第八《藏经》注显示巴利原文
8. Nidhikaṇḍasuttavaṇṇanā
安置的理由显示巴利原文
Nikkhepakāraṇaṃ
今于《墙外》之后,即是这部以“人藏宝藏”等为首句的《藏经》。对此——显示巴利原文
Idāni yadidaṃ tirokuṭṭānantaraṃ ‘‘nidhiṃ nidheti puriso’’tiādinā nidhikaṇḍaṃ nikkhittaṃ, tassa –
既说《藏经》已,于此说明安立之由;
阐明事由已,我今即作义理注释。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Bhāsitvā nidhikaṇḍassa, idha nikkhepakāraṇaṃ; Aṭṭhuppattiñca dīpetvā, karissāmatthavaṇṇanaṃ’’.
其中,应当首先这样了解此处将其编入的理由:这部《藏经》虽非世尊按此顺序宣说,但因为是以随喜方式所宣说的《墙外》的对应经文,所以被编入此处。再者,在《墙外》指出了无福德者的衰损之后,为显示已修福德者的成就,此经也被编入此处——应当如此了知。这便是它在此处的编入理由。显示巴利原文
Tattha idha nikkhepakāraṇaṃ tāvassa evaṃ veditabbaṃ. Idañhi nidhikaṇḍaṃ bhagavatā iminā anukkamena avuttampi yasmā anumodanavasena vuttassa tirokuṭṭassa mithunabhūtaṃ, tasmā idha nikkhittaṃ. Tirokuṭṭena vā puññavirahitānaṃ vipattiṃ dassetvā iminā katapuññānaṃ sampattidassanatthampi idaṃ idha nikkhittanti veditabbaṃ. Idamassa idha nikkhepakāraṇaṃ.
经文的事由显示巴利原文
Suttaṭṭhuppatti
而它的缘起是这样的:据说在舍卫城,有一位富有的居士,大财巨富。他具足信心,充满净信,以离垢无悭之心在家生活。一日,他正在供养以佛陀为首的比丘僧团。那时,国王正需钱财,便派了一个人去他那里传话:“去吧,把那位名叫某某的居士带来。”那人来到后,对居士说:“居士,国王召见您。”那位居士心怀信等功德,正在供养以佛陀为首的比丘僧团,便答道:“请您先行,我稍后就到;我现在正在储藏财宝呢。”这时,世尊用餐并受供圆满后,为了向那位居士指明此福德成就才是究竟意义上的财宝,并以随喜为目的,宣说了这些偈颂:“人当储藏财宝……”。这就是此经的缘起。显示巴利原文
Aṭṭhuppatti panassa – sāvatthiyaṃ kira aññataro kuṭumbiko aḍḍho mahaddhano mahābhogo. So ca saddho hoti pasanno, vigatamalamaccherena cetasā agāraṃ ajjhāvasati. So ekasmiṃ divase buddhappamukhassa bhikkhusaṅghassa dānaṃ deti. Tena ca samayena rājā dhanatthiko hoti, so tassa santike purisaṃ pesesi ‘‘gaccha, bhaṇe, itthannāmaṃ kuṭumbikaṃ ānehī’’ti. So gantvā taṃ kuṭumbikaṃ āha ‘‘rājā taṃ gahapati āmantetī’’ti. Kuṭumbiko saddhādiguṇasamannāgatena cetasā buddhappamukhaṃ bhikkhusaṅghaṃ parivisanto āha ‘‘gaccha, bho purisa, pacchā āgamissāmi, idāni tāvamhi nidhiṃ nidhento ṭhito’’ti. Atha bhagavā bhuttāvī pavārito tameva puññasampadaṃ paramatthato nidhīti dassetuṃ tassa kuṭumbikassa anumodanatthaṃ ‘‘nidhiṃ nidheti puriso’’ti imā gāthāyo abhāsi. Ayamassa aṭṭhuppatti.
因此,它的编入理由应如此了知。显示巴利原文
Evamassa –
述完《藏品》之后,此处将说明存放之缘由;
阐明缘起之后,我们将作义注。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Bhāsitvā nidhikaṇḍassa, idha nikkhepakāraṇaṃ; Aṭṭhuppattiñca dīpetvā, karissāmatthavaṇṇanaṃ’’.
第一偈颂的注释显示巴利原文
Paṭhamagāthāvaṇṇanā
1 在此,“nidhiṃ nidheti puriso”(男子埋藏宝藏):因为被埋藏(nidhīyati),所以称为「nidhi」(宝藏),意思是放置、保护、守护。宝藏有四种:固定宝藏、移动宝藏、肢体等量宝藏、随身宝藏。其中,固定宝藏指地下的或空中的金、银、金钱、田地、宅地,或者其他类似没有威仪的物品,这就是固定宝藏。移动宝藏指奴仆、婢女、象、牛、马、驴、山羊、绵羊、鸡和猪,或者其他类似有威仪的,这就是移动宝藏。肢体等量宝藏指业处、技艺处、明处、多闻,或者其他类似通过学习而掌握、如同自己肢体一样与有身相连的,这就是肢体等量宝藏。随身宝藏指布施所成的福德、持戒所成的福德、修习所成的福德、听法所成的福德、说法所成的福德,或者其他类似的福德,能够随逐于各处而感得可爱果报的,这就是随身宝藏。而在这里,主要说的是固定宝藏。显示巴利原文
1. Tattha nidhiṃ nidheti purisoti nidhīyatīti nidhi, ṭhapīyati rakkhīyati gopīyatīti attho. So catubbidho thāvaro, jaṅgamo, aṅgasamo, anugāmikoti. Tattha thāvaro nāma bhūmigataṃ vā vehāsaṭṭhaṃ vā hiraññaṃ vā suvaṇṇaṃ vā khettaṃ vā vatthu vā, yaṃ vā panaññampi evarūpaṃ iriyāpathavirahitaṃ, ayaṃ thāvaro nidhi. Jaṅgamo nāma dāsidāsaṃ hatthigavassavaḷavaṃ ajeḷakaṃ kukkuṭasūkaraṃ yaṃ vā panaññampi evarūpaṃ iriyāpathapaṭisaṃyuttaṃ. Ayaṃ jaṅgamo nidhi aṅgasamo nāma kammāyatanaṃ, sippāyatanaṃ, vijjāṭṭhānaṃ, bāhusaccaṃ, yaṃ vā panaññampi evarūpaṃ sikkhitvā gahitaṃ aṅgapaccaṅgamiva attabhāvappaṭibaddhaṃ, ayaṃ aṅgasamo nidhi. Anugāmiko nāma dānamayaṃ puññaṃ sīlamayaṃ bhāvanāmayaṃ dhammassavanamayaṃ dhammadesanāmayaṃ, yaṃ vā panaññampi evarūpaṃ puññaṃ tattha tattha anugantvā viya iṭṭhaphalamanuppadeti, ayaṃ anugāmiko nidhi. Imasmiṃ pana ṭhāne thāvaro adhippeto.
