第12品 降下品
(12) 2. Paccorohaṇivaggo
第一非正法经等的注释
1-4. Paṭhamaadhammasuttādivaṇṇanā
113-6113-6. 第二经的第一句和第二句意思很明白。第三句“知者了知”:是指以一切知智,确实了知一切应当被了知的事物。因为安住在部分智中的人,并不能了知一切应当被了知的事物。通过最殊胜的说明和无差别的涵盖,“知”这个词已经统摄了全部没有剩余的所知范畴,所以与这个范畴相应的认知作用,只有以一切知智作为工具才是合理的;而且结合上下文来看,由于“世尊”这个词就近出现,这个意思也应该这样来说明。“见者确见所应见”:以被称作天眼、慧眼、法眼、佛眼、遍眼的各类智眼,确实见到那应当被见的。或者说,“知者了知”:正如其他执取欲贪、色贪遍知而具颠倒想的人,虽然也知道,却是以颠倒想而知道,世尊则不是这样。世尊因为已断尽颠倒,所以知者确知;因为不存在邪见之见,所以见者确见,这就是其义。“如眼般成就”:以引导见之义,如同眼一般成就。正如眼引导、成就众生见物之义,同样,因为能成就世间如实之见,以引导见的作用之义,如同眼一般成就;或者因为以慧眼为体,以自存智成就慧眼,所以称为眼成就。
113-6. Dutiyassa paṭhamadutiyāni uttānatthāni. Tatiye jānaṃ jānātīti sabbaññutaññāṇena jānitabbaṃ sabbaṃ jānāti eva. Na hi padesañāṇe ṭhito jānitabbaṃ sabbaṃ jānāti. Ukkaṭṭhaniddesena hi avisesaggahaṇena ca ‘‘jāna’’nti iminā niravasesaṃ ñeyyajātaṃ pariggayhatīti tabbisayāya jānanakiriyāya sabbaññutaññāṇameva karaṇaṃ bhavituṃ yuttaṃ, pakaraṇavasena ‘‘bhagavā’’ti saddantarasannidhānena ca ayamattho vibhāvetabbo. Passitabbameva passatīti dibbacakkhupaññācakkhudhammacakkhubuddhacakkhusamantacakkhusaṅkhātehi ñāṇacakkhūhi passitabbaṃ passati eva. Atha vā jānaṃ jānātīti yathā aññe savipallāsā kāmarūpapariññāvādino jānantāpi vipallāsavasena jānanti, na evaṃ bhagavā. Bhagavā pana pahīnavipallāsattā jānanto jānāti eva, diṭṭhidassanassa abhāvā passanto passatiyevāti attho. Cakkhu viya bhūtoti dassanapariṇāyakaṭṭhena cakkhu viya bhūto. Yathā hi cakkhu sattānaṃ dassanatthaṃ pariṇeti sādheti, evaṃ lokassa yāthāvadassanasādhanatopi dassanakiccapariṇāyakaṭṭhena cakkhu viya bhūto, paññācakkhumayattā vā sayambhuñāṇena paññācakkhuṃ bhūto pattoti vā cakkhubhūto.
