在《小部》中显示巴利原文
Khuddakanikāye
《天宫事注疏》显示巴利原文
Vimānavatthu-aṭṭhakathā
序论显示巴利原文
Ganthārambhakathā
大悲怙主,渡过所知海,达至彼岸;
我礼敬那善巧、甚深、具种种理趣的开示。
明行具足,依此而出离世间;
我礼敬那无上之法,为诸正自觉者所尊崇。
具足戒等功德,安住道果之人;
我礼敬圣僧伽,无上福田。
如上所说,以此礼敬三宝所生之功德,
我凭藉他的威德力,已断除一切处的障碍。
诸天神于过去多生中所修的种种福德,
由此种种福的果报成就——诸如天宫等——而有种种差别。
通过向她们提问,并由她们回答的方式,
所展开的开示,能令人现见业与果。
正是名为‘天宫事’的教法,此乃往昔诸胜者所安立之名。
我依止于此,沿袭古注的体系,
于诸处中,特别阐明其因缘;
此论极为清净,无有混杂,是对精微义理的定解。
显示巴利原文 Mahākāruṇikaṃ nāthaṃ, ñeyyasāgarapāraguṃ; Vande nipuṇagambhīra-vicitranayadesanaṃ. Vijjācaraṇasampannā, yena niyyanti lokato; Vande tamuttamaṃ dhammaṃ, sammāsambuddhapūjitaṃ. Sīlādiguṇasampanno, ṭhito maggaphalesu yo; Vande ariyasaṅghaṃ taṃ, puññakkhettaṃ anuttaraṃ. Vandanājanitaṃ puññaṃ, iti yaṃ ratanattaye; Hatantarāyo sabbattha, hutvāhaṃ tassa tejasā. Devatāhi kataṃ puññaṃ, yaṃ yaṃ purimajātisu; Tassa tassa vimānādi-phalasampattibhedato. Pucchāvasena yā tāsaṃ, vissajjanavasena ca; Pavattā desanā kamma-phalapaccakkhakārinī. Vimānavatthu icceva, nāmena vasino pure; Yaṃ khuddakanikāyasmiṃ, saṅgāyiṃsu mahesayo. Tassāhamavalambitvā, porāṇaṭṭhakathānayaṃ; Tattha tattha nidānāni, vibhāvento visesato. Suvisuddhaṃ asaṃkiṇṇaṃ, nipuṇatthavinicchayaṃ; Mahāvihāravāsīnaṃ, samayaṃ avilomayaṃ. Yathābalaṃ karissāmi, atthasaṃvaṇṇanaṃ subhaṃ; Sakkaccaṃ bhāsato taṃ me, nisāmayatha sādhavoti.
其中,“天宫”指诸天神殊胜的游乐居处。这些天宫由那些天神的善行业力所生,大小有一由旬、二由旬等不同,各种珍宝闪耀,形色斑斓。因其美丽至极而格外值得恭敬,故称“天宫”。而“天宫事”,即天宫之事的因缘,例如“你的宝座是金制”这类说法的缘起。这仅是举例。实际上,是以那些天神的色身、享乐、眷属等成就,以及产生这些成就的业为所依,这些说法才得以展开。或者可以这样理解:从果的角度揭示其所依之业;因为业是生果之因,故称“天宫事”。显示巴利原文
Tattha vimānānīti visiṭṭhamānāni devatānaṃ kīḷānivāsaṭṭhānāni. Tāni hi tāsaṃ sucaritakammānubhāvanibbattāni yojanikadviyojanikādipamāṇavisesayuttatāya , nānāratanasamujjalāni vicittavaṇṇasaṇṭhānāni sobhātisayayogena visesato mānanīyatāya ca ‘‘vimānānī’’ti vuccanti. Vimānānaṃ vatthu kāraṇaṃ etissāti vimānavatthu, ‘‘pīṭhaṃ te sovaṇṇamaya’’ntiādinayappavattā desanā. Nidassanamattañcetaṃ tāsaṃ devatānaṃ rūpabhogaparivārādisampattiyo taṃnibbattakakammañca nissāya imissā desanāya pavattattā. Vipākamukhena vā kammantaramānassa kāraṇabhāvato vimānavatthūti veditabbaṃ.
