggalavaseneva, kappiyabhaṇḍavasena ca apalokanappakāraṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘taṃ pana evaṃ kattabba’’ntiādi vuttaṃ.
“审察以袈裟为缘”者:即依信施所生等方式,于该雨安居处可得之称为袈裟的资具,将其限定为“如此之量”。“关于住处”者:即关于住处的分配。“新戒者为年长者,年长者为新戒者”——此言是为了说明,在分配住处时若自己为自己取用则不合宜,其意在于两者应相互为对方分配。“亦可推举八人乃至十六人”者:谓以一次甘马语,即可将所有人一并推举。因为僧团不对僧团作下意羯磨,是故在《七百结集犍度》中说:“于推举仲裁人之认可,八人亦可一并推举。”
Cīvarapaccayaṃ sallakkhetvāti saddhādeyyatatruppādādivasena tasmiṃ vassāvāse labbhamānaṃ cīvarasaṅkhātaṃ paccayaṃ ‘‘ettaka’’nti paricchinditvā. Senāsanassāti senāsanaggāhāpanassa. ‘‘Navako vuḍḍhatarassa, vuḍḍho canavakassā’’ti idaṃ senāsanaggāhassa attanāva attano gahaṇaṃ asāruppanti vuttaṃ, dve aññamaññaṃ gāhessantīti adhippāyo. Aṭṭhapi soḷasapi jane sammannituṃ vaṭṭatīti ekakammavācāya sabbepi ekato sammannituṃ vaṭṭati. Niggahakammameva hi saṅgho saṅghassa na karoti. Teneva sattasatikakkhandhake ‘‘ubbāhikakammasammutiyaṃ aṭṭhapi janā ekatova sammatāti.
“座堂”者:即供奉佛像之堂。“道路”者:指在近行界内,建于朝向村落方向道路上的集会所,即称为“道路”。池塘、树根等处,亦依此类推。
Āsanagharanti paṭimāgharaṃ. Maggoti upacārasīmabbhantaragate gāmābhimukhamagge katasālā vuccati. Evaṃ pokkharaṇīrukkhamūlādīsupi.
“获得”者:谓住于彼处的比丘们获得。“解开”者:即依每人足够的份量分别分配。“分置于各住处”者:谓以言语传达:“将此间所得之物,送交住于某某住处者领取。”“应入内”者,其意趣为:若所得资具丰厚,比丘应住于该精舍区域内方可领取。
Labhantīti tatravāsino bhikkhū labhanti. Vijaṭetvāti ‘‘ekekassa pahonakappamāṇena viyojetvā. Āvāsesu pakkhipitvāti ‘‘ito uppannaṃ asukasmiṃ asukasmiñca āvāse vasantā pāpetvā gaṇhantū’’ti vācāya upasaṃharitvā. Pavisitabbanti mahālābhe pariveṇe vasitvāva lābho gahetabboti adhippāyo.
“此亦”指的是那位舍弃资具的粪扫衣者。文句的连接为:“此袈裟资具,正因被他所舍弃,所以也成立。”“置于足前施予布料”,是说施主们如此施予资具。以此表明:在家人置于足前所施之物,对粪扫衣者也是合适的。至于“若有人说‘我们施予雨安居资具’”,此处须补上“对粪扫衣者则不合适”的意思来连接。“已圆满雨安居的比丘们”,指的是除粪扫衣者以外的其余比丘。
Ayampīti ettha yo paṃsukūliko paccayaṃ vissajjeti. Teneva vissaṭṭho ayaṃ cīvarapaccayopīti yojanā. Pādamūle ṭhapetvā sāṭakaṃ dentīti paccayadāyakā denti. Etena gahaṭṭhehi pādamūle ṭhapetvā dinnampi paṃsukūlikānampi vaṭṭatīti dasseti. Atha vassāvāsikaṃ demāti vadantīti ettha paṃsukūlikānaṃ na vaṭṭatīti ajjhāharitvā yojetabbaṃ. Vassaṃvutthabhikkhūnanti paṃsukūlikato aññesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ.
“系缚后令其领取”的意思,在此处是指:先令其住于树下等处,然后以“请领取袈裟”作为约束条件,这才让他领取。
Upanibandhitvā gāhāpetabbanti idha rukkhādīsu vasitvā cīvaraṃ gaṇhathāti paṭibandhaṃ katvā gāhetabbaṃ.
“初日黎明”等语,是针对入雨安居日而说的。然而,若是中间出离的情况,则即使过了初日,也仍然可以受取。“除去固定职责”,是指在诵习、如理作意等需要相续不断去做的事务上,已先立定共住规约而将其除外。“以袈裟汁涂地”,是指用袈裟染料的汁液来涂抹地面。
Pāṭipadaaruṇatotiādi vassūpanāyikadivasaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Antarāmuttakaṃ pana pāṭipadaṃ atikkamitvāpi gāhetuṃ vaṭṭati. Nibaddhavattaṃ ṭhapetvāti sajjhāyamanasikārādīsu nirantarakaraṇīyesu kattabbaṃ katikavattaṃ katvā. Kasāvaparibhaṇḍanti kasāvarasehi bhūmiparikammaṃ.
