(18) 3. 近事男品
(18) 3. Upāsakavaggo
1-6. 恐惧经等注疏
1-6. Sārajjasuttādivaṇṇanā
171-176第三品的第一、二、三、四经,无需解释。第五经中,「upāsakapacchimako」指卑劣的近事男。「闹热吉祥者」:因为他持有‘依于所见等,此将成为吉祥’的见解,此即愚人所计度、名为闹热的见、闻、触之吉祥,故称闹热吉祥者。因此他说:‘依此,此将发生’等。‘他相信吉祥’:即他希求见的吉祥等种种分类。‘他不相信业’:即他不希求业为自作。‘从此教法’:即从此一切智佛陀的教法。‘外部’:即外道的教法。‘他寻找应供者’:即他想‘那些邪行者是应供者’,便去寻找。此处将前寻应供者合并,当知有五种法。第六种显而易见。
171-176. Tatiyassa paṭhamadutiyatatiyacatutthe natthi vattabbaṃ. Pañcame upāsakapacchimakoti upāsakanihīno. ‘‘Iminā diṭṭhādinā idaṃ nāma maṅgalaṃ bhavissatī’’ti evaṃ bālajanaparikappitakotūhalasaṅkhātena diṭṭhasutamutamaṅgalena samannāgato kotūhalamaṅgaliko. Tenāha ‘‘iminā idaṃ bhavissatī’’tiādi. Maṅgalaṃ paccetīti diṭṭhamaṅgalādibhedaṃ maṅgalameva patthiyāyati. No kammanti kammassakataṃ no patthiyāyati. Imamhā sāsanāti ito sabbaññubuddhasāsanato. Bahiddhāti bāhirakasamaye. Dakkhiṇeyyaṃ pariyesatīti ‘‘duppaṭipannā dakkhiṇeyyā’’ti saññī gavesati. Ettha dakkhiṇapariyesanapubbakāre ekaṃ katvā pañca dhammā veditabbā. Chaṭṭhaṃ uttānameva.
7-8. 贸易经等注疏
7-8. Vaṇijjāsuttādivaṇṇanā
177-8在第七经中,「刀剑贸易」:指自己制作或令他人制作武器,或是获得已制成的武器后将其贩卖。而「令他人制作武器后贩卖」此句仅是例示。饲养猪、鹿等然后贩卖,是指饲养猪、鹿等动物,取其肉而贩卖。在此,刀剑贸易因以损害他人为因,故说不应做;活物贸易因令众生丧失自主;肉类贸易因是杀生之因;毒药贸易因是杀生之因;酒类贸易因是放逸的所依处。第八经意义明确。
177-8. Sattame satthavaṇijjāti āvudhabhaṇḍaṃ katvā vā kāretvā vā kataṃ vā paṭilabhitvā tassa vikkayo. Āvudhabhaṇḍaṃ kāretvā tassa vikkayoti idaṃ pana nidassanamattaṃ. Sūkaramigādayo posetvā tesaṃ vikkayoti sūkaramigādayo posetvā tesaṃ maṃsaṃ sampādetvā vikkayo. Ettha ca satthavaṇijjā paroparādhanimittatāya akaraṇīyā vuttā, sattavaṇijjā abhujissabhāvakaraṇato, maṃsavisavaṇijjā vadhahetuto, majjavaṇijjā pamādaṭṭhānato. Aṭṭhamaṃ uttānameva.
9. 在家人经注疏
9. Gihisuttavaṇṇanā
179在第九经中,「增上心的」:「增上心」指极为清净之心,亦即殊胜心。于增上心生起,或依增上心而住之法,即名为「增上心的」。因此他说「依止最胜心的」。「现法安乐住」指在现法中得安乐住。其中「现法」指当下这个自体;即在此自体之中安享其乐,这便是它的含义。此乃对色界禅那的异名。因为舍弃欲乐而安坐的禅修者,正是在此自体之中,体验无染的出离之乐,所以称之为「现法安乐住」。
179. Navame ābhicetasikānanti abhicetoti abhikkantaṃ visuddhacittaṃ vuccati adhicittaṃ vā, abhicetasi jātāni ābhicetasikāni, abhiceto sannissitānīti vā ābhicetasikāni. Tenevāha ‘‘uttamacittanissitāna’’nti. Diṭṭhadhammasukhavihārānanti diṭṭhadhamme sukhavihārānaṃ. Diṭṭhadhammoti paccakkho attabhāvo vuccati, tattha sukhavihārānanti attho. Rūpāvacarajjhānānametaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Tāni hi appetvā nisinnā jhāyino imasmiṃyeva attabhāve asaṃkiliṭṭhaṃ nekkhammasukhaṃ vindanti, tasmā ‘‘diṭṭhadhammasukhavihārānī’’ti vuccanti.
