1. 摄颂义释
1. Saṅgahavāravaṇṇanā
“yanti”是不定词,含摄一切名词,从行为对象(所作)的角度而使用。词语的运用旨在令义理得以明了,它依附于意义,纯为词句所表之义;当探究词义的人借助那个处于附属地位的“iti”(这样)一词,将词语反过来加以解释时,词语便成了表达词句意义的手段。故说:“‘yanti’是不定指称、以目的格说明的。”对于“lokoti”(世间)是主格说明等,也是同样的道理。
Yanti aniyamattho sabbanāmasaddo kammasādhanavasena vutto. Atthāvabodhanattho saddappayogo atthaparādhīno kevalo atthapadatthako , so padatthavipariyesakārinā iti-saddena parabhūtena saddapadatthako jāyatīti āha ‘‘yanti aniyamato upayoganiddeso’’ti. Lokoti kattuniddesotiādīsupi eseva nayo.
这样,在从所作、能作、动作主体及定语等方面说明了“yaṃ”等偈颂词句的意义之后,现在为了明示各部分而解释词义,便说“lokiyanti etthā”(在此世间应被……礼敬)等。依其功用,应知此处“loka”(世间)一词是指有情世间。因此说:“基于它成为应受礼敬的适宜对象这一性质。”在教法隐没之后,之所以还会礼敬其他佛陀,应理解为由于其他佛陀的出现,例如如今对毗婆尸等正自觉者的礼敬。虽然“燃灯佛”等词是世尊在开示《佛种姓经》时亲口所说,但此处提及这些,是就善慧智者拥有身体时所发生的事情而言,因而说“正如世尊在身为善慧时所说的那样”。
Evaṃ ‘‘ya’’ntiādīnaṃ gāthāpadānaṃ kammakattukiriyākattuvisesanādidassanavasena atthaṃ vatvā idāni avayavajotanavasena padatthaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘lokiyanti etthā’’tiādimāha. Lokasaddo idha sāmatthiyato sattalokavacano daṭṭhabbo. Tenāha ‘‘pūjanakiriyāyogyabhūtatāvasenā’’ti. Sāsanantaradhānato paraṃ pūjanā aññabuddhuppādena veditabbā, yathetarahi vipassīādisammāsambuddhānaṃ. ‘‘Dīpaṅkaro’’tiādinā yadipi buddhavaṃsadesanāyaṃ (bu. vaṃ. 2.75) bhagavatāva vuttaṃ, sumedhapaṇḍitattabhāvena pana pavattiṃ sandhāya vuttanti āha ‘‘yathāha bhagavā sumedhabhūto’’ti.
“依遍知次第”是指按照知遍知等的顺序。“以相领悟之道”是指观。因此说“以空解脱门等”。同样地,所谓“应由智者所了知”的,正是世尊针对教法之殊胜而说的:
Pariññākkamenāti ñātapariññādipaṭipāṭiyā. Lakkhaṇāvabodhappaṭipattiyāti vipassanāya. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘suññatamukhādīhī’’ti. Tathā ca vuttanti viññūhi vedanīyatāya eva sāsanavarassa vuttaṃ bhagavatā –
“让不奸诈、不欺诳、品性正直的人前来,我教导他,我为他开示法;若他依照所教导的那样去行道,不久便能自己了知、自己见到那沙门的目标……”等等(中部·第二·281)。
‘‘Etu viññū puriso asaṭho amāyāvī ujujātiko, ahamanusāsāmi, ahaṃ dhammaṃ desemi, yathānusiṭṭhaṃ tathā paṭipajjamāno na cirasseva sāmaññeva ussati, sāmaṃ dakkhitī’’tiādi (ma. ni. 2.281).
