第二十三章 毗舍婆佛史注释
23. Vessabhūbuddhavaṃsavaṇṇanā
自从尸弃正自觉者的教法隐没之后，人寿七万岁的人们逐渐减少，最终减至十岁。此后人寿又渐增，达到无量岁，随后再逐渐递减，到了人寿六万年时，一位战胜心意、征服一切世间、自生的导师，名为毗舍婆，出现于世间。他圆满了种种波罗蜜后，投生于兜率天，从彼处命终，入于阿诺摩城善悦王与其正后——持戒女雅萨瓦提的母胎中结生。经过十个月，在无上园林中，他从母胎降生，一诞生便令众人欢喜，并发出牛王吼声。正因如此，在取名之日，人们为他取名‘毗舍婆’。他在家生活了六千年，拥有鲁吉、苏鲁吉、拉提瓦达那三座宫殿，有三万女子以苏吉塔天女为首，侍奉于他。
Sikhissa pana sammāsambuddhassa aparabhāge antarahite tassa sāsane sattativassasahassāyukā manussā anukkamena parihāyitvā dasavassāyukā ahesuṃ. Puna vaḍḍhitvā aparimitāyukā hutvā anukkamena parihāyitvā saṭṭhivassasahassāyukā ahesuṃ. Tadā vijitamanobhū sabbalokābhibhū sayambhū vessabhū nāma satthā loke udapādi. So pāramiyo pūretvā tusitapure nibbattitvā tato cavitvā anomanagare suppatītassa suppatītassa nāma rañño aggamahesiyā sīlavatiyā yasavatiyā nāma kucchismiṃ paṭisandhiṃ aggahesi. So dasannaṃ māsānaṃ accayena anupamuyyāne mātukucchito nikkhami. Jāyamānova janaṃ tosento vasabhanādaṃ nadi. Tasmā vasabhanādahetuttā tassa nāmaggahaṇadivase ‘‘vessabhū’’ti nāmamakaṃsu . So chabbassasahassāni agāraṃ ajjhāvasi. Ruci-suruci-rativaḍḍhananāmakā tayo pāsādā tassa ahesuṃ. Sucittādevippamukhāni tiṃsa itthisahassāni paccupaṭṭhitāni ahesuṃ.
他见到四种相。那时，正值苏吉塔天女产下善觉童子，他为观赏园林乘坐金轿出行，途中接受了提婆达多供养的袈裟，便出家而去。当时有三万七千人跟随他出家。于是，他在这些随行众的围绕下，行精进六个月。于毗舍佉月满月之日，在苏吉塔聚落享用了女施主祥增所供养的乳糜粥，并在沙罗树林中度过了白天。傍晚，他接受了龙王人主供养的八把草，右绕沙罗菩提树。那棵沙罗树的大小与那棵芭蕉树一般无二，其花果之庄严也应同样了知。他来到沙罗树下，敷设宽四十肘的草座，结跏趺坐，已远离诸盖，断除了一切欲、乐、慢的障碍，获得无碍智，宣说了这样的感兴语：‘经多生轮回……乃至……已尽诸渴爱。’他在那里度过七七四十九天，观察到他的幼弟苏纳童子和北方童子具备得度因缘，便由天路而行，降临至阿诺摩城附近的阿鲁纳园林，令园林守护者唤来二位童子，在他们及其眷属中间转动了法轮。那时，有八十俱胝千大众获得了第一次法现观。
So cattāri nimittāni disvā sucittāya nāma deviyā suppabuddhe nāma kumāre uppanne suvaṇṇasivikāya uyyānadassanatthāya gantvā devadattāni kāsāyāni gahetvā pabbaji. Taṃ sattattiṃsasahassāni anupabbajiṃsu. Atha so tehi parivuto cha māse padhānacariyaṃ caritvā visākhapuṇṇamāya sucittanigame sandissamānasarīrāya sirivaḍḍhanāya nāma dinnaṃ madhupāyāsaṃ paribhuñjitvā sālavane divāvihāraṃ vītināmetvā sāyanhasamaye narindanāgarājena dinnā aṭṭha tiṇamuṭṭhiyo gahetvā sālabodhiṃ padakkhiṇato upāgami. Tassāpi sālassa tadeva pāṭaliyā pamāṇameva pamāṇaṃ ahosi. Tatheva pupphaphalasirivibhavo veditabbo. So sālamūlamupagantvā cattālīsahatthavitthataṃ tiṇasantharaṃ santharitvā pallaṅkaṃ ābhujitvā vigatanīvaraṇaṃ sabbakāmamadāvaraṇaṃ anāvaraṇañāṇaṃ paṭilabhitvā – ‘‘anekajātisaṃsāraṃ…pe… taṇhānaṃ khayamajjhagā’’ti udānaṃ udānetvā sattasattāhaṃ tattheva vītināmetvā attano kaniṭṭhabhātikassa soṇakumārassa uttarakumārassa ca upanissayasampattiṃ disvā devapathena gantvā anomanagarasamīpe aruṇuyyāne otaritvā uyyānapālena kumāre pakkosāpetvā tesaṃ saparivārānaṃ majjhe dhammacakkaṃ pavattesi. Tadā asītiyā koṭisahassānaṃ paṭhamo abhisamayo ahosi.
后来，世尊游行人间，于各处说法，有七十俱胝千大众得法现观，这是第二次现观。便在那阿诺摩城，世尊破除外道的邪见罗网，摧折其慢幢，击碎其骄慢，高举法幢，在广九由旬的人众与无量天众面前，显示双神变，令天、人生起净信，以甘露法味满足六十俱胝大众，这是第三次现观。
Puna janapadacārikaṃ caranto bhagavā tattha tattha dhammaṃ desento sattatiyā koṭisahassānaṃ dhammābhisamayo ahosi, so dutiyo abhisamayo ahosi. Anomanagareyeva diṭṭhijālaṃ bhindanto titthiyamānaddhajaṃ pātento mānamadaṃ viddhaṃsento dhammaddhajaṃ samussayanto navutiyojanavitthatāya manussaparisāya parimāṇarahitāya devaparisāya yamakapāṭihāriyaṃ katvā devamanusse pasādetvā saṭṭhikoṭiyo dhammāmatena tappesi, so tatiyo abhisamayo ahosi. Tena vuttaṃ –
就在那曼达劫中，那无与伦比、无可匹敌者，
名为毗舍婆的导师，出现于世间。
‘‘Tattheva maṇḍakappamhi, asamo appaṭipuggalo; Vessabhū nāma nāmena, loke uppajji nāyako.
‘‘Ādittaṃ vata rāgaggi, taṇhānaṃ vijitaṃ tadā; Nāgova bandhanaṃ chetvā, patto sambodhimuttamaṃ.
当毗舍婆世间导师转法轮时，
有八十俱胝千众生初得证悟。
‘‘Dhammacakkaṃ pavattente, vessabhūlokanāyake; Asītikoṭisahassānaṃ, paṭhamābhisamayo ahu.
当世间最上、人中的雄者，于国土中出发游行时，
有七十俱胝千众生，成就了第二次现观。
‘‘Pakkante cārikaṃ raṭṭhe, lokajeṭṭhe narāsabhe; Sattatikoṭisahassānaṃ, dutiyābhisamayo ahu.
他破除大邪见，显现神通；
十千世界之中，人与天众聚集一处；
‘‘Mahādiṭṭhiṃ vinodento, pāṭiheraṃ karoti so; Samāgatā naramarū, dasasahassī sadevake.
见到极其稀有、前所未有、令人身毛竖立之事，
天人与人之中，有六十俱胝都觉悟了。
‘‘Mahāacchariyaṃ disvā, abbhutaṃ lomahaṃsanaṃ; Devā ceva manussā ca, bujjhare saṭṭhikoṭiyo’’ti.
此处，“燃烧”（āditta）是指整个三界完全燃烧起来。“贪火”（rāgaggi）是以贪欲而燃烧。“征服渴爱”（taṇhānaṃ vijitaṃ）的意思是：征服了渴爱的王国，即自在魔的领域，这样了知。“如象断缚”（nāgova bandhanaṃ chetvā）：如同大象挣断腐藤的束缚，断除束缚之后，达到、证得了正觉。“十千世界”（dasasahassī）指在十千世界系统之内。“并诸天界”（sadevake）指包含天界在内的世界。“觉悟”（bujjhare）是指他们觉悟了。
Tattha ādittanti sakalamidaṃ lokattayaṃ sampadittaṃ. Rāgaggīti rāgena. Taṇhānaṃ vijitanti taṇhānaṃ vijitaṃ raṭṭhaṃ vasavattiṭṭhānanti evaṃ ñatvāti attho. Nāgova bandhanaṃ chetvāti hatthī viya pūtilatābandhanaṃ chinditvā sambodhiṃ patto adhigato. Dasasahassīti dasasahassiyaṃ. Sadevaketi sadevake loke. Bujjhareti bujjhiṃsu.
在索那与郁多罗两位大弟子的聚会中，世尊于摩伽月满月之日，在八万出家阿拉汉中间诵出巴帝摩卡，那是第一次集会。后来，与征服一切世间的毗舍婆佛一同出家的三万七千位比丘，于僧众减少之时离去。他们听闻毗舍婆正自觉者转法轮后，来到名为梭雷亚的城市，拜见世尊。世尊为他们说法，并以“善来比丘”的方式度化他们全部出家，于四众具足的僧团中诵出巴帝摩卡，那是第二次集会。
Soṇuttarānaṃ pana dvinnaṃ aggasāvakānaṃ samāgame pabbajitānaṃ asītiyā arahantasahassānaṃ majjhe māghapuṇṇamāyaṃ pātimokkhaṃ uddisi, so paṭhamo sannipāto ahosi. Yadā pana vessabhunā sabbalokābhibhunā saha pabbajitā sattattiṃsasahassasaṅkhā bhikkhū gaṇato ohīnasamaye pakkantā, te vessabhussa sammāsambuddhassa dhammacakkappavattiṃ sutvā soreyyaṃ nāma nagaraṃ āgantvā bhagavantaṃ addasaṃsu. Tesaṃ bhagavā dhammaṃ desetvā sabbeva te ehibhikkhupabbajjāya pabbājetvā caturaṅgasamannāgatāya parisāya pātimokkhaṃ uddisi, so dutiyo sannipāto ahosi.
当那利瓦哈纳城的寂静王子治理国家时，世尊出于悲悯来到那里。王子听说世尊到来，便率眷属出城迎接，邀请世尊，行盛大布施，听闻佛法后心生净信，便出家了。有六万男子跟随他出家。他们与王子一同证得阿拉汉果。毗舍婆世尊由这些漏尽比丘们围绕，诵出巴帝摩卡，这是第三次集会。
Yadā pana nārivāhananagare upasanto nāma rājaputto rajjaṃ kāresi, tassānukampāya bhagavā tattha agamāsi, sopi bhagavato āgamanaṃ sutvā saparivāro bhagavato paccuggamanaṃ katvā nimantetvā mahādānaṃ datvā tassa dhammaṃ sutvā pasannahadayo pabbaji. Taṃ saṭṭhisahassasaṅkhā purisā anupabbajiṃsu. Te tena saddhiṃ arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu. So tehi parivuto vessabhū bhagavā pātimokkhaṃ uddisi, so tatiyo sannipāto ahosi. Tena vuttaṃ –
毗舍婆大仙的集会共有三次，
他们是漏尽者、无垢者、心寂静者、如如不动者。
‘‘Sannipātā tayo āsuṃ, vessabhussa mahesino; Khīṇāsavānaṃ vimalānaṃ, santacittāna tādinaṃ.
‘‘Asītibhikkhusahassānaṃ, paṭhamo āsi samāgamo; Sattatibhikkhusahassānaṃ, dutiyo āsi samāgamo.
‘‘Saṭṭhibhikkhusahassānaṃ , tatiyo āsi samāgamo; Jarādibhayatītānaṃ, orasānaṃ mahesino’’ti.
那时，我们的菩萨在獐子城，成为名为‘极可爱见善见’的国王。当世间导师到达吠舍地的獐子城时，他听闻那位佛陀的教法，心生净信，将十指合拢、光辉闪耀的合掌，如清净无瑕、全然绽放的莲花蕾一般置于头顶，向以佛陀为首的僧伽进行连同袈裟的大布施。他即于该处为世尊建造香室，并在其周围建造了一千座精舍，随后将所有财产悉数供养于世尊教法中，接着在彼世尊座下出家。他具足戒行功德，热衷于十三头陀支的功德，致力于寻求菩提资粮，欢喜安住于佛陀的教法中。彼世尊为他授记道：‘于未来世，从此三十一劫之后，这位名为乔达摩者将成佛陀。’因此，这样说：
Tadā amhākaṃ bodhisatto sarabhavatīnagare paramapiyadassano sudassano nāma rājā hutvā vessabhumhi lokanāyake sarabhanagaramupagate tassa dhammaṃ sutvā pasannahadayo dasanakhasamodhānasamujjalaṃ jalajāmalāvikalakamalamakulasadisamañjaliṃ sirasi katvā buddhappamukhassa saṅghassa sacīvaraṃ mahādānaṃ datvā tattheva bhagavato nivāsatthāya gandhakuṭiṃ katvā taṃ parikkhipitvā vihārasahassaṃ kāretvā sabbañca vibhavajātaṃ bhagavato sāsane pariccajitvā tassa santike pabbajitvā ācāraguṇasampanno terasadhutaguṇesu nirato bodhisambhārapariyesanāya rato buddhasāsanābhirato vihāsi. Sopi taṃ bhagavā byākāsi – ‘‘anāgate ito ekattiṃsakappe ayaṃ gotamo nāma buddho bhavissatī’’ti. Tena vuttaṃ –
那时，我是名为善见的刹帝利
我邀请大雄，作了极重大的布施
我以饮食、衣物，与僧团，供养了胜者。
‘‘Ahaṃ tena samayena, sudassano nāma khattiyo; Nimantetvā mahāvīraṃ, dānaṃ datvā mahārahaṃ; Annapānena vatthena, sasaṅghaṃ jinapūjayiṃ.
