汗毛竖立偈
Sedamocanagāthā
(一)不离问之解释
(1) Avippavāsapañhāvaṇṇanā
479于《汗毛竖立偈》中,“无同住”是指依布萨、自恣等共住而无共住。“某种受用于此不可得”是指不如法的受用不可得,然而洗浴、饮食等的照料,唯母亲可为。“以不离故无犯”是指同室共宿无犯。“此问为善巧者所思维”是指此问题为善巧的智者所思维。其解答应由身为幼子母亲的比丘尼了知,因为这是针对她的儿子而说。
479. Sedamocanagāthāsu asaṃvāsoti uposathapavāraṇādinā saṃvāsena asaṃvāso. Sambhogo ekacco tahiṃ na labbhatīti akappiyasambhogo na labbhati, nahāpanabhojanādipaṭijagganaṃ pana mātarāyeva kātuṃ labbhati. Avippavāsena anāpattīti sahagāraseyyāya anāpatti. Pañhā mesā kusalehi cintitāti esā pañhā kusalehi paṇḍitehi cintitā. Assā vissajjanaṃ dārakamātuyā bhikkhuniyā veditabbaṃ, tassā hi puttaṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttanti.
未解答之偈是针对重物而说,其义理在重物的判定中已有说明。
Avissajjitagāthā garubhaṇḍaṃ sandhāya vuttā, attho panassā garubhaṇḍavinicchaye vuttoyeva.
所谓“我不说十种人”,即《卧坐具犍度》中所说的十种人,我不说;所谓“除去十一人”,即《大犍度》中所说的十一种应远离之人,我也不说。此问是针对裸体比丘而提出的。
Dasa puggale na vadāmīti senāsanakkhandhake vutte dasa puggale na vadāmi. Ekādasa vivajjiyāti ye mahākhandhake ekādasa vivajjanīyapuggalā vuttā, tepi na vadāmi. Ayaṃ pañhā naggaṃ bhikkhuṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“如何于学处不共?”此问是针对曾为理发师的比丘而说。因为他不得持用剃刀器具,而其他比丘许持;因此,于学处为不共。
Kathaṃ nu sikkhāya asādhāraṇoti pañhā nahāpitapubbakaṃ bhikkhuṃ sandhāya vuttā. Ayañhi khurabhaṇḍaṃ pariharituṃ na labhati, aññe labhanti; tasmā sikkhāya asādhāraṇo.
“诸佛说彼为何种人?”此问是就化佛而提出的。
Taṃ puggalaṃ katamaṃ vadanti buddhāti ayaṃ pañhā nimmitabuddhaṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“除去脐以下”是指除去肚脐以下的部分。此问是针对那种无头的躯干——其胸部生有眼睛与口——而说。
Adhonābhiṃvivajjiyāti adhonābhiṃ vivajjetvā. Ayaṃ pañhā yaṃ taṃ asīsakaṃ kabandhaṃ, yassa ure akkhīni ceva mukhañca hoti, taṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“比丘自乞的小屋”——此问是针对以草覆盖的小屋而说。第二问则是针对纯泥制成的小屋而说。
Bhikkhu saññācikāya kuṭinti ayaṃ pañhā tiṇacchādanaṃ kuṭiṃ sandhāya vuttā. Dutiyapañhā sabbamattikāmayaṃ kuṭiṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“可能犯重罪、应断除之事”——此问是针对覆藏过错的比丘尼而说。第二问是针对黄门等不堪能者而说。因为他们即使是在家身份,也已犯了波罗夷。
Āpajjeyya garukaṃ chejjavatthunti ayaṃ pañhā vajjapaṭicchādikaṃ bhikkhuniṃ sandhāya vuttā. Dutiyapañhā paṇḍakādayo abhabbapuggale sandhāya vuttā. Ekādasapi hi te gihibhāveyeva pārājikaṃ pattā.
“言语”是指不以言语交谈。“不应向他人说话”是指心想“这些人将会听到”,而对他人连声音也不发出。此问是针对“不应发露所犯之罪,即构成故意妄语”这一妄语而提出。因为那位比丘以不如法的承认默然坐着时,在意门中实无罪过;然而由于不将应发露的罪发露,因此应知此罪是从无动作的语门而生起。
Vācāti vācāya anālapanto. Giraṃ no ca pare bhaṇeyyāti ‘‘iti ime sossantī’’ti parapuggale sandhāya saddampi na nicchāreyya. Ayaṃ pañhā ‘‘santiṃ āpattiṃ nāvikareyya, sampajānamusāvādassa hotī’’ti imaṃ musāvādaṃ sandhāya vuttā. Tassa hi bhikkhuno adhammikāya paṭiññāya tuṇhībhūtassa nisinnassa manodvāre āpatti nāma natthi. Yasmā pana āvikātabbaṃ na āvikaroti, tenassa vacīdvāre akiriyato ayaṃ āpatti samuṭṭhātīti veditabbā.