“yaṃ”一词所涉范围是教法;“lokapāla”一词所涉范围则兼及导师,因为相对于世间,导师是作为附属功德而说的。既然如此,为何在回指“tassā”时又将范围解释为导师呢?思量此问后,便说“‘salokapālo’(具世间护者)此处……”等。纵使“世间护者”一词在语法上属于附属功德,它仍堪能如同主要成分一样被回指。因为词的顺序是一回事,义的顺序是另一回事。
Yaṃ-saddo sāsanavisayo, lokapālasaddo satthuvisayopi lokaṃ pati guṇībhūtoti ‘‘tassā’’ti paṭiniddesassa kathaṃ satthuvisayatāti codanaṃ manasikatvā āha ‘‘salokapāloti cetthā’’tiādi, guṇībhūtopi lokapālasaddo padhānabhūto viya paṭiniddesaṃ arahati. Añño hi saddakkamo, añño atthakkamoti.
出于对法的尊重,世尊敬崇于法,未曾顾念应受教化的亲族,唯以入定和观察法的方式度过七个七日,故说“应阐明世尊……之……”等。其中,由“ādi”(等)字,当知还摄入了弟子听法及出迎等事。
Dhammagāravena bhagavā dhammaṃ pūjento veneyyabandhave acintetvā samāpattisamāpajjanadhammapaccavekkhaṇāhi sattasattāhaṃ vītināmesīti āha ‘‘bhagavato…pe… dīpetabbā’’ti. Tattha ādisaddena sāvakehi dhammassavanassa, tesaṃ paccuggamanādīnañca saṅgaho veditabbo.
“Iccassā”(iti assa,即“如此,他的”):如此,即是通过显示世尊那无颠倒、无间断、能导出生死的说法,而彰显其一切知智无障碍的状态。由此(即与四无畏智相连属的缘故),与彼状态不相离的十力……便得以阐明。于“不共佛法等”中,以“等”字,当知摄入了世尊的种种殊胜功德:于三时无碍的智慧、四圣谛智、四无碍解智、了别五趣的智慧、六神通智、七圣财、七觉支、八明、于八众中不动摇的智慧、八解脱、九种定行处、九种次第住、十种守护法、十种圣者住处、十二种法轮行相、十三头陀功德、十四种佛智、十五种行道法、十六种智行、十六种入出息念、十九种观察智、二十四种缘显示智、四十四种智事、七十七种智事、能出入二十四百千俱胝等至的大金刚智,以及以无边理趣、广分别《发趣论》开示行相所展现的种种智慧。如斯等,当如是理解世尊功德殊胜的集要。
Iccassāti iti assa, evaṃ bhagavato aviparītaanantarāyikaniyyānikadhammadesanāya sabbaññutānāvaraṇabhāvadīpanenāti attho. Tenāti catuvesārajjayogena. Tadavinābhāvinā dasabala…pe… pakāsitā hoti. Āveṇikabuddhadhammādīti ettha ādisaddena tīsu kālesu appaṭihatañāṇāni, catusaccañāṇāni, catupaṭisambhidāñāṇāni, pañcagatiparicchedakañāṇāni, cha abhiññāñāṇāni, satta ariyadhanāni, satta bojjhaṅgā, aṭṭha vijjā, aṭṭhasu parisāsu akampanañāṇāni, aṭṭha vimokkhā, nava samādhicariyā, nava anupubbavihārā, dasa nāthakaraṇā dhammā, dasa ariyavāsā, dvādasa dhammacakkākārā, terasa dhutadhammā, cuddasa buddhañāṇāni, pannarasa caraṇadhammā, soḷasa ñāṇacariyā, soḷasa ānāpānassatī, ekūnavīsati paccavekkhaṇañāṇāni, catuvīsati paccayavibhāvanañāṇāni, catucattārīsa ñāṇavatthūni, sattasattati ñāṇavatthūni, catuvīsatikoṭisatasahassasamāpattisañcārimahāvajirañāṇaṃ, anantanayasamantapaṭṭhānapavicayadesanākārappavattañāṇāni cāti evamādīnaṃ bhagavato guṇavisesānaṃ saṅgaho daṭṭhabbo.