那位无与伦比的佛陀，已转无上法轮；
听闻这殊胜之法后，我便欢喜出家。
‘‘Tassa buddhassa asamassa, cakkaṃ vattitamuttamaṃ; Sutvāna paṇitaṃ dhammaṃ, pabbajjamabhirocayiṃ.
广作大施之后，昼夜不舍，我未曾懈怠疲倦；
我在具足德行的胜者近前出家。
‘‘Mahādānaṃ pavattetvā, rattindivamatandito; Pabbajjaṃ guṇasampannaṃ, pabbajiṃ jinasantike.
我具足正行与德行，安住在义务与戒律中；
为寻求一切知智，我乐于安住于胜者的教法中。
‘‘Ācāraguṇasampanno, vattasīlasamāhito; Sabbaññutaṃ gavesanto, ramāmi jinasāsane.
我以信心与喜悦，礼敬导师佛陀；
喜悦从我心中生起，正是为了觉悟之故。
‘‘Saddhāpītiṃ upagantvā, buddhaṃ vandāmi sattharaṃ; Pīti uppajjati mayhaṃ, bodhiyāyeva kāraṇā.
了知我心已不退转，正自觉者便说此言：
由此三十一劫后，此人当成为佛陀。
‘‘Anivattamānasaṃ ñatvā, sambuddho etadabravi; Ekattiṃse ito kappe, ayaṃ buddho bhavissati.
曾有可爱的迦毗罗卫城……（中略）……我们将当面亲见这位。
‘‘Ahu kapilavhayā rammā…pe… hessāma sammukhaṃ imaṃ.
听闻她的话语之后，我内心愈增净信；
我立下更殊胜的誓愿，为圆满十种波罗蜜。
‘‘Tassāhaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā, bhiyyo cittaṃ pasādayiṃ; Uttariṃ vatamadhiṭṭhāsiṃ, dasapāramipūriyā’’ti.
这其中，“轮已转动”是指法轮已被转动。“殊胜的法”即超人法。“出家功德具足”，意指了知出家的功德而出家。“义务与戒律都圆满的人”，是指在种种义务与戒律上皆已安住、专注；也就是在圆满那些种种的义务与戒律上得以专注。“我欢喜”即我喜悦地安住其中。“具信与喜”是说已具足信心与喜悦。“礼敬”指已完成礼敬；此处应理解为以现在时动词表示过去事。“导师”即指导师。“不退转的心”是指不会退缩、不后悔的心。
Tattha cakkaṃ vattitanti dhammacakkaṃ pavattitaṃ. Paṇītaṃ dhammanti uttarimanussadhammaṃ. Pabbajjaṃ guṇasampannanti ñatvā pabbajinti attho. Vattasīlasamāhitoti vattesu ca sīlesu ca samāhito. Tesaṃ tesaṃ pūraṇe samāhitoti attho. Ramāmīti abhiramiṃ. Saddhāpītinti saddhañca pītiñca upagantvā. Vandāmīti abhivandiṃ, atītatthe vattamānavacanaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Sattharanti satthāraṃ. Anivattamānasanti anosakkiyamānamānasaṃ.
彼世尊有一座名为无上的城。他的父亲是刹帝利，名叫善信；母亲名有誉。索纳与乌达罗是他的两位上首弟子，侍者名寂静，罗摩与萨摩拉是他的两位上首女弟子。他的菩提树是娑罗树，身量高达六十肘。寿命六万岁，妻子名善思，子名善觉。他乘坐金轿出家。因此，如是说：
Tassa pana bhagavato anomaṃ nāma nagaraṃ ahosi. Suppatīto nāmassa pitā khattiyo, yasavatī nāma mātā, soṇo ca uttaro ca dve aggasāvakā, upasanto nāmupaṭṭhāko, rāmā ca samālā ca dve aggasāvikā, sālarukkho bodhi, sarīraṃ saṭṭhihatthubbedhaṃ ahosi. Saṭṭhivassasahassāni āyu, sucittā nāmassa bhariyā, suppabuddho nāmassa putto, suvaṇṇasivikāya nikkhami. Tena vuttaṃ –
城名无上，国王名为善信，是刹帝利；
母亲名有誉，是毗舍婆大仙的母亲。
‘‘Anomaṃ nāma nagaraṃ, suppatīto nāma khattiyo; Mātā yasavatī nāma, vessabhussa mahesino.