“僧伽婆尸萨有四”此问是针对那位在黎明时分进入村落间河对岸的比丘尼而说。她于清晨时分从自己的村落出发,在黎明时分刚进入前述那种河对岸时,便以离宿、村落间、河对岸、脱群等特征,同时犯下四个僧伽婆尸萨。
Saṅghādisesā caturoti ayaṃ pañhā aruṇugge gāmantarapariyāpannaṃ nadipāraṃ okkantabhikkhuniṃ sandhāya vuttā, sā hi sakagāmato paccūsasamaye nikkhamitvā aruṇuggamanakāle vuttappakāraṃ nadipāraṃ okkantamattāva rattivippavāsagāmantaranadipāragaṇamhāohīyanalakkhaṇena ekappahāreneva caturo saṅghādisese āpajjati.
“种种罪可能不同吗?”此问是针对两位一处受具的比丘尼而说。在她们之中,若从比丘座下的一处受具者手中取物,犯波逸提;若从比丘尼座下的一处受具者手中取物,犯恶作。
Siyā āpattiyo nānāti ayaṃ pañhā ekatoupasampannā dve bhikkhuniyo sandhāya vuttā. Tāsu hi bhikkhūnaṃ santike ekatoupasampannāya hatthato gaṇhantassa pācittiyaṃ, bhikkhunīnaṃ santike ekatoupasampannāya hatthato gaṇhantassa dukkaṭaṃ.
“四人共谋”是指:一位导师与三位弟子偷盗了价值六摩沙迦的物品。导师亲手偷的部分为三摩沙迦,教唆他人偷的部分也是三摩沙迦,因此犯偷兰遮;其余人亲手偷的部分各为一摩沙迦,教唆的部分合计为五摩沙迦,因此他们犯波罗夷。这是此处的略说。详细解说,见于偷盗波罗夷的共谋偷盗篇。
Caturo janā saṃvidhāyāti ācariyo ca tayo ca antevāsikā chamāsakaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ avahariṃsu, ācariyassa sāhatthikā tayo māsakā, āṇattiyāpi tayova tasmā thullaccayaṃ āpajjati , itaresaṃ sāhatthiko ekeko, āṇattikā pañcāti tasmā pārājikaṃ āpajjiṃsu. Ayamettha saṅkhepo. Vitthāro pana adinnādānapārājike saṃvidāvahāravaṇṇanāyaṃ vutto.
(二)巴拉基咖等问之解释
(2) Pārājikādipañhāvaṇṇanā
480“那间屋中无洞”这一问题,是就恶布小屋等事以及敷具重颂而说的。
480.Chiddaṃ tasmiṃ ghare natthīti ayaṃ pañhā dussakuṭiādīni santhatapeyyālañca sandhāya vuttā.
“油、蜜、糖浆”一偈,是针对性别转变而说的。
Telaṃ madhuṃ phāṇitanti gāthā liṅgaparivattaṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“以应舍”之偈是针对转与而说。若有人将僧团所得的应得物,以一次加行将两件衣转与——“一件给我,一件给他”,他便同时犯下应舍波逸提和净波逸提。
Nissaggiyenāti gāthā pariṇāmanaṃ sandhāya vuttā. Yo hi saṅghassa pariṇatalābhato ekaṃ cīvaraṃ attano, ekaṃ aññassāti dve cīvarāni ‘‘ekaṃ mayhaṃ, ekaṃ tassa dehī’’ti ekapayaogena pariṇāmeti, so nissaggiyapācittiyañceva suddhikapācittiyañca ekato āpajjati.
“彼业可能因别众缘而坏”此问,是针对以十二由旬为量的波罗奈等诸城中的村界而说。
Kammañca taṃ kuppeyya vaggapaccayāti ayaṃ pañhā dvādasayojanapamāṇesu bārāṇasiādīsu nagaresu gāmasīmaṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“仅以跨步之量”之偈是针对做媒而说,其义理也已在做媒的解说中阐明。
Padavītihāramattenāti gāthā sañcarittaṃ sandhāya vuttā, atthopi cassā sañcarittavaṇṇanāyameva vutto.