另一种理路:它彰显了功德的殊胜性。此功德殊胜性,当依大悲与大慧而解了——正是由此二者,导师世尊的成就方得成立。其中,大悲的发动类别,应依《无碍解道》所说之理来理解:“以众多行相观照着,诸佛世尊对有情生起大悲……”等等。大慧的发动类别前已说讫。于此,依于悲心而有世尊的“行成就”,依于智慧而有“明成就”。依悲心而显以有情为尊,依智慧而显以法为尊。依悲心而成就世间导师之地位,依智慧而成就自身皈依处之地位。依悲心而先行饶益有情,依智慧而知恩感恩。依悲心而关注有情后际,依智慧而不执著自我。依悲心而成就成佛之法,依智慧而成就佛陀之体。依悲心而令他人得度,依智慧而令自己得度。依悲心而展现对一切有情的摄受,依智慧而展现对一切法的离欲。当知如此,便毫无遗漏地圆满了“利他”之行与“自利”之成就。这一切贯穿于三种阶段:因位阶段、果位阶段、利益有情阶段。
Aparo nayo – guṇavisiṭṭhataṃ dīpeti, sā ca guṇavisiṭṭhatā mahākaruṇāmahāpaññāhi veditabbā tāhi satthusampattisiddhito. Tattha mahākaruṇāya pavattibhedo ‘‘bahukehi ākārehi passantānaṃ buddhānaṃ bhagavantānaṃ sattesu mahākaruṇā okkamatī’’tiādinā paṭisambhidāmagge (paṭi. ma. 1.117) vuttanayena veditabbo. Mahāpaññāya pana pavattibhedo vutto eva. Tattha karuṇāya bhagavato caraṇasampatti, paññāya vijjāsampatti. Karuṇāya sattādhipatitā, paññāya dhammādhipatitā. Karuṇāya lokanāthatā, paññāya attanāthatā. Karuṇāya pubbakāritā, paññāya kataññutā. Karuṇāya aparantapatā, paññāya anattantapatā. Karuṇāya buddhakaradhammasiddhi, paññāya buddhabhāvasiddhi. Karuṇāya paresaṃ tāraṇaṃ, paññāya sayaṃ tāraṇaṃ. Karuṇāya sabbasattesu anuggahacittatā, paññāya sabbadhammesu virattacittatā pakāsitā hotīti anavasesato parahitapaṭipattiyā, attahitasampattiyā ca pāripūrī veditabbā. Tīsupi avatthāsūti hetuphalasattūpakārāvatthāsu.
“通达”属证悟之教,“作意”属行道之教,“通过听闻等而令熟习”属教理之教——应依此三种层面结合理解,故说“随其所应”。“以恭敬地说法”一句:对于此处所说“教”的三种正法,先不加简别地总说以说法为礼敬,再以称赞礼敬的方式分别显示,故说了“诸比丘,圣者……”等。这里,“以称赞”一词也应与“恭敬地”结合理解。或者,也可依此两种礼敬来理解此处的文句结合。“Ariyabhāvādayo”指圣者、最胜、无上等性,“Niyyānādayo”指出离、显示因等,“Svākkhātatādayo”指善说、现见等。
Abhisamayo paṭivedhasāsanassa, manasikaraṇaṃ paṭipattisāsanassa, savanādīhi paricayakaraṇaṃ pariyattisāsanassāti tiṇṇampi vasena yojetabbo. Tenāha ‘‘yathāraha’’nti. ‘‘Sakkaccaṃ dhammadesanenā’’ti iminā idha ‘‘sāsana’’nti vuttassa tividhassāpi saddhammassa avisesena desanāpūjaṃ vatvā thomanāpūjanassa vasena taṃ vibhajitvā dassento ‘‘ariyaṃ, vo bhikkhave’’tiādimāha. Tattha ‘‘thomanenā’’ti padenāpi ‘‘sakkacca’’nti padaṃ yojetabbaṃ. Pūjanādvayassāpi vā vasena idhāpi padayojanā veditabbā. Ariyabhāvādayoti ariyaseṭṭhaaggabhāvādayo. Niyyānādayoti niyyānahetudassanādayo. Svākkhātatādayoti svākkhātasandiṭṭhikatādayo.