「四种迷醉品」指:花酒、果酒、糖酒、蜜酒这四类迷醉品。「五种酒」则指:面酒、粉酒、米酒、酵母酒和混合成分酒这五类酒。所谓「以福德为目的」,意思是他的目的就是福德。因为他实是一位需要福德的人,所以经中说「为求福德者」。其余此处意义明了。
Catubbidhamerayanti pupphāsavo, phalāsavo, guḷāsavo, madhvāsavoti evaṃ catuppabhedaṃ merayaṃ. Pañcavidhañca suranti pūvasurā, piṭṭhasurā, odanasurā, kiṇṇapakkhittā, sambhārasaṃyuttāti evaṃ pañcappabhedaṃ suraṃ. Puññaṃ attho etassāti puññattho. Yasmā panesa puññena atthiko nāma hoti, tasmā vuttaṃ ‘‘puññena atthikassā’’ti. Sesamettha uttānameva.
10. 求者经注疏
10. Gavesīsuttavaṇṇanā
180在第十经中,“善因”:指为圆满菩提绝对善妙的因。“微笑”:即微露笑意。“kahaṃ kahaṃ”:这是对笑声的模拟。“仅是欢喜踊跃的样子”:意思是仅显露出欢喜之人踊跃的神态。正如那些领会暗示者知道“世尊很欢喜”,这仅仅是示现一种表情而已。
180. Dasame sukāraṇanti bodhiparipācanassa ekantikaṃ sundaraṃ kāraṇaṃ. Mandahasitanti īsakaṃ hasitaṃ. Kahaṃ kahanti hāsasaddassa anukaraṇametaṃ. Haṭṭhappahaṭṭhākāramattanti haṭṭhassa pahaṭṭhākāramattaṃ. Yathā gahitasaṅketā ‘‘pahaṭṭho bhagavā’’ti sañjānanti, evaṃ ākāranidassanamattaṃ.
现在,借此机缘,为按类别说明笑的生起,开始解释“所谓笑……”等内容。其中,即使以舍心亦不可能生笑,何况以忧心,故说“以十三种悦俱心”。或有人问:不是也有人因瞋怒而笑吗?并非如此。他们实是在喜爱瞋怒的所缘,心想“我们现在可以随心所欲了”,此时难以辨别的悦俱心方为笑生起之因。所说的“在这些心中”,是指五种悦俱唯作心。“强所缘”指面对极为殊胜的所缘时,如双神变等;“弱所缘”指面对不那么殊胜的所缘时。
Idāni iminā pasaṅgena hāsasamuṭṭhānaṃ vibhāgato dassetuṃ ‘‘hasitañca nāmeta’’ntiādi āraddhaṃ. Tattha ajjhupekkhanavasenapi hāso na sambhavati, pageva domanassavasenāti āha ‘‘terasahi somanassasahagatacittehī’’ti. Nanu ca keci kodhavasenapi hasantīti? Na, te sampiyanti kodhavatthuṃ tattha ‘‘mayaṃ dāni yathākāmakāritaṃ āpajjissāmā’’ti duviññeyyantarena somanassacitteneva hāsassa uppajjanato. Tesūti pañcasu somanassasahagatakiriyacittesu. Balavārammaṇeti uḷāratame ārammaṇe yamakapāṭihāriyasadise. Dubbalārammaṇeti anuḷāraārammaṇe.