“这一切皆应舍”——此问是针对让非亲里比丘尼洗涤而说。因为若比丘尼抓住三衣中任一衣的乌鸦粪污或泥垢处,用水洗涤,那么对比丘而言,这些衣即成为身上应舍之物。
Sabbāni tāni nissaggiyānīti ayaṃ pañhā aññātikāya bhikkhuniyā dhovāpanaṃ sandhāya vuttā. Sace hi tiṇṇampi cīvarānaṃ kākaūhadanaṃ vā kaddamamakkhitaṃ vā kaṇṇaṃ gahetvā bhikkhunī udakena dhovati, bhikkhussa kāyagatāneva nissaggiyāni honti.
“他亦无皈依”是指连皈依的具足也不存在。而此问是针对摩诃波阇波提的具足而说。
Saraṇagamanampi na tassa atthīti saraṇagamanaupasampadāpi natthi. Ayaṃ pana pañhā mahāpajāpatiyā upasampadaṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“应杀非圣者,愚人”是指应杀那非圣者,无论其为女或男。此问是针对因性别转变而成为女人的父亲,以及成为男人的母亲而说。
Haneyyaanariyaṃ mandoti tañhi itthiṃ vā purisaṃ vā anariyaṃ haneyya. Ayaṃ pañhā liṅgaparivattena itthibhūtaṃ pitaraṃ purisabhūtañca mātaraṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“彼不因此立即触”这一问句,是针对像鹿角仙人、狮子王子等为畜生父母的情况而说。
Na tenānantaraṃ phuseti ayaṃ pañhā migasiṅgatāpasasīhakumārādīnaṃ viya tiracchānamātāpitaro sandhāya vuttā.
“未举罪”的偈颂是针对由使者达成具足而说;“已举罪”的偈颂是针对黄门等的具足而说。而《库伦达》中说:“第一偈是针对八种非面前羯磨而说,第二偈是针对无犯者的羯磨而说。”
Acodayitvāti gāthā dūtenupasampadaṃ sandhāya vuttā. Codayitvāti gāthā paṇḍakādīnaṃ upasampadaṃ sandhāya vuttā. Kurundiyaṃ pana ‘‘paṭhamagāthā aṭṭha asammukhākammāni, dutiyā anāpattikassa kammaṃ sandhāya vuttā’’ti āgataṃ.
“砍伐者之罪”:砍伐树木者,波罗夷;砍伐草、蔓等者,波逸提;砍伐生殖器者,偷兰遮。“砍伐者无罪”:剪头发与指甲者,无罪。“覆藏者之罪”:覆藏自己或他人之罪者。“覆藏者无罪”:覆盖房屋等者,无罪。
Chindantassa āpattīti vanappatiṃ chindantassa pārājikaṃ, tiṇalatādiṃ chindantassa pācittiyaṃ, aṅgajātaṃ chindantassa thullaccayaṃ. Chindantassa anāpattīti kese ca nakhe ca chindantassa anāpatti. Chādentassa āpattīti attano āpattiṃ chādentassa aññesaṃ vā āpattiṃ. Chādentassa anāpattīti gehādīni chādentassa anāpatti.
『说真实者』:依此偈颂,若说“她是尖顶者、她是二根者”这样的真实语,犯重罪;而在故意妄语中,说虚妄语者得轻罪。于不实举罪中说虚妄语者,犯重罪;于实举罪中说真实语者,得轻罪。
Saccaṃbhaṇantoti gāthāya ‘‘sikharaṇīsi ubhatobyañjanāsī’’ti saccaṃ bhaṇanto garukaṃ āpajjati, sampajānamusāvāde pana musā bhāsato lahukāpatti hoti, abhūtārocane musā bhaṇanto garukaṃ āpajjati, bhūtārocane saccaṃ bhāsato lahukāpatti hotīti.
(三)巴吉帝亚等问之解释
(3) Pācittiyādipañhāvaṇṇanā
481『已决意』:此偈是针对未舍弃应舍之衣而继续受用者所说。
481.Adhiṭṭhitanti gāthā nissaggiyacīvaraṃ anissajjitvā paribhuñjantaṃ sandhāya vuttā.