“三种”:即从教理、修行与通达三方面而言的三种。“净化”:指在威仪等方面加以审察。“独行职责”:指修习业处。因为此事须舍弃群聚与喧杂,唯以独行的方式奉行,故得此名。所谓“十事论”,即少欲论、知足论、远离论、不交杂论、发勤精进论、戒论、定论、慧论、解脱论、解脱知见论,共此十种。
Tividhampīti pariyattipaṭipattipaṭivedhavasena tividhampi. Sodhetvāti ācārādīsu upaparikkhitvā. Ekacārikavattanti bhāvanākammaṃ. Tañhi gaṇasaṅgaṇikaṃ pahāya ekacārikeneva vattitabbattā evaṃ vuttaṃ. Dasavatthukakathā nāma appicchakathā, santuṭṭhi, paviveka, asaṃsagga, vīriyārambha, sīla, samādhi, paññā, vimutti, vimuttiñāṇadassanakathāti imā dasa.
“嚼齿木职责”:当齿木置于齿木架时,依照“每日只取一支齿木”等规定而行的职责。此规定见于《波罗夷注》第一品不与取篇中有关齿木的解说。“钵……乃至……不应谈论”:是为护持钵而制定的规定。“非类之谈”:即畜生论。“犍度职责”:《犍度·职责篇》中所载的职责,其中托钵乞食的职责已另立为“乞食行仪”单独收录,此处指除此之外的其余职责。
Dantakaṭṭhakhādanavattanti dantakaṭṭhamāḷake nikkhittesu dantakaṭṭhesu ‘‘divase divase ekameva dantakaṭṭhaṃ gahetabba’’ntiādinā (pārā. aṭṭha. 1.109) adinnādāne dantaponakathāyaṃ vuttaṃ vattaṃ. Pattaṃ vā…pe… na kathetabbanti pattaguttatthāya vuttaṃ. Visabhāgakathāti tiracchānakathā. Khandhakavattanti vattakkhandhake (cūḷava. 365) āgataṃ piṇḍacārikavattato avasiṭṭhavattaṃ tassa ‘‘bhikkhācāravatta’’nti visuṃ gahitattā.
今为说明施主布施后雨安居者的安居物时,应如何受持的仪轨,故以“然而,在后入雨安居日”开始解说。“若有客比丘”:指在衣物已受取之后才到来的客比丘。“应得之位”:即依雨安居次第所应得的位次。“先已入前雨安居者”:指较客比丘更早到来,且已于后入雨安居日入雨安居的比丘。“所得所得”:即从施主处陆续送来的一批批布料。
Idāni yaṃ dāyakā pacchimavassaṃvutthānaṃ vassāvāsikaṃ denti, tattha paṭipajjanavidhiṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘pacchimavassūpanāyikadivase panā’’ti āraddhaṃ. Āgantuko sace bhikkhūti cīvare gāhite pacchā āgato āgantuko bhikkhu. Pattaṭṭhāneti vassaggena pattaṭṭhāne. Paṭhamavassūpagatāti āgantukassa āgamanato puretarameva pacchimikāya vassūpanāyikāya vassūpagatā. Laddhaṃ laddhanti punappunaṃ dāyakānaṃ santikā āgatāgatasāṭakaṃ.
“非雨安居者之主人”者,此言因其雨安居已中断而说。因最初已立下约定,故说“不得遮止布施”,其意趣是:若有人遮止布施,便成其颈上之累。“应施予他们”者,是指在已入雨安居者当中,未获得雨安居物的某些人,方应施予。
Neva vassāvāsikassa sāminoti chinnavassattā vuttaṃ. Paṭhamameva katikāya katattā ‘‘neva adātuṃ labhantī’’ti vuttaṃ, dātabbaṃ vārentānaṃ gīvā hotīti adhippāyo. Tesameva dātabbanti vassūpagatesu aladdhavassāvāsikānaṃ ekaccānameva dātabbaṃ.
“以服务所得”者,是指通过提供饮水、侍奉等劳务所得之物。“然而僧团所有”等语,是显示某些人的主张。其中,“经求听羯磨而受取”者,是说以“愿将此物施予雨安居已中断者及现今新入雨安居者”这种方式,依前文所述之法,作求听羯磨后而受取——因为是僧团所施予,故即使已还俗者亦可得受,何况雨安居已中断者。然而,以资具名义受取者,须住满三个月方可自行受取;又因施主也已认可,故有些老师说:即使是服务所得之物,雨安居已中断者及已还俗者亦不应得受。此说因置于后文,故为准量。正因如此,对于在入雨安居日当天即已受取施主所施雨安居物的比丘,下文所规定的是令其不中断雨安居而继续住满,并非指提供饮水、侍奉等劳务的义务。若该物确实是以服务所得,则应规定须履行服务职责。因此,应知:依雨安居次第受取者,雨安居已中断者等不得受取。
Bhatiniviṭṭhanti pānīyupaṭṭhānādibhatiṃ katvā laddhaṃ. Saṅghikaṃ panātiādi kesañci vādadassanaṃ. Tattha apalokanakammaṃ katvā gāhitanti ‘‘chinnavassānaṃ vassāvāsikañca idāni uppajjanakavassāvāsikañca imesaṃ dātuṃ ruccatī’’ti anantare vuttanayena apalokanaṃ katvā gāhitaṃ saṅghena dinnattā vibbhantopi labhati. Pageva chinnavasso. Paccayavasena gāhitaṃ pana temāsaṃ vasitvā gahetuṃ attanā, dāyakehi ca anumatattā bhatiniviṭṭhampi chinnavassopi vibbhantopi na labhatīti keci ācariyā vadanti. Idañca pacchā vuttattā pamāṇaṃ. Teneva vassūpanāyikadivase eva dāyakehi dinnavassāvāsikaṃ gahitabhikkhuno vassacchedaṃ akatvā vāsova heṭṭhā vihito, na pānīyupaṭṭhānādibhatikaraṇavattaṃ. Yadi hi taṃ niviṭṭhameva siyā, bhatikaraṇameva vidhātabbaṃ. Tasmā vassaggena gāhitaṃ chinnavassādayo na labhantīti veditabbaṃ.
