第十三 二十偈集显示巴利原文
13. Vīsatinipāto
第一 庵婆婆利长老尼偈释显示巴利原文
1. Ambapālītherīgāthāvaṇṇanā
在《二十偈集》中,以“乌黑似蜂色……”等为首的,是庵婆婆利长老尼的偈颂。她同样在过去诸佛处累积功德,于各生流转中积集导向出离的善业。她于尸弃佛世尊的教法中出家,受具足戒成为比丘尼,护持比丘尼学处而住。一日,她与众多比丘尼一同去礼拜塔庙,右绕而行。一位漏尽长老尼走在前头,匆忙间吐了一口唾沫,落在塔庙庭院中。那位漏尽长老尼未留意便走过去了,庵婆婆利从后而来,见到那口唾沫,便出言斥骂:“哪个妓女将唾沫吐在此处!”在她为比丘尼时,护持戒律,厌离胎生,将心安住于化生之身。由此,于最后一生,她在毗舍离城的皇家园林中,化生于一棵芒果树下。守园人看见她,便将她带入城中。因在芒果树下出生,众人便称她为“庵婆婆利”。那时,见她容貌美丽、悦目可意,兼具娇媚、迷人等种种殊胜气质,诸王子都想据为己有,彼此争吵起来。为平息纷争,受她宿业催使的法官们说:“让她属于所有人吧。”便把她置于妓女之位。她在世尊处生起信心后,便在自己的园林中建造了……显示巴利原文
Vīsatinipāte kāḷakā bhamaravaṇṇasādisātiādikā ambapāliyā theriyā gāthā. Ayampi purimabuddhesu katādhikārā tattha tattha bhave vivaṭṭūpanissayaṃ kusalaṃ upacinantī sikhissa bhagavato sāsane pabbajitvā upasampannā hutvā bhikkhunisikkhāpadaṃ samādāya viharantī, ekadivasaṃ sambahulāhi bhikkhunīhi saddhiṃ cetiyaṃ vanditvā padakkhiṇaṃ karontī puretaraṃ gacchantiyā khīṇāsavattheriyā khipantiyā sahasā kheḷapiṇḍaṃ cetiyaṅgaṇe patitaṃ, khīṇāsavattheriyā apassitvā gatāya ayaṃ pacchato gacchantī taṃ kheḷapiṇḍaṃ disvā ‘‘kā nāma gaṇikā imasmiṃ ṭhāne kheḷapiṇḍaṃ pātesī’’ti akkosi. Sā bhikkhunikāle sīlaṃ rakkhantī gabbhavāsaṃ jigucchitvā opapātikattabhāve cittaṃ ṭhapesi. Tena carimattabhāve vesāliyaṃ rājuyyāne ambarukkhamūle opapātikā hutvā nibbatti. Taṃ disvā uyyānapālo nagaraṃ upanesi. Ambarukkhamūle nibbattatāya sā ambapālītveva voharīyittha. Atha naṃ abhirūpaṃ dassanīyaṃ pāsādikaṃ vilāsakantatādiguṇavisesasamuditaṃ disvā sambahulā rājakumārā attano attano pariggahaṃ kātukāmā aññamaññaṃ kalahaṃ akaṃsu. Tesaṃ kalahavūpasamatthaṃ tassā kammasañcoditā vohārikā ‘‘sabbesaṃ hotū’’ti gaṇikāṭṭhāne ṭhapesuṃ. Sā satthari paṭiladdhasaddhā attano uyyāne vihāraṃ katvā buddhappamukhassa bhikkhusaṅghassa niyyādetvā pacchā attano puttassa vimalakoṇḍaññattherassa santike dhammaṃ sutvā pabbajitvā vipassanāya kammaṃ karontī attano sarīrassa jarājiṇṇabhāvaṃ nissāya saṃvegajātā saṅkhārānaṃ aniccataṃ vibhāventī –
我的头发曾乌黑,色如蜜蜂,发梢卷曲;
而今因衰老,它们如同麻絮,真实语者之言真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Kāḷakā bhamaravaṇṇasādisā, vellitaggā mama muddhajā ahuṃ; Te jarāya sāṇavākasādisā, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
我的发髻曾散发芬芳,犹如盛满鲜花的香粉盒;
如今这发髻因衰老而带着毛发的气味,但真实语者的话语真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Vāsitova surabhī karaṇḍako, pupphapūra mama uttamaṅgajo; Taṃ jarāyatha salomagandhikaṃ, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
我的眉毛曾如一片繁茂的丛林,经眉钳修整,尖端修饰得十分美丽;
这眉毛因衰老而处处稀疏,但真实语者的话真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Kānanaṃva sahitaṃ suropitaṃ, kocchasūcivicitaggasobhitaṃ; Taṃ jarāya viralaṃ tahiṃ tahiṃ, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
我那乌黑的颈项饰以黄金,发辫庄严,闪闪发光;
这颗头颅因衰老而颤抖,但真实语者的话真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Kaṇhakhandhakasuvaṇṇamaṇḍitaṃ, sobhate suveṇīhilaṅkataṃ; Taṃ jarāya khalitaṃ siraṃ kataṃ, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
犹如画师精心描绘的线条,我的双眉往昔如此秀丽;而今因衰老,布满皱纹,低垂下来。
它们因衰老而皱纹满布、低垂垂下,真实语者的话语真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Cittakārasukatāva lekhikā, sobhare su bhamukā pure mama; Tā jarāya valibhippalambitā, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
如同摩尼宝珠般明亮光辉,我的双眸曾经深青而广长;
它们被衰老摧损,不复美丽,真实语者之言,真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Bhassarā surucirā yathā maṇī, nettahesumabhinīlamāyatā; Te jarāyabhihatā na sobhare, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
那柔软、高耸而端正的鼻梁,在青春华年时是何等动人。
如今它被衰老所摧,似是萎皱不堪,然而真实语者之言真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Saṇhatuṅgasadisī ca nāsikā, sobhate su abhiyobbanaṃ pati; Sā jarāya upakūlitā viya, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
犹如善作善成的臂钏,往昔我的双耳垂这般端严;
而今它们因衰老而皱纹密布、低垂,真实语者所言真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Kaṅkaṇaṃva sukataṃ suniṭṭhitaṃ, sobhare su mama kaṇṇapāḷiyo; Tā jarāya valibhippalambitā, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
如芭蕉花蕾之色,我昔日的牙齿何等光耀;
而今为衰老所破坏、侵蚀,真实语者之言真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Pattalīmakulavaṇṇasādisā , sobhare su dantā pure mama; Te jarāya khaṇḍitā cāsitā, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
我犹如林间密丛中游走的杜鹃,曾发出悦耳的鸣唱;
那声音虽因衰老而断续颤抖,但真实语者的话真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Kānanamhi vanasaṇḍacārinī, kokilāva madhuraṃ nikūjihaṃ; Taṃ jarāya khalitaṃ tahiṃ tahiṃ, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
昔日,我的颈项犹如被细致擦拭过的柔润螺贝,确实美丽;
如今,它已被衰老摧折弯曲,但真实语者的话语真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Saṇhakamburiva suppamajjitā, sobhate su gīvā pure mama; Sā jarāya bhaggā vināmitā, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
往昔,我的双臂犹如浑圆的门闩,确然丰美;
而今衰老使其枯槁如残枝败叶。真实语者之语,真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Vaṭṭapalighasadisopamā ubho, sobhare su bāhā pure mama; Tā jarāya yathā pāṭalibbalitā, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
往昔,我那双佩戴戒指与黄金饰物的手,柔软而极为秀美;
如今因衰老而变得犹如老树根一般,真实语者之言,真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Saṇhamuddikasuvaṇṇamaṇḍitā , sobhare su hatthā pure mama; Te jarāya yathā mūlamūlikā, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
往昔,我的双乳丰满、圆隆而高耸,十分美丽;
如今它们如无水的皮囊般下垂,真实语者之言真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Pīnavaṭṭasahibhuggatā ubho, sobhare su thanakā pure mama; Thevikīva lambanti nodakā, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
从前,我的身体犹如打磨光亮的金板,熠熠生辉;
如今,这身体遍布细密的皱纹,真实语者之言真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Kañcanassa phalakaṃva sammaṭṭhaṃ, sobhate su kāyo pure mama; So valīhi sukhumāhi otato, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
往昔,我这一双大腿极为美丽,犹如盘卷的龙身;
如今,因老迈而枯槁如竹管,真实语者之言真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Nāgabhogasadisopamā ubho, sobhare su ūrū pure mama; Te jarāya yathā veḷunāḷiyo, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
从前,我的小腿饰以柔软的脚镯与金环,光彩夺目;
如今因衰老,它们如同胡麻秆般枯瘦,真实语者所言真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Saṇhanūpurasuvaṇṇamaṇḍitā, sobhare su jaṅghā pure mama; Tā jarāya tiladaṇḍakāriva, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
如今它们因衰老而皲裂起皱,真实语者之语,真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Tūlapuṇṇasadisopamā ubho, sobhare su pādā pure mama; Te jarāya phuṭitā valīmatā, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā.
此身曾如此,今已衰朽,成为众苦所居;
犹如涂饰剥落的老旧房屋,真实语者之言真实不虚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Ediso ahu ayaṃ samussayo, jajjaro bahudukhānamālayo; Sopalepapatito jarāgharo, saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathā’’ti. –
她诵出这些偈颂。显示巴利原文
Imā gāthāyo abhāsi.
此中,「kāḷakā」意为黑色。「Bhamaravaṇṇasādisāti」:虽为黑色,却呈现类似蜜蜂的光泽,即光滑的深蓝色。「Vellitaggāti」:发梢卷曲,从发根至发梢皆卷曲盘绕,是为此义。「Muddhajāti」指头发。「Jarāyāti」:因衰老之故,为老所摧,美丽损减。「Sāṇavākasādisāti」:犹如麻布,犹如树皮布,即如麻布与树皮布,亦如蚕丝布。「Saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathāti」:真实语者、不虚语的正自觉者所言‘一切色悉皆无常,为老所伏’等语,真实不异,恰如其是,无有虚妄。显示巴利原文
Tattha kāḷakāti kāḷakavaṇṇā. Bhamaravaṇṇasādisāti kāḷakā hontāpi bhamarasadisavaṇṇā, siniddhanīlāti attho. Vellitaggāti kuñcitaggā, mūlato paṭṭhāya yāva aggā kuñcitā vellitāti attho. Muddhajāti kesā. Jarāyāti jarāhetu jarāya upahatasobhā. Sāṇavākasādisāti sāṇasadisā vākasadisā ca, sāṇavākasadisā ceva makacivākasadisā cātipi attho. Saccavādivacanaṃ anaññathāti saccavādino avitathavādino sammāsambuddhassa ‘‘sabbaṃ rūpaṃ aniccaṃ jarābhibhūta’’ntiādivacanaṃ anaññathā yathābhūtameva, na tattha vitathaṃ atthīti.
「Vāsitova surabhī karaṇḍakoti」:犹如以花香、熏香粉末等熏染而散发香气的妆奁,芳香馥郁。「Pupphapūra mama uttamaṅgajoti」:昔日我的发髻缀满占巴花、素馨花、茉莉花等,洁净无垢,此即指我顶上之发。而今却成为自带毛发气味,即原本的毛发气味。或说「salomagandhikanti」:与公羊毛气味相同;亦有释为‘母山羊毛气味’。显示巴利原文
Vāsitova surabhī karaṇḍakoti pupphagandhavāsacuṇṇādīhi vāsito vāsaṃ gāhāpito pasādhanasamuggo viya sugandhi. Pupphapūra mama uttamaṅgajoti campakasumanamallikādīhi pupphehi pūrito pubbe mama kesakalāpo nimmaloti attho. Tanti uttamaṅgajaṃ. Atha pacchā etarahi salomagandhikaṃ pākatikalomagandhameva jātaṃ. Atha vā salomagandhikanti meṇḍakalomehi samānagandhaṃ. ‘‘Eḷakalomagandha’’ntipi vadanti.
「Kānanaṃva sahitaṃ suropitanti」:如同妥善栽植、齐整排列、密集丛生、笔直向上、枝条又直又长的一片近林。「Kocchasūcivicitaggasobhitanti」:往日用梳子与金针解散顶上的发结,使发端错落有致而显得庄严;或因它稠密如梳,再以梳齿般的细针梳理,令发端绚烂,成为庄严。这说的就是长在头顶的头发。如今,它各处稀疏,已经脱落。显示巴利原文
Kānanaṃva sahitaṃ suropitanti suṭṭhu ropitaṃ sahitaṃ ghanasannivesaṃ uddhameva uṭṭhitaṃ ujukadīghasākhaṃ upavanaṃ viya. Kocchasūcivicitaggasobhitanti pubbe kocchena suvaṇṇasūciyā ca kesajaṭāvijaṭanena vicitaggaṃ hutvā sobhitaṃ, ghanabhāvena vā kocchasadisaṃ hutvā paṇadantasūcīhi vicitaggatāya sobhitaṃ. Tanti uttamaṅgajaṃ. Viralaṃ tahiṃ tahinti tattha tattha viralaṃ vilūnakesaṃ.
「Kaṇhakhandhakasuvaṇṇamaṇḍitaṃ」:指用金、金刚等装饰的乌黑发堆。若有人读作「saṇhakaṇḍakasuvaṇṇamaṇḍitaṃ」,意思则是用柔滑的金针解散绺发所成的庄严。「Sobhate suveṇīhilaṅkataṃ」:往昔,它由如同王树花鬘那般美妙的发辫所装饰,显得无比辉煌。「Taṃ jarāya khalitaṃ siraṃ kataṃ」:那个曾如此庄严的头,如今被衰老摧残,变得残破不整,犹如头发被剪断一般。显示巴利原文
Kaṇhakhandhakasuvaṇṇamaṇḍitanti suvaṇṇavajirādīhi vibhūsitaṃ kaṇhakesapuñjakaṃ. Ye pana ‘‘saṇhakaṇḍakasuvaṇṇamaṇḍita’’nti paṭhanti, tesaṃ saṇhāhi suvaṇṇasūcīhi jaṭāvijaṭanena maṇḍitanti attho. Sobhate suveṇīhilaṅkatanti sundarehi rājarukkhamālā sadisehi kesaveṇīhi alaṅkataṃ hutvā pubbe virājate. Taṃ jarāya khalitaṃ siraṃ katanti taṃ tathā sobhitaṃ siraṃ idāni jarāya khalitaṃ khaṇḍitākhaṇḍitaṃ vilūnakesaṃ kataṃ.
「Cittakārasukatāva lekhikā」:犹如一位画师用蓝色颜料精心绘制的线条那样,显得极其端严。「Su bhamukā pure mamā」:往昔,我这对眉毛极为秀美,处于端严之态。「Valibhippalambitā」:如今,它被额际生起的皱纹所累,低垂下挂。显示巴利原文
Cittakārasukatāva lekhikāti cittakārena sippinā nīlāya vaṇṇadhātuyā suṭṭhu katā lekhā viya sobhate. Su bhamukā pure mamāti sundarā bhamukā pubbe mama sobhanaṃ gatā. Valibhippalambitāti nalāṭante uppannāhi valīhi palambantā ṭhitā.
“Bhassarā”(明亮):意为光辉灿烂。“Surucirā”(极为妙好):意为非常美丽。“Yathā maṇī”(如宝珠):如同宝珠、宝印。“Nettahesuṃ”(过去是善妙的眼):那双眼睛曾是美妙善好的。“Abhinīlamāyatā”(极为深蓝且宽长):那时眼睛极其深蓝而宽长。“Te”(那些眼):即那些眼睛。“Jarāyabhihatā”(被老所击打):如今被衰老击垮了。显示巴利原文
Bhassarāti bhāsurā. Surucirāti suṭṭhu rucirā. Yathā maṇīti maṇimuddikā viya. Nettahesunti sunettā ahesuṃ. Abhinīlamāyatāti abhinīlā hutvā āyatā. Teti nettā. Jarāyabhihatāti jarāya abhihatā.
“Saṇhatuṅgasadisīcā”(柔和、高耸且相宜):指鼻子柔和、高耸,与面部其余部分相协调。“Sobhate”(庄严):我的鼻子庄严地显现,犹如一卷仔细卷好并安放妥当的雌黄卷。“Su abhiyobbanaṃ patī”(在美好的青春时期):在美好青春时期的那只鼻子,如今因衰老而美好损减,看上去如同被挤压过一般,又像一条皮带。显示巴利原文
Saṇhatuṅgasadisīcāti saṇhā tuṅgā sesamukhāvayavānaṃ anurūpā ca. Sobhateti vaṭṭetvā ṭhapitaharitālavaṭṭi viya mama nāsikā sobhate. Su abhiyobbanaṃ patīti sundare abhinavayobbanakāle sā nāsikā idāni jarāya nivāritasobhatāya pariseditā viya varattā viya ca jātā.
“Kaṅkaṇaṃvasukataṃ suniṭṭhitaṃ”(制作精良、妥善安置如环饰):这是指如同工艺精湛、完美无瑕的金环饰,就其圆润的形态而言。“Sobhare”意为“闪耀”,或可读作“Sobhante”(闪耀)。“Su”仅仅是一个填充用的小品词。“Kaṇṇapāḷiyo”(耳垂)即耳垂。“Valibhippalambitā”(被皱纹悬垂):在处处生起的皱纹中,形成一道道褶皱,犹如被圆环扬起的布片,光彩熠熠地垂挂着。显示巴利原文
Kaṅkaṇaṃvasukataṃ suniṭṭhitanti suparikammakataṃ suvaṇṇakaṅkaṇaṃ viya vaṭṭulabhāvaṃ sandhāya vadati. Sobhareti sobhante. ‘‘Sobhante’’ti vā pāṭho. Suiti nipātamattaṃ. Kaṇṇapāḷiyoti kaṇṇagandhā. Valibhippalambitāti tahiṃ tahiṃ uppannavalīhi valitā hutvā vaṭṭaniyā paṇāmitavatthakhandhā viya bhassantā olambanti.
「Pattalīmakulavaṇṇasādisā」:如芭蕉蕾之色形,即如同芭蕉蕾的色泽与形状。「Khaṇḍitā」:断坏,因破裂与坠落而断坏,呈破碎之状。「Asitā」:变黑,因色泽变坏而变成黑色。显示巴利原文
Pattalīmakulavaṇṇasādisāti kadalimakulasadisavaṇṇasaṇṭhānā. Khaṇḍitāti bhedanapatanehi khaṇḍitā khaṇḍabhāvaṃ gatā. Asitāti vaṇṇabhedena asitabhāvaṃ gatā.
「Kānanamhi vanasaṇḍacārinī, kokilāva madhuraṃ nikūji」:在林间,她是森林游行之女,如杜鹃般甜鸣——因于林丛中以行境而游,故称森林游行之女;她住在林中,伴随着歌唱,如同杜鹃一般发出甜美的言语。「Taṃ」指她那鸣唱之声。「Khalitaṃ tahiṃ tahiṃ」:随处磕绊,由于牙齿断裂等状况,那音声处处变得磕磕绊绊。显示巴利原文
Kānanamhi vanasaṇḍacārinī, kokilāva madhuraṃ nikūjihanti vanasaṇḍe gocaracaraṇena vanasaṇḍacārinī kānane anusaṃgītanivāsinī kokilā viya madhurālāpaṃ nikūjihaṃ. Tanti nikūjitaṃ ālāpaṃ. Khalitaṃ tahiṃ tahinti khaṇḍadantādibhāvena tattha tattha pakkhalitaṃ jātaṃ.
「Saṇhakamburiva suppamajjitā」:如善加磨拭的金贝,即如同仔细磨拭而光滑的金贝。「Bhaggā vināmitā」:弯折而倾斜,由于肌肉消减,脉络之网显现,故而弯折且倾斜。显示巴利原文
Saṇhakamburiva suppamajjitāti suṭṭhu pamajjitā saṇhā suvaṇṇasaṅkhā viya. Bhaggā vināmitāti maṃsaparikkhayena vibhūtasirājālatāya bhaggā hutvā vinatā.