「nidheti」(埋藏):即放置、储藏、守护。「puriso」(男子):指人。虽然实际上不单是男子,连女子和半择迦也会埋藏宝藏,但在这里是以男子为首而作的开示;从义理上看,他们也都包含在内。「gambhīre odakantike」(在甚深、近水处):因其能令人沉入,故称“甚深”(gambhīra);因其邻近于水,故称“近水”(odakantika)。有些地方只深而不近水,例如陆地上深达七人身量的坑;有些地方只近水而不深,例如低洼浅池中仅一、两拃深的浅坑;有些地方既深又近水,例如在陆地部分挖凿、预备将来引水灌入的大坑。正是针对这最后一种情况,才说“甚深、近水处”。「atthe kicce samuppanne」(在已生起的义事上):「attha」(义)指不离利益,即能带来利益、带来助益;「kicca」(事)指应当做的事情,即有所当办之事;「samuppanna」(已生起)就是已经出现,以应当去做的方式现前。在这已生起的义事上。「atthāya me bhavissati显示巴利原文
Nidhetīti ṭhapeti paṭisāmeti gopeti. Purisoti manusso. Kāmañca purisopi itthīpi paṇḍakopi nidhiṃ nidheti, idha pana purisasīsena desanā katā, atthato pana tesampi idha samodhānaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Gambhīre odakantiketi ogāhetabbaṭṭhena gambhīraṃ, udakassa antikabhāvena odakantikaṃ. Atthi gambhīraṃ na odakantikaṃ jaṅgale bhūmibhāge satikaporiso āvāṭo viya, atthi odakantikaṃ na gambhīraṃ ninne pallale ekadvividatthiko āvāṭo viya, atthi gambhīrañceva odakantikañca jaṅgale bhūmibhāge yāva idāni udakaṃ āgamissatīti, tāva khato āvāṭo viya. Taṃ sandhāya idaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘gambhīre odakantike’’ti. Atthe kicce samuppanneti atthā anapetanti atthaṃ, atthāvahaṃ hitāvahanti vuttaṃ hoti. Kātabbanti kiccaṃ, kiñcideva karaṇīyanti vuttaṃ hoti. Uppannaṃ eva samuppannaṃ, kattabbabhāvena upaṭṭhitanti vuttaṃ hoti. Tasmiṃ atthe kicce samuppanne. Atthāya me bhavissatīti nidhānappayojananidassanametaṃ. Etadatthañhi so nidheti ‘‘atthāvahe kismiñcideva karaṇīye samuppanne atthāya me bhavissati, tassa me kiccassa nipphattiyā bhavissatī’’ti. Kiccanipphattiyeva hi tassa kicce samuppanne atthoti veditabbo.
第二偈颂的注释显示巴利原文
Dutiyagāthāvaṇṇanā
如此,说明了埋藏宝藏的目的之后,既已开显获取利益的意趣,现在为显示免离无义的意趣,而说道:显示巴利原文
Evaṃ nidhānappayojanaṃ dassento atthādhigamādhippāyaṃ dassetvā idāni anatthāpagamādhippāyaṃ dassetumāha –
2 “或为解脱国王的恶言诬告,或为解脱盗贼的逼迫”显示巴利原文
2. ‘‘Rājato vā duruttassa, corato pīḷitassa vā.
Iṇassa vā pamokkhāya, dubbhikkhe āpadāsu vā’’ti.
应当这样理解其中的义理:将前文“它将对我有利益”与这里“或为解除债务”两句中所说的“将成为”与“为解脱”这两个词,随应配合起来理解。显示巴利原文
Tassattho ‘‘atthāya me bhavissatī’’ti ca ‘‘iṇassa vā pamokkhāyā’’ti ca ettha vuttehi dvīhi bhavissatipamokkhāya-padehi saddhiṃ yathāsambhavaṃ yojetvā veditabbo.
此处配合解释如下:人们埋藏宝藏,并非仅仅想着“这将会对我有利益”。而是这样思惟:“假如我对敌人或怨敌口出恶言——例如骂他们‘此人是贼’‘此人是通奸者’‘此人是逃税者’等——以此招致国王追究,这宝藏便能助我从国王处得以解脱;或者盗贼通过破门剪锁等方式劫夺我的财物,又或掳掠我并逼索‘交出若干金银’来折磨我,那时这宝藏便能助我从盗贼处得以解脱。如果我有债主,他们催逼说‘还债!’,被他们催逼时,这宝藏便能助我解除债务。而且,还会遇到那样的时节——饥荒生起,生计艰难,乞食难得,无财产者难以存续;当那样的饥荒降临时,这宝藏便能助我。又或遭遇火灾、水灾,以及不肖继承人等灾祸时,在这诸般灾祸中,这宝藏便能助我。”——人们正是怀着这样的心思埋藏宝藏的。显示巴利原文
Tatthāyaṃ yojanā – na kevalaṃ atthāya me bhavissatīti eva puriso nidhiṃ nidheti, kintu ‘‘ayaṃ coro’’ti vā ‘‘pāradāriko’’ti vā ‘‘suṅkaghātako’’ti vā evamādinā nayena paccatthikehi paccāmittehi duruttassa me sato rājato vā pamokkhāya bhavissati, sandhicchedādīhi dhanaharaṇena vā, ‘‘ettakaṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ dehī’’ti jīvaggāhena vā corehi me pīḷitassa sato corato vā pamokkhāya bhavissati. Santi me iṇāyikā, te maṃ ‘‘iṇaṃ dehī’’ti codessanti, tehi me codiyamānassa iṇassa vā pamokkhāya bhavissati. Hoti so samayo, yaṃ dubbhikkhaṃ hoti dussassaṃ dullabhapiṇḍaṃ, tattha na sukaraṃ appadhanena yāpetuṃ, tathāvidhe āgate dubbhikkhe vā me bhavissati . Yathārūpā āpadā uppajjanti aggito vā udakato vā appiyadāyādato vā, tathārūpāsu vā uppannāsu āpadāsu me bhavissatītipi puriso nidhiṃ nidhetīti.
如此,以两首偈颂阐明了「为获义」与「为离非义」这两种埋藏宝藏的目的之后,现在总结这同样的两种目的而说:显示巴利原文
Evaṃ atthādhigamādhippāyaṃ anatthāpagamādhippāyañcāti dvīhi gāthāhi duvidhaṃ nidhānappayojanaṃ dassetvā idāni tameva duvidhaṃ payojanaṃ nigamento āha –
‘‘Etadatthāya lokasmiṃ, nidhi nāma nidhīyatī’’ti.
其意为:通过「它将对我有利益」以及「或脱离国王的恶言」等所显示的「获义」与「离非义」,正是为了成就这些目的。在此世间,任何以金银等为类别的所谓「宝藏」,正是为了这些目的而被埋藏、安置、保藏。显示巴利原文
Tassattho – yvāyaṃ ‘‘atthāya me bhavissatī’’ti ca ‘‘rājato vā duruttassā’’ti evamādīhi ca atthādhigamo anatthāpagamo ca dassito. Etadatthāya etesaṃ nipphādanatthāya imasmiṃ okāsaloke yo koci hiraññasuvaṇṇādibhedo nidhi nāma nidhīyati ṭhapīyati paṭisāmīyatīti.
第三偈注释显示巴利原文
Tatiyagāthāvaṇṇanā
如今,正因为如此埋藏的宝藏,只为具福德者成就其所求之义,而非他人,所以为阐明此义,说道:显示巴利原文
Idāni yasmā evaṃ nihitopi so nidhi puññavataṃyeva adhippetatthasādhako hoti, na aññesaṃ, tasmā tamatthaṃ dīpento āha –
3 此宝藏虽被妥善埋藏于深处、水边,显示巴利原文
3. ‘‘Tāvassunihito santo, gambhīre odakantike.
Na sabbo sabbadā eva, tassa taṃ upakappatī’’ti.
此句意谓:“宝藏被善加埋藏”,即它被妥善挖掘并安置后,处于良好隐藏状态。何等为“善加”?即“于深处、近水际”。只要埋藏在深处、近水边际,便得称为善加埋藏。“并非一切人一切时,它都对他合适”意指:对于埋藏它的人而言,此宝藏并非对一切人、于一切时都适用或能成就;换言之,它不能如前所述那般发挥作用。然而,它仅对某些人、于某些时才适用,或者亦不适用。这里的“nti”是填充音节的虚词,如同“yathā taṃ appamattassa ātāpino”(譬如那不放逸、精勤者)等处的用法(《中部》2.18-19;3.154)。或者,就语法上性别的变化而言,本应说“他”而说为“它”。如此表述,其义便易了知。显示巴利原文
Tassattho – so nidhi tāva sunihito santo, tāva suṭṭhu nikhaṇitvā ṭhapito samānoti vuttaṃ hoti. Kīva suṭṭhūti? Gambhīre odakantike, yāva gambhīre odakantike nihitoti saṅkhaṃ gacchati, tāva suṭṭhūti vuttaṃ hoti. Na sabbo sabbadā eva, tassa taṃ upakappatīti yena purisena nihito, tassa sabbopi sabbakālaṃ na upakappati na sampajjati, yathāvuttakiccakaraṇasamattho na hotīti vuttaṃ hoti. Kintu kocideva kadācideva upakappati, neva vā upakappatīti. Ettha ca nti padapūraṇamatte nipāto daṭṭhabbo ‘‘yathā taṃ appamattassa ātāpino’’ti evamādīsu (ma. ni. 2.18-19; 3.154) viya. Liṅgabhedaṃ vā katvā ‘‘so’’ti vattabbe ‘‘ta’’nti vuttaṃ. Evaṃ hi vuccamāne so attho sukhaṃ bujjhatīti.
第四、第五偈颂的注释显示巴利原文
Catutthapañcamagāthāvaṇṇanā
如此,在阐明“并非一切人一切时,它都对他合适”之后,为指出由何种因缘导致不适用,便接着说:显示巴利原文
Evaṃ ‘‘na sabbo sabbadā eva, tassa taṃ upakappatī’’ti vatvā idāni yehi kāraṇehi na upakappati, tāni dassento āha –
4 宝藏或离其处所,或其标记想错乱。显示巴利原文
4. ‘‘Nidhi vā ṭhānā cavati, saññā vāssa vimuyhati.
Nāgā vā apanāmenti, yasmā vāpi haranti naṃ.
5 或在他稍不注意时,那些不亲厚的继承者便掘出取走。显示巴利原文
5. ‘‘Appiyā vāpi dāyādā, uddharanti apassato’’ti.
其含义是:宝藏虽被妥善埋藏于某处,那个宝藏依然会离去、消失、移往他处——即便它并无心识,也会因福报耗尽而转至别处。或他对埋藏处的标记想发生迷乱,以致不知宝藏所在;或受福报耗尽的驱迫,龙象将宝藏移走,带往他方;或夜叉随心所欲地取去;又或在他未加注意时,不亲厚的继承者掘地取走宝藏。如是,由于离失原处等种种因缘,那个宝藏便对他无从发挥效用了。显示巴利原文
Tassattho – yasmiṃ ṭhāne sunihito hoti nidhi, so vā nidhi tamhā ṭhānā cavati apeti vigacchati, acetanopi samāno puññakkhayavasena aññaṃ ṭhānaṃ gacchati. Saññā vā assa vimuyhati, yasmiṃ ṭhāne nihito nidhi, taṃ na jānāti, assa puññakkhayacoditā nāgā vā taṃ nidhiṃ apanāmenti aññaṃ ṭhānaṃ gamenti. Yakkhā vāpi haranti yenicchakaṃ ādāya gacchanti. Apassato vā assa appiyā vā dāyādā bhūmiṃ khaṇitvā taṃ nidhiṃ uddharanti. Evamassa etehi ṭhānā cavanādīhi kāraṇehi so nidhi na upakappatīti.
在讲述了“离开原处”等世间共许的、令宝藏失效的种种原因之后,现在要指出这些原因的根本——那个唯一被称作“福尽”的原因,他说道:显示巴利原文
Evaṃ ṭhānā cavanādīni lokasammatāni anupakappanakāraṇāni vatvā idāni yaṃ taṃ etesampi kāraṇānaṃ mūlabhūtaṃ ekaññeva puññakkhayasaññitaṃ kāraṇaṃ, taṃ dassento āha –
“当福尽时,这一切便全部毁灭。”显示巴利原文
‘‘Yadā puññakkhayo hoti, sabbametaṃ vinassatī’’ti.
它的意思是:当成就财富的福报耗尽之时——也就是给带来财富衰损的非福让出了机会而显现时——那时,埋藏者所埋藏的金、银等一切财宝,便悉皆毁灭。显示巴利原文
Tassattho – yasmiṃ samaye bhogasampattinipphādakassa puññassa khayo hoti, bhogapārijuññasaṃvattanikamapuññamokāsaṃ katvā ṭhitaṃ hoti, atha yaṃ nidhiṃ nidhentena nihitaṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇādidhanajātaṃ, sabbametaṃ vinassatīti.
第六首偈颂的注释显示巴利原文
Chaṭṭhagāthāvaṇṇanā
就这样,世尊从种种角度说明:纵使埋藏起来,也会事与愿违、徒劳无用,且会以种种方式坏灭的、世间所共许的宝藏。现在,为了指出福德成就才是究竟意义上的宝藏,也为了让那位居士生起随喜心,世尊开示了这部《宝藏品》,说道:显示巴利原文
Evaṃ bhagavā tena tena adhippāyena nihitampi yathādhippāyaṃ anupakappantaṃ nānappakārehi nassanadhammaṃ lokasammataṃ nidhiṃ vatvā idāni yaṃ puññasampadaṃ paramatthato nidhīti dassetuṃ tassa kuṭumbikassa anumodanatthamidaṃ nidhikaṇḍamāraddhaṃ, taṃ dassento āha –
6 “以布施、持戒、自制与调御……”显示巴利原文
6. ‘‘Yassa dānena sīlena, saṃyamena damena ca.
Nidhī sunihito hoti, itthiyā purisassa vā’’ti.
其中,“布施”一词当依“布施与法行”一句中所述的方式理解。“戒”指身业与语业的不违犯;或者,五支、十支、巴帝摩卡律仪等一切的戒,于此处皆称为“戒”。“调御”即调伏,意为制止心流转于种种所缘,这是“定”的同义词。具足此调御者,在“手被调御、足被调御、语被调御、最上调御”中被说为“最上调御者”。又有别论师说:“调御即调伏,意为防护,这是根律仪的同义词。”“调伏”即调伏,意为烦恼的平息,这是“慧”的同义词。因为慧在某些处即称为“慧”,如“由恭敬听闻而得慧”等;在某些处称为“法”,如“真谛、法、坚固、布施”等;在某些处称为“调伏”,如“若以真谛、调伏、布施、忍辱,则无更上者”等。显示巴利原文
Tatthadānanti ‘‘dānañca dhammacariyā cā’’ti ettha vuttanayeneva gahetabbaṃ. Sīlanti kāyikavācasiko avītikkamo. Pañcaṅgadasaṅgapātimokkhasaṃvarādi vā sabbampi sīlaṃ idha sīlanti adhippetaṃ. Saṃyamoti saṃyamanaṃ saṃyamo, cetaso nānārammaṇagatinivāraṇanti vuttaṃ hoti, samādhissetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Yena saṃyamena samannāgato ‘‘hatthasaṃyato, pādasaṃyato, vācāsaṃyato, saṃyatuttamo’’ti ettha saṃyatuttamoti vutto. Apare āhu ‘‘saṃyamanaṃ saṃyamo, saṃvaraṇanti vuttaṃ hoti, indriyasaṃvarassetaṃ adhivacana’’nti. Damoti damanaṃ, kilesūpasamananti vuttaṃ hoti, paññāyetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Paññā hi katthaci paññātveva vuccati ‘‘sussūsā labhate pañña’’nti evamādīsu (saṃ. ni. 1.246; su. ni. 188). Katthaci dhammoti ‘‘saccaṃ dhammo dhiti cāgo’’ti evamādīsu. Katthaci damoti ‘‘yadi saccā damā cāgā, khantyā bhiyyo na vijjatī’’tiādīsu.
如此了知布施等之后,现在应当这样总括地理解这首偈颂的义理:无论女人或男人,通过布施、戒、调御、调伏这四种法,如同以黄金、纯金、珍珠或摩尼宝所成的财宝之藏,将这些宝堆置一处而被埋藏一般,同样地,功德之藏通过将这些布施等善行妥善地造作在同一心相续中,或造作在塔庙等对象上,便成为善加埋藏。显示巴利原文
Evaṃ dānādīni ñatvā idāni evaṃ imissā gāthāya sampiṇḍetvā attho veditabbo – yassa itthiyā vā purisassa vā dānena sīlena saṃyamena damena cāti imehi catūhi dhammehi yathā hiraññena suvaṇṇena muttāya maṇinā vā dhanamayo nidhi tesaṃ suvaṇṇādīnaṃ ekattha pakkhipanena nidhīyati, evaṃ puññamayo nidhi tesaṃ dānādīnaṃ ekacittasantāne cetiyādimhi vā vatthumhi suṭṭhu karaṇena sunihito hotīti.
