(七)二、双品
(7) 2. Yamakavaggo
一、无明经等注
1. Avijjāsuttādivaṇṇanā
61-6261-62. 在第二品的第一部经中,「有缘」指带着因缘条件。「明解脱」指果智和其余相应法。「觉支」指道觉支。在第二部经中,「有贪」指对生存的渴求。这样一来,这两部经说的都是轮回;不过,第一部经说的是以无明为根的轮回,第二部经说的是以贪爱为根的轮回。
61-62. Dutiyassa paṭhame sāhāranti sapaccayaṃ. Vijjāvimuttinti phalañāṇañceva sesasampayuttadhamme ca. Bojjhaṅgāti maggabojjhaṅgā. Dutiye bhavataṇhāyāti bhavapatthanāya. Evaṃ dvīsupi suttesu vaṭṭameva kathitaṃ, vaṭṭañcettha paṭhame sutte avijjāmūlakaṃ vaṭṭaṃ kathitaṃ, dutiye taṇhāmūlakaṃ.
三-四、究竟经等注
3-4. Niṭṭhaṅgatasuttādivaṇṇanā
63-6463-64. 第三部经中,「已达究竟」指已决断、无犹豫者。「此处究竟」即于此世界便般涅槃。「离此处后」即舍离此世界,往生净居梵天。第四部经中,「具不坏净信」指具足不动摇的净信。「入流者」即已入圣道之流。
63-64. Tatiye niṭṭhaṃ gatāti nibbematikā. Idha niṭṭhāti imasmiṃyeva loke parinibbānaṃ. Idha vihāyāti imaṃ lokaṃ vijahitvā suddhāvāsabrahmalokaṃ. Catutthe aveccappasannāti acalappasādena sampannā. Sotāpannāti ariyamaggasotaṃ āpannā.
五-七、第一乐经等注
5-7. Paṭhamasukhasuttādivaṇṇanā
65-6765-67. 第五部经中,所问是以轮回为根本的苦与乐;第六部经中,所问是以教法为根本的。第七部经中,「那罗伽波那」:往昔菩萨受教时,有一处猿群用芦苇汲水而饮,后来在此所建之集镇即由此得名。「默然、默然」:当他望向各方时,所到之处皆全然默然。「环视后」:即从各处看过之后。「我背痛」:为何会痛?因世尊六年苦行时,身体曾受极大苦楚,年迈后便落下了背风痛的病患。但凡有所执受之身,无人能单凭行住坐卧等威仪全然免于一切病痛。他如此说,也是为给长老一个敷设坐具的机缘。「敷设僧伽帝衣后」:即将僧伽帝衣铺于一旁合适之处,覆盖在已铺设好的适宜床座上。
65-67. Pañcame vaṭṭamūlakaṃ sukhadukkhaṃ pucchitaṃ, chaṭṭhe sāsanamūlakaṃ. Sattame naḷakapānanti atīte bodhisattassa ovāde ṭhatvā vānarayūthena naḷehi udakassa pītaṭṭhāne māpitattā evaṃladdhanāmo nigamo. Tuṇhībhūtaṃ tuṇhībhūtanti yaṃ yaṃ disaṃ anuviloketi, tattha tattha tuṇhībhūtameva. Anuviloketvāti tato tato viloketvā. Piṭṭhi me āgilāyatīti kasmā āgilāyati? Bhagavato hi cha vassāni mahāpadhānaṃ padahantassa mahantaṃ kāyadukkhaṃ ahosi, athassa aparabhāge mahallakakāle piṭṭhivāto uppajji. Upādinnakasarīrassa ṭhānanisajjādīhi appamattakena ābādhena na sakkā kenaci bhavituṃ. Taṃ gahetvāpi therassa okāsakaraṇatthaṃ evamāha. Saṅghāṭiṃ paññāpetvā ekamante patirūpaṭṭhāne paññattassa kappiyamañcassa upari attharitvā.