“属于僧团”者,以此显示:即使已出雨安居者,若其雨安居者之份额尚未从僧团所有中脱离,则当他们离去时,彼份额便成为僧团所有。“获得”者,是说令施主应允“将我应得之份额给予此人”时,彼份额即从僧团所有中分离。
‘‘Saṅghikaṃ hotī’’ti etena vutthavassānampi vassāvāsikabhāgo saṅghikato amocito tesaṃ vibbhamena saṅghiko hotīti dasseti. Labhatīti ‘‘mama pattabhāgaṃ etassa dethā’’ti dāyake sampaṭicchāpenteneva saṅghikato viyojitaṃ hotīti vuttaṃ.
「上等份额归沙弥」:因彼最初取得,长老先前已取第一份,而今所取为第二份,故如是说。
Varabhāgaṃ sāmaṇerassāti tassa paṭhamagāhattā, therena pubbe paṭhamabhāgassa gahitattā, idāni gayhamānassa dutiyabhāgattā ca vuttaṃ.
伍波难德事的注释
Upanandavatthukathāvaṇṇanā
319319. 圣典中的「两处皆外于两者」:因依次第于两者皆已脱离,故如此说,非于一切方面皆外于两者。故说「最后者……住立」。
319. Pāḷiyaṃ ubhayattha paribāhiroti kamena ubhayassapi muttattā vuttaṃ, na sabbathā ubhayato paribāhirattā. Tenāha ‘‘pacchime…pe… tiṭṭhatī’’ti.
320320. 「足供三人者」:谓除床、椅外,但凡足以令三人安乐而坐的座位,即此最后长座。此处,于无床椅之处,不等座者亦得三人同坐;然于床椅,则唯二人。于非长座的床椅,唯等座者二人得坐,因唯许二众故。
320.Yaṃ tiṇṇaṃ pahotīti mañcapīṭhavinimuttaṃ yaṃ āsanaṃ tiṇṇaṃ sukhaṃ nisīdituṃ pahoti, idaṃ pacchimadīghāsanaṃ. Ettha mañcapīṭharahitesu asamānāsanikāpi tayo nisīdituṃ labhanti. Mañcapīṭhesu pana dve. Adīghāsanesu mañcapīṭhesu samānāsanikā eva dve nisīdituṃ labhanti duvaggasseva anuññātattā.
“象爪”:因下部有此,故名象爪,即楼阁。楼阁之“爪”指其下方部分,因形似脚爪,且该楼阁四方以众多象形装饰而矗立。于其上所建的楼阁,犹如安于象肩之上,故说“立于象肩”。“金银等种种”:这是就僧团住所而言。然而,比丘个人连接受金银等种种都不被许可,因为有“不应以任何方式受用金银”的规定。因此,在此注疏中并未提及“于僧团住处或个人住处”,唯就羊毛毯等不净物范围而论,因单个比丘取用这些也无过失。“以在家人所铺设者”:即由在家人铺设,意为:在家人将自有之物铺设开来而施与的规定。“得”:指获得坐处。
Hatthinakho heṭṭhābhāge etassa atthīti hatthinakho, pāsādo. Pāsādassa nakho nāma heṭṭhimabhāgo pādanakhasadisattā, so sabbadisāsu anekehi hatthirūpehi samalaṅkato ṭhito. Tassūpari kato pāsādo hatthikumbhe patiṭṭhito viya hotīti āha ‘‘hatthikumbhe patiṭṭhita’’nti. Suvaṇṇarajatādivicitrānīti saṅghikasenāsanaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Puggalikaṃ pana suvaṇṇādivicitraṃ bhikkhussa sampaṭicchitumeva na vaṭṭati ‘‘na kenaci pariyāyena jātarūparajataṃ sāditabba’’nti (mahāva. 299) vuttattā. Tenevettha aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘saṅghikavihāre vā puggalikavihāre vā’’ti na vuttaṃ, gonakādiakappiyabhaṇḍavisaye eva vuttaṃ ekabhikkhussāpi tesaṃ gahaṇe dosābhāvā. Gihivikaṭanīhārenāti gihīhi katanīhārena, gihīhi attano santakaṃ attharitvā dinnaniyāmenāti attho. Labbhantīti nisīdituṃ labbhanti.
不可舍弃物事论注释
Avissajjiyavatthukathāvaṇṇanā
321“阿兰迦罗”:指能容大量水的大瓮,为取水之用,故名阿兰迦罗。
321.Arañjaroti bahuudakagaṇhanikā mahācāṭi, jalaṃ gaṇhitumalanti arañjaro.
“固定物”:在“固定物”等五种分类中,前二种为固定物,后三种为重物,应知。“等量给予”:此处应知,即便给予的是不足量者,亦可取用寺院地界附近之物,而将较远、难以守护之物转让,此是合宜的。如后文将说:“若比丘们〔所得〕价值更高……乃至……可以接受。”“告知”:意为告知比丘僧团并征得同意之后。“难道不应说‘你们的树木更多’吗?”——此句意为:当物主不知自己之物价值高昂而施与时,若受者知其价值,却以盗心取用,便构成劫夺。
Thāvarena ca thāvarantiādīsu pañcasu koṭṭhāsesu purimadvayaṃ thāvaraṃ, pacchimattayaṃ garubhaṇḍanti veditabbaṃ. Samakameva detīti ettha ūnakaṃ dentampi vihāravatthusāmantaṃ gahetvā dūrataraṃ dukkhagopaṃ vissajjetuṃ vaṭṭatīti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Vakkhati hi ‘‘bhikkhūnaṃ ce mahagghataraṃ…pe… sampaṭicchituṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti (cūḷava. aṭṭha. 321). Jānāpetvāti bhikkhusaṅghassa jānāpetvā, apaloketvāti attho. ‘‘Nanu tumhākaṃ bahutarā rukkhāti vattabba’’nti idaṃ sāmikesu attano bhaṇḍassa mahagghataṃ ajānitvā dentesu taṃ ñatvā theyyacittena gaṇhato avahāro hotīti vuttaṃ.