然而,“在此处……生起”这段话,是依古注作如是传述而说,并非为了显示世尊不以有因悦俱心微笑。但《阿毗达摩复注》中说:“在宣说于过去等无碍之智后,因‘具足这些法的佛陀世尊,一切身业皆以智为先导、有智随转’等语,故应省察‘世尊生起此心’这一说法。”在此,虽然世尊微笑的行为是由那令微笑生起的心所策动,但由于它随顺着宿住随念智、未来分智及一切知智,因此便是有智随转的。如此成就了智随转的状态,与圣典及注疏之间即毫无矛盾。正如《阿毗达摩注》所说:“于这些智的惯行运转结束后,此心便生起。”而且必须如此理解,否则在那时,世尊就连转向心也不会生起,这并不合理。因为转向心也已被确定为能生起表色。正如论中所说:“若作此说,意门转向心能生起表色,也是合理的”,而并非因为它能生起表色,由它生起的身表便失去了身业的状态。
‘‘Imasmiṃ pana ṭhāne…pe… uppādetī’’ti idaṃ porāṇaṭṭhakathāyaṃ tathā āgatattā vuttaṃ, na sahetukasomanassasahagatacittehi bhagavato sitaṃ na hotīti dassanattaṃ. Abhidhammaṭīkāyaṃ (dha. sa. mūlaṭī. 968) pana ‘‘atītaṃsādīsu appaṭihataṃ ñāṇaṃ vatvā ‘imehi dhammehi samannāgatassa buddhassa bhagavato sabbaṃ kāyakammaṃ ñāṇapubbaṅgamaṃ ñāṇānuparivattī’tiādivacanato (mahāni. 156; paṭi. ma. 3.5) ‘bhagavato idaṃ cittaṃ uppajjatī’ti vuttavacanaṃ vicāretabba’’nti vuttaṃ. Tattha iminā hasituppādacittena pavattiyamānampi bhagavato sitakaraṇaṃ pubbenivāsaanāgataṃsasabbaññutaññāṇānaṃ anuvattakattā ñāṇānuparivattiyevāti evaṃ pana ñāṇānuparivattibhāve sati na koci pāḷiaṭṭhakathānaṃ virodho. Tathā hi abhidhammaṭṭhakathāyaṃ (dha. sa. aṭṭha. 568) ‘‘tesaṃ ñāṇānaṃ ciṇṇapariyante idaṃ cittaṃ uppajjatī’’ti vuttaṃ. Avassañcetaṃ evaṃ icchitabbaṃ, aññathā āvajjanacittassapi bhagavato tathārūpe kāle na yujjeyya. Tassapi hi viññattisamuṭṭhāpakabhāvassa nicchitattā. Tathā hi vuttaṃ ‘‘evañca katvā manodvārāvajjanassapi viññattisamuṭṭhāpakattaṃ upapannaṃ hotī’’ti (dha. sa. mūlaṭī. 1 kāyakammadvārakathāvaṇṇanā) na ca viññattisamuṭṭhāpakatte taṃsamuṭṭhānakāyaviññattiyā kāyakammādibhāvaṃ āpajjanabhāvo vissajjatīti.
「hasitaṃ」(微笑):即就微笑本身而说。因此说“如此微小的(笑)”。「samosaritā vijjulatā」(聚集的闪电):它不像其他闪电那样仅存一瞬便迅速灭去,而是缓缓灭去,且并非恒常存在。此光芒从火大云或四大洲大云中放射出来。因此说“从四大洲大云之口”。据说,那些光芒有其规律:它右绕头部三匝后,便在牙尖处消失。余处所说,在此皆容易了知。
Hasitanti sitameva sandhāya vadati. Tenāha ‘‘evaṃ appamattakampī’’ti. Samosaritā vijjulatā. Sā hi itaravijjulatā viya khaṇaṭṭhitiyā sīghanirodhā ca na hoti, apica kho dandhanirodhā, na ca sabbakālikā. Dīdhiti pāvakamahāmeghato vā cātuddīpikamahāmeghato vā niccharati. Tenāha ‘‘cātuddīpikamahāmeghamukhato’’ti. Ayaṃ kira tāsaṃ rasmīnaṃ dhammatā, yadidaṃ tikkhattuṃ sīsaṃ padakkhiṇaṃ katvā dāṭhaggesuyeva antaradhānaṃ. Sesamettha suviññeyyameva.