现在,为显示此偈颂也开显了圣僧伽的功德,故说“若复”等。“超越愚痴等”,意思是由于超越了愚痴、不熟练等状态。
Idāni ariyasaṅghaguṇānampi imāya gāthāya pakāsitabhāvaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘yasmā panā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Bālyādisamatikkamanatoti bālaabyattabhāvādisamatikkamanato.
“智差别”是指闻所成智、思所成智、修所成智。“所应听、所应作意、所应通达之事”是事相的差别。“两者”指文句与义句。“依两种方式”,是指应当依能作与所作成就的方式,分别结合来理解。“由于是所应行道”,意思就是“由于是所应了知”。
Ñāṇaviseso sutacintābhāvanāmayañāṇāni. Sotabbamanasikātabbapaṭivijjhitabbāvatthā avatthābhedo. Ubhayanti byañjanapadaṃ, atthapadañca. Ubhayathāti karaṇakammasādhanavasena paccekaṃ yojetabbaṃ. Paṭipajjitabbattāti ñātabbattā.
“这首偈颂”等,是某些人的观点。因为也有其他人说:“这首偈颂正是长老所说的。”因为有时也会有以自身为例的说法,例如:“诸比丘,如来具足十力,于四无畏中无所畏”等(《相应部》2.21-22)。这样建立之后,“哪些是十六种轨理”等语句便得以成立。
‘‘Ayañca gāthā’’tiādi kesañci vādo. Tathā hi apare ‘‘therenevāyaṃ gāthā bhāsitā’’ti vadanti. Attūpanāyikāpi hi kadāci dhammadesanā hoti eva yathā ‘‘dasabalasamannāgato , bhikkhave, tathāgato catuvesārajjavisārado’’tiādi (saṃ. ni. 2.21-22). Evañca katvā ‘‘katame soḷasa hārā’’tiādivacanaṃ samatthitaṃ hoti.
“即以如所说义的门径”,意思就是仅以名为根本语的义理略示。“后面将出现”,是指在解释轮的末尾,将以“三种理趣无缺”等(《导论》4十二句)而出现。
Yathāvuttaatthamukhenevāti mūlapadasaṅkhātaatthuddhāreneva. Parato āgamissatīti niddesavārassa pariyosāne āgamissati ‘‘tīṇi ca nayā anūnā’’tiādinā (netti. 4 dvādasapada).
“被称为”——为表示主动态中的业格,故说“他说”。或者,“被称为”亦是宾主动态的说明。此处意为:若注释者从各方面摄持了“轨理”与“理趣”两者,即已全然掌握,那么“经被称为”即是经自身在注释经。由此显示,于轨理、理趣得自在后,注释经典便轻松易行。
Vuccatīti kattari kammaniddesoti āha ‘‘vadatī’’ti. Atha vā vuccatīti kammakattuniddesoyaṃ. Ayañhettha attho – hārā, nayā cāti ubhayaṃ pariggahitaṃ saṃvaṇṇakena sabbathā gahitañce, vuccati suttaṃ, sayameva suttaṃ saṃvaṇṇetīti , etena hāranayesu vasībhāvena suttasaṃvaṇṇanāya sukarataṃ dasseti.
“以另外的方式”是指将前文所说的“教法”这一意义,依另一种方式称为“开示”与“所开示”。“作限定”,即确定其必然应被了知的特性。而“应被了知性”,则是在殊胜的“开示”与“所开示”中,出现“应被了知”一词时,所显发的了知作用。
Pakārantarenāti pubbe ‘‘sāsana’’nti vuttamatthaṃ ‘‘desanā, desita’’nti tato aññena pakārena. Niyametvāti tassa ekantato viññeyyataṃ avadhāretvā. Viññeyyatā visiṭṭhesu desanādesitesu viññeyyapade labbhamānā vijānanakiriyā.
开示与所开示唯是为了知而立,故了知才是根本。为凸显此义,便说:“于此,即于彼了知中。”
Desanādesitāni ca yāvadeva vijānanatthānīti vijānanaṃ padhānanti tameva niddhārento ‘‘tatrāti tasmiṃ vijānane’’ti āha.