第七偈注释显示巴利原文
Sattamagāthāvaṇṇanā
世尊如此,以“若有人以布施……”之偈颂,从究竟义上显示了功德成就即是真正的宝藏后,现在为了说明这宝藏埋藏在何处才算是善加埋藏,而开示其事处:显示巴利原文
Evaṃ bhagavā ‘‘yassa dānenā’’ti imāya gāthāya puññasampadāya paramatthato nidhibhāvaṃ dassetvā idāni yattha nihito, so nidhi sunihito hoti, taṃ vatthuṃ dassento āha –
7 于塔庙、僧团,显示巴利原文
7. ‘‘Cetiyamhi ca saṅghe vā, puggale atithīsu vā.
Mātari pitari cāpi, atho jeṭṭhamhi bhātarī’’ti.
其中,“塔庙”(cetiyaṃ):应被尊崇、应被供养的对象;或因内心崇敬(cita)而得名。塔庙有三种:受用塔庙、所标塔庙、舍利塔庙。其中,菩提树为受用塔庙,佛陀塑像为所标塔庙,藏有舍利的塔墓与塔为舍利塔庙。“僧团”(saṅgha):指以佛陀为首等的僧众。“个人”(puggala):指在家或出家者中的任何一人。“宾客”(atithi):因无固定日期(tithi),于任何日子到来,故称宾客。这是对当时到来的客人的称呼。其余解释如前所说。显示巴利原文
Tattha cayitabbanti cetiyaṃ, pūjetabbanti vuttaṃ hoti, citattā vā cetiyaṃ. Taṃ panetaṃ cetiyaṃ tividhaṃ hoti paribhogacetiyaṃ , uddissakacetiyaṃ, dhātukacetiyanti. Tattha bodhirukkho paribhogacetiyaṃ, buddhapaṭimā uddissakacetiyaṃ, dhātugabbhathūpā sadhātukā dhātukacetiyaṃ. Saṅghoti buddhappamukhādīsu yo koci. Puggaloti gahaṭṭhapabbajitesu yo koci. Natthi assa tithi, yamhi vā tamhi divase āgacchatīti atithi. Taṅkhaṇe āgatapāhunakassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva.
如此了知塔庙等之后,现在应当这样总摄这首偈颂的义理:那个被称为“善加隐藏”的宝藏,正是在这些处所中为善加隐藏。为什么呢?因为它能令可爱的果报长时生起。确实,即便只在塔庙中稍作布施,也能长时获得可爱的果报。正如所说——显示巴利原文
Evaṃ cetiyādīni ñatvā idāni evaṃ imissā gāthāya sampiṇḍetvā attho veditabbo – yo so nidhi ‘‘sunihito hotī’’ti vutto, so imesu vatthūsu sunihito hoti. Kasmā? Dīgharattaṃ iṭṭhaphalānuppadānasamatthatāya. Tathā hi appakampi cetiyamhi datvā dīgharattaṃ iṭṭhaphalalābhino honti. Yathāha –
“仅供养一朵花,历经八十亿劫;
我不曾知恶趣,这就是施花的果报。”
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Ekapupphaṃ yajitvāna, asītikappakoṭiyo; Duggatiṃ nābhijānāmi, pupphadānassidaṃ phala’’nti ca. ‘‘Mattāsukhapariccāgā, passe ce vipulaṃ sukha’’nti ca. (dha. pa. 290);
同样地,依《施净度经》《毗罗摩经》等所教导的方式,也应了知以僧伽等为事处的布施果报差别。正如在佛塔等处,布施的施行及其广大的果报已被显示,如此,应随宜于一切处,就各项修行来了解:就戒而言,以应作与不应作的方式,应了知戒的施行及其广大果报;就调御而言,以随念佛陀的方式,应了知调御的施行及其广大果报;就调伏而言,以缘取佛陀等为所缘的观、作意与省察的方式,应了知调伏的施行及其广大果报。显示巴利原文
Evaṃ dakkhiṇāvisuddhivelāmasuttādīsu vuttanayena saṅghādivatthūsupi dānaphalavibhāgo veditabbo. Yathā ca cetiyādīsu dānassa pavatti phalavibhūti ca dassitā, evaṃ yathāyogaṃ sabbattha taṃ taṃ ārabhitvā cārittavārittavasena sīlassa, buddhānussativasena saṃyamassa, tabbatthukavipassanāmanasikārapaccavekkhaṇavasena damassa ca pavatti tassa tassa phalavibhūti ca veditabbā.
第八偈注释显示巴利原文
Aṭṭhamagāthāvaṇṇanā
世尊如此以布施等所积聚的福业宝藏,开示了以佛塔等为分类的事处之后,现在为了显示在这些事处中善加埋藏的这个宝藏,比起埋藏在深水之处的宝藏,有何殊胜之处,而这样说道——显示巴利原文
Evaṃ bhagavā dānādīhi nidhīyamānassa puññamayanidhino cetiyādibhedaṃ vatthuṃ dassetvā idāni etesu vatthūsu sunihitassa tassa nidhino gambhīre odakantike nihitanidhito visesaṃ dassento āha –
8 “这宝藏妥善收藏,不可夺取,如影随形。”显示巴利原文
8. ‘‘Eso nidhi sunihito, ajeyyo anugāmiko.
Pahāya gamanīyesu, etaṃ ādāya gacchatī’’ti.
其中,前一句「eso nidhi sunihito」(此善藏的宝藏)是指出那通过布施等而妥善收藏的宝藏。「ajeyyo」:不可被战胜的,不能被他人征服而夺走;也有异读作「acceyyo」,意思是应被尊敬、值得为希求利益安乐者所积聚。如果采用这个读法,应当连接为「eso nidhi acceyyo」,再显示“为何如此”的追问,然后连接“因为它是妥善收藏的、随行的”。否则的话,就会变成在说“妥善收藏的宝藏是可尊敬的”,这并不合理;因为妥善收藏的宝藏本身并非即受尊敬,只有实际受到尊敬的才是可尊敬的。「anugāmiko」:随行的意思,即虽然前往他世,也在各处通过给予果报而不舍弃此人。显示巴利原文
Tattha pubbapadena taṃ dānādīhi sunihitanidhiṃ niddisati ‘‘eso nidhi sunihito’’ti. Ajeyyoti parehi jetvā gahetuṃ na sakkā, acceyyotipi pāṭho, tassa accitabbo accanāraho hitasukhatthikena upacitabboti attho. Etasmiñca pāṭhe eso nidhi acceyyoti sambandhitvā puna ‘‘kasmā’’ti anuyogaṃ dassetvā ‘‘yasmā sunihito anugāmiko’’ti sambandhitabbaṃ. Itarathā hi sunihitassa acceyyattaṃ vuttaṃ bhaveyya, na ca sunihito accanīyo. Accito eva hi soti. Anugacchatīti anugāmiko, paralokaṃ gacchantampi tattha tattha phaladānena na vijahatīti attho.
此处“pahāya gamanīyesu etaṃ ādāya gacchati”一句,有人理解为:当死亡到来,一切财物都必须舍离而去时,他便带着这一宝藏前往他世。据说这是它的意思,但这并不合理。为何不合理?因为财物并不能前往。那些财物正应当被舍弃,并非能前往的;能前往的是种种趣处。因此,若是那个意思,就应说成“舍弃财物,前往种种趣处”。由此可知,正确的理解应该是:正如常言“宝藏从原位移去”那样,死者在舍弃世间财物而离去时,即带着这一宝藏而去。因为此宝藏具有随行的性质,不会舍离他。显示巴利原文
Pahāyagamanīyesu etaṃ ādāya gacchatīti maraṇakāle paccupaṭṭhite sabbabhogesu pahāya gamanīyesu etaṃ nidhiṃ ādāya paralokaṃ gacchatīti ayaṃ kira etassa attho. So pana na yujjati. Kasmā? Bhogānaṃ agamanīyato. Pahātabbā eva hi te te bhogā, na gamanīyā, gamanīyā pana te te gativisesā. Yato yadi esa attho siyā, pahāya bhoge gamanīyesu gativisesesu iti vadeyya. Tasmā evamettha attho veditabbo – ‘‘nidhi vā ṭhānā cavatī’’ti evamādinā pakārena pahāya maccaṃ bhogesu gacchantesu etaṃ ādāya gacchatīti. Eso hi anugāmikattā taṃ nappajahatīti.
就此,或有人会认为:“gamanīyesu”在此是“应去之处”的意思,而不是“正往之处”。然而这种看法不应被武断地执取。正如“ariyā niyyānikā”(圣者是能出离者)中,“niyyānikā”的意思是“能出离者”,而非“应被出离者”;同样地,这里“gamanīyesu”也是“正往之处”的意思,而不是“应去之处”。显示巴利原文
Tattha siyā ‘‘gamanīyesūti ettha gantabbesūti attho, na gacchantesū’’ti. Taṃ na ekaṃsato gahetabbaṃ. Yathā hi ‘‘ariyā niyyānikā’’ti (dī. ni. 2.141) ettha niyyantāti attho, na niyyātabbāti, evamidhāpi gacchantesūti attho, na gantabbesūti.
或者,因为临终时即使想将财物施舍给他人,也连碰触一下的机会都没有,所以说这些财物先须由身体舍弃,然后以涣散之心去“前往”、去超越。因此,应如此理解此义:“先由身体舍弃,而后在以心前往的财物中”。就前一种意义而言,这是用于拣别的处所格:在那些须舍弃而后前往的财物当中,唯独取出这份福藏之财而带走。就后一种意义而言,这是表状态及状态特征的处所格;正是通过财物的应去状态,来显示这一宝藏可被带走的应去特征。显示巴利原文
Atha vā yasmā esa maraṇakāle kassaci dātukāmo bhoge āmasitumpi na labhati, tasmā tena te bhogā pubbaṃ kāyena pahātabbā, pacchā vihatāsena cetasā gantabbā, atikkamitabbāti vuttaṃ hoti. Tasmā pubbaṃ kāyena pahāya pacchā cetasā gamanīyesu bhogesūti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo. Purimasmiṃ atthe niddhāraṇe bhummavacanaṃ, pahāya gamanīyesu bhogesu ekamevetaṃ puññanidhivibhavaṃ tato nīharitvā ādāya gacchatīti. Pacchime atthe bhāvenabhāvalakkhaṇe bhummavacanaṃ. Bhogānañhi gamanīyabhāvena etassa nidhissa ādāya gamanīyabhāvo lakkhīyatīti.
第九偈颂注释显示巴利原文
Navamagāthāvaṇṇanā
如此,世尊在点明这福德宝藏比深藏水底的库藏更为殊胜之后,又如一位拥有贵重货品的商人,借着称赞自家货物的好处来引发买家的兴趣那般,通过赞扬自己所宣示的福德宝藏之功德,来策励诸天与世人勤修福业,便说道:显示巴利原文
Evaṃ bhagavā imassa puññanidhino gambhīre odakantike nihitanidhito visesaṃ dassetvā puna attano bhaṇḍaguṇasaṃvaṇṇanena kayajanassa ussāhaṃ janento uḷārabhaṇḍavāṇijo viya attanā desitapuññanidhiguṇasaṃvaṇṇanena tasmiṃ puññanidhimhi devamanussānaṃ ussāhaṃ janento āha –
9 「Asādhāraṇamaññesaṃ, acorāharaṇo nidhi.」这宝藏不与他人共有,盗贼也无法取走。显示巴利原文
9. ‘‘Asādhāraṇamaññesaṃ, acorāharaṇo nidhi.
Kayirātha dhīro puññāni, yo nidhi anugāmiko’’ti.
在此,“asādhāraṇamaññesaṃ”指“不与他人共”;其中“m”为词间连音,正如“adukkhamasukhāya vedanāya sampayuttā”等处之例。“acorāharaṇo”指不为贼所取,即不可被贼夺走之意。“nidhi”指应被埋藏之物,也就是“宝藏”。如此以两颂称赞了福藏之德后,复以两颂激发其精勤:“是故智者益当广修福,此藏恒常随逐不相离。”其意为:所谓福德,确实是不与他人共、不为贼所取的宝藏。而且,此不共、不夺之宝藏,尚有紧随的随逐宝藏,即经文“此藏善埋,不可征服,常随逐者”中所说。又因此随逐者正是福德本身,所以智者——具足智慧、具足精勤的补特伽罗——应当修习福德。显示巴利原文
Tattha asādhāraṇamaññesanti asādhāraṇo aññesaṃ, makāro padasandhikaro ‘‘adukkhamasukhāya vedanāya sampayuttā’’tiādīsu viya. Na corehi āharaṇo acorāharaṇo, corehi ādātabbo na hotīti attho. Nidhātabboti nidhi. Evaṃ dvīhi padehi puññanidhiguṇaṃ saṃvaṇṇetvā tato dvīhi tattha ussāhaṃ janeti ‘‘kayirātha dhīro puññāni, yo nidhi anugāmiko’’ti. Tassattho – yasmā puññāni nāma asādhāraṇo aññesaṃ, acorāharaṇo ca nidhi hoti. Na kevalañca asādhāraṇo acorāharaṇo ca nidhi, atha kho pana ‘‘eso nidhi sunihito, ajeyyo anugāmiko’’ti ettha vutto yo nidhi anugāmiko. So ca yasmā puññāniyeva, tasmā kayirātha kareyya dhīro buddhisampanno dhitisampanno ca puggalo puññānīti.
第十偈颂的注释显示巴利原文
Dasamagāthāvaṇṇanā
世尊如此通过对功德的称赞,激发了天人与人类对福藏的努力之后,如今为了简要说明:对于那些精勤修集福藏的人,此福藏会给予怎样的果报,世尊说道——显示巴利原文
Evaṃ bhagavā guṇasaṃvaṇṇanena puññanidhimhi devamanussānaṃ ussāhaṃ janetvā idāni ye ussahitvā puññanidhikiriyāya sampādenti, tesaṃ so yaṃ phalaṃ deti, taṃ saṅkhepato dassento āha –
‘‘Esa devamanussānaṃ, sabbakāmadado nidhī’’ti.
接下来,之所以说它是“一切欲乐的赐予者”,是因为这种赐予必须以愿求作为条件;若离愿求,便无此施。正如(经中)所说:显示巴利原文
Idāni yasmā patthanāya paṭibandhitassa sabbakāmadadattaṃ, na vinā patthanaṃ hoti. Yathāha –
“如果居士们,作为法行者、正行者,这样希望:‘啊,愿我在身体坏灭、死后,能再生为刹帝利大贵族的同伴’,那么,确实有这种可能:他在身体坏灭、死后,能再生为刹帝利大贵族的同伴。那是什么原因呢?因为他确实是一个法行者、正行者。”显示巴利原文
‘‘Ākaṅkheyya ce gahapatayo dhammacārī samacārī ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā khattiyamahāsālānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’nti, ṭhānaṃ kho panetaṃ vijjati yaṃ so kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā khattiyamahāsālānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya. Taṃ kissa hetu? Tathā hi so dhammacārī samacārī’’ (ma. ni. 1.442).
同样地,他亲自以证智证得无漏心解脱与慧解脱,在现法中具足而住。是什么原因呢?因为那位比丘确实是法行者、正行者。显示巴利原文
Evaṃ ‘‘anāsavaṃ cetovimuttiṃ paññāvimuttiṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihareyya. Taṃ kissa hetu? Tathā hi so dhammacārī samacārī’’ti (ma. ni. 1.442).
诸比丘,于此,一位比丘具足信、具足戒、具足闻、具足舍、具足慧。他这样想:‘啊,愿我在身坏命终之后,投生为刹帝利大豪贵者的同伴。’他策励此心,决意此心,修习此心。他的那些行与安住,经如此修习、如此多修,便导向那样的受生。显示巴利原文
‘‘Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu saddhāya samannāgato hoti, sīlena, sutena, cāgena, paññāya samannāgato hoti, tassa evaṃ hoti ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā khattiyamahāsālānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’nti. So taṃ cittaṃ padahati, taṃ cittaṃ adhiṭṭhāti, taṃ cittaṃ bhāveti. Tassa te saṅkhārā ca vihārā ca evaṃ bhāvitā evaṃ bahulīkatā tatrūpapattiyā saṃvattantī’’ti (ma. ni. 3.161) evamādi.
因此,为点明这种以希求为方式、以心的策励、决意与修习为助资的愿望,正是他一切欲乐皆能如愿成就的因,他说道——显示巴利原文
Tasmā taṃ tathā tathā ākaṅkhapariyāyaṃ cittapadahanādhiṭṭhānabhāvanāparikkhāraṃ patthanaṃ tassa sabbakāmadadatte hetuṃ dassento āha –
“凡有所希求,一切皆依此成就。”显示巴利原文
‘‘Yaṃ yadevābhipatthenti, sabbametena labbhatī’’ti.
第十一偈颂的注释显示巴利原文
Ekādasamagāthāvaṇṇanā
11 现在,为逐一开显“一切皆依此成就”之理,他说了“金色光泽、妙好音声”等偈颂。显示巴利原文
11. Idāni yaṃ taṃ sabbaṃ etena labbhati, taṃ odhiso odhiso dassento ‘‘suvaṇṇatā susaratā’’ti evamādigāthāyo āha.
此处,首先就第一偈颂而言,所谓“金色”,是指殊胜的肤色与外貌,皮肤如同真金一般。这样的肤色,同样是藉由这名为“福”的宝藏而获得。正如经中所说——显示巴利原文
Tattha paṭhamagāthāya tāva suvaṇṇatā nāma sundaracchavivaṇṇatā kañcanasannibhattacatā, sāpi etena puññanidhinā labbhati. Yathāha –
“诸比丘,如来于过去生中……当他还生为人时,便无有嗔恚,心离忧恼;即使受到诸多指责,亦不执取、不忿怒、不瞋恨、不对抗,且不流露愤慨、怨恨与不满。他又是精细柔软卧具、被服,以及精细亚麻、棉布……丝绸……精细毛织品等的施予者。以此业行之造作与积集……身坏命终,来到此世时,便获得此大人相:成就金色之身,皮肤犹如纯金一般。”显示巴利原文
‘‘Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṃ jātiṃ…pe… pubbe manussabhūto samāno akkodhano ahosi anupāyāsabahulo, bahumpi vutto samāno nābhisajji na kuppi na byāpajji na patitthīyi, na kopañca dosañca appaccayañca pātvākāsi, dātā ca ahosi sukhumānaṃ mudukānaṃ attharaṇānaṃ pāvuraṇānaṃ khomasukhumānaṃ kappāsika…pe… koseyya…pe… kambalasukhumānaṃ. So tassa kammassa katattā upacitattā…pe… itthattaṃ āgato samāno imaṃ mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṃ paṭilabhati. Suvaṇṇavaṇṇo hoti kañcanasannibhattaco’’ti (dī. ni. 3.218).
“妙音”,即是指梵音,其声犹如迦陵频伽鸟鸣;这一功德同样是由此福藏获得。正如经中所说——显示巴利原文
Susaratā nāma brahmassaratā karavīkabhāṇitā, sāpi etena labbhati. Yathāha –
诸比丘,如来在过去生……舍断了粗恶语,远离粗恶语,凡是他所说的话语皆无过失、悦耳……他就说那般话语。由于该业行的造作与积集……当彼来到此生时,便获得了这二种大人相:拥有广长舌,以及像迦陵频伽鸟鸣叫般的梵音。显示巴利原文
‘‘Yampi , bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṃ jātiṃ…pe… pharusaṃ vācaṃ pahāya pharusāya vācāya paṭivirato ahosi, yā sā vācā nelā kaṇṇasukhā…pe… tathārūpiṃ vācaṃ bhāsitā ahosi. So tassa kammassa katattā upacitattā…pe… itthattaṃ āgato samāno imāni dve mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati. Pahutajivho ca hoti brahmassaro ca karavīkabhāṇī’’ti (dī. ni. 3.236).
“善形”(susaṇṭhānā),即形态端正。也就是说,在应当匀称、浑圆、合适之处,身体肢节以匀称浑圆的状态安立,便名为善形。这一相好也是由此福藏所获。如经文所说:显示巴利原文
Susaṇṭhānāti suṭṭhu saṇṭhānatā, samacitavaṭṭitayuttaṭṭhānesu aṅgapaccaṅgānaṃ samacitavaṭṭitabhāvena sannivesoti vuttaṃ hoti. Sāpi etena labbhati. Yathāha –
诸比丘,如来在过去生……(中略)……过去尚为人时,他心中期望利益大众、期望饶益大众,愿大众安乐、愿大众安稳,并且这样想:‘怎样才能让他们的信心增长、戒行增长、多闻增长、布施增长、智慧增长,让他们的财富、谷物、田地、房舍,两足与四足的众生,儿女、妻子、奴婢、仆人、亲戚、朋友、眷属,一切都得到增长呢?’他由于该业……(中略)……便获得了这三种大人相:拥有狮子般的前半身,两肩之间充实,肩膀浑圆。显示巴利原文
‘‘Yampi, bhikkhave, tathāgato purimaṃ jātiṃ…pe… pubbe manussabhūto samāno bahujanassa atthakāmo ahosi hitakāmo phāsukāmo yogakkhemakāmo ‘kinti me saddhāya vaḍḍheyyuṃ, sīlena sutena cāgena paññāya dhanadhaññena khettavatthunā dvipadacatuppadehi puttadārehi dāsakammakaraporisehi ñātīhi mittehi bandhavehi vaḍḍheyyu’nti, so tassa kammassa…pe… samāno imāni tīṇi mahāpurisalakkhaṇāni paṭilabhati, sīhapubbaḍḍhakāyo ca hoti citantaraṃso ca samavaṭṭakkhandho cā’’ti (dī. ni. 3.224) evamādi.
遵循此理,此后有关通过此福德宝藏而获得这一切的经句,也应当从各处引来加以解说。然而,为避免过于冗长,此处仅作简说。现在,我将解释其余的词句。显示巴利原文
Iminā nayena ito paresampi iminā puññanidhinā paṭilābhasādhakāni suttapadāni tato tato ānetvā vattabbāni. Ativitthārabhayena tu saṃkhittaṃ, idāni avasesapadānaṃ vaṇṇanaṃ karissāmi.
“美好色身”(surūpatā):此处应知,整个身体称为“色”(rūpa),如同“虚空围绕,即名之为色”等经句所述。此色之美好,即是“美好色身”,意为:不过于长、不过于短,不过于瘦、不过于胖,不过于黑、不过于白。“自在”(ādhipacca)指主宰之地位,即以刹帝利豪门等身份而为所有者。“眷属”(parivāro)指在家者于亲族、随从方面的成就,或出家者于徒众方面的成就;自在与眷属合为“自在眷属”。于这些中,应以金色等来说明身相方面的成就,以自在说明财富方面的成就,以眷属说明亲族随从方面的成就。“一切以此而得”——即所谓“人们所欲求的这一切,皆可依此而得”,这是为了表明:首先特别提及的金色等一切功德,皆由此获得。应当这样理解。显示巴利原文
Surūpatāti ettha sakalasarīraṃ rūpanti veditabbaṃ ‘‘ākāso parivārito rūpaṃtveva saṅkhaṃ gacchatī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.306) viya, tassa rūpassa sundaratā surūpatā nātidīghatā nātirassatā nātikisatā nātithūlatā nātikāḷatā naccodātatāti vuttaṃ hoti. Ādhipaccanti adhipatibhāvo, khattiyamahāsālādibhāvena sāmikabhāvoti attho. Parivāroti agārikānaṃ sajanaparijanasampatti, anagārikānaṃ parisasampatti, ādhipaccañca parivāro ca ādhipaccaparivāro. Ettha ca suvaṇṇatādīhi sarīrasampatti, ādhipaccena bhogasampatti, parivārena sajanaparijanasampatti vuttāti veditabbā. Sabbametena labbhatīti yaṃ taṃ ‘‘yaṃ yadevābhipatthenti, sabbametena labbhatī’’ti vuttaṃ, tattha idampi tāva paṭhamaṃ odhiso vuttasuvaṇṇatādi sabbametena labbhatīti veditabbanti dasseti.
第十二偈的注解显示巴利原文
Dvādasamagāthāvaṇṇanā
12 12. 如此,这首偈颂先显示了由福德威力可得的、尚未达到王位的人天成就;现在,为显示那两种王位成就,而说出此偈:“地方王位……”显示巴利原文
12. Evamimāya gāthāya puññānubhāvena labhitabbaṃ rajjasampattito oraṃ devamanussasampattiṃ dassetvā idāni tadubhayarajjasampattiṃ dassento ‘‘padesarajja’’nti imaṃ gāthamāha.
其中,“地方王位”是指未达到一整洲,仅于大地上各别区域所行的王权。自在之状态即是自在,以此指示统领一洲的转轮王位。“转轮王乐”是指可爱、可意、令人愉悦的转轮王快乐,以此指示统御四方的转轮王位。“于诸天中的王位”即是天王位,以此也显示如曼陀多王等所获得的天王位。“及于天的”则指示那些由投生天界而称为“天”的众生,在其天身中所获得的天王位。“一切以此而得”——正如所说“凡有所希求,一切皆由此而得”,这里也当如此了知:如此别别说明的地方王位等,这一切都以此获得。显示巴利原文
Tattha padesarajjanti ekadīpampi sakalaṃ apāpuṇitvā pathaviyā ekamekasmiṃ padese rajjaṃ. Issarabhāvo issariyaṃ, iminā dīpacakkavattirajjaṃ dasseti. Cakkavattisukhaṃ piyanti iṭṭhaṃ kantaṃ manāpaṃ cakkavattisukhaṃ. Iminā cāturantacakkavattirajjaṃ dasseti. Devesu rajjaṃ devarajjaṃ, etena mandhātādīnampi manussānaṃ devarajjaṃ dassitaṃ hoti. Api dibbesūti iminā ye te divi bhavattā ‘‘dibbā’’ti vuccanti, tesu dibbesu kāyesu uppannānampi devarajjaṃ dasseti. Sabbametena labbhatīti yaṃ taṃ ‘‘yaṃ yadevābhipatthenti, sabbametena labbhatī’’ti vuttaṃ, tattha idampi dutiyaṃ odhiso padesarajjādi sabbametena labbhatīti veditabbanti dasseti.
第十三颂的解释显示巴利原文
Terasamagāthāvaṇṇanā
13 如是,此偈先显示了由福德威力所能获得的人间与诸天中的王权成就;随后,为以两首偈颂简要总括所说的成就并开示涅槃成就,而说此偈:“人间的成就……”显示巴利原文
13. Evamimāya gāthāya puññānubhāvena labhitabbaṃ devamanussarajjasampattiṃ dassetvā idāni dvīhi gāthāhi vuttaṃ sampattiṃ samāsato purakkhatvā nibbānasampattiṃ dassento ‘‘mānussikā ca sampattī’’ti imaṃ gāthamāha.
以下是此偈颂的逐词解释:「人间的」指属于人的,人间的就是属于人类的。「成就」即具足成就。「天界」指诸天的世界,在那天界中。「乐」指无余遍尽,他们借助内在生起或外在作为资具的事物而喜悦,因此称为乐,这也是乐与乐之处的同义词。「那」是一个不定词,而「及」字则是用来将前面的成就与后文连接起来。涅槃本身就是涅槃成就。显示巴利原文
Tassāyaṃ padavaṇṇanā – manussānaṃ ayanti mānussī, mānussī eva mānussikā. Sampajjanaṃ sampatti. Devānaṃ loko devaloko. Tasmiṃ devaloke. Yāti anavasesapariyādānaṃ, ramanti etāya ajjhattaṃ uppannāya bahiddhā vā upakaraṇabhūtāyāti rati, sukhassa sukhavatthuno cetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Yāti aniyatavacanaṃ casaddo pubbasampattiyā saha sampiṇḍanattho. Nibbānaṃyeva nibbānasampatti.
以下为释义:所谓“肤色美丽”等词所说的人间成就,以及天界中所说的乐——所有这一切;以及另一种由随信行等所应证的涅槃成就——这第三类分别,一切皆可由此获得。显示巴利原文
Ayaṃ pana atthavaṇṇanā – yā esā ‘‘suvaṇṇatā’’tiādīhi padehi mānussikā ca sampatti devaloke ca yā rati vuttā, sā ca sabbā, yā cāyamaparā saddhānusāribhāvādivasena pattabbā nibbānasampatti, sā cāti idaṃ tatiyampi odhiso sabbametena labbhatīti.
或者,那些先前并非以金色等宣说,而是依“世间勇敢、具念、行梵行者”(《增支部》9.21)等方式所指明、以智慧明辨等为差别的人间成就;另一种在天界中的禅那等乐;以及如前所说的那种涅槃成就——这第三类中的一切,也都能由此获得。此义理应如此了知。显示巴利原文
Atha vā yā pubbe suvaṇṇatādīhi avuttā ‘‘sūrā satimanto idha brahmacariyavāso’’ti evamādinā (a. ni. 9.21) nayena niddiṭṭhā paññāveyyattiyādibhedā ca mānussikā sampatti, aparā devaloke ca yā jhānādirati, yā ca yathāvuttappakārā nibbānasampatti cāti idampi tatiyaṃ odhiso sabbametena labbhatīti. Evampettha atthavaṇṇanā veditabbā.
第十四颂的解释显示巴利原文
Cuddasamagāthāvaṇṇanā
14 如此,以此偈颂说明由福德威力所得、由随信行等所应证的涅槃成就之后,现在为说明依三明、俱分解脱也同样应证的那涅槃成就及其方法,而说“依托友成就”此偈。显示巴利原文
14. Evamimāya gāthāya puññānubhāvena labhitabbaṃ saddhānusārībhāvādivasena pattabbaṃ nibbānasampattimpi dassetvā idāni tevijjaubhatobhāgavimuttabhāvavasenapi pattabbaṃ tameva tassa upāyañca dassento ‘‘mittasampadamāgammā’’ti imaṃ gāthamāha.
以下是对该偈颂的词句注疏:「成就」指藉此而成就,达到功德的庄严。「友成就」指友本身就是成就,也就是这样的友成就。「依托」指依靠。「如理」指通过方法。「致力」指作精勤修习。「明」指由此而了知;「解脱」指由此而解脱,或者自己由此而解脱;「明与解脱」指明与解脱,在明与解脱中的自在就是「明解脱自在」。显示巴利原文
Tassāyaṃ padavaṇṇanā – sampajjati etāya guṇavibhūtiṃ pāpuṇātīti sampadā, mitto eva sampadā mittasampadā, taṃ mittasampadaṃ. Āgammāti nissāya. Yonisoti upāyena. Payuñjatoti yogānuṭṭhānaṃ karoto. Vijānāti etāyāti vijjā, vimuccati etāya, sayaṃ vā vimuccatīti vimutti, vijjā ca vimutti ca vijjāvimuttiyo, vijjāvimuttīsu vasībhāvo vijjāvimuttivasībhāvo.