“与圆横杆相似之喻”:指与圆形的横杆完全相似。“那”指那两条手臂。“如喇叭花老枝般”:指因老朽而灰白,如同喇叭花的老枝条。显示巴利原文
Vaṭṭapalighasadisopamāti vaṭṭena palighadaṇḍena samasamā. Tāti tā ubhopi bāhāyo. Yathā pāṭalibbalitāti jajjarabhāvena palitapāṭalisākhāsadisā.
“以光滑金葡萄庄严者”:指用金制的、光滑而有光泽的葡萄来装饰。“如根块茎般”:指如同萝卜等的块根一样。显示巴利原文
Saṇhamuddikasuvaṇṇamaṇḍitāti suvaṇṇamayāhi maṭṭhabhāsurāhi muddikāhi vibhūsitā. Yathā mūlamūlikāti mūlakakaṇḍasadisā.
“丰满、圆润、相互紧贴而上耸”:丰满、圆润,彼此紧贴,向上隆起,尖端朝上。“往昔我的双乳闪耀”:我的双乳曾一如前述,犹如金瓶般闪耀。此处用单数表示复数,以现在时表达过去义。“如无水的囊袋般垂挂”:我的双乳如今已无水分,就像挂在竹竿上的空水囊那样下垂。显示巴利原文
Pīnavaṭṭasahituggatāti pīnā vaṭṭā aññamaññaṃ sahitāva hutvā uggatā uddhamukhā. Sobhate su thanakā pure mamāti mama ubhopi thanā yathāvuttarūpā hutvā suvaṇṇakalasiyo viya sobhiṃsu. Puthutte hi idaṃ ekavacanaṃ, atītatthe ca vattamānavacanaṃ. Thevikīva lambanti nodakāti te ubhopi me thanā nodakā galitajalā veṇudaṇḍake ṭhapitaudakabhasmā viya lambanti.
“如经磨拭的金板”:犹如以天然朱砂涂抹后,经反复擦拭的金板那样闪耀。“它被细密的皱纹所遍布”:如今我这身体,处处为细密的皱纹遍布,已呈皮肤松弛之态。显示巴利原文
Kañcanaphalakaṃvasammaṭṭhanti jātihiṅgulakena makkhitvā ciraparimajjitasovaṇṇaphalakaṃ viya sobhate. So valīhi sukhumāhi otatoti so mama kāyo idāni sukhumāhi valīhi tahiṃ tahiṃ vitato valittacataṃ āpanno.
“与象王的身躯相似之喻”:意即与象王的鼻子相似。此处所说的“受用”(bhoga)是指手,因以手取食、受用,故得此名。“彼”指大腿。“如竹筒”:如今变得如同竹节一般。显示巴利原文
Nāgabhogasadisopamāti hatthināgassa hatthena samasamā. Hattho hi idha bhuñjati etenāti bhogoti vutto. Teti ūruyo. Yathā veḷunāḷiyoti idāni veḷupabbasadisā ahesuṃ.
“以光滑金踝环庄严者”:指曾以光滑、精致的金踝环装饰。“胫即骨胫”:此处“胫”指小腿骨。“彼胫”即那些小腿骨。“如芝麻秆”:由于几无血肉,枯瘦如收割后剩余的干枯芝麻秆。句中的ra音是连音助字。显示巴利原文
Saṇhanūpurasuvaṇṇamaṇḍitāti siniddhamaṭṭhehi suvaṇṇanūpurehi vibhūsitā. Jaṅghāti aṭṭhijaṅghāyo. Tāti tā jaṅghāyo. Tiladaṇḍakārivāti appamaṃsalohitattā kisabhāvena lūnāvasiṭṭhavisukkhatiladaṇḍakā viya ahesuṃ. Ra-kāro padasandhikaro.
“似填满木棉之喻”:因为柔软滑润,如同填满了木棉的凉鞋一般。“我的那双脚”:如今皲裂、起皱,布满褶痕。显示巴利原文
Tūlapuṇṇasadisopamāti mudusiniddhabhāvena simbalitūlapuṇṇapaliguṇṭhitaupāhanasadisā. Te mama pādā idāni phuṭitā phalitā, valīmatā valimanto jātā.
“Ediso”:意为“如此这般”。“Ahu”意为“曾是”,即如前所述的状态。“此积聚”:指我这身体。“Jajjaro”:意为结构松散。“众多苦之宅”:指成为以衰老等为因的众多苦的居所。“Sopalepapatito”:意为这个积聚之身,因诸行的染着耗尽而倒塌,趋向坏灭,这是它的含义。或者也可理解为“Sopi alepapatito”,意思相同。故说这是“老朽之屋”,如同破旧的房舍一般,或者说它已成为衰老的住处。因此,我导师——那位如实语者、如实了知诸法自性而宣说、从不说虚妄语的正自觉者——的话语,必定真实不虚。显示巴利原文
Edisoti evarūpo. Ahu ahosi yathāvuttappakāro. Ayaṃ samussayoti ayaṃ mama kāyo. Jajjaroti sithilābandho . Bahudukhānamālayoti jarādihetukānaṃ bahūnaṃ dukkhānaṃ ālayabhūto. Sopalepapatitoti so ayaṃ samussayo apalepapatito abhisaṅkhārālepaparikkhayena patito pātābhimukhoti attho. Sopi alepapatitoti vā padavibhāgo, so evattho. Jarāgharoti jiṇṇagharasadiso. Jarāya vā gharabhūto ahosi. Tasmā saccavādino dhammānaṃ yathābhūtaṃ sabhāvaṃ sammadeva ñatvā kathanato avitathavādino sammāsambuddhassa mama satthuvacanaṃ anaññathā.
如此,这位长老尼以观察自身无常为切入点,进而洞察一切三界诸法皆是无常;随后,她将苦相与无我相也带入此观照中,精勤修习观,沿着修行道阶,证得了阿拉汉果。因此《譬喻》中说:显示巴利原文
Evaṃ ayaṃ therī attano attabhāve aniccatāya sallakkhaṇamukhena sabbesupi tebhūmakadhammesu aniccataṃ upadhāretvā tadanusārena tattha dukkhalakkhaṇaṃ anattalakkhaṇañca āropetvā vipassanaṃ ussukkāpentī maggapaṭipāṭiyā arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tena vuttaṃ apadāne (apa. therī 2.4.204-219) –
那位名为弗沙的大牟尼,身光如花鬘般灿烂;
我曾是他的姊妹,生于刹帝利家族。
听闻他的法后,我以清净心,
广行大布施后,祈愿具足相好庄严。
从此三十一劫前,尸弃佛,世间导师,
出现于世,为世间明灯、三界皈依处、征服烦恼的胜利者。
“你如同行为不端的妓女,是胜者教法的败坏者;
如此辱骂她之后,以彼恶业,
堕入可怖的地狱,饱尝极大痛苦;
从彼处命终之后,往生人间,成为一位苦行者。
在一万个生世中,我造作了妓女之业;
我未能从那个恶业中解脱,犹如饮下剧毒一般;
在迦叶胜者的教法中,我曾修习梵行;
以此业之果报,我投生于三十三天城。
最后一生到来时,我成为化生者;
我生于芒果树枝间,因此名为庵婆婆利。
我知宿世住处,天眼已得清净;
「一切漏已尽」:指所有的烦恼漏都已经被彻底断尽。「如今不再有后有」:所以现在不再有未来的再生了。
于义、法、词、辩才这四种无碍解中,我的智慧同样清净无垢。
「如龙断除束缚」:犹如大象挣脱了绑缚。「我住于无漏」:我安住于无有烦恼漏的状态。
「在最胜佛的近前,我确实得到了善来」:这真是我的殊胜因缘,能在最胜佛陀跟前获得“善来”的出家机缘。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Yo raṃsiphusitāveḷo, phusso nāma mahāmuni; Tassāhaṃ bhaginī āsiṃ, ajāyiṃ khattiye kule. ‘‘Tassa dhammaṃ suṇitvāhaṃ, vippasannena cetasā; Mahādānaṃ daditvāna, patthayiṃ rūpasampadaṃ. ‘‘Ekatiṃse ito kappe, sikhī lokagganāyako; Uppanno lokapajjoto, tilokasaraṇo jino. ‘‘Tadāruṇapure ramme, brahmaññakulasambhavā; Vimuttacittaṃ kupitā, bhikkhuniṃ abhisāpayiṃ. ‘‘Vesikāva anācārā, jinasāsanadūsikā; Evaṃ akkosayitvāna, tena pāpena kammunā. ‘‘Dāruṇaṃ nirayaṃ gantvā, mahādukkhasamappitā; Tato cutā manussesu, upapannā tapassinī. ‘‘Dasajātisahassāni, gaṇikattamakārayiṃ; Tamhā pāpā na muccissaṃ, bhutvā duṭṭhavisaṃ yathā. ‘‘Brahmacariyamasevissaṃ, kassape jinasāsane; Tena kammavipākena, ajāyiṃ tidase pure. ‘‘Pacchime bhave sampatte, ahosiṃ opapātikā; Ambasākhantare jātā, ambapālīti tenahaṃ. ‘‘Parivutā pāṇakoṭīhi, pabbajiṃ jinasāsane; Pattāhaṃ acalaṃ ṭhānaṃ, dhītā buddhassa orasā. ‘‘Iddhīsu ca vasī homi, sotadhātuvisuddhiyā; Cetopariyañāṇassa, vasī homi mahāmuni. ‘‘Pubbenivāsaṃ jānāmi, dibbacakkhu visodhitaṃ; Sabbāsavaparikkhīṇā, natthi dāni punabbhavo. ‘‘Atthadhammaniruttīsu, paṭibhāne tatheva ca; Ñāṇaṃ me vimalaṃ suddhaṃ, buddhaseṭṭhassa vāhasā. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ, bhavā sabbe samūhatā; Nāgīva bandhanaṃ chetvā, viharāmi anāsavā. ‘‘Svāgataṃ vata me āsi, buddhaseṭṭhassa santike;
「三明已获得」:已经证得了宿命明、天眼明和漏尽明这三种智慧。「佛的教法已实行」:佛陀的教导,我已完全奉行。显示巴利原文
Tisso vijjā anuppattā, kataṃ buddhassa sāsanaṃ.
“四无碍解”即成就四种无碍解,“及八解脱”即成就八种解脱。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Paṭisambhidā catasso, vimokkhāpi ca aṭṭhime; Chaḷabhiññā sacchikatā, kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
证得阿拉汉果之后,她省察自己的修行经历,便以感兴偈再次诵出这些偈颂。显示巴利原文
Arahattaṃ pana patvā attano paṭipattiṃ paccavekkhitvā udānavasena tā eva gāthā paccudāhāsīti.
2. 罗希尼长老尼偈颂注释显示巴利原文
2. Rohinītherīgāthāvaṇṇanā
“沙门!女士!善食……”等,是罗希尼长老尼的偈颂。她亦在过去诸佛时累积了善行,于每一生中积集那导向解脱的善法。九十一劫前,毗婆尸佛出现于世,她生于良家,成年后,一日在槃头摩帝城,见到世尊正托钵乞食,便接过钵,盛满糕点,供养世尊,心生喜悦,以五体投地礼敬。由此善业,她于天界与人间流转,渐渐积集解脱资粮。至如今佛陀出世之时,她出生于毗舍离城一个极富有的婆罗门家庭,取名罗希尼。成年后,当世尊驻锡毗舍离城时,她前往寺院听法,证得入流果。之后她为父母说法,使他们于教法生起信心,得到父母允许后便出家,修习观行,不久即证得了连同无碍解的阿拉汉果。因此,她诵出如下偈颂:显示巴利原文
Samaṇāti bhoti supītiādikā rohiniyā theriyā gāthā. Ayampi purimabuddhesu katādhikārā tattha tattha bhave vivaṭṭūpanissayaṃ kusalaṃ upacinantī ito ekanavutikappe vipassissa bhagavato kāle kulagehe nibbattitvā viññutaṃ patvā, ekadivasaṃ bandhumatīnagare bhagavantaṃ piṇḍāya carantaṃ disvā pattaṃ gahetvā pūvassa pūretvā bhagavato datvā pītisomanassajātā pañcapatiṭṭhitena vandi. Sā tena puññakammena devamanussesu saṃsarantī anukkamena upacitavimokkhasambhārā hutvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde vesāliyaṃ mahāvibhavassa brāhmaṇassa gehe nibbattitvā rohinīti laddhanāmā viññutaṃ patvā, satthari vesāliyaṃ viharante vihāraṃ gantavā dhammaṃ sutvā sotāpannā hutvā mātāpitūnaṃ dhammaṃ desetvā sāsane pasādaṃ uppādetvā te anujānāpetvā sayaṃ pabbajitvā vipassanāya kammaṃ karontī na cirasseva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tena vuttaṃ –
“在槃头摩帝城,毗婆尸大仙——
当他为乞食而游行时,我于彼时供养了糕点。”
以此善业、思与誓愿;
在那里,我令心清净、充满净信,便往生三十三天。
我心中所希求的一切,悉皆成就;
在天界与人间,受用种种福报之后,
当此最后一生到来时,我出生于婆罗门家庭;
我名为罗希尼,为亲人所深爱。
我前往比丘们跟前,如理听受了法;
我心生悚惧,于是出家。
九十一劫前,我所行的布施,
我不曾堕入恶趣,这便是那次施饼的果报。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Nagare bandhumatiyā, vipassissa mahesino; Piṇḍāya vicarantassa, pūvedāsimahaṃ tadā. ‘‘Tena kammena sukatena, cetanāpaṇidhīhi ca; Tattha cittaṃ pasādetvā, tāvatiṃsamagacchahaṃ. ‘‘Chattiṃsadevarājūnaṃ , mahesittamakārayiṃ; Paññāsacakkavattīnaṃ, mahesittamakārayiṃ. ‘‘Manasā patthitā nāma, sabbā mayhaṃ samijjhatha; Sampattiṃ anubhotvāna, devesu manujesu ca. ‘‘Pacchime bhavasampatte, jāto vippakule ahaṃ; Rohinī nāma nāmena, ñātakehi piyāyitā. ‘‘Bhikkhūnaṃ santikaṃ gantvā, dhammaṃ sutvā yathātathaṃ; Saṃviggamānasā hutvā, pabbajiṃ anagāriyaṃ. ‘‘Yoniso padahantīnaṃ, arahattamapāpuṇiṃ; Ekanavutito kappe, yaṃ dānamadadiṃ tadā; Duggatiṃ nābhijānāmi, pūvadānassidaṃ phalaṃ. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
证得阿拉汉果后,她省察自己的修行,忆及往昔在入流位时,与父亲彼此问答所说的偈颂,便以感兴语说道:显示巴利原文
Arahattaṃ pana patvā attano paṭipattiṃ paccavekkhitvā pubbe sotāpannakāle pitarā attanā ca vacanapaṭivacanavasena vuttagāthā udānavasena bhāsantī –
“沙门”,女士,你梦中这样说;“沙门”,你醒来也这样说;
你只称扬沙门,想必你会成为沙门尼。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Samaṇāti bhoti supi, samaṇāti pabujjhasi; Samaṇāneva kittesi, samaṇī nūna bhavissasi.
你以丰盛的食物与饮料,布施沙门;
罗希尼,我今问你,你因何喜爱这些沙门?
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Vipulaṃ annañca pānañca, samaṇānaṃ pavecchasi; Rohinī dāni pucchāmi, kena te samaṇā piyā.
他们不喜劳作,生性懒惰,依他人布施而活;
他们心怀期盼,贪嗜美味——这样的沙门怎会为你所喜爱?
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Akammakāmā alasā, paradattūpajīvino; Āsaṃsukā sādukāmā, kena te samaṇā piyā.
父亲,隔了许久,您终于来问我沙门之事了;
我将为您讲说他们的慧、戒与精进。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Cirassaṃ vata maṃ tāta, samaṇānaṃ paripucchasi; Tesaṃ te kittayissāmi, paññāsīlaparakkamaṃ.
他们乐于造作业,精进不懈,是殊胜业的造作者;
他们断除了贪与嗔,因此沙门令我喜爱。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Kammakāmā analasā, kammaseṭṭhassa kārakā; Rāgaṃ dosaṃ pajahanti, tena me samaṇā piyā.
他们是清净的修行者,抖落三种罪恶之根;
他们已断除一切恶,因此沙门令我喜爱。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Tīṇi pāpassa mūlāni, dhunanti sucikārino; Sabbaṃ pāpaṃ pahīnesaṃ, tena me samaṇā piyā.
他们的身业清净,语业亦如是清净;
他们的意业清净,因此这些沙门令我喜爱。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Kāyakammaṃ suci nesaṃ, vacīkammañca tādisaṃ; Manokammaṃ suci nesaṃ, tena me samaṇā piyā.
如同螺贝与珍珠一般,他们清净无垢,内外纯净;
他们具足清净的善法,因此,这些沙门为我所亲爱。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Vimalā saṅkhamuttāva, suddhā santarabāhirā; Puṇṇā sukkāna dhammānaṃ, tena me samaṇā piyā.
他们多闻、受持法义,是圣者,依正法而活命;
他们教导义与法,因此这些沙门令我心生欢喜。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Bahussutā dhammadharā, ariyā dhammajīvino; Atthaṃ dhammañca desenti, tena me samaṇā piyā.
他们多闻持法,是圣者,以法活命;
他们心住一境,具足正念,因此这些沙门令我喜爱。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Bahussutā dhammadharā, ariyā dhammajīvino; Ekaggacittā satimanto, tena me samaṇā piyā.
他们远行游化,具足正念,言语安详而不浮躁;
他们彻知苦的边际,因此这些沙门为我所喜爱。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Dūraṅgamā satimanto, mantabhāṇī anuddhatā; Dukkhassantaṃ pajānanti, tena me samaṇā piyā.
他们离开村落时,对任何事物都不回顾;
毫无眷恋地离去,因此这些沙门是我所敬爱者。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Yasmā gāmā pakkamanti, na vilokenti kiñcanaṃ; Anapekkhāva gacchanti, tena me samaṇā piyā.
他们不把所得藏入仓库,不存入罐中,也不放进竹篮;
他们已圆满乞食之行,因此这些沙门是我所亲爱者。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Na te saṃ koṭṭhe openti, na kumbhiṃ na khaḷopiyaṃ; Pariniṭṭhitamesānā, tena me samaṇā piyā.
他们不取金币,不取金钱,不取银币;
他们只依现前所得维生,因此,这些沙门是我所亲爱者。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Na te hiraññaṃ gaṇhanti, na suvaṇṇaṃ na rūpiyaṃ; Paccuppannena yāpenti, tena me samaṇā piyā.
他们从不同的家族、不同的地方出家,彼此相互爱敬,因此这些沙门是我所喜爱的人。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Nānākulā pabbajitā, nānājanapadehi ca; Aññamaññaṃ pihayanti, tena me samaṇā piyā.
贤女罗希尼,你确实是为了我们的利益,才出生于这个家庭!
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Atthāya vata no bhoti, kule jātāsi rohinī; Saddhā buddhe ca dhamme ca, saṅghe ca tibbagāravā.
你清楚地知道,这是无上的福田;
这些沙门也接受我们的供养。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Tuvañhetaṃ pajānāsi, puññakkhettaṃ anuttaraṃ; Amhampi ete samaṇā, paṭiggaṇhanti dakkhiṇaṃ.
此处所建的祭祀,于我们将是广大;
若你怖畏于苦,若苦于你为不可爱。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Patiṭṭhito hettha yañño, vipulo no bhavissati; Sace bhāyasi dukkhassa, sace te dukkhamappiyaṃ.
应当皈依佛陀、法与僧伽——那如如者
应当受持戒律,那将对你有利
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Upehi saraṇaṃ buddhaṃ, dhammaṃ saṅghañca tādinaṃ; Samādiyāhi sīlāni, taṃ te atthāya hehiti.
我皈依佛陀——那如如者,也皈依法与僧伽;
我受持诸戒,这将为我带来利益。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Upemi saraṇaṃ buddhaṃ, dhammaṃ saṅghañca tādinaṃ; Samādiyāmi sīlāni, taṃ me atthāya hehiti.
我过去曾是梵天的眷属,而今我是婆罗门;
我具足三明,是通晓圣典者,我是吠陀通达者,亦是净沐者。”
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Brahmabandhu pure āsiṃ, so idānimhi brāhmaṇo; Tevijjo sottiyo camhi, vedagū camhi nhātako’’ti. –
他诵出以下偈颂作为回应。显示巴利原文
Imā gāthā paccudāhāsi.
其中,最初三首偈颂,是一位不赞同自己女儿认同诸比丘之人所说。其中,“沙门”:女士,你入睡时——女士,即便在睡梦中,你也“沙门、沙门”地称叹,说着唯与沙门相关的话语而入睡。“口呼沙门而醒”:从睡梦中起身时,你也说着“沙门”而醒来,从睡眠中起身。“你唯独称扬沙门”:于一切时,你只称赞沙门,或者说称扬诸沙门的功德。“你必会成为沙门尼”:虽然你现在尚现在家相,但你的心无疑已是沙门尼。或者,“你必会成为沙门尼”的意思是:虽然你现在还示现在家相,但不久之后你必定会成为沙门尼,因为你的心已全然倾向于诸沙门。显示巴利原文
Tattha ādito tisso gāthā attano dhītu bhikkhūsu sammutiṃ anicchantena vuttā. Tattha samaṇāti bhoti supīti bhoti tvaṃ supanakālepi ‘‘samaṇā samaṇā’’ti kittentī samaṇapaṭibaddhaṃyeva kathaṃ kathentī supasi. Samaṇāti pabujjhasīti supanato uṭṭhahantīpi ‘‘samaṇā’’iccevaṃ vatvā pabujjhasi niddāya vuṭṭhāsi. Samaṇāneva kittesīti sabbakālampi samaṇe eva samaṇānameva vā guṇe kittesi abhitthavasi. Samaṇī nūna bhavissasīti gihirūpena ṭhitāpi cittena samaṇī eva maññe bhavissasi. Atha vā samaṇī nūna bhavissasīti idāni gihirūpena ṭhitāpi na cireneva samaṇī eva maññe bhavissasi samaṇesu eva ninnapoṇabhāvato.
“Pavecchasi”的意思是“你施与”。“罗希尼,我现在问你”:女儿罗希尼,我现在问你——婆罗门如此向自己的女儿问道。“沙门何以成为你所爱念者?”:女儿罗希尼,你无论躺着、醒来,还是其他任何时刻,都唯称扬沙门之功德。究竟是何种原因,令你对沙门生起这般喜爱?这便是其含义。显示巴利原文
Pavecchasīti desi. Rohinī dāni pucchāmīti, amma rohini, taṃ ahaṃ idāni pucchāmīti brāhmaṇo attano dhītaraṃ pucchanto āha. Kena te samaṇā piyāti, amma rohini, tvaṃ sayantīpi pabujjhantīpi aññadāpi samaṇānameva guṇe kittayasi, kena nāma kāraṇena tuyhaṃ samaṇā piyāyitabbā jātāti attho.
此时,婆罗门向女儿数说沙门们的过失,诵出“不欲造作”等偈颂。其中,「不欲造作」:即不乐于造作,不愿做任何对自己和他人有益的事。「懈怠」:指懒惰。「依他施活命者」:靠他人布施之物维持生活的习性。「希求」:由此而期待饮食、衣物等。「乐味者」:只想要甘甜、美味的食物。所有这些,都是婆罗门自己不了解沙门们的功德而构想的过失。显示巴利原文
Idāni brāhmaṇo samaṇesu dosaṃ dhītu ācikkhanto ‘‘akammakāmā’’ti gāthamāha. Tattha akammakāmāti na kammakāmā, attano paresañca atthāvahaṃ kiñci kammaṃ na kātukāmā. Alasāti kusītā. Paradattūpajīvinoti parehi dinneneva upajīvanasīlā. Āsaṃsukāti tato eva ghāsacchādanādīnaṃ āsīsanakā. Sādukāmāti sāduṃ madhurameva āhāraṃ icchanakā. Sabbametaṃ brāhmaṇo samaṇānaṃ guṇe ajānanto attanāva parikappitaṃ dosamāha.
罗希尼听了这话,心中欢喜:“现在终于有机会可以述说圣者们(指沙门)的功德了。”她想要称扬比丘们的功德,首先表达述说时的喜悦,说道:“父亲啊,您终于问起我了,已经很久了。”其中,「很久了」:经过了很长时间。「父亲」:称呼父亲。「沙门」:您问起沙门,或问起沙门之中我所应敬爱的。「他们的」:指沙门们的。「慧、戒、精进」:即智慧、戒律与精进。显示巴利原文
Taṃ sutvā rohinī ‘‘laddho dāni me okāso ayyānaṃ guṇe kathetu’’nti tuṭṭhamānasā bhikkhūnaṃ guṇe kittetukāmā paṭhamaṃ tāva tesaṃ kittane somanassaṃ pavedentī ‘‘cīrassaṃ vata maṃ, tātā’’ti gāthamāha. Tattha cirassaṃ vatāti cirena vata. Tātāti pitaraṃ ālapati. Samaṇānanti samaṇe samaṇānaṃ vā mayhaṃ piyāyitabbaṃ paripucchasi. Tesanti samaṇānaṃ. Paññāsīlaparakkamanti paññañca sīlañca ussāhañca.
「我将称扬」:即我将宣说。这样应允之后,她开始称扬他们,为了先破除所说的“不欲造作、懈怠”的过失,显示与之相反的功德,便说出“乐于造作”等语。其中,「乐于造作」:他们乐于、喜爱圆满履行沙门应作的各种职责(如日常行仪等),因此称为乐于造作。他们精进努力,不断起身用功,因此不称为懈怠,即不懒惰。而且,他们所造作的是最殊胜、最上、唯能导向涅槃的业,因此是「胜业作者」。在造作时,他们依正行而无过失,断除贪与嗔;正如贪嗔被断除那样,这些沙门如此造业。因此,这些沙门是我所喜爱的:由于上述的正行道,这些沙门是我应当爱念的。这就是其含义。显示巴利原文
Kittayissāmīti kathayissāmi. Paṭijānetvā te kittentī ‘‘akammakāmā alasā’’ti tena vuttaṃ dosaṃ tāva nibbeṭhetvā tappaṭipakkhabhūtaṃ guṇaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘kammakāmā’’tiādimāha. Tattha kammakāmāti vattapaṭivattādibhedaṃ kammaṃ samaṇakiccaṃ paripūraṇavasena kāmenti icchantīti kammakāmā. Tattha yuttappayuttā hutvā uṭṭhāya samuṭṭhāya vāyamanato na alasāti analasā. Taṃ pana kammaṃ seṭṭhaṃ uttamaṃ nibbānāvahameva karontīti kammaseṭṭhassa kārakā. Karontā pana taṃ paṭipattiyā anavajjabhāvato rāgaṃ dosaṃ pajahanti, yathā rāgadosā pahīyanti, evaṃ samaṇā kammaṃ karonti. Tena me samaṇā piyāti tena yathāvuttena sammāpaṭipajjanena mayhaṃ samaṇā piyāyitabbāti attho.
“三种恶的根源”:即贪、嗔、痴所构成的三不善根。“抖落”:指令其消灭、予以断除,也就是舍弃之意。“清净业者”:造作无过失之业的人。“他们已断一切恶”:由于证得了最上道,他们已断除了一切恶。显示巴利原文
Tīṇi pāpassa mūlānīti lobhadosamohasaṅkhātāni akusalassa tīṇi mūlāni. Dhunantīti nigghātenti, pajahantīti attho. Sucikārinoti anavajjakammakārino. Sabbaṃ pāpaṃ pahīnesanti aggamaggādhigamena esaṃ sabbampi pāpaṃ pahīnaṃ.
如此,为了将“沙门是清净业者”这一略说的义理分别阐明,而宣说了“身业”等偈颂。其义甚易了知。显示巴利原文
Evaṃ ‘‘samaṇā sucikārino’’ti saṅkhepato vuttamatthaṃ vibhajitvā dassetuṃ ‘‘kāyakamma’’nti gāthamāha. Taṃ suviññeyyameva.
“无垢,如螺贝、如珍珠”:犹如洗净的螺贝,犹如珍珠,已远离垢秽,即断除了贪等烦恼。“清净内外”:内与外合称内外,由此内外皆清净,意指内心清净与外在行持清净。“圆满白法”:以纯白无过失之法圆满具足,即具备无学位的戒蕴等功德。这是它的含义。显示巴利原文
Vimalā saṅkhamuttāvāti sudhotasaṅkhā viya muttā viya ca vigatamalā rāgādimalarahitā. Suddhā santarabāhirāti santarañca bāhirañca santarabāhiraṃ. Tato santarabāhirato suddhā, suddhāsayapayogāti attho. Puṇṇā sukkāna dhammānanti ekantasukkehi anavajjadhammehi paripuṇṇā, asekhehi sīlakkhandhādīhi samannāgatāti attho.
他们有多闻,或由听闻而生起智慧,故称“多闻”:即具足教理多闻与通达多闻。他们能受持此两种法,故为“持法者”。“圣者”:因依众生所应学的行仪及学处而成为圣者。“法命者”:依法、依正理而活命。他们“说义与法”:开示、解说所说的义理与所教说的法;又或宣说不离于义、不离于法的教导。显示巴利原文
Suttageyyādibahuṃ sutaṃ etesaṃ, sutena vā uppannāti bahussutā, pariyattibāhusaccena paṭivedhabāhusaccena ca samannāgatāti attho. Tameva duvidhampi dhammaṃ dhārentīti dhammadharā. Sattānaṃ ācārasamācārasikkhāpadena arīyantīti ariyā. Dhammena ñāyena jīvantīti dhammajīvino. Atthaṃ dhammañca desentīti bhāsitatthañca desanādhammañca kathenti pakāsenti. Atha vā atthato anapetaṃ dhammato anapetañca desenti ācikkhanti.
“一境心”:心得定,即得定心。“具念”:善住于念。显示巴利原文
Ekaggacittāti samāhitacittā. Satimantoti upaṭṭhitasatino.
“远行者”:指前往阿兰若,远离人群活动而走向远方;或凭借神通威力,随心所欲前往远方之处,故称远行者。“慧”称为mantā,依此慧而常能言说,故称“慧语者”。“不掉举”:即没有掉举,心已寂静。“知苦边际”:指能证达轮回之苦的边际——涅槃。显示巴利原文
Dūraṅgamāti araññagatā, manussūpacāraṃ muñcitvā dūraṃ gacchantā, iddhānubhāvena vā yathārucitaṃ dūraṃ ṭhānaṃ gacchantīti dūraṅgamā. Mantā vuccati paññā, tāya bhaṇanasīlatāya mantabhāṇī. Na uddhatāti anuddhatā, uddhaccarahitā vūpasantacittā. Dukkhassantaṃ pajānantīti vaṭṭadukkhassa pariyantabhūtaṃ nibbānaṃ paṭivijjhanti.
「不回顾任何事物」:当他们从某个村庄离开时,对于该村中的任何众生或任何事物,都不以挂念而回顾,只是毫无牵挂地离去、出发。显示巴利原文
Na vilokenti kiñcananti yato gāmato pakkamanti, tasmiṃ gāme kañci sattaṃ vā saṅkhāraṃ vā apekkhāvasena na olokenti, atha kho pana anapekkhāva gacchanti pakkamanti.
「他们不把自己的财物放入仓库」:那些沙门不将自己拥有的财物、积蓄放入仓库,不收藏储存,因为根本没有那样的占有物。「在罐中」:指在罐子里。「在筐中」:指在篮子里。「已完满寻求食物」:在别人家中,寻求他人已备妥的食物。显示巴利原文
Na te saṃ koṭṭhe opentīti te samaṇā saṃ attano santakaṃ sāpateyyaṃ koṭṭhe na openti na paṭisāmetvā ṭhapenti tādisassa pariggahassa abhāvato. Kumbhinti kumbhiyaṃ. Khaḷopiyanti pacchiyaṃ. Pariniṭṭhitamesānāti parakulesu paresaṃ atthāya siddhameva ghāsaṃ pariyesantā.
「金币」:指金钱。「银」:指白银。「以现在所得度日」:不追悔过去,也不期盼未来,只以现在所得来维持有身,使之延续下去。显示巴利原文
Hiraññanti kahāpaṇaṃ. Rūpiyanti rajataṃ. Paccuppannena yāpentīti atītaṃ ananusocantā anāgatañca apaccāsīsantā paccuppannena yāpenti attabhāvaṃ pavattenti.
“相互爱慕”:指彼此之间生起慈爱。也可读作“Pihāyanti”,意义相同。显示巴利原文
Aññamaññaṃ pihayantīti aññamaññasmiṃ mettiṃ karonti. ‘‘Pihāyanti’’pi pāṭho, so eva attho.
就这样,那位婆罗门在女儿身边听闻了比丘们的功德后,心生净信,称赞女儿,说出了“为了义利啊……”等话语。显示巴利原文
Evaṃ so brāhmaṇo dhītuyā santike bhikkhūnaṃ guṇe sutvā pasannamānaso dhītaraṃ pasaṃsanto ‘‘atthāya vatā’’tiādimāha.
“我们也”:即我们也。“应施”:指所应布施之物。显示巴利原文
Amhampīti amhākampi. Dakkhiṇanti deyyadhammaṃ.
「此处」:谓这些沙门之中。「供养」:即布施之法。「广大」:指具有广大果报。其余如前释所示。显示巴利原文
Etthāti etesu samaṇesu. Yaññoti dānadhammo. Vipuloti vipulaphalo. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva.
这位婆罗门如是安住于皈依与戒之后,后时生起悚惧,出家之后修习观,增长观智,终于安住于阿拉汉果。他省察自己的修行,发出感叹,宣说此偈:「梵天眷属……」。其义如前已释。显示巴利原文
Evaṃ brāhmaṇo saraṇesu sīlesu ca patiṭṭhito aparabhāge sañjātasaṃvego pabbajitvā vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā arahatte patiṭṭhāya attano paṭipattiṃ paccavekkhitvā udānento ‘‘brahmabandhū’’ti gāthamāha. Tassattho heṭṭhā vuttoyeva.
第3章 恰帕长老尼偈颂的注疏显示巴利原文
3. Cāpātherīgāthāvaṇṇanā
「手持杖者往昔……」等偈颂,是恰帕长老尼所说。她亦在过去诸佛时累积功德,于每一生中,累积能成为出离轮回之缘的善法,渐次善根增长,具足解脱资粮。在此佛陀出世时,她生于孟加拉地区的猎鹿人村落,为猎鹿人首领的长女,取名恰帕。那时,邪命外道优波迦从菩提场出发,欲往波罗奈转法轮,于途中遇见世尊。世尊问他:「朋友,你的诸根确实清净,肤色亦清净洁白。朋友,你依谁出家?谁是你老师?你乐何法?」(《大品》11;《中部》1.285)如是问已——显示巴利原文
Laṭṭhihattho pure āsītiādikā cāpāya theriyā gāthā. Ayampi purimabuddhesu katādhikārā tattha tattha bhave vivaṭṭūpanissayaṃ kusalaṃ upacinantī, anukkamena upacitakusalamūlā sambhatavimokkhasambhārā hutvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde vaṅgahārajanapade aññatarasmiṃ migaluddakagāme jeṭṭhakamigaluddakassa dhītā hutvā nibbatti, cāpātissā nāmaṃ ahosi. Tena ca samayena upako ājīvako bodhimaṇḍato dhammacakkaṃ pavattetuṃ bārāṇasiṃ uddissa gacchantena satthārā samāgato ‘‘vippasannāni kho te, āvuso, indriyāni, parisuddho chavivaṇṇo pariyodāto, kaṃsi tvaṃ, āvuso, uddissa pabbajito, ko vā te satthā, kassa vā tvaṃ dhammaṃ rocesī’’ti (mahāva. 11; ma. ni. 1.285) pucchitvā –
我是一切胜者、一切知者,于一切法而不染着;
舍弃一切,于渴爱灭尽中解脱,我由自证智,又能认谁为师?
我没有老师,与我相等者也不存在;
在整个有诸天的世间中,无有一人与我等同。
我实是世间的阿拉汉,我是无上的导师;
我是唯一的正自觉者,清凉、寂灭。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Sabbābhibhū sabbavidūhamasmi, sabbesu dhammesu anūpalitto; Sabbañjaho taṇhākkhaye vimutto, sayaṃ abhiññāya kamuddiseyyaṃ. (dha. pa. 353; mahāva. 11; kathā. 405; ma. ni. 1.285); ‘‘Na me ācariyo atthi, sadiso me na vijjati; Sadevakasmiṃ lokasmiṃ, natthi me paṭipuggalo. ‘‘Ahañhi arahā loke, ahaṃ satthā anuttaro; Ekomhi sammāsambuddho, sītibhūtomhi nibbuto. ‘‘Dhammacakkaṃ pavattetuṃ, gacchāmi kāsinaṃ puraṃ; Andhībhūtasmiṃ lokasmiṃ, āhañchaṃ amatadundubhi’’nti. (mahāva. 11; kathā. 405; ma. ni. 1.285) –
当导师宣说自己已证一切知智之佛陀境界、并将转法轮时,那位充满净信的优波迦说道:“贤友,您必是无边的胜者!”说罢便取道离开,前往孟加拉地区。他在那里依止一处猎鹿人的小村庄而住。村中一位年长的猎鹿人照顾他。一日,猎人要远行猎鹿,临行前嘱咐女儿恰芭:“切莫疏忽照顾我的阿拉汉!”随后便带上儿子和兄弟们出发了。他这女儿生得美丽动人。显示巴利原文
Satthārā attano sabbaññubuddhabhāve dhammacakkapavattane ca pavedite pasannacitto so ‘‘hupeyyapāvuso, arahasi anantajino’’ti (mahāva. 11; ma. ni. 1.285) vatvā ummaggaṃ gahetvā pakkanto vaṅgahārajanapadaṃ agamāsi. So tattha ekaṃ migaluddakagāmakaṃ upanissāya vāsaṃ kappesi. Taṃ tattha jeṭṭhakamigaluddako upaṭṭhāsi. So ekadivasaṃ dūraṃ migavaṃ gacchanto ‘‘mayhaṃ arahante mā pamajjī’’ti attano dhītaraṃ cāpaṃ āṇāpetvā agamāsi saddhiṃ puttabhātukehi. Sā cassa dhītā abhirūpā hoti dassanīyā.
