第四品 优波离品
4. Upālivaggo
优波离经的注释
1. Upālisuttavaṇṇanā
31在第四品第一经中,“义利”(atthavaso)指增长殊胜,即由于制定学处而应证得的利益殊胜——这是它的意思。或者说,义本身就是义利,所谓十种义就是十种原因。又,义是果,因为此因随果而转,所以称为“义利”,在此处也应当理解为因的意思。世尊曾说过:“凡认为我的言教应听应信者,这将会为他们长夜带来利益与安乐。”因此说“凡是接受如来教法的人,那将会对他长夜带来利益与安乐”。如同《跋陀利经》所示,这揭示了不接受的过患。因为没有安乐住就不会有共住的人,所以共住者的安乐住也被称为安乐住。所谓安乐住,即是四种威仪中的安稳舒适。
31. Catutthassa paṭhame atthavaseti vuddhivisese, sikkhāpadapaññattihetu adhigamanīye hitaviseseti attho. Atthoyeva vā atthavaso, dasa atthe dasa kāraṇānīti vuttaṃ hoti. Atha vā attho phalaṃ tadadhīnavuttitāya vaso etassāti atthavaso, hetūti evampettha attho daṭṭhabbo. ‘‘Ye mama sotabbaṃ saddahātabbaṃ maññissanti, tesaṃ taṃ assa dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāyā’’ti vuttattā ‘‘yo ca tathāgatassa vacanaṃ sampaṭicchati, tassa taṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya saṃvattatī’’ti vuttaṃ. Asampaṭicchane ādīnavanti bhaddālisutte viya asampaṭicchane ādīnavaṃ dassetvā. Sukhavihārābhāve sahajīvamānassa abhāvato sahajīvitāpi sukhavihārova vutto. Sukhavihāro nāma catunnaṃ iriyāpathavihārānaṃ phāsutā.
“羞涩”(maṅku)指失去光彩,萎靡不振。在提到“依法”等处时:“法”指真实的事物;“律”指诘问与令忆念;“大师教”指白法具足及甘马语具足。
Maṅkutanti nittejataṃ. Dhammenātiādīsu dhammoti bhūtaṃ vatthu. Vinayoti codanā ceva sāraṇā ca. Satthusāsananti ñattisampadā ceva anussāvanasampadā ca.
“乐于修学者”(piyasīlānaṃ)指乐于受持学处的人。对他们而言,戒是可爱的,因此他说:“为圆满三学而精勤者”。“心生犹豫”(sandiddhamanā)即心生疑惑。“被逼迫”(ubbaḷhā honti)即感到苦恼。“僧伽行事”(saṅghakammāni):布萨与自恣虽也属僧伽行事,但如同以牛群与耕牛作喻一般,此处将布萨与自恣除外,应知是指具足戒等其余的僧伽行事。而行事的和合状态,即是“和合”(sāmaggī)。
Piyasīlānanti sikkhākāmānaṃ. Tesañhi sīlaṃ piyaṃ hoti. Tenevāha ‘‘sikkhāttayapāripūriyā ghaṭamānā’’ti. Sandiddhamanāti saṃsayaṃ āpajjamanā . Ubbaḷhā hontīti pīḷitā honti. Saṅghakammānīti satipi uposathapavāraṇānaṃ saṅghakammabhāve gobalībaddañāyena uposathaṃ pavāraṇañca ṭhapetvā upasampadādisesasaṅghakammānaṃ gahaṇaṃ veditabbaṃ. Samaggānaṃ bhāvo sāmaggī.
“纯陀,我并非只为了防护现世诸漏而说法”(《长部》3.182),在此处,成为争论之根的烦恼,被称为“漏”。
‘‘Nāhaṃ, cunda, diṭṭhadhammikānaṃyeva āsavānaṃ saṃvarāya dhammaṃ desemī’’ti (dī. ni. 3.182) ettha vivādamūlabhūtā kilesā āsavāti āgatā.