以下是义理上的注疏:那位依托友成就的人,依止导师或某位值得敬重的同梵行者,领受教诫与教授后,依照所教导的去实践,如理精勤,在宿住随念等三明之中,以及在依“其中,什么是解脱?即心的胜解与涅槃”(《法集论》1381)所说的、包含八等至与涅槃的解脱当中,由于在各方面都不迟钝而获得了自在。这第四种分类——所有这一切——都能以此而获得。显示巴利原文
Ayaṃ pana atthavaṇṇanā – yvāyaṃ mittasampadamāgamma satthāraṃ vā aññataraṃ vā garuṭṭhāniyaṃ sabrahmacāriṃ nissāya tato ovādañca anusāsaniñca gahetvā yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipattiyā yoniso payuñjato pubbenivāsādīsu tīsu vijjāsu ‘‘tattha katamā vimutti? Cittassa ca adhimutti nibbānañcā’’ti (dha. sa. 1381) evaṃ āgatāya aṭṭhasamāpattinibbānabhedāya vimuttiyā ca tathā tathā adandhāyitattena vasībhāvo, idampi catutthaṃ odhiso sabbametena labbhatīti.
第十五首偈颂的解释显示巴利原文
Pannarasamagāthāvaṇṇanā
15 如此,这首偈颂说明了依前文所说的明解脱自在所属的福德威力所能获得、且通过三明与俱分解脱之道应证的涅槃成就。接着,为了显示一切证得明解脱自在的三明者与俱分解脱者,也都获得无碍解等功德庄严,而藉由这种福德成就作为那功德庄严的近因,它也能如此这般地被获得,因此说出了“无碍解、诸解脱”这首偈颂。显示巴利原文
15. Evamimāya gāthāya pubbe kathitavijjāvimuttivasībhāvabhāgiyapuññānubhāvena labhitabbaṃ tevijjaubhatobhāgavimuttabhāvavasenapi pattabbaṃ nibbānasampattiṃ dassetvā idāni yasmā vijjāvimuttivasībhāvappattā tevijjā ubhatobhāgavimuttāpi sabbe paṭisambhidādiguṇavibhūtiṃ labhanti, imāya puññasampadāya ca tassā guṇavibhūtiyā padaṭṭhānavasena tathā tathā sāpi labbhati, tasmā tampi dassento ‘‘paṭisambhidā vimokkhā cā’’ti imaṃ gāthamāha.
“无碍解”即所谓“由妥善完成,这于法、义、词、辩中分类的智慧,称为无碍解”。还有依“有色者观看色”等方式(《长部》2.129;3.339)所指示的八解脱,由世尊的弟子所应证得的、能成就声闻成就的声闻波罗蜜,能成就独觉状态的辟支菩提,以及能成就一切众生最上状态的佛地——这第五种分类,所有这一切都能以此而获得,应当如此了知。显示巴利原文
‘‘Yato sammā katena yā cāyaṃ dhammatthaniruttipaṭibhānesu pabhedagatā paññā paṭisambhidā’’ti vuccati, ye cime ‘‘rūpī rūpāni passatī’’tiādinā (dī. ni. 2.129; 3.339) nayena aṭṭha vimokkhā, yā cāyaṃ bhagavato sāvakehi pattabbā sāvakasampattisādhikā sāvakapāramī, yā ca sayambhubhāvasādhikā paccekabodhi, yā ca sabbasattuttamabhāvasādhikā buddhabhūmi, idampi pañcamaṃ odhiso sabbametena labbhatīti veditabbaṃ.
第十六首偈颂的解释显示巴利原文
Soḷasamagāthāvaṇṇanā
16 世尊如此将“凡是人们所愿求的,一切皆能由此获得”这层含义,通过这五首偈颂一一分别显示之后,现在为了赞叹这被称为“能满足一切欲乐的宝库”的全部福德成就,便以“此有大利益”这首偈颂结束了此次教导。显示巴利原文
16. Evaṃ bhagavā yaṃ taṃ ‘‘yaṃ yadevābhipatthenti, sabbametena labbhatī’’ti vuttaṃ, taṃ imāhi pañcahi gāthāhi odhiso odhiso dassetvā idāni sabbamevidaṃ sabbakāmadadanidhisaññitaṃ puññasampadaṃ pasaṃsanto ‘‘evaṃ mahatthikā esā’’ti imāya gāthāya desanaṃ niṭṭhapesi.
以下是对该偈颂的词句注释——“如是”:指示过去之事。“大利益”:即有大利益,意为能带来大利益;也有读作“有大神力”的。“此”:为指示之词,由此指代从“由布施、由持戒”开始,直至“智者应造作福德”所说的福德成就。“所谓”:是令现前之虚词,以此,为令所指现前,而说“此即是”使其现前。“福德成就”:即诸福德的成就。“因此”:表示因由之词。“坚定者”:具足坚毅的人。“称赞”:褒扬。“智者”:具足智慧的人。“已作福德性”:已造作福德的状态。显示巴利原文
Tassāyaṃ padavaṇṇanā – evanti atītatthanidassanaṃ. Mahanto attho assāti mahatthikā, mahato atthāya saṃvattatīti vuttaṃ hoti, mahiddhikātipi pāṭho. Esāti uddesavacanaṃ, tena ‘‘yassa dānena sīlenā’’ti ito pabhuti yāva ‘‘kayirātha dhīro puññānī’’ti vuttaṃ puññasampadaṃ uddisati. Yadidanti abhimukhakaraṇatthe nipāto, tena esāti uddiṭṭhaṃ niddisituṃ yā esāti abhimukhaṃ karoti. Puññānaṃ sampadā puññasampadā. Tasmāti kāraṇavacanaṃ. Dhīrāti dhitimanto. Pasaṃsantīti vaṇṇayanti. Paṇḍitāti paññāsampannā. Katapuññatanti katapuññabhāvaṃ.
其次,这是义理的注释:世尊赞叹了从金色身乃至佛地为止,通过福德成就的威力所应证得的义理后,现在为了归纳显示此义理,便以彼义理赞叹如前所述的福德成就所具有的大利益,而说道:此福德成就因能带来大利益故,实为大利益者,即如我所开示的“以布施、持戒”等福德成就。因此,如我这般为利益与安乐众生,说法而无疲倦,因如实之德,坚定者与智者以“不与他人共,不为盗贼所取之宝藏”等此处已说,以及如“诸比丘,莫畏福德;诸比丘,福德即是乐的同义词”等未说之言说,以种种方式称赞已作福德之事,而非出于偏袒。显示巴利原文
Ayaṃ pana atthavaṇṇanā – iti bhagavā suvaṇṇatādiṃ buddhabhūmipariyosānaṃ puññasampadānubhāvena adhigantabbamatthaṃ vaṇṇayitvā idāni tamevatthaṃ sampiṇḍetvā dassento tenevatthena yathāvuttappakārāya puññasampadāya mahatthikattaṃ thunanto āha – evaṃ mahato atthassa āvahanena mahatthikā esā, yadidaṃ mayā ‘‘yassa dānena sīlenā’’tiādinā nayena desitā puññasampadā, tasmā mādisā sattānaṃ hitasukhāvahāya dhammadesanāya akilāsutāya yathābhūtaguṇena ca dhīrā paṇḍitā ‘‘asādhāraṇamaññesaṃ, acorāharaṇo nidhī’’tiādīhi idha vuttehi ca, avuttehi ca ‘‘mā, bhikkhave, puññānaṃ bhāyittha, sukhassetaṃ, bhikkhave, adhivacanaṃ, yadidaṃ puññānī’’tiādīhi (a. ni. 7.62; itivu. 22; netti. 121) vacanehi anekākāravokāraṃ katapuññataṃ pasaṃsanti, na pakkhapātenāti.
开示结束时,那位近事男与大众一同安立于入流果。他又前往憍萨罗王波斯匿面前,禀告了此事。国王极为欢喜,赞叹道:“善哉,居士!善哉,居士!你竟埋藏了像我这样的人也无法持取的宝藏!”并作了隆重的供养。显示巴利原文
Desanāpariyosāne so upāsako bahujanena saddhiṃ sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhāsi, rañño ca pasenadikosalassa santikaṃ gantvā etamatthaṃ ārocesi, rājā ativiya tuṭṭho hutvā ‘‘sādhu, gahapati, sādhu kho tvaṃ , gahapati, mādisehipi anāharaṇīyaṃ nidhiṃ nidhesī’’ti saṃrādhetvā mahatiṃ pūjamakāsīti.