那时,邪命外道优波迦在乞食时分来到猎鹿人的家中,望见前来伺候的恰芭,被贪欲所征服,连进食都无法继续。他便以食器盛取饭食,返回住处,将饭食置于一旁,心想:“若我能得到恰芭,便活下去;若不能,便死。”于是绝食而卧。到了第七天,猎鹿人归来,问女儿道:“你没有疏忽照顾我的阿拉汉吧?”女儿答道:“他只来过一日,之后便再未露面。”猎鹿人随即前往他的住处,一边抚摩他的双足,一边问道:“尊者,您何处不适?”优波迦只是呻吟着翻转身去。猎人说:“尊者,您尽管说,但凡我能力所及,必定照办。”优波迦于是委婉地表露了心意。那猎人便说:“不过,尊者,您可会什么手艺吗?”“不会。”“尊者,毫无手艺之人是无法养家糊口的。”优波迦答道:“我虽无一技之长,但可为你们搬运肉品,再拿去售卖。”猎人说:“这正合我意。”于是,猎人给了他一领上衣,让他在自己友人家中住了几日,而后择一吉日将他带回家,将女儿嫁给了他。显示巴利原文
Atha kho upako ājīvako bhikkhācāravelāyaṃ migaluddakassa gharaṃ gato parivisituṃ upagataṃ cāpaṃ disvā rāgena abhibhūto bhuñjitumpi asakkonto bhājanena bhattaṃ ādāya vasanaṭṭhānaṃ gantvā bhattaṃ ekamante nikkhipitvā ‘‘sace cāpaṃ labhissāmi, jīvāmi, no ce, marissāmī’’ti nirāhāro nipajji. Sattame divase migaluddako āgantvā dhītaraṃ pucchi – ‘‘kiṃ mayhaṃ arahante na pamajjī’’ti? Sā ‘‘ekadivasameva āgantvā puna nāgatapubbo’’ti āha. Migaluddako ca tāvadevassa vasanaṭṭhānaṃ gantvā ‘‘kiṃ, bhante, aphāsuka’’nti pāde parimajjanto pucchi. Upako nitthunanto parivattatiyeva. So ‘‘vadatha, bhante, yaṃ mayā sakkā kātuṃ, sabbaṃ taṃ karissāmī’’ti āha. Upako ekena pariyāyena attano ajjhāsayaṃ ārocesi. ‘‘Itaro jānāsi pana, bhante, kiñci sippa’’nti. ‘‘Na jānāmī’’ti. ‘‘Na, bhante, kiñci sippaṃ ajānantena sakkā gharaṃ āvasitu’’nti. So āha – ‘‘nāhaṃ kiñci sippaṃ jānāmi, apica tumhākaṃ maṃsahārako bhavissāmi, maṃsañca vikkiṇissāmī’’ti. Māgaviko ‘‘amhākampi etadeva ruccatī’’ti uttarasāṭakaṃ datvā attano sahāyakassa gehe katipāhaṃ vasāpetvā tādise divase gharaṃ ānetvā dhītaraṃ adāsi.
后来,随着时光流逝,二人同居而生下一子,取名为须跋陀罗。每当孩子啼哭时,恰芭便唱这样的哄儿歌:“优波迦的儿子,邪命外道的儿子,搬运肉的的儿子,别哭啦、别哭啦……”以此来嘲讽优波迦。优波迦终于说道:“恰芭,你莫以为我‘无依无靠’,我有一位朋友名为无边胜者,我这便去寻他。”恰芭看出他对此心生厌烦,便反复如此嘲弄。一日,他再遭这般讥讽,便忿然准备上路。恰芭虽以种种言辞好言相劝,他却全然不听,面朝西方离去了。显示巴利原文
Atha kāle gacchante tesaṃ saṃvāsamanvāya putto nibbatti, subhaddotissa nāmaṃ akaṃsu. Cāpā tassa rodanakāle ‘‘upakassa putta, ājīvakassa putta, maṃsahārakassa putta, mā rodi mā rodī’’tiādinā puttatosanagītena upakaṃ uppaṇḍesi. So ‘‘mā tvaṃ cāpe maṃ ‘anātho’ti maññi, atthi me sahāyo anantajino nāma, tassāhaṃ santikaṃ gamissāmī’’ti āha. Cāpā ‘‘evamayaṃ aṭṭīyatī’’ti ñatvā punappunaṃ tathā kathesiyeva. So ekadivasaṃ tāya tathā vutto kujjhitvā gantumāraddho. Tāya taṃ taṃ vatvā anunīyamānopi saññattiṃ anāgacchanto pacchimadisābhimukho pakkāmi.
那时,世尊正安住在舍卫城的祇园精舍,他告诉比丘们:“诸比丘,若今日有人来此询问‘无边胜者在何处’,你们便将他带来见我。”优波迦一路之上到处打听“无边胜者住在何处”,如此辗转寻问,渐次抵达舍卫城。他进入寺院,立于庭院中央,问道:“无边胜者在何处?”比丘们便领他去见世尊。见到世尊后,他问道:“世尊,您可认得我吗?”“认得。然而这些时日,你居于何处?”“在孟加拉地区,尊者。”“优波迦,你如今已年迈,可能出家吗?”“世尊,我要出家。”导师便吩咐一位比丘:“来吧,比丘,度他出家。”那位比丘便度他出家。出家之后,他于导师座下领受业处,精勤修习,不久便证得不来果。他命终之后,投生于无烦天,在投生的刹那便证得阿拉汉果。在无烦天一出生即证得阿拉汉果的共有七位,他便是其中之一。正如所说:显示巴利原文
Bhagavā ca tena samayena sāvatthiyaṃ jetavane viharanto bhikkhūnaṃ ācikkhi – ‘‘yo, bhikkhave, ajja ‘kuhiṃ anantajino’ti idhāgantvā pucchati, taṃ mama santikaṃ pesethā’’ti. Upakopi ‘‘kuhiṃ anantajino vasatī’’ti tattha tattha pucchanto anupubbena sāvatthiṃ gantvā vihāraṃ pavisitvā vihāramajjhe ṭhatvā ‘‘kuhiṃ anantajino’’ti pucchi. Taṃ bhikkhū bhagavato santikaṃ nayiṃsu. So bhagavantaṃ disvā ‘‘jānātha maṃ bhagavā’’ti āha. ‘‘Āma, jānāmi, kuhiṃ pana tvaṃ ettakaṃ kālaṃ vasī’’ti? ‘‘Vaṅgahārajanapade, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Upaka, idāni mahallako jāto pabbajituṃ sakkhissasī’’ti? ‘‘Pabbajissāmi, bhante’’ti. Satthā aññataraṃ bhikkhuṃ āṇāpesi – ‘‘ehi tvaṃ, bhikkhu, imaṃ pabbājehī’’ti. So taṃ pabbājesi. So pabbajito satthu santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā bhāvanaṃ anuyuñjanto na cirasseva anāgāmiphale patiṭṭhāya kālaṃ katvā avihesu nibbatto, nibbattakkhaṇeyeva arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Avihesu nibbattamattā satta janā arahattaṃ pattā, tesaṃ ayaṃ aññataro. Vuttañhetaṃ –
七位解脱的比丘,已投生至无烦天;
贪与嗔已断尽无余,已度越世间的系着;
即优波迦、波罗犍陀与弗库沙提三人;
跋提、康提天、巴胡拉耆与辛吉亚,
他们舍弃了人身之后,便超越了天的系缚。”
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Avihaṃ upapannāse, vimuttā satta bhikkhavo; Rāgadosaparikkhīṇā, tiṇṇā loke visattikaṃ. ‘‘Upakopalagaṇḍo ca, pakkusāti ca te tayo; Bhaddiyo khaṇḍadevo ca, bāhuraggi ca siṅgiyo; Te hitvā mānusaṃ dehaṃ, dibbayogaṃ upaccagu’’nti. (saṃ. ni. 1.105);
而在优波迦离去之后,遮波心生厌离,将儿子托付给祖父,自己沿着优波迦先前走过的路前往舍卫城,于比丘尼座下出家。她修习观禅,依着道之次第安住于阿拉汉果。在她省察自己的修行时,将往昔优波迦与自己说过的偈颂汇合起来,以自说偈的形式这样说道:显示巴利原文
Upake pana pakkante nibbindahadayā cāpā dārakaṃ ayyakassa niyyādetvā pubbe upakena gatamaggaṃ gacchantī sāvatthiṃ gantvā bhikkhunīnaṃ santike pabbajitvā vipassanāya kammaṃ karontī maggapaṭipāṭiyā arahatte patiṭṭhitā, attano paṭipattiṃ paccavekkhitvā pubbe upakena attanā ca kathitagāthāyo udānavasena ekajjhaṃ katvā –
他昔日手执木杖,如今却成了猎鹿之人;
陷于可怖的贪欲泥沼,他无法到达彼岸。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Laṭṭhihattho pure āsi, so dāni migaluddako; Āsāya palipā ghorā, nāsakkhi pārametave.
遮帕以为我是苏玛达,便以此念哄逗她的儿子;
断除对遮帕的系缚之后,我将再去出家。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Sumattaṃ maṃ maññamānā, cāpi puttamatosayi; Cāpāya bandhanaṃ chetvā, pabbajissaṃ punopahaṃ.
大雄,请勿对我动怒;大牟尼,请勿对我动怒;
为嗔怒所制者,清净尚无,何况苦行。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Mā me kujjhi mahāvīra, mā me kujjhi mahāmuni; Na hi kodhaparetassa, suddhi atthi kuto tapo.
‘‘Pakkamissañca nāḷāto, kodha nāḷāya vacchati; Bandhantī itthirūpena, samaṇe dhammajīvino.
来吧,黑者,回来吧,像以前那样享受欲乐;
我已被你掌控,我的亲戚们也都顺从了。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Ehi kāḷa nivattassu, bhuñja kāme yathā pure; Ahañca te vasīkatā, ye ca me santi ñātakā.
在这弓之中有四份,正如你对我所说的那样;
对于迷恋你的男子,那确实是殊胜之事。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Etto cāpe catubbhāgaṃ, yathā bhāsasi tvañca me; Tayi rattassa posassa, uḷāraṃ vata taṃ siyā.
如同为黑藤所缠绕的多伽利树,在山顶上繁花盛开;
如同盛开的石榴嫩枝,又似岛中绽放的喇叭花树。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Kāḷaṅginiṃva takkāriṃ, pupphitaṃ girimuddhani; Phullaṃ dālimalaṭṭhiṃva, antodīpeva pāṭaliṃ.
身涂黄栴檀香,着最上等迦尸衣;
我这般色貌动人、安详宁静,你究竟为谁弃我而去?
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Haricandanalittaṅgiṃ, kāsikuttamadhāriniṃ; Taṃ maṃ rūpavatiṃ santiṃ, kassa ohāyaṃ gacchasi.
犹如捕鸟人张网,欲捕捉那飞鸟;
你以这虚妄之相,也必不能扰乱我心。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Sākuntikova sakuṇiṃ, yathā bandhitumicchati; Āharimena rūpena, na maṃ tvaṃ bādhayissasi.
黑啊!我这儿子果实,是你所生出来的;
你竟抛下已有儿子的我,是要为谁而离去?
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Imañca me puttaphalaṃ, kāḷa uppāditaṃ tayā; Taṃ maṃ puttavatiṃ santiṃ, kassa ohāya gacchasi.
具慧者舍弃子女,继而舍弃亲属,再舍弃财富;
大雄们出家,犹如挣脱了束缚的象王。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Jahanti putte sappaññā, tato ñātī tato dhanaṃ; Pabbajanti mahāvīrā, nāgo chetvāva bandhanaṃ.
现在,我要用棍棒或刀,击打你这儿子;
或者把他摔倒在地,你便不再因丧子之痛而离去。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Idāni te imaṃ puttaṃ, daṇḍena churikāya vā; Bhūmiyaṃ vā nisumbhissaṃ, puttasokā na gacchasi.
“假如你把儿子交予豺狼与狗,
贱人,你莫要再让我转世回来做你的儿子了。”
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Sace puttaṃ siṅgālānaṃ, kukkurānaṃ padāhisi; Na maṃ puttakatte jammi, punarāvattayissasi.
‘‘Handa kho dāni bhaddante, kuhiṃ kāḷa gamissasi; Katamaṃ gāmanigamaṃ, nagaraṃ rājadhāniyo.
我们往昔是众人的首领,不是沙门却自许沙门;
我们走遍一个个村落,游历于城镇与王都之间。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Ahumha pubbe gaṇino, assamaṇā samaṇamānino; Gāmena gāmaṃ vicarimha, nagare rājadhāniyo.
这位即是世尊、佛陀,走向尼连禅河畔;
为了断除一切苦,他为众生宣说正法。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Eso hi bhagavā buddho, nadiṃ nerañjaraṃ pati; Sabbadukkhappahānāya, dhammaṃ deseti pāṇinaṃ; Tassāhaṃ santikaṃ gacchaṃ, so me satthā bhavissati.
如今你不必向我问讯,且去礼敬那位无上的世间依怙吧。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Vandanaṃ dāni me vajjāsi, lokanāthaṃ anuttaraṃ; Padakkhiṇañca katvāna, ādiseyyāsi dakkhiṇaṃ.
如今我且舍下对你的礼拜,前去礼敬那无上的世间依怙。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Etaṃ kho labbhamamhehi, yathā bhāsasi tvañca me; Vandanaṃ dāni te vajjaṃ, lokanāthaṃ anuttaraṃ; Padakkhiṇañca katvāna, ādisissāmi dakkhiṇaṃ.
‘‘Tato ca kāḷo pakkāmi, nadiṃ nerañjaraṃ pati; So addasāsi sambuddhaṃ, desentaṃ amataṃ padaṃ.
苦、苦之集,与苦的超越;
以及导向苦之止息的圣八支道。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Dukkhaṃ dukkhasamuppādaṃ, dukkhassa ca atikkamaṃ; Ariyaṃ caṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ, dukkhūpasamagāminaṃ.
礼敬他的双足后,对他行右绕礼;
告别遮帕后,出家过无家的生活;
证得三明,圆满佛陀的教法。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Tassa pādāni vanditvā, katvāna naṃ padakkhiṇaṃ; Cāpāya ādisitvāna, pabbajiṃ anagāriyaṃ; Tisso vijjā anuppattā, kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti. –
他说出了这些偈颂。显示巴利原文
Imā gāthā abhāsi.
此中,"执杖者"(laṭṭhihattho)即手持棍杖的人(daṇḍahattho)。"先前"(pure)是指,过去他仍是游方者时,为驱离凶恶的公牛、狗等,手持棍杖四处游行。他如今成了"猎鹿人"(migaluddako),意思是,现在他与猎鹿人一起共用、同住,变成了猎鹿人、捕兽者(māgaviko)。"从渴爱"(āsāya)即从贪爱(taṇhāya);另有一读为"āsaya",指"因为意向"。"泥沼"(palipā)指欲的泥沼与邪见的泥沼。"恐怖"(ghorā),因其带来人们所不了知的种种过患,故为恐怖,称为"恐怖"。"不能到达彼岸"(nāsakkhi pārametave)意思是,不能到达、不能抵达那泥沼的彼岸——涅槃,无法办到。这是优波迦在说自己的情况。显示巴利原文
Tattha laṭṭhihatthoti daṇḍahattho. Pureti pubbe paribbājakakāle caṇḍagoṇakukkurādīnaṃ pariharaṇatthaṃ daṇḍaṃ hatthena gahetvā vicaraṇako ahosi. So dāni migaluddakoti so idāni migaluddehi saddhiṃ sambhogasaṃvāsehi migaluddo māgaviko jāto. Āsāyāti taṇhāya. ‘‘Āsayā’’tipi pāṭho, ajjhāsayahetūti attho. Palipāti kāmapaṅkato diṭṭhipaṅkato ca. Ghorāti aviditavipulānatthāvahattā dāruṇato ghorā. Nāsakkhi pārametaveti tasseva palipassa pārabhūtaṃ nibbānaṃ etuṃ gantuṃ na asakkhi, na abhisambhunīti attānameva sandhāya upako vadati.
"认为我极其陶醉"(Sumattaṃ maṃ maññamānā):她认为我极其陶醉、已得骄慢,因贪欲而耽著,或将我看作放逸之人。"查巴为了儿子而安抚"(cāpā puttamatosayī):猎鹿人的女儿查巴用"这是邪命外道的儿子"等言语来嘲弄我,以此取悦儿子、逗弄儿子。也有一读作"supati maṃ maññamānā",意为"认为我在睡觉"。"断除对查巴的束缚"(cāpāya bandhanaṃ chetvā):断除对查巴你生起的烦恼束缚(kilesabandhanaṃ)。"我将再次出家"(pabbajissaṃ punopahaṃ):我将再次出家,即第二次出家。显示巴利原文
Sumattaṃ maṃ maññamānāti attani suṭṭhu mattaṃ madappattaṃ kāmagedhavasena laggaṃ pamattaṃ vā katvā maṃ sallakkhantī. Cāpā puttamatosayīti migaluddassa dhītā cāpā ‘‘ājīvakassa puttā’’tiādinā maṃ ghaṭṭentī puttaṃ tosesi keḷāyasi. ‘‘Supati maṃ maññamānā’’ti ca paṭhanti, supatīti maṃ maññamānāti attho. Cāpāya bandhanaṃ chetvāti cāpāya tayi uppannaṃ kilesabandhanaṃ chinditvā. Pabbajissaṃ punopahanti puna dutiyavārampi ahaṃ pabbajissāmi.
当下,听到他说“于我无利益”后,查巴为请求原谅,便说出“莫对我嗔怒”这个偈颂。在此,“莫对我嗔怒”是说:不要因为这点玩笑之类的事生我的气。“大雄、大牟尼”是她称呼优波迦。因为她心想他从前就出过家,现在又想出家,并且期望他能忍耐,所以才称他为“大牟尼”。于是她说道:“被嗔怒所征服的人,哪里有清净?哪里有苦行?”意思是:你连这点都不能忍受,又何以调伏自心?何以修习苦行?这便是此中之意。显示巴利原文
Idāni tassā ‘‘mayhaṃ attho natthī’’ti vadati, taṃ sutvā cāpā khamāpentī ‘‘mā me kujjhī’’ti gāthamāha. Tattha mā me kujjhīti keḷikaraṇamattena mā mayhaṃ kujjhi. Mahāvīra, mahāmunīti upakaṃ ālapati. Tañhi sā pubbepi pabbajito, idānipi pabbajitukāmoti katvā khantiñca paccāsīsantī ‘‘mahāmunī’’ti āha. Tenevāha – ‘‘na hi kodhaparetassa, suddhi atthi kuto tapo’’ti, tvaṃ ettakampi asahanto kathaṃ cittaṃ damessasi, kathaṃ vā tapaṃ carissasīti adhippāyo.
于是,当查巴说“你既离纳腊,还想活命吗”时,优波迦回答道:“我定从纳腊离去,谁还会住在纳腊?”意思是:这里有谁还会住在纳腊?我定当从纳腊离去。因为纳腊是他的出生村,他从那里离俗出家。这村子就在摩揭陀国,靠近菩提道场附近,所指的是这个地方。“你以女人之姿,束缚着依法生活的沙门”的意思是:查巴,你凭自己那女人的姿色、女人的仪态,束缚了那些依法生活、行持正法的出家沙门。正因如此,我才落到这般境地,所以我舍弃你。这是其中含意。显示巴利原文
Atha nāḷaṃ gantvā jīvitukāmosīti cāpāya vutto āha – ‘‘pakkamissañca nāḷāto, kodha nāḷāya vacchatī’’ti ko idha nāḷāya vasissati, nāḷātova ahaṃ pakkamissāmeva. So hi tassa jātagāmo, tato nikkhamitvā pabbaji. So ca magadharaṭṭhe bodhimaṇḍassa āsannapadese, taṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Bandhantī itthirūpena, samaṇe dhammajīvinoti cāpe tvaṃ dhammena jīvante dhammike pabbajite attano itthirūpena itthikuttākappehi bandhantī tiṭṭhasi. Yenāhaṃ idāni ediso jāto, tasmā taṃ pariccajāmīti adhippāyo.
如此说罢,查巴想劝他回转,便说出“来吧,黑子!”这个偈颂。它的意思是:因他肤色黝黑,故称黑子。优波迦,来吧,转回来吧,别离去;像过去那样享受欲乐吧。我以及我所有的亲戚,全都因为不愿你离去,已被你调伏,成为随顺你心意的人。显示巴利原文
Evaṃ vutte cāpā taṃ nivattetukāmā ‘‘ehi, kāḷā’’ti gāthamāha. Tassattho – kāḷavaṇṇatāya, kāḷa, upaka, ehi nivattassu mā pakkami, pubbe viya kāme paribhuñja, ahañca ye ca me santi ñātakā, te sabbeva tuyhaṃ mā pakkamitukāmatāya vasīkatā vasavattino katāti.