“在此,他说”——这是提问者针对“九分教即九种经”这一说法而提出诘难。他的用意是:应是由九个界限分明、互不混杂的支分所构成;若是如此,那么应颂支等就不具备经的性质,这样一来,“九种经”的说法便自相矛盾了。反之,如果应颂支等具足经的性质,那“经”就无法单独作为一个经支而存在,如此教法便会变成八支。因此他才说:“那么,怎么还会……”等语。为了说明即使在应颂支等之中仅有一部分具有经的性质,前面所说的过失也无法避免,更何况是全部,于是他便以“而且,凡是……”等来显示。“在诸摄中”,指的是在诸注释书中。因为古代注释书是现今注释书的纲要,所以被称为“摄”。所谓经,可以是有偈颂的,也可以是无偈颂的——正是由这两种支分将这两者都统摄在内,因为脱离这两者的经是不存在的,所以单独的经支不可能存在,因此才说“单独的经支就不应存在”。倘若他又提出还有别的某种方式,答辩者便针对即将要加以说明的通称规则而说“应该是可以有的”。为了指出即便如此也还是有过失,于是他便说道“如《吉祥经》等……”等等。
Etthāhāti navaṅgasāsananavavidhasuttantāti etasmiṃ atthavacane āha codako. Tassāyaṃ adhippāyo – navahi aṅgehi vavatthitehi aññamaññasaṅkararahitehi bhavitabbaṃ, tathā ca sati asuttasabhāvāneva geyyaṅgādīnīti navavidhasuttantavacanaṃ virujjheyya. Atha suttasabhāvāni geyyaṅgādīni, evaṃ sati ‘‘sutta’’nti visuṃ suttaṅgaṃ na siyā, evaṃ sante aṭṭhaṅgasāsanaṃ āpajjatīti. Tenāha ‘‘kathaṃ panā’’tiādi. Geyyaṅgādīsu katipayānampi suttabhāve yathāvuttadosānativatti, pageva sabbesanti dasseti ‘‘yañcā’’tiādinā. Saṅgahesūti aṭṭhakathāsu. Porāṇaṭṭhakathānañhi saṅkhepabhūtā idāni aṭṭhakathā ‘‘saṅgahā’’ti vuttā. Suttaṃ nāma sagāthakaṃ vā siyā, niggāthakaṃ vāti aṅgadvayeneva tadubhayaṅgaṃ katanti visuṃ suttaṅgassa asambhavo tadubhayavinimuttassa suttassa abhāvato. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘suttaṅgameva na siyā’’ti. Athāpi kathañci. Siyāti vakkhamānaṃ sāmaññavidhiṃ sandhāyāha. Evampi ayaṃ dosoti dassento ‘‘maṅgalasuttādīna’’ntiādimāha.
“彼修习之因相”,是指应颂支修习的因相。“记别”为彼修习之因相——这是其中的关联。提问者并未接受“缺少偈颂”的说法,只是执取了“问答就是记别”这一文句,便以“若是如此”等话语提出质难。而答辩者则指出:由特定场合所限定的名称,比非场合的名称力用更胜——依此正理可知,缺少偈颂的才是记别,这才是在此处所指的意义,因此他以“并不构成过失”等加以答辩。“确实如此”:正是由于这个原因,意思是,即使有其他名称的因相组合,非场合的名称力用仍然更胜。
Tabbhāvanimittanti geyyaṅgabhāvanimittaṃ. Veyyākaraṇassa tabbhāvanimittanti sambandho. Codako ‘‘gāthāvirahe’’ti vacanaṃ aggaṇhanto ‘‘pucchāvissajjanaṃ byākaraṇa’’nti vacanamattameva gahetvā ‘‘evaṃ sante’’tiādinā codeti. Itaro pana okāsavidhito anokāso vidhi balavāti ñāyaṃ gāthāvirahitaṃyeva veyyākaraṇanti, idhādhippetanti ca dassento ‘‘nāpajjatī’’tiādinā pariharati. Tathā hīti teneva kāraṇena, satipi saññantaranimittayoge anokāsasaññānaṃ balavabhāvenevāti attho.