毗诃罗当以毗诃罗互换:有地基者,如建于他人土地上的楼阁等,可与有地基者互换,或以无地基者换为有地基者。无地基者,唯以无地基者互换。此因楼阁相对于地基并非固定。同样,对于固定物,亦应了知固定物的分类后,方可互换。
Vihārena vihāro parivattetabboti savatthukena aññesaṃ bhūmiyaṃ katapāsādādinā, avatthukena vā savatthukaṃ parivattetabbaṃ. Avatthukaṃ pana avatthukeneva parivattetabbaṃ. Kevalaṃ pāsādassa bhūmito athāvarattā. Evaṃ thāvaresupi thāvaravibhāgaṃ ñatvāva parivattetabbaṃ.
“应接受合宜之床”——以此表明:纵使说“属于僧团”,以金等装饰的不合宜床座,亦不得接受。若说“我们施予毗诃罗”,僧团可以接受,个人则不可,如同田地等,应当了知。“在这些”指床等之中。合宜与不合宜,如前所说,即依坐具、绵垫等判别中的方式。不合宜者,如坐具等,以及超过规定尺寸的枕头等。价值高昂的合宜物,即以金等装饰、以合宜名义所给予者。
‘‘Kappiyamañcā sampaṭicchitabbā’’ti iminā suvaṇṇādivicittaṃ akappiyamañcaṃ ‘‘saṅghassā’’ti vuttepi sampaṭicchituṃ na vaṭṭatīti dasseti. ‘‘Vihārassa demā’’ti vutte saṅghassa vaṭṭati, na puggalassa khettādi viyāti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Etesūti mañcādīsu. Kappiyākappiyaṃ vuttanayamevāti āsandītūlikādivinicchayesu vuttanayameva. Akappiyaṃ vāti āsandīādi, pamāṇātikkantaṃ bimbohanādi ca. Mahagghaṃ kappiyaṃ vāti suvaṇṇādivicittaṃ kappiyavohārena dinnaṃ.
由于经中说“黑铁……乃至……应分配”,有人便主张:铜铁所制的器皿,纵是个人所有,亦可接受、保管,因为应分配者仅限于个人保管之物。然而,此说与后文《大巴差利》所言相违:“铜铁、圆铁所制器皿的变卖品,可作僧团共用,或由在家人变卖。”《大巴差利》此说,正是为了驳斥大注疏所主张的“凡在僧伽罗岛所造,圆铁、铜铁所制的任何脚踏器,皆应分配”,而后加以阐明。因此,任何圆铁、铜铁所制的脚踏器类,一概不得分配。即使由在家人所施,个人亦不得接受。“不得自行保管使用”,是指不得如钵等资具般自行收存受用。若是在家人的物品,由净人等自行保管,待需要时取来交还,则可受用。或者说“收好后,交给比丘们”。
‘‘Kāḷaloha…pe… bhājetabbo’’ti vuttattā vaṭṭakaṃsalohamayampi bhājanaṃ puggalikampi sampaṭicchitumpi pariharitumpi vaṭṭati puggalapariharitabbasseva bhājetabbattāti vadanti. Taṃ upari ‘‘kaṃsalohavaṭṭalohabhājanavikati saṅghikaparibhogena vā gihivikaṭā vā vaṭṭatī’’tiādikena mahāpaccarivacanena virujjhati. Imassa hi ‘‘vaṭṭalohakaṃsalohānaṃ yena kenaci kato sīhaḷadīpe pādaggaṇhanako bhājetabbo’’ti vuttassa mahāaṭṭhakathāvacanassa paṭikkhepāya taṃ mahāpaccarivacanaṃ pacchā dassitaṃ. Tasmā vaṭṭalohakaṃsalohamayaṃ yaṃ kiñci pādaggaṇhanakavārakampi upādāya abhājanīyameva. Gihīhi diyyamānampi puggalassa sampaṭicchitumpi na vaṭṭati. Pārihāriyaṃ na vaṭṭatīti pattādiparikkhāraṃ viya sayameva paṭisāmetvā paribhuñjituṃ na vaṭṭati. Gihisantakaṃ viya ārāmikādayo ce sayameva gopetvā viniyogakāle ānetvā paṭinenti, paribhuñjituṃ vaṭṭati. ‘‘Paṭisāmetvā bhikkhūnaṃ dethā’’ti vattumpi vaṭṭati.
「叶针」一名,即书写用具。而「即使是自己所得」等文,表明接受时并无过失,唯有保管后加以受用,才构成犯戒。此处所说,对于上文中「不得分配的居住者」等自己所有之物,也是如此。
Paṇṇasūci nāma lekhanīti vadanti. ‘‘Attanā laddhānipī’’tiādinā paṭiggahaṇe doso natthi, pariharitvā paribhogova āpattikaroti dasseti. Yathā cettha, evaṃ upari abhājanīyavāsiādīsu attano santakesupi.
「即使是不可触之物」——即使是由金等所制,触摸后亦可受用。「作为资具」——即作为辅助用具。「半臂之量」,即半臂之长;亦有说为「半寻之量」。「皮绳」——即皮革制成的绳索。
Anāmāsampīti suvaṇṇādimayampi sabbaṃ taṃ āmasitvāpi paribhuñjituṃ vaṭṭati. Upakkhareti upakaraṇe. Aḍḍhabāhuppamāṇā nāma aḍḍhabāhumattā. Aḍḍhabyāmamattātipi vadanti. Yottānīti cammarajjukā.
「八指针杆之量」——即如箭杆等针形细杆之量。「空白书册」——即未经书写的书册。此言乃因叶片的关联而说。
Aṭṭhaṅgulasūcidaṇḍamattopīti tasaradaṇḍādisūciākāratanudaṇḍakamattopi. Rittapotthakopīti alikhitapotthako. Idañca paṇṇappasaṅgena vuttaṃ.
“磨平板与磨平槌”者,这是指将染好的袈裟卷在一根光滑的木槌上,置于一块光滑的木板上,再用另一块光滑的木板从上方覆盖。一人站上去踩踏,另两人各执上方木板两端,来回交替推拉——所说即指此情形。若将袈裟放在手上以手拍打,则应在染好的袈裟尚湿时进行。而以木板与木槌拍打,当知是在干燥时进行,为令僵硬之状得以舒解。“水槽”者,是以独木舟的木板制成,形状如莲池;也有称为“饮水器”的。“染色槽”者,是以单根木材制成的染衣容器。“水桶”者,也是以单根木材制成的盛水容器。
‘‘Ghaṭṭanaphalakaṃ ghaṭṭanamuggaro’’ti idaṃ rajitacīvaraṃ ekasmiṃ maṭṭhe daṇḍamuggare veṭhetvā ekassa maṭṭhaphalakassa upari ṭhapetvā upari aparena maṭṭhaphalakena nikujjitvā eko upari akkamitvā tiṭṭhati. Dve janā upari phalakaṃ dvīsu koṭīsu gahetvā aparāparaṃ ākaḍḍhanavikaḍḍhanaṃ karonti, etaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Hatthe ṭhapāpetvā hatthena paharaṇaṃ pana niṭṭhitarajanassa cīvarassa allakāle kātabbaṃ. Idaṃ pana phalakamuggarehi ghaṭṭanaṃ sukkhakāle thaddhabhāvavimocanatthanti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Ambaṇanti ekadoṇikanāvāphalakehi pokkharaṇīsadisaṃ kataṃ. Pānīyabhājanantipi vadanti. Rajanadoṇīti ekadārunāva kataṃ rajanabhājanaṃ. Udakadoṇīpi ekadārunāva kataṃ udakabhājanaṃ.
“可作铺地之用”者,这是针对不如法的皮革而说。就此而言,像铺地一样的方式来躺卧也是允许的。“用作个人铺垫”者,以此表示应铺在床榻等处的大皮革,即名为羊皮。
Bhūmattharaṇaṃ kātuṃ vaṭṭatīti akappiyacammaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Tattha bhūmattharaṇasaṅkhepena sayitumpi vaṭṭatiyeva. ‘‘Paccattharaṇagatika’’nti iminā mañcādīsu attharitabbaṃ mahācammaṃ eḷakacammaṃ nāmāti dasseti.
“伞柄叶片”者,是指棕榈叶。“钵形锅”者,是指用来煮钵的锅。
Chattamuṭṭhipaṇṇanti tālapaṇṇaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Pattakaṭāhanti pattapacanakaṭāhaṃ.
新作事授予论注释
Navakammadānakathāvaṇṇanā
323在巴利原文中,“仅作填塞之用”等——在破损裂缝处放置泥团,便称为“填塞”。 “新作”,即新作的许可。 “门闩环”是指门扇的固定装置。 “覆盖”,是指用茅草等覆盖房舍。 “绑缚”,即用木棍、藤蔓等来缚住覆盖物。 “四肘宽的住所”,是从宽度之量说的。至于高度,则因为有多层楼的缘故,用工匠肘量可达二十肘,而且形态各异、多姿多彩。因此,其新作的许可可定为四年。其余各处也应如此理解。
323. Pāḷiyaṃ piṇḍanikkhepanamattenātiādīsu khaṇḍaphullaṭṭhāne mattikāpiṇḍaṭṭhapanaṃ piṇḍanikkhepanaṃ nāma. Navakammanti navakammasammuti. Aggaḷavaṭṭi nāma kavāṭabandho. Chādanaṃ nāma tiṇādīhi gehacchādanaṃ. Bandhanaṃ nāma daṇḍavalliādīhi chadanabandhanameva. Catuhatthavihāreti vitthārappamāṇato vuttaṃ. Ubbedhato pana anekabhūmakattā vaḍḍhakīhatthena vīsatihatthopi nānāsaṇṭhānavicittopi hoti. Tenassa catuvassikaṃ navakammaṃ vuttaṃ. Evaṃ sesesupi.
在巴利原文中,“一切住所”是以位格用作受格的复数形式,意思是:一人为所有住所施作新作。“于一切时阻拦”,是说负责新作的人对前来者不按长幼次序安排上好卧处,即使在适宜的时候也加以阻拦。
Pāḷiyaṃ sabbe vihāreti bhummatthe upayogabahuvacanaṃ. Ekassa sabbesu vihāresu navakammaṃ detīti attho. Sabbakālaṃ paṭibāhantīti navakammikā attano gāhitaṃ varaseyyaṃ sampattānaṃ yathāvuḍḍhaṃ akatvā utukālepi paṭibāhanti.
“若该住所已老旧”等,这是巴利原文之外的判摄分析。“给予床位”,即给予个人专用的床位。“三分之一”,即第三份。这样的转让,也只在以常住物换取常住物时才成立,否则不然,因为一切坐卧具都将因此毁坏灭失。“若欲给予同住弟子”:若该人不愿把僧团存放物品之处或其他比丘的居处给予,而只想给同住弟子,对于这样的人,他的意趣是:“将它作为你个人的财产来照管”,意即不应全部给予。在此,为说明应作之法,所以说到“羯磨”等。“如此”等中,意思是:根据腊次相应,若取得三分之一或二分之一,便可给予该份。
‘‘Sace so āvāso jīratī’’tiādi pāḷimuttakavinicchayo. Mañcaṭṭhānaṃ datvāti mañcaṭṭhānaṃ puggalikaṃ datvā. Tibhāganti tatiyabhāgaṃ. Evaṃ vissajjanampi thāvarena thāvaraparivattanaṭṭhāne eva pavisati, na itarathā sabbasenāsanānaṃ vinassanato. Sace saddhivihārikānaṃ dātukāmo hotīti sace so saṅghassa bhaṇḍakaṭṭhapanaṭṭhānaṃ vā aññesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ vasanaṭṭhānaṃ vā dātuṃ na icchati, attano saddhivihārikānaññeva dātukāmo hoti, tādisassa tuyhaṃ puggalikameva katvā jaggāti na sabbaṃ tassa dātabbanti adhippāyo. Tattha pana kattabbavidhiṃ dassento āha ‘‘kamma’’ntiādi. Evañhītiādimhi vayānurūpaṃ tatiyabhāge vā upaḍḍhabhāge vā gahite taṃ bhāgaṃ dātuṃ labhatīti attho.
『由彼』——指那两位比丘中,由那位比丘。『彼为主人』——关于在该处建造住所一事,他即是主人,其意趣是:排除他之后,不应由另一人来建造,因为他是最先取得者。『未建之处』——指从未建造过砌石等的地方。『砌石或前廊』——指依托僧团房舍,在外侧砌筑围墙,或一处房舍的前廊。『外墙』——指墙壁之外,也就是自己建造的地方。
Yenāti tesu dvīsu bhikkhūsu yena. So sāmīti tassā bhūmiyā vihārakaraṇe sova sāmī, taṃ paṭibāhitvā itarena na kātabbanti adhippāyo. So hi paṭhamaṃ gahito. Akataṭṭhāneti cayādīnaṃ akatapubbaṭṭhāne. Cayaṃ vā pamukhaṃ vāti saṅghikasenāsanaṃ nissāya tato bahi cayaṃ bandhitvā, ekaṃ senāsanaṃ vā. Bahikuṭṭeti kuṭṭato bahi, attano kataṭṭhāneti attho.
禁止别处受用等事论注释
Aññatraparibhogapaṭikkhepādikathāvaṇṇanā
324『为增益之事』——为使其不因原有价值而折损,为应如此完成、如此制作的床、椅等所需之用。
324.Vaḍḍhikammatthāyāti yathā tammūlagghato na parihāyati, evaṃ kattabbassa evaṃ nipphādetabbassa mañcapīṭhādino atthāya.
『轮垫』——为擦脚而制成的轮状垫子。『或已涂饰之地』——即涂以黑色等而整治的光滑地面。『或住所』——指床、椅等。
Cakkalikanti pādapuñchanatthaṃ cakkākārena kataṃ. Paribhaṇḍakatabhūmi vāti kāḷavaṇṇādikatasaṇhabhūmi vā. Senāsanaṃ vāti mañcapīṭhādi vā.
「同样地,亦得使用」一语,意在显示:此处的犯行,只针对常住者已洗脚等后、却故意以未洗脚等使用该处者而制。
‘‘Tathevavaḷañjetuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti iminā nevāsikehi dhotapādādīhi vaḷañjanaṭṭhāne sañcicca adhotapādādīhi vaḷañjantasseva āpatti paññattāti dasseti.
「连门也」等,因为是泛指,所以门、窗等即使未经整治,也不应倚靠。即便是因不知情而倚靠,在此也依毛发计数而犯。
‘‘Dvārampī’’tiādinā sāmaññato vuttattā dvāravātapānādayo aparikammakatāpi na apassayitabbā. Ajānitvā apassayantassapi idha lomagaṇanāya āpatti.
僧食等开许事论注释
Saṅghabhattādianujānanakathāvaṇṇanā
325「指定食、邀请」——这一用语已被涵盖。此处的「等」字是起始义,即指「指定食、邀请」等诸语词。而「彼亦」,则指僧团食也涵盖在内。
325.Uddesabhattaṃnimantananti imaṃ vohāraṃ pattānīti ettha iti-saddo ādiattho, uddesabhattaṃ nimantanantiādivohāraṃ pattānīti attho. Tampīti saṅghabhattampi.
指定食事论注释
Uddesabhattakathāvaṇṇanā
「食堂」者,指分配食物之处所。「单门出入」者,即须通过唯一的门口方可进出。「各别住所」者,谓各个族姓、各个门庭的住所。
Bhojanasālāyāti bhattuddesaṭṭhānaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Ekavaḷañjanti ekadvārena vaḷañjitabbaṃ. Nānānivesanesūti nānākulassa nānūpacāresu nivesanesu.
「坐着者、打盹者」——此为表示轻忽的属格用法,意谓:即便年长者在打盹,新学者之所取依然是善取。
Nisinnassapi niddāyantassapīti anādare sāmivacanaṃ, vuḍḍhatare niddāyante navakassa gāhitaṃ suggahitanti attho.
「自由使者」者,以其可随意陈述故,为无所疑虑的使者。「以问语相当」者,即与问语相应之语。为阐明所谓「有一名为单顶立者」的义理,故说「或如王……」等语。
Vissaṭṭhadūtoti yathāruci vattuṃ labhanato nirāsaṅkadūto. Pucchāsabhāgenāti pucchāvacanapaṭibhāgena. ‘‘Ekā kūṭaṭṭhitikā nāmā’’ti vuttamevatthaṃ vibhāvetuṃ ‘‘rañño vā hī’’tiādi vuttaṃ.
“一切皆归钵主所有”,这是说连衣等一切也都归钵主所有;我所说的仅是就食物而言,并非就衣等而说——以此为由而取,是不应作的。
Sabbaṃ pattassāmikassa hotīti cīvarādikampi sabbaṃ pattassāmikasseva hoti, mayā bhattameva sandhāya vuttaṃ, na cīvarādinti vatvā gahetuṃ na vaṭṭatīti attho.
“未分之份”,即是来客之份,意指先前未曾分与的份额。
Akatabhāgonāmāti āgantukabhāgo nāma, adinnapubbabhāgoti attho.
“未问取何种食”,是指没有询问施主:“你所取的是哪种食物?”“依常设食而住者”,是指依止于指定施食的常例而住。
Kiṃ āharīyatīti avatvāti ‘‘katarabhattaṃ vā tayā āharīyatī’’ti dāyakaṃ apucchitvā. Pakatiṭṭhitikāyāti uddesabhattaṭṭhitikāya.
邀请食论注释
Nimantanabhattakathāvaṇṇanā
“截断”,即未说出“请取食物”这句话。因此称为“未言食物者”。
Vicchinditvāti ‘‘bhattaṃ gaṇhathā’’ti padaṃ avatvā. Tenevāha ‘‘bhattanti avadantenā’’ti.
“以抟食为计量”,即按每一口饭来计算。如此一来,钵盂便不适用于指定食,因为在指定食中,应当以足够一人的分量来分配。
Ālopasaṅkhepenāti ekekapiṇḍavasena, evañca bhājanaṃ uddesabhatte na vaṭṭati. Tattha hi ekassa pahonakappamāṇeneva bhājetabbaṃ.
“已登录名册,从僧团得八位比丘”——这里应将“已登录名册者”与“八位比丘”联系起来理解。在指定食、邀请食等僧团食的名册中,凡依邀请食名册的安立方式而登记者,必须由分食人或自己向僧团申告后方可领取前往,不得随自己的喜好而取,这是其意趣所在。“登录名册”,即向施主说明所登名册的类别,例如说“我从僧团领取”等。
Āruḷhāyeva mātikaṃ, saṅghato aṭṭha bhikkhūti ettha ye mātikaṃ āruḷhā, te aṭṭha bhikkhūti yojetabbaṃ. Uddesabhattanimantanabhattādisaṅghikabhattamātikāsu nimantanabhattamātikāya ṭhitivasena āruḷhe bhattuddesakena vā sayaṃ vā saṅghato uddisāpetvā gahetvā gantabbaṃ, na attano rucite gahetvāti adhippāyo. Mātikaṃ āropetvāti ‘‘saṅghato gaṇhāmī’’tiādinā vuttamātikābhedaṃ dāyakassa viññāpetvāti attho.
“从系属之时起”,即从在那里安住的固定时间起。
Paṭibaddhakālato pana paṭṭhāyāti tattheva vāsassa nibaddhakālato paṭṭhāya.
筹食论注释
Salākabhattakathāvaṇṇanā
“记录下来”即书写。“乃至依村落”,即大体上依据利养相当的村落。“许多筹食”即三十份或四十份食物。应补入“若有”一词后再连读。
Upanibandhitvāti likhitvā. Gāmavasenapīti yebhuyyena samalābhagāmavasenapi. Bahūni salākabhattānīti tiṃsaṃ vā cattārīsaṃ vā bhattāni. ‘‘Sace hontī’’ti ajjhāharitvā yojetabbaṃ.
“观察后”,即依量观察那些食物之后。“以强制而给予”,是对不愿远行的人,以强制方式让他接受后给予。“再回到寺院”,是说即使未回到寺院而取得食物,之后在寺院中自己取用而食,也是允许的。
Sallakkhetvāti tāni bhattāni pamāṇavasena sallakkhetvā. Niggahena datvāti dūraṃ gantuṃ anicchantassa niggahena sampaṭicchāpetvā datvā. Puna vihāraṃ āgantvāti ettha vihāraṃ anāgantvā bhattaṃ gahetvā pacchā vihāre attano pāpetvā bhuñjitumpi vaṭṭati.
“依一家之方式”指即使在街道上,亦依一侧房舍排列的方式。“即便指定后”是说:告诉对方“在某家,筹食轮到了你”之后。
Ekagehavasenāti vīthiyampi ekapasse gharapāḷiyā vasena. Uddisitvāpīti asukakule salākabhattāni tuyhaṃ pāpuṇantīti vatvā.
“轮次村”指因路途过远而须按轮次前往的村庄。“六十或五十”乃是就杖与水瓶而言。“寺院轮次”指当一切比丘外出乞食时,轮值守护寺院的次序。
Vāragāmeti atidūrattā vārena gantabbagāme. Saṭṭhito vā paṇṇāsato vāti daṇḍakammatthāya udakaghaṭaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Vihāravāroti sabbabhikkhūsu bhikkhatthāya gatesu vihārarakkhaṇavāro.