优波迦听了之后,便诵出“etto cāpe”这一偈颂。这里的“cāpe”是对她的称呼。因其身姿弯曲如弓,故得名“查巴”。意思是:查巴啊,若你果真如你所说,现在能对我流露出四分的慈爱言语,那对一个迷恋你、被贪欲所制伏的男人来说,倒确实是殊胜之事。然而我如今已对你及诸欲离染,因此不会听从查巴的话。这便是偈颂的含意。显示巴利原文
Taṃ sutvā upako ‘‘etto cāpe’’ti gāthamāha. Tattha cāpeti cāpe. Cāpasadisaaṅgalaṭṭhitāya hi sā, cāpāti nāmaṃ labhi, tasmā, cāpāti vuccati. Tvaṃ cāpe, yathā bhāsasi, idāni yādisaṃ kathesi, ito catubbhāgameva piyasamudācāraṃ kareyyāsi. Tayi rattassa rāgābhibhūtassa purisassa uḷāraṃ vata taṃ siyā, ahaṃ panetarahi tayi kāmesu ca viratto, tasmā cāpāya vacane na tiṭṭhāmīti adhippāyo.
接着,查巴为了唤起优波迦对自己的爱恋,便说道:“kāḷaṅgini”。其中,“kāḷā”是呼唤词,“aṅgini”指四肢骨骼十分优美。“Iva”是表示譬喻的介词。“如塔卡利花盛开于山顶”(takkāriṃ pupphitaṃ girimuddhani),即如开满鲜花的石榴嫩枝立于山顶。也有读作“Ukkāgāri”的,其义为“如肢体的骨茎”。说“于山顶”,是为了显明那美丽不被任何事物所损。有人取“kāliṅgini”的读法,解释其义为“如鸠槃荼蔓草”。“如盛开的石榴嫩枝”(phullaṃ dālimalaṭṭhiṃva),意思是如开花的香橼藤。“如岛内的帕塔利花”(antodīpeva pāṭaliṃ),意思是如海岛内陆盛开的帕塔利花,此处提到“岛”,也只是为了显示美丽与吉祥之相。显示巴利原文
Puna, cāpā, attani tassa āsattiṃ uppādetukāmā ‘‘kāḷaṅgini’’nti āha. Tattha, kāḷāti tassālapanaṃ. Aṅgininti aṅgalaṭṭhisampannaṃ. Ivāti upamāya nipāto. Takkāriṃ pupphitaṃ girimuddhanīti pabbatamuddhani ṭhitaṃ supupphitadālimalaṭṭhiṃ viya. ‘‘Ukkāgāri’’nti ca keci paṭhanti, aṅgatthilaṭṭhiṃ viyāti attho. Girimuddhanīti ca idaṃ kenaci anupahatasobhatādassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Keci ‘‘kāliṅgini’’nti pāṭhaṃ vatvā tassa kumbhaṇḍalatāsadisanti atthaṃ vadanti. Phullaṃ dālimalaṭṭhiṃvāti pupphitaṃ bījapūralataṃ viya. Antodīpeva pāṭalinti dīpakabbhantare pupphitapāṭalirukkhaṃ viya, dīpaggahaṇañcettha sobhāpāṭihāriyadassanatthameva.
「用旃檀涂身」是指用红旃檀涂满全身。「着最上迦尸衣者」是指穿着最上等的迦尸布料的人。「那样的我,具有美貌」是指那时我容貌端正。「你为了谁而抛弃我、离我而去?」意思是:为了哪个众生?或者出于什么原因、什么理由,你舍弃、抛下、丢下我而离开?显示巴利原文
Haricandanalittaṅginti lohitacandanena anulittasabbaṅgiṃ. Kāsikuttamadhārininti uttamakāsikavatthadharaṃ. Taṃ manti tādisaṃ maṃ. Rūpavatiṃ santinti rūpasampannaṃ samānaṃ. Kassaohāya gacchasīti kassa nāma sattassa, kassa vā hetuno, kena kāraṇena, ohāya pahāya pariccajitvā gacchasi.
以下的内容仍是他们之间的问答偈颂,仅最后三颂除外。其中,“似捕鸟者”意指如同捕鸟的猎人。“以矫饰的容色”是指通过美发装饰等身体养护,以及衣物、饰品等所营造的、经过造作的虚巧容貌与姿态。此句意为:“你现在再也不能像以往那样来困扰我了。”显示巴利原文
Ito parampi tesaṃ vacanapaṭivacanagāthāva ṭhapetvā pariyosāne tisso gāthā. Tattha sākuntikovāti sakuṇaluddo viya. Āharimena rūpenāti kesamaṇḍanādinā sarīrajagganena ceva vatthābharaṇādinā ca abhisaṅkhārikena rūpena vaṇṇena kittimena cāturiyenāti attho. Na maṃ tvaṃ bādhayissasīti pubbe viya idāni maṃ tvaṃ na bādhituṃ sakkhissasi.
“子果”即以“儿子”为体的果,指儿子的出生。显示巴利原文
Puttaphalanti puttasaṅkhātaṃ phalaṃ puttapasavo.
“具慧者”指有智慧的人,意思是他们具备了能洞见轮回过患的智慧。他们正是舍弃或小或大的亲属圈,或者舍弃大量财富而出家的。因此说:“大雄们出家,犹如象王挣脱束缚。”意思是:如同象王挣脱铁链一般,他们断除了在家生活的结缚;唯有大精进者方能出家,而非那些劣精进者。显示巴利原文
Sappaññāti paññavanto, saṃsāre ādīnavavibhāviniyā paññāya samannāgatāti adhippāyo. Te hi appaṃ vā mahantaṃ vā ñātiparivaṭṭaṃ bhogakkhandhaṃ vā pahāya pabbajanti. Tenāha – ‘‘pabbajanti mahāvīrā, nāgo chetvāva bandhana’’nti, ayabandhanaṃ viya hatthināgo gihibandhanaṃ chinditvā mahāvīriyāva pabbajanti, na nihīnavīriyāti attho.
“以杖”是指用任何棍棒。“以刀”是指用剃刀。“或者把你摔在地上”是指将你推倒在地,再以捶打、刺戳等方式伤害你。“你不会因丧子之痛而去”意思是不会因为丧子之痛而离去。显示巴利原文
Daṇḍenāti yena kenaci daṇḍena. Churikāyāti khurena. Bhūmiyaṃ vā nisumbhissanti pathaviyaṃ pātetvā pothanavijjhanādinā vibādhissāmi. Puttasokā na gacchasīti puttasokanimittaṃ na gacchissasi.
“你将说出”意为展示、表明。“因儿子之故”是指因为儿子的事。“卑贱女”是对她的称呼,意思是低劣的女人。显示巴利原文
Padāhisīti dassasi. Puttakatteti puttakāraṇā. Jammīti tassā ālapanaṃ, lāmaketi attho.
这时,她允许他离开后,为了了解他将前往何处,便说出了下面这首偈颂:“来吧,现在……”显示巴利原文
Idāni tassa gamanaṃ anujānitvā gamanaṭṭhānaṃ jānituṃ ‘‘handa kho’’ti gāthamāha.
那人之所以说“我们曾是……”等语,是为了表示:“从前我曾执持无法导向解脱的教法,如今却愿安住于无上胜者那能导向解脱的教法中,因此我将前往他那里。”其中,“众首”是指带领徒众的人。“非沙门”是指未止息恶行的人。“自以为沙门”是指心里认为“我们已止息了恶行”的人。“我们游走”是把自己归入富兰那等外道之中而说的。显示巴利原文
Itaro pubbe ahaṃ aniyyānikaṃ sāsanaṃ paggayha aṭṭhāsiṃ, idāni pana niyyānike anantajinassa sāsane ṭhātukāmo, tasmā tassa santikaṃ gamissāmīti dassento ‘‘ahumhā’’tiādimāha. Tattha gaṇinoti gaṇadharā. Assamaṇāti na samitapāpā. Samaṇamāninoti samitapāpāti evaṃ saññino. Vicarimhāti pūraṇādīsu attānaṃ pakkhipitvā vadati.
“靠尼连禅河”意为:在尼连禅河附近,靠近河岸。“觉者”是指已证得正等觉者。说这话的用意是表达:“世尊证得正等觉后,一直住于该处,于一切时说法。”显示巴利原文
Nerañjaraṃpatīti nerañjarāya nadiyā samīpe tassā tīre. Buddhoti abhisambodhiṃ patto, abhisambodhiṃ patvā dhammaṃ desento sabbakālaṃ bhagavā tattheva vasīti adhippāyena vadati.
“现在你应说我的礼敬”意思是:你应传达我的礼敬,用我的话语,向世间无上的救护者(世尊)转达,这就是句义。而“右绕已,祈你回向(功德)”意思是:向佛陀世尊右绕三匝,在四个处所礼敬之后,以此福德,请你作右绕回向,将功德回向给我。因为她往昔曾听闻佛陀的功德,且因缘具足,所以才会这样说。显示巴利原文
Vandanaṃ dāni me vajjāsīti mama vandanaṃ vadeyyāsi, mama vacanena lokanāthaṃ anuttaraṃ vadeyyāsīti attho. Padakkhiṇañca katvāna, ādiseyyāsi dakkhiṇanti buddhaṃ bhagavantaṃ tikkhattuṃ padakkhiṇaṃ katvāpi catūsu ṭhānesu vanditvā, tato puññato mayhaṃ pattidānaṃ dento padakkhiṇaṃ ādiseyyāsi buddhaguṇānaṃ sutapubbattā hetusampannatāya ca evaṃ vadati.
“这确实是我们所能得到的”意思是:这右绕的善业,我们可以回向给你;但让你还俗,或像从前那样享受欲乐,是不可能的,这就是她的意图。而“他们”说:“我将转达你的礼敬”等等。显示巴利原文
Etaṃkho labbhamamhehīti etaṃ padakkhiṇakaraṇaṃ puññaṃ amhehi tava dātuṃ sakkā, na nivattanaṃ, pubbe viya kāmūpabhogo ca na sakkāti adhippāyo. Te vajjanti tava vandanaṃ vajjaṃ vakkhāmi.
“那”指黑色(或名为“黑”的人);“看见了”即见到。显示巴利原文
Soti kāḷo, addasāsīti addakkhi.
在导师的教示中,由于以谛说为主,并无与之无关的内容,因此宣说了“苦”等;其余则如前所述。显示巴利原文
Satthudesanāyaṃ saccakathāya padhānattā tabbinimuttāya abhāvato ‘‘dukkha’’ntiādi vuttaṃ, sesaṃ vuttanayameva.
4. 善妙长老尼偈颂注释显示巴利原文
4. Sundarītherīgāthāvaṇṇanā
善妙长老尼的偈颂以“您爱子的亡故”等开头。她在过去诸佛处所也曾累积功德,于一次次生命中积聚趣向涅槃之缘的善业。三十一劫前毗舍婆佛时,她生于善家,成年后某一天见导师正托钵乞食,心生净信,便供养食物,行五体投地礼。导师了知她心意纯净,给予随喜祝福后离去。由此善业,她生于忉利天,享尽天寿后,辗转于善趣之中,令智慧成熟。于此佛出世时,她投生为波罗奈城一位名叫善生的婆罗门之女,因容貌出众,取名“善妙”。她成年时,胞弟去世。父亲被丧子之痛所摧,到处徘徊,遇见了婆私咤长老尼,便请教除忧之法,并说出“您爱子的亡故”等两首偈颂。长老尼看出他被忧伤所压倒,为了消除他的愁苦,便说了“那么多子数百”等两首偈颂,讲述自己无忧的心境。婆罗门听后问道:“尊尼,您如何能做到如此全无忧伤?”长老尼便为他阐说了三宝的功德。显示巴利原文
Petāni bhoti puttānītiādikā sundariyā theriyā gāthā. Ayampi purimabuddhesu katādhikārā tattha tattha bhave vivaṭṭūpanissayaṃ kusalaṃ upacinantī ito ekatiṃsakappe vessabhussa bhagavato kāle kulagehe nibbattitvā viññutaṃ patvā ekadivasaṃ satthāraṃ piṇḍāya carantaṃ disvā pasannamānasā bhikkhaṃ datvā pañcapatiṭṭhitena vandi. Satthā tassā cittappasādaṃ ñatvā anumodanaṃ katvā pakkāmi. Sā tena puññakammena tāvatiṃsesu nibbattitvā tattha yāvatāyukaṃ ṭhatvā dibbasampattiṃ anubhavitvā tato cutā aparāparaṃ sugatīsuyeva saṃsarantī paripakkañāṇā hutvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde bārāṇasiyaṃ sujātassa nāma brāhmaṇassa dhītā hutvā nibbatti. Tassā rūpasampattiyā sundarīti nāmaṃ ahosi. Vayappattakāle cassā kaniṭṭhabhātā kālamakāsi. Athassā pitā puttasokena abhibhūto tattha tattha vicaranto vāsiṭṭhittheriyā samāgantvā taṃ sokavinodanakāraṇaṃ pucchanto ‘‘petāni bhoti puttānī’’tiādikā dve gāthā abhāsi. Therī taṃ sokābhibhūtaṃ ñatvā sokaṃ vinodetukāmā ‘‘bahūni puttasatānī’’tiādikā dve gāthā vatvā attano asokabhāvaṃ kathesi. Taṃ sutvā brāhmaṇo ‘‘kathaṃ tvaṃ, ayye, evaṃ asokā jātā’’ti āha. Tassa therī ratanattayaguṇaṃ kathesi.
于是婆罗门问:“导师现今何处?”听说“如今住在弥体喇城”后,他立即套好车,乘车前往弥体喇。到达后,他拜谒导师,恭敬顶礼,彼此亲切问候之后,退坐一面。导师为他开示法义。他闻法后信心生起,随即出家。出家后便专注修习观,精勤不息,至第三日证得阿拉汉果。与此同时,那位御者驾车返回波罗奈,向婆罗门夫人禀告了事情经过。善妙得知父亲出家,便向母亲请求:“母亲,我也要出家。”母亲说:“家中所有财富皆归你所有,你是这家族的继承者,你应好好继承家业、受用这些,莫要出家。”她说:“母亲,我对财富并无需求,我一定要出家。”得到母亲允许后,她便将那广大的财富如弃唾沫般舍弃,出家成为学尼。出家后,她增进观修,精进不懈;由于宿具善根成熟,智慧圆满,最终证得具足无碍解的阿拉汉果。由此,在《譬喻》中这样说:显示巴利原文
Atha brāhmaṇo ‘‘kuhiṃ satthā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘idāni mithilāyaṃ viharatī’’ti taṃ sutvā tāvadeva rathaṃ yojetvā rathena mithilaṃ gantvā satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā vanditvā sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ katvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Tassa satthā dhammaṃ desesi. So dhammaṃ sutvā paṭiladdhasaddho pabbajitvā vipassanaṃ paṭṭhapetvā ghaṭento vāyamanto tatiye divase arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Atha sārathi rathaṃ ādāya bārāṇasiṃ gantvā brāhmaṇiyā taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesi. Sundarī attano pitu pabbajitabhāvaṃ sutvā, ‘‘amma, ahampi pabbajissāmī’’ti mātaraṃ āpucchi. Mātā ‘‘yaṃ imasmiṃ gehe bhogajātaṃ, sabbaṃ taṃ tuyhaṃ santakaṃ, tvaṃ imassa kulassa dāyādikā paṭipajja, imaṃ sabbabhogaṃ paribhuñja, mā pabbajī’’ti āha. Sā ‘‘na mayhaṃ bhogehi attho, pabbajissāmevāhaṃ, ammā’’ti mātaraṃ anujānāpetvā mahatiṃ sampattiṃ kheḷapiṇḍaṃ viya chaḍḍetvā pabbaji. Pabbajitvā ca sikkhamānāyeva hutvā vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā ghaṭentī vāyamantī hetusampannatāya ñāṇassa paripākaṃ gatattā saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tena vuttaṃ apadāne –
“当毗舍婆大牟尼托钵乞食时”
我手持一匙团食,供养那位最胜佛。
最胜正自觉者、毗舍婆佛、世间导师接受供养后,
这位导师站立在街道上,为我作了随喜祝福。
你布施这勺乞食之后,便将往生三十三天;
你将成为三十六位天王的王后。
「『你将会成为五十位转轮王的王后;』」
你心中所愿求的一切,皆能时时获得。
享尽福果之后,你将出家,成为一无所有者;
遍知一切诸漏,你将无漏而般涅槃。
说完这番话之后,正自觉者、毗舍婆佛、世间导师,
这位勇者犹如天鹅王翱翔空中,升入天际。
往昔第三十一劫前,我彼时所行之布施;
我不曾堕入恶趣,此即施食之果报。
“我的烦恼已烧尽……已行完佛陀的教法”:意即我的烦恼已全部烧尽,佛陀教法中应修的一切,我已毕事。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Piṇḍapātaṃ carantassa, vessabhussa mahesino; Kaṭacchubhikkhamuggayha, buddhaseṭṭhassadāsahaṃ. ‘‘Paṭiggahetvā sambuddho, vessabhū lokanāyako; Vīthiyā saṇṭhito satthā, akā me anumodanaṃ. ‘‘Kaṭacchubhikkhaṃ datvāna, tāvatiṃsaṃ gamissasi; Chattiṃsadevarājūnaṃ, mahesittaṃ karissasi. ‘‘Paññāsaṃ cakkavattīnaṃ, mahesittaṃ karissasi; Manasā patthitaṃ sabbaṃ, paṭilacchasi sabbadā. ‘‘Sampattiṃ anubhotvāna, pabbajissasi kiñcanā; Sabbāsave pariññāya, nibbāyissasināsavā. ‘‘Idaṃ vatvāna sambuddho, vessabhū lokanāyako; Nabhaṃ abbhuggamī vīro, haṃsarājāva ambare. ‘‘Sudinnaṃ me dānavaraṃ, suyiṭṭhā yāgasampadā; Kaṭacchubhikkhaṃ datvāna, pattāhaṃ acalaṃ padaṃ. ‘‘Ekatiṃse ito kappe, yaṃ dānamadadiṃ tadā; Duggatiṃ nābhijānāmi, bhikkhādānassidaṃ phalaṃ. ‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
然而,证得阿拉汉果后,她安住于果定之乐与涅槃之乐中。后来,她心中生起一念:“我要在导师面前作狮子吼!”于是她辞别亲教师,离开波罗奈城,与众多比丘尼一同次第而行,来到舍卫城。她走近导师,顶礼之后,立于一旁。导师慈悲慰问后,她便以“我是导师亲生子”等含义,宣告了自己的证悟。那时,以她母亲为首的亲族眷属与随从,悉皆出家。后来,她回顾自己所修之道,即以父亲所说之偈为始,以优陀那颂出:显示巴利原文
Arahattaṃ pana patvā phalasukhena nibbānasukhena ca viharantī aparabhāge ‘‘satthu purato sīhanādaṃ nadissāmī’’ti upajjhāyaṃ āpucchitvā bārāṇasito nikkhamitvā sambahulāhi bhikkhunīhi saddhiṃ anukkamena sāvatthiṃ gantvā satthu santikaṃ upasaṅkamitvā satthāraṃ vanditvā ekamantaṃ ṭhitā satthārā katapaṭisanthārā satthu orasadhītubhāvādivibhāvanena aññaṃ byākāsi. Athassā mātaraṃ ādiṃ katvā sabbo ñātigaṇo parijano ca pabbaji. Sā aparabhāge attano paṭipattiṃ paccavekkhitvā pitarā vuttagāthaṃ ādiṃ katvā udānavasena –
女士,你往昔曾吞食自己的儿子们,
你日夜不息,极度地悲伤苦恼。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Petāni bhoti puttāni, khādamānā tuvaṃ pure; Tuvaṃ divā ca ratto ca, atīva paritappasi.
婆罗门女,今日你已将所有上百个儿子吞食殆尽,
瓦摄咤,你因何缘故,不再深陷痛苦?
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Sājja sabbāni khāditvā, sataputtāni brāhmaṇī; Vāseṭṭhi kena vaṇṇena, na bāḷhaṃ paritappasi.
子女成百上千,亲族成百上千,
往昔皆被吞噬,我的如是,你的亦然,婆罗门。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Bahūni puttasatāni, ñātisaṅghasatāni ca; Khāditāni atītaṃse, mama tuñhañca brāhmaṇa.
我既了知出离之道,即出离生与死;
我不忧愁,不哭泣,也不忧伤。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Sāhaṃ nissaraṇaṃ ñatvā, jātiyā maraṇassa ca; Na socāmi na rodāmi, na cāpi paritappayiṃ.
真是稀有啊,婆悉吒,您竟说出这般话语;
您是了知了谁的法,而说出这般话语呢?
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Abbhutaṃ vata vāseṭṭhi, vācaṃ bhāsasi edisiṃ; Kassa tvaṃ dhammamaññāya, giraṃ bhāsasi edisiṃ.
这位婆罗门、正自觉者,前往弥体喇城;
为断除一切苦,他为诸有情宣说了法。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Esa brāhmaṇa sambuddho, nagaraṃ mithilaṃ pati; Sabbadukkhappahānāya, dhammaṃ desesi pāṇinaṃ.
梵天啊,听闻那位阿拉汉、无依着者的法后,
在那里,通达正法之后,我驱散了丧子之痛。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Tassa brahme arahato, dhammaṃ sutvā nirūpadhiṃ; Tattha viññātasaddhammā, puttasokaṃ byapānudiṃ.
「我也将前往弥体喇城(nagaraṃ mithilaṃ)。」
「但愿彼世尊(bhagavā)能令我解脱一切苦(sabbadukkhā)。」
显示巴利原文 ‘‘So ahampi gamissāmi, nagaraṃ mithilaṃ pati; Appeva maṃ so bhagavā, sabbadukkhā pamocaye.
‘‘Addasa brāhmaṇo buddhaṃ, vippamuttaṃ nirūpadhiṃ; Svassa dhammamadesesi, muni dukkhassa pāragū.
‘‘Dukkhaṃ dukkhasamuppādaṃ, dukkhassa ca atikkamaṃ; Ariyaṃ caṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ, dukkhūpasamagāminaṃ.
‘‘Tattha viññātasaddhammo, pabbajjaṃ samarocayi; Sujāto tīhi rattīhi, tisso vijjā aphassayi.
请向那位婆罗门女转告我身体无恙,并告知:这位婆罗门如今已经出家。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Ehi sārathi gacchāhi, rathaṃ niyyādayāhimaṃ; Ārogyaṃ brāhmaṇiṃ vajja, pabbaji dāni brāhmaṇo; Sujāto tīhi rattīhi, tisso vijjā aphassayi.
「于是,御者带上车乘,以及千位随从;」
他告诉那位婆罗门女:「您的婆罗门现已出家,平安无恙;」
善生仅以三夜,便证得三明。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Tato ca rathamādāya, sahassañcāpi sārathi; Ārogyaṃ brāhmaṇiṃvoca, ‘pabbaji dāni brāhmaṇo; Sujāto tīhi rattīhi, tisso vijjā aphassayi.
‘‘Etañcāhaṃ assarathaṃ, sahassañcāpi sārathi; Tevijjaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ sutvā, puṇṇapattaṃ dadāmi te.
婆罗门女!此车与千数,悉皆属于你;
我亦当出家,往最胜慧者座前。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Tuyheva hotvassaratho, sahassañcāpi brāhmaṇi; Ahampi pabbajissāmi, varapaññassa santike.
象、牛、马与宝珠耳环,这繁荣的家财皆悉舍离;
美人啊,你的父亲已出家,这些财物你便受用吧。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Hatthī gavassaṃ maṇikuṇḍalañca, phītañcimaṃ gahavibhavaṃ pahāya; Pitā pabbajito tuyhaṃ, bhuñja bhogāni sundarī; Tuvaṃ dāyādikā kule.
舍离了象、牛、马、珠宝耳环,以及这可爱的居家财富;
我的父亲因丧子之痛而出家。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Hatthī gavassaṃ maṇikuṇḍalañca, rammaṃ cimaṃ gahavibhavaṃ pahāya; Pitā pabbajito mayhaṃ, puttasokena aṭṭito; Ahampi pabbajissāmi, bhātusokena aṭṭitā.
愿你的心愿成就,美丽的女子!你所希求的,愿得圆满。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘So te ijjhatu saṅkappo, yaṃ tvaṃ patthesi sundarī; Uttiṭṭhapiṇḍo uñcho ca, paṃsukūlañca cīvaraṃ; Etāni abhisambhontī, paraloke anāsavā.
圣尼!当我尚在修学时,我的天眼已得清净;
我了知宿世住处,即我过去居住之处。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Sikkhamānāya me ayye, dibbacakkhu visodhitaṃ; Pubbenivāsaṃ jānāmi, yattha me vusitaṃ pure.
‘‘Tuvaṃ nissāya kalyāṇi, theri saṅghassa sobhane; Tisso vijjā anuppattā, kataṃ buddhassa sāsanaṃ.
‘‘Anujānāhi me ayye, icche sāvatthi gantave; Sīhanādaṃ nadissāmi, buddhaseṭṭhassa santike.
‘‘Passa sundari satthāraṃ, hemavaṇṇaṃ harittacaṃ; Adantānaṃ dametāraṃ, sambuddhamakutobhayaṃ.
看啊,孙陀利正向此走来——她已彻底解脱,无有依著;
离贪、离系,所作已办,漏尽。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Passa sundarimāyantiṃ, vippamuttaṃ nirūpadhiṃ; Vītarāgaṃ visaṃyuttaṃ, katakiccamanāsavaṃ.
她从波罗奈城出发,来到你的面前;
大雄世尊,这位女弟子孙陀利,正顶礼您的双足。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Bārāṇasito nikkhamma, tava santikamāgatā; Sāvikā te mahāvīra, pāde vandati sundarī.
亲生女儿,由口出生,所作已办,是漏尽者。(Orasā mukhato jātā, katakiccā anāsavā.)
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Tuvaṃ buddho tuvaṃ satthā, tuyhaṃ dhītāmhi brāhmaṇa; Orasā mukhato jātā, katakiccā anāsavā.
已调伏之人就是这样前来,恭敬礼敬导师(世尊)的双足。(Evañhi dantā āyanti, satthu pādāni vandikā;)
离贪者、已脱离系缚者,所作已办,是漏尽者。(Vītarāgā visaṃyuttā, katakiccā anāsavā)
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Tassā te svāgataṃ bhadde, tato te adurāgataṃ; Evañhi dantā āyanti, satthu pādāni vandikā; Vītarāgā visaṃyuttā, katakiccā anāsavā’’ti. –
他诵出这些偈颂。显示巴利原文
Imā gāthā paccudāhāsi.
此处的「已死者」(petānī)是指已经死去的人。「女士啊」(bhotī)是对她的称呼。「儿子们」(puttānī)是性相颠倒的说法,实际意思是「已死的儿子们」(pete putte)。其实她只有一个儿子死了,但那位婆罗门心里这样想:「长久以来,这个人一直陷在忧伤中,变得痛苦而到处行走,我想她恐怕是有很多儿子都死了吧。」因此用了复数来说。也正因为如此,才说出了「她今天吞食了一切,连同百子」这样的话。「被吞食」(khādamānā)是随顺世间惯用语的一种责骂之词。因为世间里,如果某个女人的儿子接连出生又接连死亡,人们为了责备就会说她是「吞食儿子者」等等。「过度地」(atīvā)就是极其剧烈。「悲叹」(paritappasi)就是焦忧,这里是接续前面来说的。此处的要义是:婆悉吒女士啊,以前,你作为失去儿子的母亲,悲哀哭泣,被极度的忧伤所折磨,曾奔走穿梭于村落、市镇和王都之间。显示巴利原文
Tattha petānīti matāni. Bhotīti taṃ ālapati. Puttānīti liṅgavipallāsena vuttaṃ, pete putteti attho. Eko eva ca tassā putto mato, brāhmaṇo pana ‘‘cirakālaṃ ayaṃ sokena aṭṭā hutvā vicari, bahū maññe imissā puttā matā’’ti evaṃsaññī hutvā bahuvacanenāha. Tathā ca ‘‘sājja sabbāni khāditvā sataputtānī’’ti. Khādamānāti lokavohāravasena khuṃsanavacanametaṃ. Loke hi yassā itthiyā jātajātā puttā maranti, taṃ garahantā ‘‘puttakhādinī’’tiādiṃ vadanti. Atīvāti ativiya bhusaṃ. Paritappasīti santappasi, pureti yojanā. Ayañhettha saṅkhepattho – bhoti vāseṭṭhi, pubbe tvaṃ mataputtā hutvā socantī paridevantī ativiya sokāya samappitā gāmanigamarājadhāniyo āhiṇḍasi.
「她今天」(sājja)是 sā ajja 的连写,意思是「那位,即现在的你」。也可读作「sajjā」。「以何原因」(kena vaṇṇena)就是以什么理由。显示巴利原文
Sājjāti sā ajja, sā tvaṃ etarahīti attho. ‘‘Sajjā’’ti vā pāṭho. Kena vaṇṇenāti kena kāraṇena.
「被吞食」(khāditāni):长老尼也是沿用婆罗门所用的那种说法。或者,她是指老虎、豹子、猫等动物而说的。「在过去的阶段里」(atītaṃseti)是指过去的那一部分,意思是已经过去了的那些生命状态中。「我及你」(mama tuyhañca)即由我与你。显示巴利原文
Khāditānīti therīpi brāhmaṇena vuttapariyāyeneva vadati. Khāditāni vā byagghadīpibiḷārādijātiyo sandhāyevamāha. Atītaṃseti atītakoṭṭhāse, atikkantabhavesūti attho. Mama tuyhañcāti mayā ca tayā ca.
“了知从生与死的出离”:这是以道智证悟了作为生、老、死之出离的涅槃。“我亦不再忧伤”:意思是我不再生起忧恼,不陷入忧恼。显示巴利原文
Nissaraṇaṃ ñatvā jātiyā maraṇassa cāti jātijarāmaraṇānaṃ nissaraṇabhūtaṃ nibbānaṃ maggañāṇena paṭivijjhitvā. Na cāpi paritappayinti na cāpi upāyāsāsiṃ, ahaṃ upāyāsaṃ na āpajjinti attho.
“啊,这真是稀有!”意思是:“啊,真是奇妙!”因为那在过去未曾存在、前所未有的事物,才称为稀有。“像这样的”是指这样的言辞——即“我不悲哀,我不哭泣,我也不忧伤”,这种显示没有悲哀等状态的言说。“你究竟是了知了哪一位导师的法,而说出这样的话?”——由于这样的法并非轻易可得,因此他这样问。这是在询问导师和教法。显示巴利原文
Abbhutaṃ vatāti acchariyaṃ vata. Tañhi abbhutaṃ pubbe abhūtaṃ abbhutanti vuccati. Edisinti evarūpiṃ, ‘‘na socāmi na rodāmi, na cāpi paritappayi’’nti evaṃ socanādīnaṃ abhāvadīpaniṃ vācaṃ. Kassa tvaṃ dhammamaññāyāti kevalaṃ yathā ediso dhammo laddhuṃ na sakkā, tasmā kassa nāma satthuno dhammamaññāya giraṃ bhāsasi edisanti satthāraṃ sāsanañca pucchati.
“无依着”意思是:无痛苦。“已了知正法的人”意思是:已证悟圣谛法的人。“已驱除”意思是:已驱除,已舍断。显示巴利原文
Nirūpadhinti niddukkhaṃ. Viññātasaddhammāti paṭividdhaariyasaccadhammā. Byapānudinti nīhariṃ pajahiṃ.
“彻底解脱”是指:从一切中解脱,从一切烦恼与一切生存状态中脱离。“他”即那位正自觉者,对于这位婆罗门而言。显示巴利原文
Vippamuttanti sabbaso vimuttaṃ, sabbakilesehi sabbabhavehi ca visaṃyuttaṃ. Svassāti so sammāsambuddho assa brāhmaṇassa.
“在那之中”是指:在那四圣谛法的开示中。显示巴利原文
Tatthāti tassaṃ catusaccadhammadesanāyaṃ.
“将车交给”的意思是:你把这辆车交给那位婆罗门女。显示巴利原文
Rathaṃ niyyādayāhimanti imaṃ rathaṃ brāhmaṇiyā niyyādehi.
“以及一千”的意思是:把那一千枚用作旅费的金钱也带上,一并交给她。这是该句的连属。显示巴利原文
Sahassañcāpīti maggaparibbayatthaṃ nītaṃ kahāpaṇasahassañcāpi ādāya niyyādehīti yojanā.
“Assarathaṃ”指马驾的车。“Puṇṇapattaṃ”指满钵,也就是欢喜的布施。显示巴利原文
Assarathanti assayuttarathaṃ. Puṇṇapattanti tuṭṭhidānaṃ.
婆罗门女作此欢喜布施时,御者未受,说出“愿这些都归你所有”的偈颂后,便径直前往导师座前出家。御者出家后,婆罗门女唤来女儿孙陀利,劝她安住家中,诵出偈颂:“象、牛……”。此处,“Hatthī”指诸象,“Gavassaṃ”指牛与马,“Maṇikuṇḍalañca”指摩尼宝珠与耳环。“Phītañcimaṃ gahavibhavaṃ pahāya”意谓:你父亲舍弃了这丰饶的居家财富——既涵盖前面所说的象等,也涵盖那些未提及的田地、屋宅、金银等一切丰盛广大的家产、器用,以及奴婢等所有一切——他已出家。“Bhuñja bhogāni sundarī”意为:孙陀利啊,你享用这些财富吧。“Tuvaṃ dāyādikā kule”意为:你正是此家中的合法继承人。显示巴利原文
Evaṃ brāhmaṇiyā tuṭṭhidāne diyyamāne taṃ asampaṭicchanto sārathi ‘‘tuyheva hotū’’ti gāthaṃ vatvā satthu santikameva gantvā pabbaji. Pabbajite pana sārathimhi brāhmaṇī attano dhītaraṃ sundariṃ āmantetvā gharāvāse niyojentī ‘‘hatthī gavassa’’nti gāthamāha. Tattha hatthīti hatthino. Gavassanti gāvo ca assā ca. Maṇikuṇḍalañcāti maṇi ca kuṇḍalāni ca. Phītañcimaṃ gahavibhavaṃ pahāyāti imaṃ hatthiādippabhedaṃ yathāvuttaṃ avuttañca khettavatthuhiraññasuvaṇṇādibhedaṃ phītaṃ pahūtañca gahavibhavaṃ gehūpakaraṇaṃ aññañca dāsidāsādikaṃ sabbaṃ pahāya tava pitā pabbajito. Bhuñja bhogāni sundarīti sundari, tvaṃ ime bhoge bhuñjassu. Tuvaṃ dāyādikā kuleti tuvañhi imasmiṃ kule dāyajjārahāti.
听闻此言,孙陀利表明自己出离的心意,便诵出以“象、牛……”为开端的偈颂。显示巴利原文
Taṃ sutvā sundarī attano nekkhammajjhāsayaṃ pakāsentī ‘‘hatthīgavassa’’ntiādimāha.
于是,母亲便顺着她出离的志向加以鼓励,诵出“愿你的愿望成就”等半颂。其中,「Yaṃ tvaṃ patthesi sundarī」意为:孙陀利,你如今所盼望、所希求的。「So tava pabbajjāya saṅkappo pabbajjāya chando ijjhatu」意为:愿你那个出家的决心、出家的意乐得以成就,无障碍地圆满达成。「Uttiṭṭhapiṇḍo」指站着便获得的乞食。「Uñcho」则为以此为目的而挨家挨户次第行乞,也指那行乞之处。「Etāni」指这些站立得食等生活方式。「Abhisambhontī」意为:对此不感厌倦,凭借脚力去经历、去成就它。显示巴利原文
Atha naṃ mātā nekkhammeyeva niyojentī ‘‘so te ijjhatū’’tiādinā diyaḍḍhagāthamāha. Tattha yaṃ tvaṃ patthesi sundarīti sundari tvaṃ idāni yaṃ patthesi ākaṅkhasi. So tava pabbajjāya saṅkappo pabbajjāya chando ijjhatu anantarāyena sijjhatu. Uttiṭṭhapiṇḍoti ghare ghare patiṭṭhitvā laddhabbabhikkhāpiṇḍo. Uñchoti tadatthaṃ gharapaṭipāṭiyā āhiṇḍanaṃ uddissa ṭhānañca. Etānīti uttiṭṭhapiṇḍādīni. Abhisambhontīti anibbinnarūpā jaṅghabalaṃ nissāya abhisambhavantī, sādhentīti attho.
于是,孙陀利应道:“好的,母亲。”她答应了母亲之后,便离家前往比丘尼寺院,在学人的身份下便证得了三明。随后,她向自己的亲教师禀告:“我将前往导师处。”便与众比丘尼一同前往舍卫城。由此,经中才说“学人的我,圣尼……”等语。其中,「Sikkhamānāya me」意为:作为学人的我。「Ayye」则是对自己亲教师的称呼。显示巴利原文
Atha sundarī ‘‘sādhu, ammā’’ti mātuyā paṭissuṇitvā nikkhamitvā bhikkhunupassayaṃ gantvā sikkhamānāyeva samānā tisso vijjā sacchikatvā ‘‘satthu santikaṃ gamissāmī’’ti upajjhāyaṃ ārocetvā bhikkhunīhi saddhiṃ sāvatthiṃ agamāsi. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘sikkhamānāya me, ayye’’tiādi. Tattha sikkhamānāya meti sikkhamānāya samānāya mayā. Ayyeti attano upajjhāyaṃ ālapati.
“Tuvaṃ nissāya kalyāṇi, theri saṅghassa sobhane”这句的解释是:在比丘尼僧团中,您因最为年长且具足坚固功德,故为僧中长老尼;因具足殊胜的戒行等品德,故称“美好”;“Kalyāṇi”意为“善友”,即善知识。整句的衔接为:“圣尼啊,我的善知识,依止于您,我才证得三明,圆满佛陀的教法。”显示巴利原文
Tuvaṃ nissāya kalyāṇi, theri saṅghassa sobhaneti bhikkhunisaṅghe vuddhatarabhāvena thiraguṇayogena ca saṅghattheri sobhanehi sīlādīhi samannāgatattā sobhane kalyāṇi kalyāṇamitte, ayye, taṃ nissāya mayā tisso vijjā anuppattā kataṃ buddhassa sāsananti yojanā.
「Icche」意为“我想要”。「Sāvatthi gantave」意为“前往舍卫城”。「Sīhanādaṃ nadissāmī」意指我将作狮子吼,即指宣说无碍解。显示巴利原文
Iccheti icchāmi. Sāvatthi gantaveti sāvatthiṃ gantuṃ. Sīhanādaṃ nadissāmīti aññābyākaraṇameva sandhāyāha.
随后,孙陀利一路来到舍卫城,进入寺院,见导师端坐于法座上,内心生起广大的喜悦与满足,便唤着己名说道:“孙陀利啊,你看!”“Hemavaṇṇa”意为“金色”。“Harittaca”指如金色一般的皮肤。此处因世尊肤色金黄,故称“suvaṇṇavaṇṇo”(金色)。接着,为显示世尊犹如一面经过彻底打磨、涂以天然朱砂并擦拭至极亮的金镜,故在说了“hemavaṇṇa”之后,又说“harittaca”。显示巴利原文
Atha sundarī anukkamena sāvatthiṃ gantvā vihāraṃ pavisitvā satthāraṃ dhammāsane nisinnaṃ disvā uḷāraṃ pītisomanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedayamānā attānameva ālapantī āha ‘‘passa sundarī’’ti. Hemavaṇṇanti suvaṇṇavaṇṇaṃ. Harittacanti kañcanasannibhattacaṃ. Ettha ca bhagavā pītavaṇṇena ‘‘suvaṇṇavaṇṇo’’ti vuccati. Atha kho sammadeva ghaṃsitvā jātihiṅgulakena anulimpitvā suparimajjitakañcanādāsasannibhoti dassetuṃ ‘‘hemavaṇṇa’’nti vatvā ‘‘harittaca’’nti vuttaṃ.