依此能生于天界,或为乾闼婆,或为飞鸟;
我由此得夜叉之性,并舍弃人身。
‘‘Yena devūpapatyassa, gandhabbo vā vihaṅgamo; Yakkhattaṃ yena gaccheyyaṃ, manussattañca abbaje; Te mayhaṃ āsavā khīṇā, viddhastā vinaḷīkatā’’ti. (a. ni. 4.36) –
在此,三地之业与其余不善法皆称为漏。然而此处,漏特指毁谤他人、追悔、杀害、束缚等,以及成为恶趣之苦的种种灾患,故说:“住于不防护者,即于此自身中当得的”等等。意思是:若世尊不制定学处,则因行恶法、不与取、杀生等,便会引生现世的种种无义,如遭他人毁谤等;又因那些恶行为缘,生于地狱等处,遭受五种束缚、刑罚等大苦,此即来世的种种无义。正是为此,说“为防护现法之漏、为对治当来之漏”。现法,指现前可见的自身,属于此中的事物即是“现法所摄”,故说“即于此自身中当得的”。当面指责称为“无誉”,背后指责称为“恶名”。或者,当面与背后的指责都属“无誉”,眷属的丧失则叫“恶名”。“关闭来处之门”即堵塞当来的趣道。“当来”(samparāya)是应当往赴、死后所去之处,即他世,故说“当来在地狱等处”。
Ettha tebhūmakaṃ kammaṃ avasesā ca akusalā dhammā. Idha pana parūpavādavippaṭisāravadhabandhādayo ceva apāyadukkhabhūtā ca nānappakārā upaddavā āsavāti āha ‘‘asaṃvare ṭhitena tasmiṃyeva attabhāve pattabbā’’tiādi. Yadi hi bhagavā sikkhāpadaṃ na ca paññapeyya, tato asaddhammappaṭisevanaadinnādānapāṇātipātādihetu ye uppajjeyyuṃ parūpavādādayo diṭṭhadhammikā nānappakārā anatthā, ye ca tannimittameva nirayādīsu nibbattassa pañcavidhabandhanakammakāraṇādivasena mahādukkhānubhavanappakārā anatthā, te sandhāya idaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘diṭṭhadhammikānaṃ āsavānaṃ saṃvarāya samparāyikānaṃ āsavānaṃ paṭighātāyā’’ti. Diṭṭhadhammo vuccati paccakkho attabhāvo, tattha bhavā diṭṭhadhammikā. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘tasmiṃyeva attabhāve pattabbā’’ti. Sammukhā garahanaṃ akitti, parammukhā garahanaṃ ayaso. Atha vā sammukhā parammukhā garahanaṃ akitti, parivārahāni ayasoti veditabbaṃ. Āgamanamaggathakanāyāti āgamanadvārapidahanatthāya. Samparetabbato pecca gantabbato samparāyo, paralokoti āha ‘‘samparāye narakādīsū’’ti.
‘淫欲等’是染着的处所,‘杀生等’是毁犯的处所。
Methunādīni rajjanaṭṭhānāni. Pāṇātipātādīni dussanaṭṭhānāni.
「律仪调伏」:即戒律仪、念律仪、智律仪、忍律仪、精进律仪,这五种是律仪。于各自应当防护乃至调伏的身恶行等,由防护作用故,称为「律仪」;由调伏作用故,称为「调伏」。「断调伏」:即彼分断、镇伏断、正断、止息断、出离断,这五种是断。从舍弃义说为「断」,从调伏义说为「调伏」,因此称为「断调伏」。「止息调伏」:即七种诤事的止息。「施设调伏」:即学处本身。因为唯有当学处的制定存在时,才有学处的生起,所以施设调伏也由学处的制定所成立。其余此处已说的内容,道理相同。
Saṃvaravinayoti sīlasaṃvaro, satisaṃvaro, ñāṇasaṃvaro, khantisaṃvaro, vīriyasaṃvaroti pañcavidho saṃvaro. Yathāsakaṃ saṃvaritabbānaṃ vinetabbānañca kāyaduccaritādīnaṃ saṃvaraṇato saṃvaro, vinayanato vinayoti vuccati . Pahānavinayoti tadaṅgappahānaṃ vikkhambhanappahānaṃ, samucchedappahānaṃ, paṭipassaddhippahānaṃ, nissaraṇappahānanti pañcavidhaṃ pahānaṃ yasmā cāgaṭṭhena pahānaṃ, vinayaṭṭhena vinayo, tasmā ‘‘pahānavinayo’’ti vuccati. Samathavinayoti satta adhikaraṇasamathā. Paññattivinayoti sikkhāpadameva. Sikkhāpadapaññattiyā hi vijjamānāya eva sikkhāpadasambhavato paññattivinayopi sikkhāpadapaññattiyā anuggahito hoti. Sesamettha vuttatthameva.