九-十、论事二经注
9-10. Kathāvatthusuttadvayavaṇṇanā
69-7069-70. 第九经中,「畜生论」:因此类谈话不能导向善趣与解脱道,故称为畜生性之论。其中,以国王为对象,顺着“大选出王、曼陀多王、法阿育王有如此大神力”等论式而起的谈话,即是「王论」。「盗贼论」等亦同此理。于其中,若以“某国王容貌端正、可悦”等论式而说,便属于依在家语而起的畜生论。然而,若转而思维“即使如此具大神力者,也已灭尽”,由是生起的谈话则可安立于业处。关于盗贼,若说“根本盗贼有如此大神力,某某盗贼有如此大神力”,并对他们行为生起“啊,真是勇士”这种在家论调,即是畜生论。关于战争,对于“在巴拉达等战役中,某人如此被杀、如此被射穿”等内容,若为享受谈论之味而说,即是畜生论;但若转为“连他们也已全部灭尽”,由是生起的谈话,在一切时中即为业处。此外,关于饮食等,若以乐受感官欲乐的语调说:“我们曾吃过、享用过、饮过、尝过如此色、香、味、触圆满的食物”,这是不应许的;但当赋予其有意义的说法,例如说:“过去我曾”
69-70. Navame tiracchānakathanti aniyyānikattā saggamokkhamaggānaṃ tiracchānabhūtaṃ kathaṃ. Tattha rājānaṃ ārabbha ‘‘mahāsammato mandhātā dhammāsoko evaṃmahānubhāvo’’tiādinā nayena pavattakathā rājakathā. Esa nayo corakathādīsu. Tesu ‘‘asuko rājā abhirūpo dassanīyo’’tiādinā gehasitakathāva tiracchānakathā hoti, ‘‘sopi nāma evaṃmahānubhāvo khayaṃ gato’’ti evaṃ pavattā pana kammaṭṭhānabhāve tiṭṭhati. Coresupi ‘‘mūladevo evaṃmahānubhāvo, meghadevo evaṃmahānubhāvo’’ti tesaṃ kammaṃ paṭicca ‘‘aho sūrā’’ti gehasitakathāva tiracchānakathā. Yuddhesupi bhāratayuddhādīsu ‘‘asukena asuko evaṃ mārito evaṃ viddho’’ti kammassādavaseneva kathā tiracchānakathā, ‘‘tepi nāma khayaṃ gatā’’ti evaṃ pavattā pana sabbattha kammaṭṭhānameva hoti. Apica annādīsu ‘‘evaṃ vaṇṇavantaṃ rasavantaṃ phassasampannaṃ khādimha bhuñjimha pivimha paribhuñjimhā’’ti kāmarasassādavasena kathetuṃ na vaṭṭati, sātthakaṃ pana katvā ‘‘pubbe evaṃ vaṇṇādisampannaṃ annaṃ pānaṃ vatthaṃ yānaṃ mālaṃ gandhaṃ sīlavantānaṃ adamha, cetiyaṃ pūjimhā’’ti kathetuṃ vaṭṭati.
在「亲戚论」等中也是如此。如果以“我们的亲戚是勇士、有能力”或者“从前我们乘着那样华美的车乘到处游历”的口吻,出于爱著沉溺其中而说,则不应当说;而应转向有意义的谈论,例如:“即使那些亲戚也已灭尽”,或者说:“从前我们将这样的鞋履布施给了僧团”。关于「村庄论」,若以村庄规划得好或不好、丰足或有饥荒等为由,或者说“某村居民是勇士、有能力”,这样为了沉溺其中的快乐而说,那也是不应当的;但应当赋予其有意义的内容,可以说:“他们是有信心、已净信的人”,或者说“他们已走向灭尽与衰亡”。对于市镇论、城论、国家论,也是同样的道理。
Ñātikathādīsupi ‘‘amhākaṃ ñātakā sūrā samatthā’’ti vā ‘‘pubbe mayaṃ evaṃ vicitrehi yānehi vicarimhā’’ti vā assādavasena vattuṃ na vaṭṭati , sātthakaṃ pana katvā ‘‘tepi no ñātakā khayaṃ gatā’’ti vā ‘‘pubbe mayaṃ evarūpā upāhanā saṅghassa adamhā’’ti vā kathetabbaṃ. Gāmakathāpi suniviṭṭhadunniviṭṭhasubhikkhadubbhikkhādivasena vā ‘‘asukagāmavāsino sūrā samatthā’’ti vā evaṃ assādavaseneva na vaṭṭati, sātthakaṃ pana katvā ‘‘saddhā pasannā’’ti vā ‘‘khayavayaṃ gatā’’ti vā vattuṃ vaṭṭati. Nigamanagarajanapadakathāsupi eseva nayo.