“他们的”指寺院轮值者。“仅足够之作务”意为仅提供足以完成守护寺院职责的物资。“仅轮到一人”指日日只让一人得到。
Tesanti vihāravārikānaṃ. Phātikammamevāti vihārarakkhaṇakiccassa pahonakapaṭipādanameva. Ekasseva pāpuṇantīti divase divase ekekasseva pāpitānīti attho.
“味筹”即甘蔗汁筹。“然而依筹而取得故不应尝味”一语,是约不相应的情况而说,并非依头陀支的分判而说。因为《清净道论》中说:“从僧团所得的无贪筹……是允许的。”“仅一勺食之量”指仅一木勺的食量。“得或不得,明日亦应取”,意为即使已得,因其量少,故如此说。因此才有“得到足够的量……若未得,应告知‘明日应取’”的说法。
Rasasalākanti ucchurasasalākaṃ. ‘‘Salākavasena gāhitattā pana na sāditabbā’’ti idaṃ asāruppavasena vuttaṃ, na dhutaṅgabhedavasena. ‘‘Saṅghato nirāmisasalākā…pe… vaṭṭatiyevā’’ti (visuddhi. 1.26) hi visuddhimagge vuttaṃ. Aggabhikkhāmattanti ekakaṭacchubhikkhāmattaṃ. Laddhā vā aladdhā vā svepi gaṇheyyāsīti laddhepi appamattatāya vuttaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘yāvadatthaṃ labhati…pe… alabhitvā ‘sve gaṇheyyāsī’ti vattabbo’’ti.
“于彼处”:在彼方位。“取彼后”:在彼轮值村自己取得筹后。“由彼”:由前往彼方者之外的另一个人,对那位前往彼方者。“应日日令得”:对住在近行界内的任何人,应按戒腊令其得到。如此,当他们未前往时,邻近寺院的比丘们食用是允许的;否则,便归僧团所有。
Tatthāti tasmiṃ disābhāge. Taṃ gahetvāti taṃ vāragāme salākaṃ attano gahetvā. Tenāti disaṃgamikato aññena tasmiṃ disaṃgamike. Devasikaṃ pāpetabbāti upacārasīmāya ṭhitassa yassa kassaci vassaggena pāpetabbā. Evaṃ etesu agatesu āsannavihāre bhikkhūnaṃ bhuñjituṃ vaṭṭati itarathā saṅghikato.
“我等的托钵村”:这是针对施予筹食的村庄而言。“寺院中长老的钵筹食”:即在寺院中,凡是被留置的长老,以自己领取的方式,从所有筹中获得其钵份的筹食。
Amhākaṃ gocaragāmevāti salākabhattadāyakānaṃ gāmaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Vihāre therassa pattasalākabhattanti vihāre ekekasseva ohīnattherassa sabbasalākānaṃ attano pāpanavasena pattasalākabhattaṃ.
半月食等事之注释
Pakkhikabhattādikathāvaṇṇanā
『明日乃半月斋日』,意为今日不应领取半月食——也就是说,第八日的食物不应在第七日为了食用而领取,只有在施主所规定的日子方可领取,这是它的含义。因此说『若然』等语。『明日粗劣』,是说今日因为举办婚礼等庆典而备办了极为精美的饮食,明日则不再如此,所以今日就供养比丘——这便是用意所在。
‘‘Svepakkho’’ti ajja pakkhikaṃ na gāhetabbanti aṭṭhamiyā bhuñjitabbaṃ sattamiyā bhuñjanatthāya na gāhetabbaṃ, dāyakehi niyamitadivaseneva gāhetabbanti attho. Tenāha ‘‘sace panā’’tiādi. Sve lūkhanti ajja āvāhamaṅgalādikaraṇato atipaṇītabhojanaṃ karīyati, sve tathā na bhavissati, ajjeva bhikkhū bhojessāmīti adhippāyo.
为辨别半月食与布萨食的差别,故说『受持布萨支』等语。『已令固定』,是指已规定『某寺的来客当于此处受食』。
Pakkhikabhattato uposathikassa bhedaṃ dassento āha ‘‘uposathaṅgāni samādiyitvā’’tiādi. Nibandhāpitanti ‘‘asukavihāre āgantukā bhuñjantū’’ti niyamitaṃ.
『行脚者亦得来客食』,这是针对从别村而来、带着尚未平息的行脚心暂住,而后又将前往他处者而说。若是住寺者想要出行,则只能得行脚食。因有『以借口回避』之说,故应知:若没有借口,在出行障碍消除之前,均可受食。
Gamiko āgantukabhattampīti gāmantarato āgantvā avūpasantena gamikacittena vasitvā puna aññattha gacchantaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Āvāsikassa pana gantukāmassa gamikabhattameva labbhati. ‘‘Lesaṃ oḍḍetvā’’ti vuttattā lesābhāve yāva gamanaparibandho vigacchati, tāva bhuñjituṃ vaṭṭatīti ñāpitanti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
『送来米等……乃至……应理』者,因属已送达的比丘食,故是如法的。『如是已受取』者,因是以比丘的名义受取故。
Taṇḍulādīni pesenti…pe… vaṭṭatīti abhihaṭabhikkhattā vaṭṭati. Tathā paṭiggahitattāti bhikkhānāmena paṭiggahitattā.
『未分配的僧团物品』者,这是显示追悔生起的情形。如此生起追悔后,无须再去询问;其用意是:不询问即可给予。
Avibhattaṃ saṅghikaṃ bhaṇḍanti kukkuccuppattiākāradassanaṃ. Evaṃ kukkuccaṃ katvā pucchitabbakiccaṃ natthi, apucchitvā dātabbanti adhippāyo.