“Passa sundarimāyanti”意为:“世尊啊,请看名叫孙陀利的我来了。”她满怀喜悦,以“Vippamutta”等语句宣说了无碍解。显示巴利原文
Passa sundarimāyantinti taṃ sundarināmikaṃ maṃ bhagavā āgacchanti passa. ‘‘Vippamutta’’ntiādinā aññaṃ byākarontī pītivipphāravasena vadati.
为消除那些怀疑“她从何处来、来到何处、这位孙陀利是何许人”者心中的疑虑,先宣说了“bārāṇasito”等偈颂,其中提到“sāvikā ca”(声闻)。为使此义更加显明,又说了“tuvaṃ buddho”等偈颂。偈义为:在此包含天人的世间中,您是唯一的全知佛陀,依现法利益、来世利益与究竟义而施设教诫,随宜教导,故您为我师。而我,世尊啊,是漏尽的婆罗门尼——因从您的精进中生,具亲生性,故为“亲子”(orasā);因从您口中流出的法音与教法之口的圣道而生,故为“从口生”;因遍知等应作已办,故为“所作已办”;因一切烦恼完全灭尽,故为“无漏”。显示巴利原文
Kuto pana āgatā, kattha ca āgatā, kīdisā cāyaṃ sundarīti āsaṅkantānaṃ āsaṅkaṃ nivattetuṃ ‘‘bārāṇasito’’ti gāthaṃ vatvā tattha ‘‘sāvikā cā’’ti vuttamatthaṃ pākaṭataraṃ kātuṃ ‘‘tuvaṃ buddho’’ti gāthamāha. Tassattho – imasmiṃ sadevake loke tuvameveko sabbaññubuddho, diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikaparamatthehi yathārahaṃ anusāsanato tuvaṃ me satthā, ahañca khīṇāsavabrāhmaṇī bhagavā tuyhaṃ ure vāyāma janitābhijātitāya orasā, mukhato pavattadhammaghosena sāsanassa ca mukhabhūtena ariyamaggena jātattā mukhato jātā, niṭṭhitapariññātādikaraṇīyatāya katakiccā, sabbaso āsavānaṃ khepitattā anāsavāti.
那时,导师欢喜于她的到来,便宣说了“tassā te svāgata”等偈颂。偈义为:你依照真实,证得了我所证得的法。贤善的孙陀利,你来到我面前,此到来是善来。因此,这不是不善来,不是恶来。何以故?因“如此调伏者前来”,即如你孙陀利一般,以最上圣道而调伏,因此全然离欲,因断尽一切结缚而离系,所作已办,无漏,前来礼敬师足。故而对你而言,是善来,非不善来。这是连接。显示巴利原文
Athassā satthā āgamanaṃ abhinandanto ‘‘tassā te svāgata’’nti gāthamāha. Tassattho – yā tvaṃ mayā adhigataṃ dhammaṃ yāthāvato adhigacchi. Tassā te, bhadde sundari, idha mama santike āgataṃ āgamanaṃ suāgataṃ. Tato eva taṃ adurāgataṃ na durāgataṃ hoti. Kasmā? Yasmā evañhi dantā āyantīti, yathā tvaṃ sundari, evañhi uttamena ariyamaggadamathena dantā tato eva sabbadhi vītarāgā, sabbesaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ samucchinnattā visaṃyuttā katakiccā anāsavā satthu pādānaṃ vandikā āgacchanti, tasmā tassā te svāgataṃ adurāgatanti yojanā.
五、苏跋金匠女长老尼偈颂注疏显示巴利原文
5. Subhākammāradhītutherīgāthāvaṇṇanā
以“daharāhaṃ”等开头的偈颂,属于苏跋金匠女长老尼。她在过去诸佛所也已累积功德,于各趣轮回中不断积集趋向涅槃的善业,渐次培植善根、圆满解脱资粮,唯在天界、人间等善趣中流转。值此佛出世时,她智慧已达成熟,生于王舍城某金匠家为女,因容貌殊妙,取名为“苏跋”(美丽)。当她长大成人后,逢世尊进入王舍城,即对世尊生起净信,于某日前去世尊处亲近承事,顶礼后退坐一面。世尊观其根器已熟,便随应其心意,为之开示含摄四谛之法。她当下便安住于具足千种行相的入流果。其后她省察居家之过患,遂往摩诃波阇波提·果德弥座下出家,安住比丘尼戒,为证更上道果精勤修习。她的亲属时常前来,以欲乐相邀,示现诸多财物与种种财富来诱惑她。一日,她对来到近前的亲属宣说在家与诸欲的过患,以“我年轻……”等二十四首偈颂说法后,令他们断除贪求,默然而去。于是她修习观行,守护根门,精进不懈,不久便证得具足四无碍解的阿拉汉果。证得阿拉汉果之后——显示巴利原文
Daharāhantiādikā subhāya kammāradhītāya theriyā gāthā. Ayampi purimabuddhesu katādhikārā tattha tattha bhave vivaṭṭūpanissayaṃ kusalaṃ upacinantī anukkamena sambhāvitakusalamūlā upacitavimokkhasambhārā sugatīsuyeva saṃsarantī paripakkañāṇā hutvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde rājagahe aññatarassa suvaṇṇakārassa dhītā hutvā nibbatti, rūpasampattisobhāya subhāti tassā nāmaṃ ahosi. Sā anukkamena viññutaṃ patvā, satthu rājagahappavesane satthari sañjātappasādā ekadivasaṃ bhagavantaṃ upasaṅkamitvā vanditvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Satthā tassā indriyaparipākaṃ disvā ajjhāsayānurūpaṃ catusaccagabbhadhammaṃ desesi. Sā tāvadeva sahassanayapaṭimaṇḍite sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhāsi. Sā aparabhāge gharāvāse dosaṃ disvā mahāpajāpatiyā gotamiyā santike pabbajitvā bhikkhunisīle patiṭṭhitā uparimaggatthāya bhāvanamanuyuñji. Taṃ ñātakā kālena kālaṃ upasaṅkamitvā kāmehi nimantentā pahūtadhanaṃ vibhavajātañca dassetvā palobhenti. Sā ekadivasaṃ attano santikaṃ upagatānaṃ gharāvāsesu kāmesu ca ādīnavaṃ pakāsentī ‘‘daharāha’’ntiādīhi catuvīsatiyā gāthāhi dhammaṃ kathetvā te nirāse katvā vissajjetvā vipassanāya kammaṃ karontī indriyāni pariyodapentī bhāvanaṃ ussukkāpetvā na cirasseva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Arahattaṃ pana patvā –
年少时,我身着净衣,闻此正法;
由于我不放逸,我证得了圣谛现观。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Daharāhaṃ suddhavasanā, yaṃ pure dhammamassuṇiṃ; Tassā me appamattāya, saccābhisamayo ahu.
从此,我对一切欲乐生起了强烈的厌离;
于有身中见怖畏,唯慕出离。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Tatohaṃ sabbakāmesu, bhusaṃ aratimajjhagaṃ; Sakkāyasmiṃ bhayaṃ disvā, nekkhammameva pīhaye.
我既舍离亲属众,并诸奴婢与佣工;
村庄与田地富饶,令人愉悦欢欣。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Hitvānahaṃ ñātigaṇaṃ, dāsakammakarāni ca; Gāmakhettāni phītāni, ramaṇīye pamodite.
‘‘Pahāyahaṃ pabbajitā, sāpateyyamanappakaṃ; Evaṃ saddhāya nikkhamma, saddhamme suppavedite.
“这对他来说并不相宜,因为他应当希求无所有;”
有人舍弃金银,随后又再返回来取用。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Netaṃ assa patirūpaṃ, ākiñcaññañhi patthaye; Yo jātarūpaṃ rajataṃ, chaḍḍetvā punarāgame.
‘‘Rajataṃ jātarūpaṃ vā, na bodhāya na santiyā; Netaṃ samaṇasāruppaṃ, na etaṃ ariyaddhanaṃ.
这令人贪着、迷醉、痴迷,并增长尘垢;
它伴有怖畏,充满众多辛劳,在这里没有恒常的安住。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Lobhanaṃ madanañcetaṃ, mohanaṃ rajavaḍḍhanaṃ; Sāsaṅkaṃ bahuāyāsaṃ, natthi cettha dhuvaṃ ṭhiti.
对此染著、放逸的人,心被染污,
彼此结怨,频频起争。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Ettha rattā pamattā ca, saṃkiliṭṭhamanā narā; Aññamaññena byāruddhā, puthū kubbanti medhagaṃ.
杀害、束缚、烦恼、衰败、忧愁、悲伤;
那些沉溺于诸欲的人,会遭遇种种灾祸。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Vadho bandho parikleso, jāni sokapariddavo; Kāmesu adhipannānaṃ, dissate byasanaṃ bahuṃ.
像我这样的人,亲属们却如同敌人,为何你们要把我推入诸欲之中?
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Taṃ maṃ ñātī amittāva, kiṃ vo kāmesu yuñjatha; Jānātha maṃ pabbajitaṃ, kāmesu bhayadassiniṃ.
‘‘Na hiraññasuvaṇṇena, parikkhīyanti āsavā; Amittā vadhakā kāmā, sapattā sallabandhanā.
‘‘Taṃ maṃ ñātī amittāva, kiṃ vo kāmesu yuñjatha; Jānātha maṃ pabbajitaṃ, muṇḍaṃ saṅghāṭipārutaṃ.
站立乞食与捡拾遗穗,以粪扫衣为衣;
这确实是我所适宜的,是出家无家者的依止。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Uttiṭṭhapiṇḍo uñcho ca, paṃsukūlañca cīvaraṃ; Etaṃ kho mama sāruppaṃ, anagārūpanissayo.
诸大仙已舍弃了诸欲,无论是天界的还是人间的;
他们于安稳处得解脱,已证得不动的安乐。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Vantā mahesīhi kāmā, ye dibbā ye ca mānusā; Khemaṭṭhāne vimuttā te, pattā te acalaṃ sukhaṃ.
愿我不与诸欲相交合,于其中无处可寻庇护;
诸欲如杀戮的怨敌,犹如火堆,是苦。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Māhaṃ kāmehi saṃgacchiṃ, yesu tāṇaṃ na vijjati; Amittā vadhakā kāmā, aggikkhandhūpamā dukhā.
‘‘Paripantho esa bhayo, savighāto sakaṇṭako; Gedho suvisamo ceso, mahanto mohanāmukho.
诸欲犹如蛇头,是可怕的灾难;
那些愚痴盲目的凡夫,却喜爱这些东西。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Upasaggo bhīmarūpo, kāmā sappasirūpamā; Ye bālā abhinandanti, andhabhūtā puthujjanā.
世间众多无知的众生,深陷于欲泥之中;
他们不知生死的边际。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Kāmapaṅkena sattā hi, bahū loke aviddasū; Pariyantaṃ na jānanti, jātiyā maraṇassa ca.
人们以欲为因,走上通往恶趣之路;
众多人走上那条为自己招致疾病的路。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Duggatigamanaṃ maggaṃ, manussā kāmahetukaṃ; Bahuṃ ve paṭipajjanti, attano rogamāvahaṃ.
‘‘Evaṃ amittajananā, tāpanā saṃkilesikā; Lokāmisā bandhanīyā, kāmā maraṇabandhanā.
‘‘Ummādanā ullapanā, kāmā cittappamāthino; Sattānaṃ saṃkilesāya, khippaṃ mārena oḍḍitaṃ.
‘‘Anantādīnavā kāmā, bahudukkhā mahāvisā; Appassādā raṇakarā, sukkapakkhavisosanā.
我经历如此以欲为因之灾祸,将不复还归欲中,常乐涅槃。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Sāhaṃ etādisaṃ katvā, byasanaṃ kāmahetukaṃ; Na taṃ paccāgamissāmi, nibbānābhiratā sadā.
超越诸欲的过患后,希求清凉寂静之境;
我将安住于不放逸,为灭尽一切结缚。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Raṇaṃ taritvā kāmānaṃ, sītibhāvābhikaṅkhinī; Appamattā vihassāmi, sabbasaṃyojanakkhaye.
‘‘Asokaṃ virajaṃ khemaṃ, ariyaṭṭhaṅgikaṃ ujuṃ; Taṃ maggaṃ anugacchāmi, yena tiṇṇā mahesino.
‘‘Imaṃ passatha dhammaṭṭhaṃ, subhaṃ kammāradhītaraṃ; Anejaṃ upasampajja, rukkhamūlamhi jhāyati.
她于初八日出家,具足信心,以正法为庄严;
莲华色比丘尼善受调伏,具足三明,是征服死神者。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Ajjaṭṭhamī pabbajitā, saddhā saddhammasobhanā; Vinītuppalavaṇṇāya, tevijjā maccuhāyinī.
夜幕时分,她已是解脱者、无负债者,为比丘尼,诸根修习圆满;
她已脱离一切结缚,应作已作,达至无漏。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Sāyaṃ bhujissā aṇaṇā, bhikkhunī bhāvitindriyā; Sabbayogavisaṃyuttā, katakiccā anāsavā.
帝释天与天众一起,以神通力前来亲近她,
众生之主帝释天,恭敬礼拜了吉祥的铁匠之女。”——他说出这些偈颂。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Taṃ sakko devasaṅghena, upasaṅkamma iddhiyā; Namassati bhūtapati, subhaṃ kammāradhītara’’nti. – imā gāthā abhāsi;
其中,“我年轻时,衣净洁,昔日曾听法”的意思是:过去我年轻、尚在青春时,穿着洁净衣、打扮庄严,在世尊座前听闻了法。“得此无放逸,我证悟真谛”的意思是:此后,我对所闻之法进行随观,保持不放逸,正念现前,令戒律确立,精进修习,由此现观了四圣谛,即通达“此是苦”等的透彻证悟。显示巴利原文
Tattha daharāhaṃ suddhavasanā, yaṃ pure dhammamassuṇinti yasmā ahaṃ pubbe daharā taruṇī eva suddhavasanā suddhavatthanivatthā alaṅkatappaṭiyattā satthu santike dhammaṃ assosiṃ. Tassā me appamattāya, saccābhisamayo ahūti yasmā ca tassā me mayhaṃ yathāsutaṃ dhammaṃ paccavekkhitvā appamattāya upaṭṭhitassatiyā sīlaṃ adhiṭṭhahitvā bhāvanaṃ anuyuñjantiyāva catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ abhisamayo ‘‘idaṃ dukkha’’ntiādinā (paṭi. ma. 1.32) paṭivedho ahosi.
“从那时起,于诸欲乐,我生大不乐”的意思是:从那时起,以此因缘——于师尊处闻法、并证悟诸谛故——对于一切人、天中的欲乐,我极生不乐与厌离。我以智眼观见有身(即五取蕴)中的怖畏与可怖畏相之后,便唯志求于出离、出家与涅槃。显示巴利原文
Tatohaṃ sabbakāmesu, bhusaṃ aratimajjhaganti tato tena kāraṇena satthu santike dhammassa sutattā saccānañca abhisamitattā manussesu dibbesu cāti sabbesupi kāmesu bhusaṃ ativiya aratiṃ ukkaṇṭhiṃ adhigacchiṃ. Sakkāyasmiṃ upādānakkhandhapañcake, bhayaṃ sappaṭibhayabhāvaṃ ñāṇacakkhunā disvā, nekkhammameva pabbajjaṃ nibbānameva, pīhaye pihayāmi patthayāmi.
“奴仆与受雇者”(Dāsakammakarāni cāti):指男仆和受雇工人,此处为词性互换的说法。“村与田地”(Gāmakhettānīti):指村庄以及种植谷物等的田地,也指村庄所属的田地。“繁荣的”(Phītānīti):即富足的。“可爱的”(Ramaṇīyeti):指令人喜爱。“喜悦的”(Pamoditeti):须联系“舍弃财富聚”来理解,即喜悦的。“己财”(Sāpateyyanti):指属于自己的财产,如金银珠宝等资具。“大量的”(Anappakanti):指广大的,与“舍弃”一词关联。如此,“以信出家”(Evaṃ saddhāya nikkhammā)的含义是:我如之前所说“舍弃亲属众……”那般,舍弃了庞大的亲属圈与广大的财富聚后,凭对可信之事——即业与业果、三宝的信,深信而从家中出离,在善逝、正自觉者所善说的法、律中出家。显示巴利原文
Dāsakammakarāni cāti dāse ca kammakāre ca, liṅgavipallāsena hetaṃ vuttaṃ. Gāmakhettānīti gāme ca pubbaṇṇāparaṇṇaviruhanakkhettāni ca, gāmapariyāpannāni vā khettāni. Phītānīti samiddhāni. Ramaṇīyeti manuññe. Pamoditeti pamudite, bhogakkhandhe hitvāti sambandho. Sāpateyyanti santakaṃ dhanaṃ, maṇikanakarajatādipariggahavatthuṃ. Anappakanti mahantaṃ, pahāyāti yojanā. Evaṃ saddhāya nikkhammāti ‘‘hitvānahaṃ ñātigaṇa’’ntiādinā vuttappakārena mahantaṃ ñātiparivaṭṭaṃ mahantañca bhogakkhandhaṃ pahāya kammakammaphalāni ratanattayañcāti saddheyyavatthuṃ saddhāya saddahitvā gharato nikkhamma, saddhamme suppavedite sammāsambuddhena suṭṭhu pavedite ariyavinaye ahaṃ pabbajitā.
因此,对于如此出家的人来说,重返已舍弃的欲乐,是全然不适宜的。因为他表明:“我希求无所”,即只希求无所拥有、无所执取的状态。若有人舍弃金银后又再返回取用,即舍弃金、银或其他任何财物之后,又将其取回,这样的人,在智者之中如何能昂首而立呢?显示巴利原文
Evaṃ pabbajitāya pana netaṃ assa patirūpaṃ, yadidaṃ chaḍḍitānaṃ kāmānaṃ paccāgamanaṃ. Ākiñcaññañhi patthayeti ahaṃ akiñcanabhāvaṃ apariggahabhāvameva patthayāmi. Yo jātarūparajataṃ, chaḍḍetvā punarāgameti yo puggalo suvaṇṇaṃ rajataṃ aññampi vā kiñci dhanajātaṃ chaḍḍetvā puna taṃ gaṇheyya, so paṇḍitānaṃ antare kathaṃ sīsaṃ ukkhipeyya?
正是由于“银或金不导向觉悟,不导向寂静,不导向道智,不导向涅槃”这一意义,所以如此说。“这不是沙门所应”:指金银等执取之物,或对这些物的执取行为,不合沙门身份。正如经中所说:“释迦子的沙门们不允许持有金银”等(《小品》446)。“这不是圣财”:前面所说的执取物,并不像信等圣财那样,是由圣法所成的财富,也不会成就圣者之状态。因此下面说“令人贪著”等。显示巴利原文
Yasmā rajataṃ jātarūpaṃ vā, na bodhāya na santiyā na maggañāṇāya na nibbānāya hotīti attho. Netaṃ samaṇasāruppanti etaṃ jātarūparajatādipariggahavatthu, tassa vā pariggaṇhanaṃ samaṇānaṃ sāruppaṃ na hoti. Tathā hi vuttaṃ ‘‘na kappati samaṇānaṃ sakyaputtiyānaṃ jātarūparajata’’ntiādi (cūḷava. 446). Na etaṃ ariyaddhananti etaṃ yathāvuttapariggahavatthu saddhādidhanaṃ viya ariyadhammamayampi dhanaṃ na hoti, na ariyabhāvāvahato. Tenāha ‘‘lobhana’’ntiādi.