“智自性”是指以能让人了知这一点来说,它是智的自性。以不颠倒的自性来说,或者因为教法流传,或者经过心中思惟后以言语说出而成为法,所以是“法所成”。因此说“法自性”。或者,“法”指菩提分法,因为那些法已经在他身上生起,他也让世间生起那些法;又或者因为他证得了不与他人共通的独特法,所以是“法所成”。以最殊胜的意义来说,是“梵所成”,所以说“最胜自性”。或者,“梵”是指道,因为这道已在他身上生起,他也让世间生起这道,而且他以自生智证得了它,所以是“梵所成”。他演说四谛法,所以是“说者”。他长久宣说,使真理得以通达,所以是“转者”。他抽释义理:把苦等含义,以及其中逼迫等义都提取出来;或者引导至究竟义即涅槃,使其趣入,所以是“引导者”。通过教授证得不死的行道,令众生产生不死之证悟,他赐予不死,所以是“授予不死者”。因为菩提分法都归属于他,所以是“法主”。第四经中没有其他需要解释的了。
Ñāṇasabhāvoti viditakaraṇaṭṭhena ñāṇasabhāvo. Aviparītasabhāvaṭṭhena pariyattidhammappavattanato vā hadayena cintetvā vācāya nicchāritadhammamayoti dhammabhūto. Tenāha ‘‘dhammasabhāvo’’ti. Dhammā vā bodhipakkhiyā tehi uppannattā lokassa ca taduppādanato, anaññasādhāraṇaṃ vā dhammaṃ patto adhigatoti dhammabhūto. Seṭṭhaṭṭhena brahmabhūtoti āha ‘‘seṭṭhasabhāvo’’ti. Atha vā brahmā vuccati maggo, tena uppannattā lokassa ca taduppādanato, tañca sayambhuñāṇena pattoti brahmabhūto. Catusaccadhammaṃ vadatīti vattā. Ciraṃ saccappaṭivedhaṃ pavattento vadatīti pavattā. Atthaṃ nīharitvāti dukkhādiatthaṃ tatthāpi pīḷanādiatthaṃ uddharitvā. Paramatthaṃ vā nibbānaṃ pāpayitā ninnetā. Amatādhigamapaṭipattidesanāya amatasacchikiriyaṃ sattesu uppādento amataṃ dadātīti amatassa dātā. Bodhipakkhiyadhammānaṃ tadāyattabhāvato dhammasāmī. Catutthe natthi vattabbaṃ.
5-42. 《伤歌逻经》等的注释
5-42. Saṅgāravasuttādivaṇṇanā
117-154第五经中,“少”是指少量,不多。而“此其余的众生”,是指剩下的那些众生只追逐有身见,其实这些才是更多的,这就是要义。“于善说”,是指在正确开示、善巧宣说的法中。“于法”,是指在你所开示的法中。“法随转者”,是指听闻该法后,完成了与它相应的修行道路,通过亲证道果而成为法的随转者。“是死魔的住处”,是指成了名为烦恼魔的死魔所居住的地方。“将渡过极难度,到达彼岸”,是说那些成为法随转者的人,将会渡过并超越这极难渡越的魔域,到达涅槃彼岸。
117-154. Pañcame appakāti thokā, na bahū. Athāyaṃ itarā pajāti yā panāyaṃ avasesā pajā sakkāyadiṭṭhitīrameva anudhāvati, ayameva bahutarāti attho. Sammadakkhāteti sammā akkhāte sukathite. Dhammeti tava desanādhamme. Dhammānuvattinoti taṃ dhammaṃ sutvā tadanucchavikaṃ paṭipadaṃ pūretvā maggaphalasacchikaraṇena dhammānuvattino. Maccuno ṭhānabhūtanti kilesamārasaṅkhātassa maccuno nivāsaṭṭhānabhūtaṃ. Suduttaraṃ taritvā pāramessantīti ye janā dhammānuvattino, te etaṃ suduttaraṃ duratikkamaṃ māradheyyaṃ taritvā atikkamitvā nibbānapāraṃ gamissanti.
舍弃黑法,就是舍弃了以身恶行等各类不善法。应当修习白法,意思是:有智慧的比丘从出家开始,一直到阿拉汉道,都应当修习以身善行等各类白法。从家到无家,这里“家”指的是爱著,“无家”指的是无爱著。从爱著中出离,以被称为无爱著的涅槃为所缘,心朝向它。
Kaṇhaṃ dhammaṃ vippahāyāti kāyaduccaritādibhedaṃ akusalaṃ dhammaṃ jahitvā. Sukkaṃ bhāvethāti paṇḍito bhikkhu abhinikkhamanato paṭṭhāya yāva arahattamaggā kāyasucaritādibhedaṃ sukkaṃ dhammaṃ bhāveyya. Okā anokamāgammāti okaṃ vuccati ālayo, anokaṃ vuccati anālayo. Ālayato nikkhamitvā anālayasaṅkhātaṃ nibbānaṃ paṭicca ārabbha.
在那里,他应当对远离产生欢喜。所谓远离,是指无执著,也就是涅槃。众生很难在这涅槃中感到欢喜,所以他应当对那里生起欢喜。两种欲,是指事欲和烦恼欲。以心中的尘垢,是指用五盖来净化自己,使自己离于五盖、清净、纯净,意思就是彻底净化。
Tatrābhiratimiccheyyāti yasmiṃ anālayasaṅkhāte viveke nibbāne imehi sattehi durabhiramaṃ, tatrābhiratimiccheyya. Duvidhepi kāmeti vatthukāmakilesakāme. Cittaklesehīti pañcahi nīvaraṇehi attānaṃ pariyodapeyya vodāpeyya, parisodheyyāti attho.
在七觉支当中,就是指在七觉支上。心被正确地善加修习,意思是依靠正确的原因和方法,心被好好地修习、增长。具有光辉,就是具有威神之力;意思是说,他们以阿罗汉道智的光辉,照亮了五蕴等种种法而安住。他们在这世间般涅槃,是说他们在这五蕴等世间,从证得阿罗汉果开始,因为烦恼的轮转已经断尽,所以是有余依般涅槃;又因为最后心识的息灭,五蕴的轮转彻底断尽,所以是无余依般涅槃。他们通过这两种般涅槃而般涅槃,就像灯焰没有了油而熄灭一样,进入了不可记说的状态。
Sambodhiyaṅgesūti sambojjhaṅgesu. Sammā cittaṃ subhāvitanti sammā hetunā nayena cittaṃ suṭṭhu bhāvitaṃ vaḍḍhitaṃ. Jutimantoti ānubhāvavanto, arahattamaggañāṇajutiyā khandhādibhede dhamme jotetvā ṭhitāti attho. Te loke parinibbutāti te imasmiṃ khandhādiloke parinibbutā nāma arahattappattito paṭṭhāya kilesavaṭṭassa khepitattā saupādisesena, carimacittanirodhena khandhavaṭṭassa khepitattā anupādisesena cāti dvīhi parinibbānehi parinibbutā, anupādāno viya padīpo apaṇṇattikabhāvaṃ gatāti attho.
从这里往后,直到第三品五十经的部分,内容都很浅显易懂。
Ito paraṃ yāva tatiyo paṇṇāsako, tāva uttānatthameva.
第四组五十经
4. Catutthapaṇṇāsakaṃ
155-166第155到166经,是第四组的第一品,内容本身一看就懂。
155-166. Catutthassa paṭhamavaggo uttānatthoyeva.
《婆罗门再下降经》等经的注释
1-44. Brāhmaṇapaccorohaṇīsuttādivaṇṇanā
167-210167-210. 第二品中,第一经等,词义浅显易懂。第十经中,“后地住者”指住在边地的人。“水藻花环者”,是天一亮就下水,采集水藻和青莲等,做成花环戴在身上,借此知道自己以水净化的状态,也为了解“世间靠水得到清净”这个道理的人。“入水者”,是在清晨、正午、傍晚三个时段入水的人。所以经文说“致力于傍晚第三次入水的修行”。第十一经等,词义浅显易懂。第四五十篇中,没有需要解说的。
167-210. Dutiye ca paṭhamādīni uttānatthāni. Dasame pacchābhūmivāsinoti paccantadesavāsino. Sevālamālikāti pātova udakaṃ orohitvā sevālañceva uppalādīni ca gahetvā attano udakasuddhikabhāvajānanatthañceva ‘‘lokassa ca udakena suddhi hotī’’ti imassa atthassa jānanatthañca mālaṃ katvā pilandhanakā. Udakorohakāti pāto majjhanhe sāyanhe ca udakaorohaṇakā. Tenāha ‘‘sāyatatiyakaṃ udakorohaṇānuyogamanuyuttā’’ti. Ekādasamādīni uttānatthāni. Catutthe paṇṇāsake natthi vattabbaṃ.