『日没后』:此偈是针对反刍者而说。
Atthaṅgate sūriyeti gāthā romanthakaṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“非染心者”:此偈的意思是——以染心行淫欲法者,犯波罗夷;以盗心行不与取者,犯波罗夷;思惟令他人死者,犯杀人波罗夷。然而,破僧者并非出于染心,也非出于盗心,亦非出于杀人之思。但若有人施与他筹,他便得断头罪(波罗夷);若接受筹而随顺破僧者,则犯偷兰遮。
Na rattacittoti gāthāya ayamattho – rattacitto methunadhammapārājikaṃ āpajjati. Theyyacitto adinnādānapārājikaṃ, paraṃ maraṇāya cetento manussaviggahapārājikaṃ, saṅghabhedako pana na rattacitto na ca pana theyyacitto na cāpi so paraṃ maraṇāya cetayi, salākaṃ panassa dentassa hoti chejjaṃ, pārājikaṃ hoti, salākaṃ paṭiggaṇhantassa bhedakānuvattakassa thullaccayaṃ.
“应行半由旬”:此问是针对一棵如善立榕树般、为单一家族所依止的树根而提出的。
Gaccheyya aḍḍhayojananti ayaṃ pañhā suppatiṭṭhitanigrodhasadisaṃ ekakulassa rukkhamūlaṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“身业者”:此偈是针对同时抓取众多女人的头发或手指之人而说。
Kāyikānīti ayaṃ gāthā sambahulānaṃ itthīnaṃ kese vā aṅguliyo vā ekato gaṇhantaṃ sandhāya vuttā.
「语业者」:此偈是针对以“你们全都是尖顶者”等方式而说粗恶语者所说。
Vācasikānīti ayaṃ gāthā ‘‘sabbā tumhe sikharaṇiyo’’tiādinā nayena duṭṭhullabhāṇiṃ sandhāya vuttā.
「三女人,彼不行淫」:指三种女人,于其中所谓淫欲法,她皆不行。「三男子」:即使亲近三种男子,她亦不行淫。「三非圣者、三黄门」:即称为二根者的三非圣者与三黄门,即使亲近此六种人,她亦不行淫。「不行淫于根门」:即使是随顺波罗夷的情况,她亦不行淫。「因淫欲法应得断头罪」:因淫欲法而应得波罗夷。此问乃就八事而说,因该比丘尼在淫欲法的前行阶段,努力生起身触,由淫欲法而得断头罪。
Tissitthiyo methunaṃ taṃ na seveti tisso itthiyo vuttā, tāsupi yaṃ taṃ methunaṃ nāma, taṃ na sevati. Tayo puriseti tayo purisepi upagantvā methunaṃ na sevati. Tayo anariyapaṇḍaketi ubhatobyañjanasaṅkhāte tayo anariye tayo ca paṇḍaketi imepi cha jane upagantvā methunaṃ na sevati. Na cācare methunaṃ byañjanasminti anulomapārājikavasenapi methunaṃ nācarati. Chejjaṃ siyā methunadhammapaccayāti siyā methunadhammapaccayā pārājikanti. Ayaṃ pañhā aṭṭhavatthukaṃ sandhāya vuttā, tassā hi methunadhammassa pubbabhāgaṃ kāyasaṃsaggaṃ āpajjituṃ vāyamantiyā methunadhammapaccayā chejjaṃ hoti.
「母者,衣」:此偈是针对后时因雨衣事而生起净信者所说。而其决断,已于雨衣学处的解释中说明。
Mātaraṃ cīvaranti ayaṃ gāthā piṭṭhisamaye vassikasāṭikatthaṃ satuppādakaraṇaṃ sandhāya vuttā. Vinicchayo panassā vassikasāṭikasikkhāpadavaṇṇanāyameva vutto.
“发怒者反成可赞扬者”——此偈是针对外道的行持而说。因为当外道在履行其行持时,若有人赞叹外道的功德,发怒者便成为可赞扬者;若有人赞叹三衣的功德,发怒者则成为应呵责者。其详细解释正如此处所述。第二偈也是就同一事而说。
Kuddho ārādhako hotīti gāthā titthiyavattaṃ sandhāya vuttā. Titthiyo hi vattaṃ pūrayamāno titthiyānaṃ vaṇṇe bhaññamāne kuddho ārādhako hoti, vatthuttayassa vaṇṇe bhaññamāne kuddho gārayho hotīti tatthevassā vitthāro vutto. Dutiyagāthāpi tameva sandhāya vuttā.