「妇女论」若着眼于容貌、体形等,基于爱著而去谈论是不如法的,唯有依“她具足信心、已得净信、已走向灭尽”这样的方式来说才如法。「战士论」也是如此,以“名为欢喜友的战士曾是勇士”这样基于爱著而说是不如法的,唯有依“他曾经具足信心、已走向灭尽”这样的方式来说才如法。而经中所说的「酒论」,即关于种种酒的谈论,以享受的口吻去说是不如法的,唯有以指出过患的方式来说才如法。「街道论」也是如此,以“某条街道布局很好、布局很差,那里的人是勇士、有能力”这样基于爱著而说是不如法的,唯有依“他们具足信心、已得净信、已走向灭尽”的方式来说才如法。被称为「瓶处论」的,是指尖顶处论、水浴场论,或者是关于瓶婢的谈论。在此,以“她端庄、善舞、善歌、灵巧”这样基于爱著而说是不如法的,唯有顺着“具足信心、已得净信”等理路来说才如法。
Itthikathāpi vaṇṇasaṇṭhānādīni paṭicca assādavasena na vaṭṭati, ‘‘saddhā pasannā khayaṃ gatā’’ti evameva vaṭṭati. Sūrakathāpi ‘‘nandimitto nāma yodho sūro ahosī’’ti assādavaseneva na vaṭṭati, ‘‘saddho ahosi khayaṃ gato’’ti evameva vaṭṭati. Surākathanti pāḷiyaṃ pana anekavidhaṃ majjakathaṃ assādavasena kathetuṃ na vaṭṭati, ādīnavavaseneva vattuṃ vaṭṭati. Visikhākathāpi ‘‘asukavisikhā suniviṭṭhā dunniviṭṭhā sūrā samatthā’’ti assādavaseneva na vaṭṭati, ‘‘saddhā pasannā khayaṃ gatā’’ti vaṭṭati. Kumbhaṭṭhānakathā nāma kūṭaṭṭhānakathā udakatitthakathā vuccati (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 1.17; ma. ni. aṭṭha. 2.223; saṃ. ni. aṭṭha. 3.5.1080). Kumbhadāsikathā vā. Sāpi ‘‘pāsādikā naccituṃ gāyituṃ chekā’’ti assādavasena na vaṭṭati, ‘‘saddhā pasannā’’tiādinā nayeneva vaṭṭati.
「前亡者论」是指关于已故亲戚的谈话。在此,其判定方式与在世亲属论相同。「种种论」是指除去了前后连贯的论述之外,其余各种性质不同的畜生论。「世间论」是指“这个世间是由谁创造的?由某某创造的。乌鸦是白的,因为骨头的白性;苍鹭是红的,因为血的红性”等此类世间诡辩杂谈。「海洋论」是指“为何大海称为海?因为被海神所掘,故称为海;因以手印告知‘是我掘的’,故称为海”等此类无意义的海洋推测论。「有」指增长,「非有」指减损。像这样,说“如此有,如此非有”,提出种种无意义的原因而展开的谈论,即称为「有非有论」。
Pubbapetakathā nāma atītañātikathā. Tattha vattamānañātikathāsadisova vinicchayo. Nānattakathā nāma purimapacchimakathāvimuttā avasesā nānāsabhāvā tiracchānakathā. Lokakkhāyikā nāma ‘‘ayaṃ loko kena nimmito? Asukena nāma nimmito. Kāko seto aṭṭhīnaṃ setattā, balākā rattā lohitassa rattattā’’tievamādikā lokāyatavitaṇḍasallāpakathā. Samuddakkhāyikā nāma kasmā samuddo sāgaroti. Sāgaradevena khatattā sāgaro, khato meti hatthamuddāya niveditattā samuddotievamādikā niratthakā samuddakkhāyanakathā. Bhavoti vuddhi, abhavoti hāni. Iti bhavo iti abhavoti yaṃ vā taṃ vā niratthakakāraṇaṃ vatvā pavattitakathā itibhavābhavakathā nāma.
“以火界焚火界”,意即以自身之火界焚尽对方之火界。“可能遍取”,即耗尽、把握、可能制伏对方。此处有一公案:一位常行乞食的比丘问大长老:“尊者,当比丘们以火界遍取火界时,他们在做什么?”长老回答:“贤友,这好比将某物置于阳光下,令其如同影子不再向下延伸,只能向上消融一般。”第十项中的“能赞许处”,是指那些能引人称叹的因缘。其余各处,文义显然。
Tejasā tejanti attano tejasā tesaṃ tejaṃ. Pariyādiyeyyāthāti khepetvā gahetvā abhibhaveyyātha. Tatridaṃ vatthu – eko piṇḍapātiko mahātheraṃ pucchi – ‘‘bhante, tejasā tejaṃ pariyādiyamānā bhikkhū kiṃ karontī’’ti. Thero āha – āvuso, kiñcideva ātape ṭhapetvā yathā chāyā heṭṭhā na otarati, uddhaṃyeva gacchati tathā karonti. Dasame pāsaṃsāni ṭhānānīti pasaṃsāvahāni kāraṇāni. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānatthamevāti.