1. 首那经注
1. Soṇasuttavaṇṇanā
5555. 在第六集的第一经中,“首那”指细身首那长老。“尸陀林”是因此得名的墓地。据说,那里依次建造了五百间经行叶屋,长老在其中选了一条适合自己的经行道,修习沙门法。他发起精进,经行时脚掌破裂;用膝盖经行,膝盖与手掌也都破裂,现出破洞。他如此持续精勤,却连一丝光明相也未能生起,身体因过度精进而疲惫。当他坐在屋角石板上时,生起了一个念头。为说明此念,经中说道:“那时,具寿”等。其中,“精勤已发”意为圆满地发起并持续精进。“若不以取,心从诸漏解脱”是说:假如我是那种一闻略说便能开悟的人,或是闻广说而悟的人,或是可引导的人,我的心必定已从诸漏解脱。但我只是那种停留在字句上的人,因此心未解脱。他如此认定后,又思惟:“然而,还有……”等等。在这里,“受用”一词,用于受格意义。
55. Chaṭṭhassa paṭhame soṇoti sukhumālasoṇatthero. Sītavaneti evaṃnāmake susāne. Tasmiṃ kira paṭipāṭiyā pañca caṅkamanapaṇṇasālāsatāni māpitāni, tesu thero attano sappāyacaṅkamanaṃ gahetvā samaṇadhammaṃ karoti. Tassa āraddhavīriyassa hutvā caṅkamato pādatalāni bhijjiṃsu, jāṇūhi caṅkamato jāṇukānipi hatthatalānipi bhijjiṃsu, chiddāni ahesuṃ. Evaṃ āraddhavīriyo viharanto obhāsanimittamattakampi dassetuṃ nāsakkhi. Tassa vīriyena kilamitakāyassa koṭiyaṃ pāsāṇaphalake nisinnassa yo vitakko udapādi, taṃ dassetuṃ atha kho āyasmatotiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha āraddhavīriyāti paripuṇṇapaggahitavīriyā. Na anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimuccatīti sace hi ahaṃ ugghaṭitaññū vā assaṃ vipañcitaññū vā neyyo vā, nūna me cittaṃ vimucceyya. Addhā panasmi padaparamo, yena me cittaṃ na vimuccatīti sanniṭṭhānaṃ katvā saṃvijjanti kho panātiādīni cintesi. Tattha bhogāti upayogatthe paccattaṃ.
“显现在前”是指:世尊了知长老内心的想法后,心想:“这位首那今日坐在尸陀林的勤修地中,正思惟此念。我当前去,接住他的念头,为他讲说以琴为譬喻的业处。”于是世尊便出现在他面前。“敷设座位”:勤修比丘们在自己的住处,为前来教导的佛陀、世尊准备座位。他们以现有的物品铺好座位,然后修行;若找不到其他物品,便铺上旧树叶,再将僧伽帝衣铺在其上。这位长老也铺好座位,然后修行。正是针对这一情况,经中说:“在敷设好的座位上”。
Pāturahosīti therassa cittācāraṃ ñatvā ‘‘ayaṃ soṇo ajja sītavane padhānabhūmiyaṃ nisinno imaṃ vitakkaṃ vitakketi, gantvāssa vitakkaṃ sahotthaṃ gaṇhitvā vīṇopamaṃ kammaṭṭhānaṃ kathessāmī’’ti pamukhe pākaṭo ahosi. Paññatte āsaneti padhānikabhikkhū attano vasanaṭṭhāne ovadituṃ āgatassa buddhassa bhagavato nisīdanatthaṃ yathālābhena āsanaṃ paññāpetvāva padhānaṃ karonti, aññaṃ alabhamānā purāṇapaṇṇānipi santharitvā upari saṅghāṭiṃ paññapenti. Theropi āsanaṃ paññāpetvā padhānaṃ akāsi. Taṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ – ‘‘paññatte āsane’’ti.
“你觉得如何?”世尊心想:“这位比丘不需要其他的业处,他精通乾闼婆技艺,已修习娴熟、得心应手。在自己的领域中为他说法,他很快就能领会。”于是,为了开示以琴为喻的业处,世尊便说:“你觉得如何?”等语。“于琵琶弦音之善巧”,是指弹奏琵琶的熟练技巧,而他正是此道中的行家。因为他的父母心想:“我们的儿子若学其他技艺,身体难免劳累;而学此技艺,即使躺着也能练习。”因此,便只让他学习乾闼婆技艺。他由此——
Taṃ kiṃ maññasīti satthā ‘‘imassa bhikkhuno avasesakammaṭṭhānehi attho natthi, ayaṃ gandhabbasippe cheko ciṇṇavasī, attano visaye kathiyamānaṃ khippameva sallakkhessatī’’ti vīṇopamaṃ kathetuṃ ‘‘taṃ kiṃ maññasī’’tiādimāha. Vīṇāya tantissare kusalatā nāma vīṇāya vādanakusalatā, so ca tattha kusalo. Mātāpitaro hissa ‘‘amhākaṃ putto aññaṃ sippaṃ sikkhanto kāyena kilamissati, idaṃ pana sayane nisinneneva sakkā uggaṇhitu’’nti gandhabbasippameva uggaṇhāpesuṃ. Tassa –
“七音与三行,二十一调名;
处有四十九,如是诸音轮。”(satta sarā tayo gāmā, mucchanā ekavīsati; Ṭhānā ekūnapaññāsa, iccete saramaṇḍalā.)——
‘‘Satta sarā tayo gāmā, mucchanā ekavīsati; Ṭhānā ekūnapaññāsa, iccete saramaṇḍalā’’ti. –
他完全精通了乾闼婆的所有技艺。“过急”:指弦绷得过紧,音调尖锐刺耳。“具音”:指音色饱满。“堪任”:指适合弹奏,运用自如。“过缓”:指弦太松,音调低沉无力。“住于等德”:指将音准安住在中道,不紧不松地发出音声。
Ādikaṃ gandhabbasippaṃ sabbameva paguṇaṃ ahosi. Accāyatāti atiāyatā kharamucchanā. Saravatīti sarasampannā. Kammaññāti kammakkhamā kammayoggā. Atisithilāti mandamucchanā. Same guṇe patiṭṭhitāti majjhime sare ṭhapetvā mucchitā.
“过于精勤”指过度紧切,这会导致掉举,即引发心的掉举状态。“过于迟缓”指过于松弛,会导致懈怠,即产生懈怠的状态。“当安住于精进与止之平衡”的意思是:安住于与精进相应的止,也就是将精进与止结合起来。“并通达诸根的平衡”指安住于信等诸根的平衡、均等状态。也就是通过信与慧结合、慧与信结合、精进与定结合、定与精进结合而安住,这便称为“安住于诸根的平衡”。而念则适用于一切处,应当始终保持强而有力。这种结合的方法在《清净道论》中已有详细阐明。“于此处取相”的意思是:在那平衡状态中,应当如同镜中映现面像一样,生起止的相、观的相、道的相、果的相,并把它握住、令它生起。导师以此将业处导向阿拉汉果,为他作了开示。
Accāraddhanti atigāḷhaṃ. Uddhaccāya saṃvattatīti uddhatabhāvāya saṃvattati. Atilīnanti atisithilaṃ. Kosajjāyāti kusītabhāvatthāya. Vīriyasamathaṃ adhiṭṭhahāti vīriyasampayuttaṃ samathaṃ adhiṭṭhaha, vīriyaṃ samathena yojehīti attho. Indriyānañca samataṃ paṭivijjhāti saddhādīnaṃ indriyānaṃ samataṃ samabhāvaṃ adhiṭṭhāhi. Tattha saddhaṃ paññāya, paññañca saddhāya, vīriyaṃ samādhinā, samādhiñca vīriyena yojayatā indriyānaṃ samatā adhiṭṭhitā nāma hoti. Sati pana sabbatthikā, sā sadā balavatīyeva vaṭṭati. Tañca pana tesaṃ yojanāvidhānaṃ visuddhimagge (visuddhi. 1.60-62) pakāsitameva. Tattha ca nimittaṃ gaṇhāhīti tasmiñca samabhāve sati yena ādāse mukhabimbeneva nimittena uppajjitabbaṃ, taṃ samathanimittaṃ vipassanānimittaṃ magganimittaṃ phalanimittañca gaṇhāhi nibbattehīti evamassa satthā arahatte pakkhipitvā kammaṭṭhānaṃ kathesi.
“于此处取了相”:他取了止的相与观的相。“六种因”:即六种原因。“胜解而立”:指通过通达并现证之后而安住。“胜解出离”等所有这些语句,都是基于阿拉汉果而说的。因为阿拉汉果,由于出离了一切烦恼,故称为“出离”;由于远离了那些烦恼,故称为“远离”;由于无有瞋害,故称为“无瞋”;由于在渴爱灭尽时生起,故称为“渴爱灭尽”;由于在执取灭尽时生起,故称为“执取灭尽”;由于无有愚痴,故称为“无痴”。
Tattha ca nimittaṃ aggahesīti samathanimittañca vipassanānimittañca aggahesi. Cha ṭhānānīti cha kāraṇāni. Adhimutto hotīti paṭivijjhitvā paccakkhaṃ katvā ṭhito hoti. Nekkhammādhimuttotiādi sabbaṃ arahattavaseneva vuttaṃ. Arahattañhi sabbakilesehi nikkhantattā nekkhammaṃ, teheva pavivittattā paviveko, byāpajjhābhāvato abyāpajjhaṃ, taṇhākkhayante uppannattā taṇhākkhayo, upādānakkhayante uppannattā upādānakkhayo, sammohābhāvato asammohoti vuccati.
“kevalaṃ saddhāmattakaṃ”(唯信):指缺乏证悟,仅仅是单纯的信仰,未与证悟的智慧相杂。“paṭicaya”(增长):指通过反复修习而增长。“vītarāgattā”(离贪性):指由于通过圣道证悟,贪已消尽,因此证得名为出离的阿拉汉果,现证之后安住其中,住于果等至,心也倾向于此。其余语句也依同样的道理理解。
Kevalaṃ saddhāmattakanti paṭivedharahitaṃ kevalaṃ paṭivedhapaññāya asammissakaṃ saddhāmattakaṃ. Paṭicayanti punappunaṃ karaṇena vaḍḍhiṃ. Vītarāgattāti maggapaṭivedhena rāgassa vigatattāyeva nekkhammasaṅkhātaṃ arahattaṃ paṭivijjhitvā sacchikatvā ṭhito hoti, phalasamāpattivihārena viharati, tanninnamānasoyeva ca hotīti attho. Sesapadesupi eseva nayo.
“lābhasakkārasiloka”(利养、恭敬、称誉):指四种资具的利养,以及对他人善行的称赞语。“nikāmayamāno”(希求者):指想要、渴望的人。“pavivekādhimutto”(已倾向远离者):指已倾向远离的阿拉汉,如此记说阿拉汉果。这就是它的意思。
Lābhasakkārasilokanti catupaccayalābhañca tesaññeva sukatabhāvañca vaṇṇabhaṇanañca. Nikāmayamānoti icchamāno patthayamāno. Pavivekādhimuttoti paviveke adhimutto arahanti evaṃ arahattaṃ byākarotīti attho.
“sīlabbataparāmāsa”(戒禁取):指执取戒与禁之后,仅仅执着于此。“sārato paccāgacchanto”(作为核心而理解):指以核心的方式了知。“abyāpajjhādhimutto”(已倾向无害者):指记说无害的阿拉汉果。依据同样的道理,应理解所有情况下的含义。此外,在这里,有人说:在“nekkhammādhimutto”(已倾向出离者)等语句中,只说明了阿拉汉果;其余五种情况说的是涅槃。另有人说:在“asammohādhimutto”(已倾向不迷乱者)等语句中,只说明了涅槃;其余情况说的是阿拉汉果。但这里的要义是:所有这些说法都既说明了阿拉汉果,也说明了涅槃。
Sīlabbataparāmāsanti sīlañca vatañca parāmasitvā gahitaṃ gahaṇamattaṃ. Sāratopaccāgacchantoti sārabhāvena jānanto. Abyāpajjhādhimuttoti abyāpajjhaṃ arahattaṃ byākaroti. Imināva nayena sabbaṭṭhānesu attho daṭṭhabbo. Apicettha ‘‘nekkhammādhimuttoti imasmiṃyeva arahattaṃ kathitaṃ, sesesu pañcasu nibbāna’’nti eke vadanti. Apare ‘‘asammohādhimuttoti ettheva nibbānaṃ kathitaṃ, sesesu arahatta’’nti vadanti. Ayaṃ panettha sāro – sabbesveva tesu arahattampi nibbānampi kathitamevāti.
其中,“bhusā”指有力,犹如天神的容色。“nevassa cittaṃ pariyādiyanti”指不能执取这位漏尽者的心而安住,因为烦恼生起时,即称为执取心。“amissīkata”指烦恼会让心与所缘混杂,由于没有这些烦恼,故为不混杂。“ṭhita”指安住。“āneñjappatta”指达到不动摇。“vayañcassānupassati”指他看见这个心的生起与坏灭。“bhusā vātavuṭṭhī”指强烈的风团。“neva sampakampeyya”指不能从一边使它移动。“na sampakampeyya”指如同柱子一般,不能从所有方面动摇它。“na sampavedheyyā”指不能通过震动、击倒而让它倒下。
Bhusāti balavanto dibbarūpasadisā. Nevassa cittaṃ pariyādiyantīti etassa khīṇāsavassa cittaṃ gahetvā ṭhātuṃ na sakkonti. Kilesā hi uppajjamānā cittaṃ gaṇhanti nāma. Amissīkatanti kilesā hi ārammaṇena saddhiṃ cittaṃ missaṃ karonti, tesaṃ abhāvā amissīkataṃ. Ṭhitanti patiṭṭhitaṃ. Āneñjappattanti acalappattaṃ. Vayañcassānupassatīti tassa cesa cittassa uppādampi vayampi passati. Bhusā vātavuṭṭhīti balavā vātakkhandho. Neva sampakampeyyāti ekabhāgena cāletuṃ na sakkuṇeyya. Na sampakampeyyāti thūṇaṃ viya sabbabhāgato kampetuṃ na sakkuṇeyya. Na sampavedheyyāti vedhetvā pavedhetvā pātetuṃ na sakkuṇeyya.
“已倾向出离者”指证悟阿拉汉果后安住的漏尽者,其余语句所说的也都是阿拉汉果。“及取尽”是对格用作属格的意义。“及心不迷乱”指已倾向于心不迷乱的人。“见处之生起”指看见诸处的生起与灭去。“心正解脱”指通过这样的观行道,借助果等至,心正确解脱,即安住于以涅槃为所缘。或者,这说明漏尽者的修行方式:因为他看见处的生起,以这种观而获得圣道,凭借圣道的力量,从一切烦恼中心正确解脱。像这样正确解脱的人……不存在。其中,“心寂静者”指心已寂灭的人。这里其余的含义都很清楚。
Nekkhammaṃadhimuttassāti arahattaṃ paṭivijjhitvā ṭhitassa khīṇāsavassa. Sesapadesupi arahattameva kathitaṃ. Upādānakkhayassa cāti upayogatthe sāmivacanaṃ. Asammohañca cetasoti cittassa ca asammohaṃ adhimuttassa. Disvā āyatanuppādanti āyatanānaṃ uppādañca vayañca disvā. Sammā cittaṃ vimuccatīti sammā hetunā nayena imāya vipassanāpaṭipattiyā phalasamāpattivasena cittaṃ vimuccati, nibbānārammaṇe adhimuccati. Atha vā iminā khīṇāsavassa paṭipadā kathitā. Tassa hi āyatanuppādaṃ disvā imāya vipassanāya adhigatassa ariyamaggassānubhāvena sabbakilesehi sammā cittaṃ vimuccati. Evaṃ tassa sammā vimuttassa…pe… na vijjati. Tattha santacittassāti nibbutacittassa. Sesamettha uttānatthamevāti.
2. Phaggunasutta注释
2. Phaggunasuttavaṇṇanā
56在第二部经中,“samadhosī”表示起身的动作。“退步者”指退步、衰退。“不进步者”指不增长。“应给缠头布”指将头缠好后,再用棍子绕圈绑起来。“诸根明净”指在临终时,六根变得清净明澈。“于义理审察”指审察什么是义、什么是非义,什么是因、什么是非因。“于无上的依止灭尽”指涅槃。“未解脱”指还没有以阿拉汉果而确立、决定。
56. Dutiye samadhosīti uṭṭhānākāraṃ dassesi. Paṭikkamantīti parihāyanti. No abhikkamantīti na vaḍḍhanti. Sīsaveṭhanaṃ dadeyyāti sīsaṃ veṭhetvā daṇḍakena samparivattakaṃ bandheyya. Indriyāni vippasīdiṃsūti tasmiṃ maraṇasamaye cha indriyāni vippasannāni ahesuṃ. Atthupaparikkhāyāti atthānatthaṃ kāraṇākāraṇaṃ upaparikkhane. Anuttare upadhisaṅkhayeti nibbāne. Avimuttaṃ hotīti arahattaphalena adhimuttaṃ hoti.
3. 《Chaḷabhijātisutta》的注释
3. Chaḷabhijātisuttavaṇṇanā
57第三部经中,“chaḷabhijātiyo”(六生类)指六种生命类型。“Tatridaṃ”(其中此)意为在这当中。“Luddā”(残忍者)指凶恶的人。“Bhikkhūkaṇṭakavuttikā”(妨害比丘生活者)指那些名为沙门,却障碍比丘生活的人。“Ekasāṭakā”(一衣者)指仅用一块破布遮蔽前面的人。“Akāmakassa bilaṃ olaggeyyuṃ”(将洞孔挂在不愿者手上)的意思是:商队行进时,有牛死去,为收取牛肉的价钱,大家分食其肉。其中一人不想要肉,其他人便强行分给他一份,并对他说:‘此肉你必须吃,且必须付钱。’于是就把这份叫作‘洞孔肉’的东西挂在他手上,即强行塞进他手里。这便是它的意义。“Akhettaññunā”(不知处者)指不了解这种关于生命类型的施设界限的人。“Taṃ suṇāhi”(听此)意为听我这个施设。“Kaṇhābhijātiko”(黑生类者)指黑色种姓的人。“Kaṇhaṃ dhammaṃ abhijāyati”(生黑法)意为依黑法的本性而生。
57. Tatiye chaḷabhijātiyoti cha jātiyo. Tatridanti tatrāyaṃ. Luddāti dāruṇā. Bhikkhūkaṇṭakavuttikāti samaṇā nāmete. Ekasāṭakāti ekeneva pilotikakhaṇḍena purato paṭicchādanakā. Akāmakassa bilaṃ olaggeyyunti satthe gacchamāne goṇamhi mate gomaṃsamūlaṃ uppādanatthāya vibhajitvā khādamānā ekassa gomaṃsaṃ anicchantasseva koṭṭhāsaṃ katvā ‘‘ayañca te khāditabbo, mūlañca dātabba’’nti taṃ koṭṭhāsasaṅkhātaṃ bilaṃ olaggeyyuṃ, balakkārena hatthe ṭhapeyyunti attho. Akhettaññunāti abhijātipaññattiyā khettaṃ ajānantena. Taṃ suṇāhīti taṃ mama paññattiṃ suṇāhi. Kaṇhābhijātikoti kāḷakajātiko. Kaṇhaṃ dhammaṃ abhijāyatīti kaṇhasabhāvo hutvā jāyati nibbattati, kaṇhābhijātiyaṃ vā jāyati. Nibbānaṃabhijāyatīti nibbānaṃ pāpuṇāti, ariyabhūmisaṅkhātāya vā nibbānajātiyā jāyati.
4. 《Āsavasutta》的注释
4. Āsavasuttavaṇṇanā
58第四句中,“saṃvarā pahātabbā”(应通过防护而断除)意为通过防护来断除。其余诸句亦同此理。“Idha”(在此)指在此教法中。“Paṭisaṅkhā”(如理省察)义为辨别清楚之后、审察之后。“Yoniso”(如理)指通过方法、通过途径。在此,应知“对不防护之过患的如理省察”即是“如理省察”。此义当依《相应部》4.235等所述火燃教说而了知:“诸比丘,宁可被炽热、燃烧、火红、灼热的铁棒触伤眼根,也不可在眼所识知的诸色上执取随形好之相”等等。在“cakkhundriyasaṃvarasaṃvutoviharati”(住于防护眼根者)这一句中:眼本身就是根,故称眼根(cakkhundriya);能防护,故称防护(saṃvara),也就是遮挡、关闭。这是念(sati)的别名。安立于眼根的防护,即眼根防护(cakkhundriyasaṃvaro)。此防护虽在速行心中生起,却能于该门处阻止。
58. Catutthe saṃvarā pahātabbāti saṃvarena pahātabbā. Sesesupi eseva nayo. Idhāti imasmiṃ sāsane. Paṭisaṅkhāti paṭisañjānitvā, paccavekkhitvāti attho. Yonisoti upāyena pathena. Ettha ca asaṃvare ādīnavapaṭisaṅkhā yoniso paṭisaṅkhāti veditabbā. Sā cāyaṃ ‘‘varaṃ, bhikkhave, tattāya ayosalākāya ādittāya sampajjalitāya sajotibhūtāya cakkhundriyaṃ sampalimaṭṭhaṃ, na tveva cakkhuviññeyyesu rūpesu anubyañjanaso nimittaggāho’’tiādinā ādittapariyāyena (saṃ. ni. 4.235) veditabbā. Cakkhundriyasaṃvarasaṃvutoviharatīti ettha cakkhumeva indriyaṃ cakkhundriyaṃ, saṃvaraṇato saṃvaro, pidahanato thakanatoti vuttaṃ hoti. Satiyā etaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Cakkhundriye saṃvaro cakkhundriyasaṃvaro. Javane uppajjamānopi hesa tasmiṃ dvāre kilesānaṃ uppattivāraṇato cakkhundriyasaṃvaroti vuccati. Saṃvutoti tena saṃvarena upeto. Tathā hi ‘‘pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto’’ti imassa vibhaṅge ‘‘iminā pātimokkhasaṃvarena upeto hoti…pe… samannāgato’’ti vuttaṃ. Atha vā saṃvarīti saṃvuto, thakesi pidahīti vuttaṃ hoti. Cakkhundriyasaṃvarasaṃvutoti cakkhundriyasaṃvarasaṅkhātaṃ satikavāṭaṃ cakkhudvāre gharadvāre kavāṭaṃ viya saṃvari thakesi pidahīti vuttaṃ hoti. Ayamevettha attho sundarataro. Tathā hi ‘‘cakkhundriyasaṃvaraṃ asaṃvutassa viharato, saṃvutassa viharato’’ti etesu padesu ayamevattho dissatīti.
在‘Yaṃ hissa’等文的开头:‘若他的眼根防护’(yaṃ cakkhundriyasaṃvaraṃ)的意思是,对于那位比丘,如果不防护,即不以安立、不以遮盖的方式而住。或者,这里的‘yaṃ’是‘ye’的转用,意思是‘他的那些’(ye assa)。
‘Āsavā vighātapariḷāhā’(那些漏与损害热恼)指的是四种漏以及其他能够带来损害的烦恼热恼或异熟热恼。确切地说,在眼门中,当可意的所缘进入视野时,如果以欲乐味而乐着、欢喜,欲漏(kāmāsavo)就会生起;如果因为希求生有而乐着,心想‘在善趣有中也将会得到这样的所缘’,则有漏(bhavāsavo)生起;如果执取为‘有情’或‘属于有情’,则见漏(diṭṭhāsavo)生起;而与这一切俱生的无知,就是无明漏(avijjāsavo)。这样,四种漏便生起了。与这些漏相应的其他烦恼,就是损害热恼;或者,这些漏未来的异熟,也称为损害热恼。这些漏,只有当不防护而住时才会生起。
‘Evaṃsa te’(如此,他的那些)的意思是:他的那些漏,通过这样的方法就不会存在,而不是通过其他方式。
对于‘如理省察后,成为耳根防护者’等句子,也是同样的道理。
这些被称为‘应以防护所断除的漏’(āsavā saṃvarā pahātabbā)的意思是:在这六门中,每一门各四种,总计二十四种漏,是以防护来断除的。
Yaṃ hissātiādimhi yaṃ cakkhundriyasaṃvaraṃ assa bhikkhuno asaṃvutassa athaketvā apidahitvā viharantassāti attho. Yekārassa vā esa yanti ādeso, ye assāti attho. Āsavā vighātapariḷāhāti cattāro āsavā ca aññe ca vighātakarā kilesapariḷāhā vipākapariḷāhā vā. Cakkhudvārasmiñhi iṭṭhārammaṇaṃ āpāthagataṃ kāmassādavasena assādayato abhinandato kāmāsavo uppajjati, ‘‘īdisaṃ aññasmimpi sugatibhave labhissāmī’’ti bhavapatthanāya assādayato bhavāsavo uppajjati, sattoti vā sattassāti vā gaṇhato diṭṭhāsavo uppajjati, sabbeheva sahajātaṃ aññāṇaṃ avijjāsavoti cattāro āsavā uppajjanti . Etehi sampayuttā apare kilesā vighātapariḷāhā āyatiṃ vā tesaṃ vipākā tehipi asaṃvutasseva viharato uppajjeyyunti vuccanti. Evaṃsateti evaṃ assa te, etenupāyena na honti, no aññathāti vuttaṃ hoti. Paṭisaṅkhā yoniso sotindriyasaṃvarasaṃvutotiādīsupi eseva nayo. Ime vuccanti āsavā saṃvarā pahātabbāti imesu chasu dvāresu cattāro cattāro katvā catuvīsati āsavā saṃvarena pahātabbāti vuccanti.
在“如理省察后(使用)衣服”等句中,一切应说明的内容,在《清净道论》的戒论部分都已说过了。
“Yaṃ hissa”(若他的)是指:若他拥有衣服、钵食等资具中的某一种。“Appaṭisevato”(不享用的)是指:如此如理不享用这一切的人。
在此段落中,漏的生起应如此了知:对于未得到的衣服等资具生起希求,或对于已得到的生起耽着,则欲漏生起;若因希求生有而耽着,心想“在善趣有中也将得到这样的资具”,则有漏生起;若是执取“我得”“我不得”或“此是我的”等我想,则见漏生起;与这一切俱生的,便是无明漏。如此,这四种漏的生起就是一种损害与热恼,并能引发将来的痛苦。
这些即所谓“诸比丘,这些漏称为应通过受用而断除”。意思是:对于每一种资具各各有四种漏,总计十六种漏,应当通过这种名为“智防护”的、以省察为依的受用方式而断除。
Paṭisaṅkhā yoniso cīvarantiādīsu yaṃ vattabbaṃ, taṃ sabbaṃ visuddhimagge (visuddhi. 1.18) sīlakathāya vuttameva. Yaṃ hissāti yañhi cīvaraṃ piṇḍapātādīsu vā aññataraṃ assa. Appaṭisevatoti evaṃ yoniso appaṭisevantassa. Imasmiṃ vāre aladdhaṃ cīvarādiṃ patthayato laddhaṃ vā assādayato kāmāsavassa uppatti veditabbā, īdisaṃ aññasmimpi sugatibhave labhissāmīti bhavapatthanāya assādayato bhavāsavassa, ahaṃ labhāmi na labhāmīti vā mayhaṃ vā idanti attasaññaṃ adhiṭṭhahato diṭṭhāsavassa, sabbeheva pana sahajāto avijjāsavoti evaṃ catunnaṃ āsavānaṃ uppatti vighātapariḷāhāva navavedanuppādanatopi veditabbā. Ime vuccanti, bhikkhave, āsavā paṭisevanā pahātabbāti ime ekamekasmiṃ paccaye cattāro cattāro katvā soḷasa āsavā iminā ñāṇasaṃvarasaṅkhātena paccavekkhaṇapaṭisevanena pahātabbāti vuccanti.