“桑喀地谢沙等”——此偈是针对一位比丘尼而说:她内心染着,从内心染着的男子手中接过钵食,与人肉、蒜、美味食物、残食、不净肉等混合、揉捏后吞食。
Saṅghādisesantiādi gāthā yā bhikkhunī avassutāva avassutassa purisassa hatthato piṇḍapātaṃ gahetvā manussamaṃsalasuṇapaṇītabhojanasesaakappiyamaṃsehi saddhiṃ omadditvā ajjhoharati, taṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“一位受具戒者,一位未受具戒者”——此偈针对处于空中者而说。若两位沙弥中,有一人依神通力离地而坐,即使仅离一发梢的距离,他便名为未受具戒者。僧团亦不应坐于空中,为在地上者作羯磨。若作,则羯磨无效。
Eko upasampanno eko anupasampannoti gāthā ākāsagataṃ sandhāya vuttā. Sace hi dvīsu sāmaṇeresu eko iddhiyā kesaggamattampi pathaviṃ muñcitvā nisinno hoti, so anupasampanno nāma hoti. Saṅghenāpi ākāse nisīditvā bhūmigatassa kammaṃ na kātabbaṃ. Sace karoti, kuppati.
“不如法者”:此偈是针对衣未割截的比丘而说。对其详细的决断,即在该学处中已作说明。
Akappakatanti gāthā acchinnacīvarakaṃ bhikkhuṃ sandhāya vuttā. Tasmiṃyeva cassā sikkhāpade vitthārena vinicchayopi vutto.
“不施与,不接受”:派遣者并不施与,被派遣者也不从她手中接受。因此,所谓的接受并不存在——正因如此,从派遣者之手经由被派遣者的接受方式并不存在。“犯重罪”:尽管如此,若有心怀染欲者从(另一)心怀染欲者手中接受钵食,派遣者即犯桑喀地谢沙罪。“且因受用为缘”:她犯此罪,是以被派遣者的受用为缘;因为在她受用完毕时,派遣者便获得桑喀地谢沙罪。第二偈是针对她接受水、齿木时的派遣而说。
Na deti na paṭiggaṇhātīti nāpi uyyojikā deti, na uyyojitā tassā hatthato gaṇhāti. Paṭiggaho tena na vijjatīti teneva kāraṇena uyyojikāya hatthato uyyojitāya paṭiggaho na vijjati. Āpajjati garukanti evaṃ santepi avassutassa hatthato piṇḍapātaggahaṇe uyyojentī saṅghādisesāpattiṃ āpajjati. Tañca paribhogapaccayāti tañca pana āpattiṃ āpajjamānā tassā uyyojitāya paribhogapaccayā āpajjati . Tassā hi bhojanapariyosāne uyyojikāya saṅghādiseso hotīti. Dutiyagāthā tassāyeva udakadantaponaggahaṇe uyyojanaṃ sandhāya vuttā.
“非比丘尼,亦不触犯过犯”:在十七类中,若犯某一罪后以不尊重心覆藏,她虽是比丘尼,也不因覆藏而触犯过犯,不犯其他新罪。无论其罪已覆藏或未覆藏,都只获得半月敬悦。然而,此人既非比丘尼,犯下桑喀地谢沙重罪后覆藏,亦不触犯过犯。“此问乃善巧者所思”:据说此问是针对被举罪比丘而说。因为与他之间并无如法的羯磨,所以其犯桑喀地谢沙后覆藏,亦不触犯过犯。
Na bhikkhunī no ca phuseyya vajjanti sattarasakesu hi aññataraṃ āpattiṃ āpajjitvā anādariyena chādayamānāpi bhikkhunī chādanapaccayā vajjaṃ na phusati, aññaṃ navaṃ āpattiṃ nāpajjati, paṭicchannāya vā appaṭicchannāya vā āpattiyā pakkhamānattameva labhati. Ayaṃ pana bhikkhunīpi na hoti, sāvasesañca garukaṃ āpajjitvā chādetvā vajjaṃ na phusati. Pañhā mesā kusalehi cintitāti ayaṃ kira pañhā ukkhittakabhikkhuṃ sandhāya vuttā. Tena hi saddhiṃ vinayakammaṃ natthi, tasmā so saṅghādisesaṃ āpajjitvā chādento vajjaṃ na phusatīti.