其中,「令人贪著」(lobhana)指能令人生起贪著。「令人骄慢」(madana)指能带来骄慢。「令人迷乱」(mohana)指能产生迷乱。「增长尘垢」(rajavaḍḍhana)指增长贪等尘垢。因为一旦执取它,就会给执取者带来恐惧,所以它常与恐惧相伴,故称「有恐惧的」(sāsaṅka);意即对于执取者,会从各处生起恐惧。「多劳苦」(bahuāyāsa)指为守护善人等而有众多辛劳。「于此中无恒常住立」(natthi cettha dhuvaṃ ṭhiti):在这些财富中,没有恒常性,也无稳固性,它只是动摇不定而已,这就是它的意思。显示巴利原文
Tattha lobhananti lobhuppādanaṃ. Madananti madāvahaṃ. Mohananti sammohajananaṃ. Rajavaḍḍhananti rāgarajādisaṃvaḍḍhanaṃ. Yena pariggahitaṃ, tassa āsaṅkāvahattā saha āsaṅkāya vattatīti sāsaṅkaṃ, yena pariggahitaṃ, tassa yato kuto āsaṅkāvahanti attho. Bahuāyāsanti sajjanarakkhaṇādivasena bahuparissamaṃ. Natthi cettha dhuvaṃ ṭhitīti etasmiṃ dhane dhuvabhāvo ca ṭhitibhāvo ca natthi, cañcalamanavaṭṭhitamevāti attho.
「对此染著而放逸」(Ettha rattā pamattā)等:对这些财富染著、生起贪爱的人,因失去对十善法的正念而放逸。「心被污染者」(Saṃkiliṭṭhamanā):指被贪等烦恼所污染,心即成为染污心。从此,他们彼此怨恨,众多有情因而生起纷争与诤论,乃至母亲对儿子、儿子对母亲也是如此,互相敌对,产生出种种纷争。所以世尊说:“复次,诸比丘,以欲为因、以欲为缘、以欲为本……母亲与儿子争论,儿子与母亲争论”等等(《中部》1.168, 178)。显示巴利原文
Ettha rattā pamattā cāti etasmiṃ dhane rattā sañjātarāgā dasakusaladhammesu satiyā vippavāsena pamattā. Saṃkiliṭṭhamanā lobhādisaṃkilesena saṃkiliṭṭhacittāva nāma honti. Tato ca aññamaññamhi byāruddhā, puthū kubbanti medhagaṃ antamaso mātāpi puttena, puttopi mātarāti evaṃ aññamaññaṃ paṭiruddhā hutvā puthū sattā medhagaṃ kalahaṃ karonti. Tenāha bhagavā – ‘‘puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, kāmahetu kāmanidānaṃ kāmādhikaraṇaṃ…pe… mātāpi puttena vivadati puttopi mātarā vivadatī’’tiādi (ma. ni. 1.168, 178).
「杀害」(vadha)指死亡。「束缚」(bandha)指木枷、捆绑等束缚。「损害」(pariklesa)指被砍断手脚等伤害,以及犯戒。「损失」(jāni)指财富的损失和眷属的损失。「愁悲」(sokapariddava)指忧愁和悲伤。「对于执取者」(adhipannānaṃ)指对于贪著这些的人。「可见众多过患」(dissate byasanaṃ bahu):指前面所说的杀害、束缚等种种过患,以及未说到的忧、恼等,不论现世还是后世,都会遭受众多、种种的祸患与无义,这些在欲乐中确实可以见到。显示巴利原文
Vadhoti maraṇaṃ. Bandhoti addubandhanādibandhanaṃ. Pariklesoti hatthacchedādiparikilesāpatti. Jānīti dhanajāni ceva parivārajāni ca. Sokapariddavoti soko ca paridevo ca. Adhipannānanti ajjhositānaṃ. Dissate byasanaṃ bahunti yathāvuttavadhabandhanādibhedaṃ avuttañca domanassupāyāsādiṃ diṭṭhadhammikaṃ samparāyikañca bahuṃ bahuvidhaṃ byasanaṃ anattho kāmesu dissateva.
「那样的我,亲人们啊,你们为何像敌人一样,令我在欲中忙碌?」意思是:像我这样已经对欲乐离染的人,你们身为亲属,却像希求我无义的敌人一般,为何还要以某种理由把我拖入欲乐、驱使我呢?「应知我是出家者、于欲中见怖畏者」:你们应当知道,我是因见到欲乐的过患而出家的人,言下之意是:难道你们连这也不明白吗?显示巴利原文
Taṃ maṃ ñātī amittāva, kiṃ vo kāmesu yuñjathāti tādisaṃ maṃ yathā kāmesu virattaṃ tumhe ñātī ñātakā samānā anatthakāmā amittā viya kiṃ kena kāraṇena kāmesu yuñjatha niyojetha. Jānātha maṃ pabbajitaṃ, kāmesu bhayadassininti kāme bhayato passantiṃ pabbajitaṃ maṃ ājānātha, kiṃ ettakaṃ tumhehi anaññātanti adhippāyo.
「不以金钱,诸漏灭尽」:意思是,欲漏等烦恼绝不因金钱而灭尽,反而只会随着金钱而增长。因此才说:「欲是敌人、是杀戮者,是怨敌、是箭缚」。因为欲只会带来损害,毫无慈爱,故称「敌人」;它是死亡之因,如同举剑的杀人者,故称「杀戮者」;纵使一直追随,终将带来无义,如同结怨的仇敌,故称「怨敌」;它能捆绑贪等烦恼之箭,故称「箭缚」。显示巴利原文
Na hiraññasuvaṇṇena, parikkhīyanti āsavāti kāmāsavādayo hiraññasuvaṇṇena na kadāci parikkhayaṃ gacchanti, atha kho tehi eva parivaḍḍhanteva. Tenāha – ‘‘amittā vadhakā kāmā, sapattā sallabandhanā’’ti. Kāmā hi ahitāvahattā mettiyā abhāvena amittā, maraṇahetutāya ukkhittāsikavadhakasadisattā vadhakā, anubandhitvāpi anatthāvahanatāya verānubandhasapattasadisattā sapattā, rāgādīnaṃ sallānaṃ bandhanato sallabandhanā.
「秃头」指剃除了头发的人。「披僧伽帝者」指从各处捡来布块,再将之缝制成僧伽帝衣穿着的人。显示巴利原文
Muṇḍanti muṇḍitakesaṃ. Tattha tattha nantakāni gahetvā saṅghāṭicīvarapārupanena saṅghāṭipārutaṃ.
“站立食”指站立在门户敞开的人家前所获得的食物。“乞食”指为了获得此食而行的乞食行。“无家者的依止”是指无家者、出家人所应亲近与依止的活命资具;出家人正是依此而维生。显示巴利原文
Uttiṭṭhapiṇḍoti vivaṭadvāre ghare ghare patiṭṭhitvā labhanakapiṇḍo. Uñchoti tadatthaṃ uñchācariyā. Anagārūpanissayoti anagārānaṃ pabbajitānaṃ upagantvā nissitabbato upanissayabhūto jīvitaparikkhāro. Tañhi nissāya pabbajitā jīvanti.
“已吐出”指已被舍弃。“由大圣者们”指由佛陀等大圣者所弃。“在安稳处”指在远离欲轭等恼害的涅槃境界中。“他们”指那些大圣者。“不动之乐”指所证得的涅槃之乐。因此,这段文字的意趣是:欲求涅槃之乐者,应完全舍弃诸欲。显示巴利原文
Vantāti chaḍḍitā. Mahesīhīti buddhādīhi mahesīhi. Khemaṭṭhāneti kāmayogādīhi anupaddavaṭṭhānabhūte nibbāne. Teti mahesayo. Acalaṃ sukhanti nibbānasukhaṃ pattā. Tasmā taṃ patthentena kāmā pariccajitabbāti adhippāyo.
“我不应与诸欲共会”意思是:我无论何时都不应与诸欲相聚。何以故?经文接着说“在那些欲中,无有庇护”等,意思是:当仔细审察诸欲时,会发现其中没有任何一种能提供丝毫庇护,使人免于无义的伤害。喻为大火堆,是取其大热恼之义;说为苦,是取其苦性之义。显示巴利原文
Māhaṃ kāmehi saṃgacchinti ahaṃ kadācipi kāmehi na samāgaccheyyaṃ. Kasmāti ce āha – ‘‘yesu tāṇaṃ na vijjatī’’tiādi, yesu kāmesu upaparikkhiyamānesu ekasmimpi anatthaparittāṇaṃ nāma natthi. Aggikkhandhūpamā mahābhitāpaṭṭhena. Dukhā dukkhamaṭṭhena.
这便是道路上的障碍与恐怖,即所谓的诸欲,因为众生不了知其会带来无尽的祸害。称之为“有困扰”,是因它能扰乱内心;称之为“有刺”,是因它能深深刺伤。称之为“贪求”与“极不平坦”:因贪欲是贪求之因,故称“贪求”;它又极不平坦,是巨大的障碍。称之为“大”,是因为难以超越。称之为“迷醉的面首”,是因为它令人陷入迷醉。显示巴利原文
Paripantho esa bhayo yadidaṃ kāmā nāma aviditavipulānatthāvahattā. Savighāto cittavighātakarattā. Sakaṇṭako vinivijjhanattā. Gedho suvisamo cesoti giddhihetutāya gedho. Suṭṭhu visamo mahāpalibodho so. Duratikkamanaṭṭhena mahanto. Mohanāmukho mucchāpattihetuto.
“是恐怖的灾难”:即其性质极可怖畏,犹如巨大的天灾,带来无义等种种痛苦。诸欲以蛇首为譬喻,因其如蛇般令人怖畏。显示巴利原文
Upasaggo bhīmarūpoti atibhiṃsanakasabhāvo, mahanto devatūpasaggo viya anatthakādidukkhāvahanato. Sappasirūpamā kāmā sappaṭibhayaṭṭhena.
“众生为欲泥所困”:即众生被名为欲的泥沼牢牢粘着。显示巴利原文
Kāmapaṅkena sattāti kāmasaṅkhātena paṅkena sattā laggā.
「通往恶趣的道路」:指通向地狱等恶趣之道。「以欲为因」:以受用诸欲为原因。「多」:由杀生等种种差别而品类众多。「带来疾病」:带来名为疾病之苦;病有恼乱之义,即带来现世所感等种种的痛苦。显示巴利原文
Duggatigamanaṃ magganti nirayādiapāyagāminaṃ maggaṃ. Kāmahetukanti kāmopabhogahetukaṃ. Bahunti pāṇātipātādibhedena bahuvidhaṃ. Rogamāvahanti rujjanaṭṭhena rogasaṅkhātassa diṭṭhadhammikādibhedassa dukkhassa āvahanakaṃ.
「如此」:即以“敌、杀手”等所说之方式。「能生敌」:能生起敌对的状态。「热恼」:能烧灼,即应被烧灼的意思。「杂染」:带来杂染。「世间的肉饵」:于世间的肉饵。「应被束缚」:应由作为束缚的结所增长,即应被结缚的意思。「死束缚」:由于是导致诸有等处出生的原因、转起的原因,故为死的缠缚。显示巴利原文
Evanti ‘‘amittā vadhakā’’tiādinā vuttappakārena. Amittajananāti amittabhāvassa nibbattanakā. Tāpanāti santāpanakā, tapanīyāti attho. Saṃkilesikāti saṃkilesāvahā. Lokāmisāti loke āmisabhūtā. Bandhaniyāti bandhabhūtehi saṃyojanehi vaḍḍhitabbā, saṃyojaniyāti attho. Maraṇabandhanāti bhavādīsu nibbattinimittatāya pavattakāraṇato ca maraṇavibandhanā.
「令疯狂」:对于变易之法,由分离而使人愁狂,或因增长而一再带来陶醉。「令高谈」:指“啊!乐!啊!乐!”这样一再地向上高谈。另有一说读作“ullolanā”,意如狗为饭团而摇摆尾巴,众生因贪肉饵而一再摇摆,带来衰败与轻贱。「碎心者」:通过生起热恼等,对现在与未来之心具有击碎的性质。或读作“cittappamaddino”,义同。若依“cittappamādino”读法,则指心的放逸之因。「为了杂染」:即为了恼害、为了折磨。「被魔迅速撒网」:这些欲应当视为魔所撒的网罟,因为它给众生带来无义。显示巴利原文
Ummādanāti vipariṇāmadhammānaṃ viyogavasena sokummādakarā, vaḍḍhiyā vā uparūparimadāvahā. Ullapanāti ‘‘aho sukhaṃ aho sukha’’nti uddhaṃ uddhaṃ lapāpanakā. ‘‘Ullolanā’’tipi pāṭho, bhattapiṇḍanimittaṃ naṅguṭṭhaṃ ullolento sunakho viya āmisahetu satte uparūparilālanā, parābhavāvaññātapāpanakāti attho. Cittappamāthinoti pariḷāhuppādanādinā sampati āyatiñca cittassa pamathanasīlā. ‘‘Cittappamaddino’’ti vā pāṭho, so evattho. Ye pana ‘‘cittappamādino’’ti vadanti, tesaṃ cittassa pamādāvahāti attho. Saṃkilesāyāti vibādhanāya upatāpanāya vā. Khippaṃ mārena oḍḍitanti kāmā nāmete mārena oḍḍitaṃ kuminanti daṭṭhabbā sattānaṃ anatthāvahanato.
“有无边过患”,即如“这是诱惑、陶醉”等文,以及“在此,为寒冷所迫,为炎热所迫”等文(《中部》1.167),并如《苦蕴经》等中所说的方法,具有无边的过患与众多罪过。“多苦”指连接着地狱等多种苦迫。“大毒”指由于其果报辛辣苦涩,如同诃罗诃罗等剧毒。“少味”指犹如剑刃上的蜜滴,仅有微末的滋味。“生斗诤”指增长贪著等。“使白分干涸”指毁坏众生的无过清白分。显示巴利原文
Anantādīnavāti ‘‘lobhanaṃ madanañceta’’ntiādinā, ‘‘idha sītassa purakkhato uṇhassa purakkhato’’tiādinā (ma. ni. 1.167) ca dukkhakkhandhasuttādīsu vuttanayena apariyantādīnavā bahudosā. Bahudukkhāti āpāyikādibahuvidhadukkhānubandhā. Mahāvisāti kaṭukāsayhaphalatāya halāhalādimahāvisasadisā . Appassādāti satthadhārāgatamadhubindu viya parittassādā. Raṇakarāti sārāgādisaṃvaḍḍhakā. Sukkapakkhavisosanāti sattānaṃ anavajjakoṭṭhāsassa vināsakā.
“我”即是她——如前所述,在导师跟前听闻正法后生起信心,舍弃诸欲而出家安住。“如此”即指上述这种形态。“作了”即这样作了,意思是基于前面所说的原因。“我将不返回它”指我不再受用过去已吐弃的那些欲乐。“常乐于涅槃”指从出家之时起,一切时中都住于涅槃之乐,由此我将不再返回。应如此连接文意来理解。显示巴利原文
Sāhanti sā ahaṃ, heṭṭhā vuttanayeneva satthu santike dhammaṃ sutvā paṭiladdhasaddhā kāme pahāya pabbajitvā ṭhitāti attho. Etādisanti evarūpaṃ vuttappakāraṃ. Katvāti iti katvā, yathāvuttakāraṇenāti attho. Na taṃ paccāgamissāmīti taṃ mayā pubbe vantakāme puna na paribhuñjissāmi. Nibbānābhiratā sadāti yasmā pabbajitakālato paṭṭhāya sabbakālaṃ nibbānābhiratā, tasmā na taṃ paccāgamissāmīti yojanā.
“度越了欲的斗诤”指度越了诸欲的战场,而这应当由我凭借圣道的强力一击来完成。“希求清凉之境”指希求以平息一切烦恼的躁动与热恼为体性的清凉状态——即阿罗汉果。“于一切结灭尽”指定于一切结缚灭尽的涅槃之乐。显示巴利原文
Raṇaṃ taritvā kāmānanti kāmānaṃ raṇaṃ taritvā, tañca mayā kātabbaṃ ariyamaggasaṃpahāraṃ katvā. Sītibhāvābhikaṅkhinīti sabbakilesadarathapariḷāhavūpasamena sītibhāvasaṅkhātaṃ arahattaṃ abhikaṅkhantī. Sabbasaṃyojanakkhayeti sabbesaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ khayabhūte nibbāne abhiratā.
「以彼……大仙」:指诸佛等大仙通过那条圣道渡过了轮回大瀑流;我也随行他们所行之道,依戒等行道而证得。显示巴利原文
Yenatiṇṇā mahesinoti yena ariyamaggena buddhādayo mahesino saṃsāramahoghaṃ tiṇṇā, ahampi tehi gatamaggaṃ anugacchāmi, sīlādipaṭipattiyā anupāpuṇāmīti attho.
「住立于法」:住立于圣果法。「无贪欲」:由于止息了欲贪,故得名“无贪欲”,即阿拉汉果。「成就后」:成就后,以证得最上道而获得。「他禅修」:即省察那果定。显示巴利原文
Dhammaṭṭhanti ariyaphaladhamme ṭhitaṃ. Anejanti paṭippassaddha ejatāya anejanti laddhanāmaṃ aggaphalaṃ. Upasampajjāti sampādetvā aggamaggādhigamena adhigantvā. Jhāyatīti tameva phalajjhānaṃ upanijjhāyati.
「今日是出家后的第八天」:指出家之后,从出家之日算起,至今日恰为第八天;即于过去的第八日出家。「具信」:具足信心。「因正法而庄严」:由证得正法而庄严。显示巴利原文
Ajjaṭṭhamī pabbajitāti pabbajitā hutvā pabbajitato paṭṭhāya ajja aṭṭhamadivaso, ito atīte aṭṭhamiyaṃ pabbajitāti attho. Saddhāti saddhāsampannā. Saddhammasobhanāti saddhammādhigamena sobhanā.
「解脱者」:因为断除了如同奴隶状态般的烦恼,故称解脱者;因为灭尽了欲贪等债务,故称无债者。显示巴利原文
Bhujissāti dāsabhāvasadisānaṃ kilesānaṃ pahānena bhujissā. Kāmacchandādiiṇāpagamena aṇaṇā.
据说,这三首偈颂是世尊为了向比丘们显示并赞叹那位长老尼而说。她出家后第八天证得阿拉汉果,坐于一棵树下入于果定。显示巴利原文
Imā kira tisso gāthā pabbajitvā aṭṭhame divase arahattaṃ patvā aññatarasmiṃ rukkhamūle phalasamāpattiṃ samāpajjitvā nisinnaṃ theriṃ bhikkhūnaṃ dassetvā pasaṃsantena bhagavatā vuttā.
那时,帝释天王以天眼见到此景,心想:“这位受到导师如此称叹的长老尼,诸天也应去敬奉。”于是他立刻与忉利天的诸天一同前往,顶礼后合掌站立一旁。关于此事,结集者们说:显示巴利原文
Atha sakko devānamindo taṃ pavattiṃ dibbena cakkhunā disvā ‘‘evaṃ satthārā pasaṃsīyamānā ayaṃ therī yasmā devehi ca payirupāsitabbā’’ti tāvadeva tāvatiṃsehi devehi saddhiṃ upasaṅkamitvā abhivādetvā añjaliṃ paggayha aṭṭhāsi. Taṃ sandhāya saṅgītikārehi vuttaṃ –
‘‘Taṃ sakko devasaṅghena, upasaṅkamma iddhiyā; Namassati bhūtapati, subhaṃ kammāradhītara’’nti.
其中,因为在三欲有中,是一切众生的主宰者,故得到“众生主”之称的帝释天王,与天众一起,以天威神力前来亲近、礼敬那清净的铁匠之女。这是说行五体投地之礼。显示巴利原文
Tattha tīsu kāmabhavesu bhūtānaṃ sattānaṃ pati issaroti katvā bhūtapatīti laddhanāmo sakko devarājā devasaṅghena saddhiṃ taṃ subhaṃ kammāradhītaraṃ attano deviddhiyā upasaṅkamma namassati, pañcapatiṭṭhitena vandatīti attho.