那么,此经由谁说?于何处说?何时说?又为何而说?回答是:此《天宫事》以两种方式展开——提问与回答。其中,回答的偈颂为诸天女所说;提问的偈颂,有些为世尊所说,有些为帝释天等天神所说,有些为声闻长老所说。在这些提问中,绝大部分是由尊者大目犍连所说。他曾在百千劫又加一阿僧祇劫的漫长岁月里,为成就世尊的上首弟子之位,累积福德与智慧资粮,渐次圆满声闻波罗蜜,达到具足六神通、四无碍解等殊胜功德之所围绕、总持一切声闻波罗蜜智的顶峰,安住于第二上首弟子之位,并在具神通者中被世尊置于“最上”的地位。显示巴利原文
Tayidaṃ kena bhāsitaṃ, kattha bhāsitaṃ, kadā bhāsitaṃ, kasmā ca bhāsitanti? Vuccate – idañhi vimānavatthu duvidhena pavattaṃ – pucchāvasena vissajjanavasena ca. Tattha vissajjanagāthā tāhi tāhi devatāhi bhāsitā, pucchāgāthā pana kāci bhagavatā bhāsitā, kāci sakkādīhi, kāci sāvakehi therehi. Tatthāpi yebhuyyena yo so kappānaṃ satasahassādhikaṃ ekaṃ asaṅkhyeyyaṃ buddhassa bhagavato aggasāvakabhāvāya puññañāṇasambhāre sambharanto anukkamena sāvakapāramiyo pūretvā, chaḷabhiññācatupaṭisambhidādiguṇavisesaparivārassa, sakalassa sāvakapāramiñāṇassa matthakaṃ patto dutiye aggasāvakaṭṭhāne ṭhito iddhimantesu ca bhagavatā etadagge ṭhapito āyasmā mahāmoggallāno, tena bhāsitā.
他宣说此法时,首先为利乐世间而游历天界,以提问的方式询问诸天女;随后从彼处返回人间,为了让世人能亲证福德的果报,便将问答汇集一处,先禀告世尊,再为比丘们宣说。即使是由帝释天提问、天女们作答的内容,也都归属于大目犍连尊者所说。就这样,世尊、长老以及天女们以提问的方式,与天女们以回答的方式在各处所说的内容,后来被结集正法律的结集者们汇聚在一起,统摄于“天宫事”这一名称之下。以上,即是对此处“为谁所说”等字句的简要而共通的解答。显示巴利原文
Bhāsantena ca paṭhamaṃ tāva lokahitāya devacārikaṃ carantena devaloke devatānaṃ pucchāvasena puna tato manussalokaṃ āgantvā manussānaṃ puññaphalassa paccakkhakaraṇatthaṃ pucchaṃ vissajjanañca ekajjhaṃ katvā bhagavato pavedetvā bhikkhūnaṃ bhāsitā, sakkena pucchāvasena, devatāhi tassa vissajjanavasena bhāsitāpi mahāmoggallānattherassa bhāsitā eva. Evaṃ bhagavatā therehi ca devatāhi ca pucchāvasena, devatāhi tassā vissajjanavasena ca tattha tattha bhāsitā pacchā dhammavinayaṃ saṅgāyantehi dhammasaṅgāhakehi ekato katvā ‘‘vimānavatthu’’icceva saṅgahaṃ āropitā. Ayaṃ tāvettha ‘‘kena bhāsita’’ntiādīnaṃ padānaṃ saṅkhepato sādhāraṇato ca vissajjanā.
若从详细层面而言,对于“由谁所说”这一句,应从大长老在无量见佛世尊足下发起誓愿开始,阐述其所应行的修行之道。然而,这部分内容在诸部注释书中各处已有详尽说明,故应按彼处所示之理来理解。至于“在何处说”等语句各别、不共的解答,则将随各天宫事义理的注释方式而呈现。显示巴利原文
Vitthārato pana ‘‘kena bhāsita’’nti padassa anomadassissa bhagavato pādamūle katapaṇidhānato paṭṭhāya mahātherassa āgamanīyapaṭipadā kathetabbā, sā pana āgamaṭṭhakathāsu tattha tattha vitthāritāti tattha āgatanayeneva veditabbā. Asādhāraṇato ‘‘kattha bhāsita’’ntiādīnaṃ padānaṃ vissajjanā tassa tassa vimānassa atthavaṇṇanānayeneva āgamissati.
然而,另有一些论师如是说:一日,尊者大目犍连独处静室、宴坐思维时,心中生起如是思惟:“如今的人们,即便没有具足的物质条件,没有殊胜的福田,仅凭自己内心净信成就之力,造作种种福德善业,便能往生天界,享受广大殊胜的果报。我何不游行天界,亲见那些天众,让他们说出各自所累积的福德及其所感得的福报,再将此事详细禀告世尊?如此一来,我的导师便会如于虚空之中举起满月一般,令世人亲见业果的道理,阐明即使是微小的善行,因依止于净信之处,也能感得广大的果报。他将以各个天宫事的因缘故事为本起,开展一场宏大的法教,这将会为众多人带来利益、福祉与安乐,成为人天众生的利益所在。”如此思惟后,他便从座起身,内着红色下衣,并将另一件红色上衣搭于一侧肩上。此时的他,周身犹如一道流淌的天然朱砂,又如一条闪电之藤,又像一座被夕阳余晖染成红色的、缓缓移动的安阇那山。他来到世尊跟前,顶礼世尊双足后,退坐一面,向世尊禀告了自己的想法。在得到世尊的许可之后,他便从座起身,顶礼世尊,右绕致显示巴利原文
Apare pana bhaṇanti – ekadivasaṃ āyasmato mahāmoggallānassa rahogatassa paṭisallīnassa evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi ‘‘etarahi kho manussā asatipi vatthusampattiyā khettasampattiyā attano ca cittapasādasampattiyā tāni tāni puññāni katvā devaloke nibbattā uḷārasampattiṃ paccanubhonti, yaṃnūnāhaṃ devacārikaṃ caranto tā devatā kāyasakkhiṃ katvā tāhi yathūpacitaṃ puññaṃ yathādhigatañca puññaphalaṃ kathāpetvā tamatthaṃ bhagavato āroceyyaṃ. Evaṃ me satthā gaganatale puṇṇacandaṃ uṭṭhāpento viya manussānaṃ kammaphalaṃ paccakkhato dassento appakānampi kārānaṃ āyatanagatāya saddhāya vasena uḷāraphalataṃ vibhāvento taṃ taṃ vimānavatthuṃ aṭṭhuppattiṃ katvā mahatiṃ dhammadesanaṃ pavattessati, sā hoti bahujanassa atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussāna’’nti . So āsanā vuṭṭhahitvā rattadupaṭṭaṃ nivāsetvā aparaṃ rattadupaṭṭaṃ ekaṃsaṃ katvā samantato jātihiṅgulikadhārā vijjulatā viya sañjhāpabhānurañjito viya ca jaṅgamo añjanagirisikharo, bhagavantaṃ upasaṅkamitvā abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisinno attano adhippāyaṃ ārocetvā bhagavatā anuññāto uṭṭhāyāsanā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā abhiññāpādakaṃ catutthajjhānaṃ samāpajjitvā, tato vuṭṭhāya iddhibalena taṅkhaṇaññeva tāvatiṃsabhavanaṃ gantvā tattha tattha tāhi tāhi devatāhi yathūpacitaṃ puññakammaṃ pucchi, tassa tā kathesuṃ. Tato manussalokaṃ āgantvā taṃ sabbaṃ tattha pavattitaniyāmeneva bhagavato ārocesi, taṃ samanuñño satthā ahosi. Iccetaṃ aṭṭhuppattiṃ katvā sampattaparisāya vitthārena dhammaṃ desesīti.
再者,这部《天宫事》,在三藏——律藏、经藏、阿毗达摩藏之中,属于经藏所收摄;在五部——长部、中部、相应部、增支部、小部之中,属于小部所收摄;在九分教——经、应颂、记说、偈颂、优陀那、如是语、本生、未曾有法、方广之中,则属于偈颂分所收摄。显示巴利原文
Taṃ panetaṃ vimānavatthu vinayapiṭakaṃ suttantapiṭakaṃ abhidhammapiṭakanti tīsu piṭakesu suttantapiṭakapariyāpannaṃ, dīghanikāyo majjhimanikāyo saṃyuttanikāyo aṅguttaranikāyo khuddakanikāyoti pañcasu nikāyesu khuddakanikāyapariyāpannaṃ, suttaṃ geyyaṃ veyyākaraṇaṃ gāthā udānaṃ itivuttakaṃ jātakaṃ abbhutadhammaṃ vedallanti navasu sāsanaṅgesu gāthāsaṅgahaṃ.
我从佛陀那里领受了八万二千法,从比丘们那里领受了两千法,
而这八万四千法蕴,都是我转起的。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Dvāsīti buddhato gaṇhiṃ, dve sahassāni bhikkhuto; Caturāsīti sahassāni, ye me dhammā pavattino’’ti. (theragā. 1027) –
就这样,被尊为法库藏师的阿难陀长老确认八万四千法蕴时,便已含摄其中的若干法蕴。从品目来看,有“宝座品”“心艳藤蔓品”“波利质多罗树品”“茜草品”“大车品”“乳粥品”“善置品”,共七品。就所收之事而言,第一品有十七事,第二品十一事,第三品十事,第四品十二事,第五品十四事,第六品十事,第七品十一事。若不计中间的天宫,则有八十五事;若全部计入,则共有二百二十三事。从偈颂数量来说,共有一千五百首偈颂。在此经的诸品中,以“宝座品”为首;在诸事中,以“金座事”起头;其开篇偈颂即为“pīṭhaṃ te sovaṇṇamayaṃ”(你那座是纯金所造)这一首。显示巴利原文
Evaṃ dhammabhaṇḍāgārikena paṭiññātesu caturāsītiyā dhammakkhandhasahassesu katipayadhammakkhandhasaṅgahaṃ. Vaggato pīṭhavaggo cittalatāvaggo pāricchattakavaggo mañjiṭṭhakavaggo mahārathavaggo pāyāsivaggo sunikkhittavaggoti satta vaggā. Vatthuto paṭhame vagge sattarasa vatthūni, dutiye ekādasa, tatiye dasa, catutthe dvādasa , pañcame catuddasa, chaṭṭhe dasa, sattame ekādasāti antaravimānānaṃ aggahaṇe pañcāsīti, gahaṇe pana tevīsasataṃ vatthūni, gāthāto pana diyaḍḍhasahassagāthā. Tassa vaggesu pīṭhavaggo ādi, vatthūsu sovaṇṇapīṭhavatthu ādi, tassāpi ‘‘pīṭhaṃ te sovaṇṇamaya’’nti gāthā ādi.