索纳与乌达罗曾为其上首弟子，
侍者名为寂静，是毗舍婆大仙的侍者。
‘‘Soṇo ca uttaro ceva, ahesuṃ aggasāvakā; Upasanto nāmupaṭṭhāko, vessabhussa mahesino.
‘‘Rāmā ceva samālā ca, ahesuṃ aggasāvikā; Bodhi tassa bhagavato, mahāsāloti vuccati.
‘‘Sotthiko ceva rammo ca, ahesuṃ aggupaṭṭhakā; Gotamī sirimā ceva, ahesuṃ aggupaṭṭhikā.
‘‘Saṭṭhiratanamubbedho, hemayūpasamūpamo; Kāyā niccharatī rasmi, rattiṃva pabbate sikhī.
那位大仙的寿命长达六万年；
他住世如此长久，度脱了众多众生。
‘‘Saṭṭhivassasahassāni, āyu tassa mahesino; Tāvatā tiṭṭhamāno so, tāresi, janataṃ bahuṃ.
将法广泛弘扬之后，又为大众分别解说；
建立法船之后，他与诸弟子同入涅槃。
‘‘Dhammaṃ vitthārikaṃ katvā, vibhajitvā mahājanaṃ; Dhammanāvaṃ ṭhapetvāna, nibbuto so sasāvako.
令一切众生悦目的精舍与威仪，
这一切皆已消失，诸行岂不都空无所有吗？
‘‘Dassaneyyaṃ sabbajanaṃ, vihāraṃ iriyāpathaṃ; Sabbaṃ tamantarahitaṃ, nanu rittā sabbasaṅkhārā’’ti.
其中，“hemayūpasamūpamo”意为如同金柱。“niccharati”指到处流转。“rasmi”即光芒。“rattiṃva pabbate sikhī”意思是犹如夜晚在山顶上的火焰。“raṃsivijjotā”指他身体的光芒闪耀。“vibhajitvā”意为作了区分，即依顿悟等类别、入流者等类别而作区分。“dhammanāvaṃ”指称为八支道的法船，为度脱四瀑流而施设。“dassaneyyaṃ”意思是美丽、值得观赏。“sabbajanaṃ”指一切众生，即包括声闻僧团的正自觉者。“vihāraṃ”是精舍，在此处于一切处皆应视为反身代词的宾格。
Tattha hemayūpasamūpamoti suvaṇṇatthambhasadisoti attho. Niccharatīti ito cito ca sandhāvati. Rasmīti pabhārasmi. Rattiṃva pabbate sikhīti rattiyaṃ pabbatamatthake aggi viya. Raṃsivijjotā tassa kāyeti attho. Vibhajitvāti vibhāgaṃ katvā, ugghaṭitādivasena sotāpannādivasena cāti attho. Dhammanāvanti aṭṭhaṅgamaggasaṅkhātaṃ dhammanāvaṃ, caturoghanittharaṇatthāya ṭhapetvāti attho. Dassaneyyanti dassanīyo. Sabbajananti sabbo jano, sasāvakasaṅgho sammāsambuddhoti attho. Vihāranti vihāro, sabbattha paccatte upayogavacanaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ.
据说世尊毗舍婆佛于牛王城的安稳鹿野苑般涅槃，然而他的舍利却散失了。
Vessabhū kira bhagavā usabhavatīnagare kheme migadāye parinibbāyi. Dhātuyo panassa vippakiriṃsu.
于最胜的牛王城中，胜者牛王世尊毗舍婆佛，
据说在令人愉悦的近林精舍，进入了无余依涅槃。
‘‘Usabhavatipure puruttame, jinavasabho bhagavā hi vessabhū; Upavanavihare manorame, nirupadhisesamupāgato kirā’’ti.
其余部分，在偈颂中已清楚说明。
Sesaṃ sabbattha gāthāsu pākaṭamevāti.
「毗舍婆佛种姓」（Vessabhūbuddhavaṃsa）的注释结束。
Vessabhūbuddhavaṃsavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