“如理省察后,他堪忍寒冷”的意思是:通过方法、通过途径省察之后,他成为于寒冷堪忍者,即他忍受、承受寒冷,不像懦夫那样因一点点寒冷就动摇、颤抖而舍弃业处。对于炎热等,也是同样道理。在此,“言说”本身即是“言路”,应如此了知。关于“苦”等词:因折磨义而称为“苦”,因强烈义而称为“剧”,因粗硬义而称为“粗”,因尖利义而称为“辛”,因无滋味而称为“不可意”,因不令心增长而称为“不可悦”,因能夺命而称为“夺命者”,应如此了知。“Yaṃ hissa”(若他的)是指:在寒冷等中,若他的任何一种法生起。“Anadhivāsato”(不耐受者)是指:对于不接纳、不忍耐的人。而这里,漏的生起应如此了知:被寒冷所触者,若希求温暖,则欲漏生起;于一切处皆如此。若他希求有,心想“在善趣有中也会有温暖等”,则有漏生起;与它相应的,便是无明漏。如此,对这些逆境因不耐受而生的四种漏,也是一种损害与热恼,并且能引发将来的痛苦。这些称为“诸比丘,这些漏称为应通过忍耐而断除”。
Paṭisaṅkhā yoniso khamo hoti sītassāti upāyena pathena paccavekkhitvā khantā hoti sītassa, sītaṃ khamati sahati, na avīrapuriso viya appamattakenapi sītena calati kampati kammaṭṭhānaṃ vijahati. Uṇhādīsupi eseva nayo. Ettha ca vacanameva vacanapathoti veditabbo. Dukkhānantiādīsu dukkhamanaṭṭhena dukkhā, bahalaṭṭhena tibbā, pharusaṭṭhena kharā, tikhiṇaṭṭhena kaṭukā, assādavirahato asātā, manaṃ avaḍḍhanato amanāpā, pāṇaharaṇasamatthatāya pāṇaharāti veditabbā. Yaṃ hissāti sītādīsu yaṃkiñci ekadhammampi assa. Anadhivāsatoti anadhivāsentassa akkhamantassa . Āsavuppatti panettha evaṃ veditabbā – sītena phuṭṭhassa uṇhaṃ patthayato kāmāsavo uppajjati, evaṃ sabbattha. ‘‘Natthi sugatibhave sītaṃ vā uṇhaṃ vā’’ti bhavaṃ patthentassa bhavāsavo, mayhaṃ sītaṃ uṇhanti gāho diṭṭhāsavo, sabbeheva sampayutto avijjāsavoti. Ime vuccantīti ime sītādīsu ekamekassa vasena cattāro cattāro katvā aneke āsavā imāya khantisaṃvarasaṅkhātāya adhivāsanāya pahātabbāti vuccantīti attho.
“如理省察后,他避开暴怒的大象”的意思是:(他思惟:)“我是沙门,不应靠近暴怒的大象。因为由此因缘,可能会导致死亡或近于死亡的痛苦。”如此通过方法、途径省察之后,他便避开、远离暴怒的大象。这一道理适用于一切情况。“暴怒”是指凶恶的、野性的。“树桩”指像儿茶树桩之类的东西。“荆棘之处”指有刺戳人的荆棘丛。“坑洞”指四周皆为陡峭断壁之处。“悬崖”指一侧有陡峭断壁之处。“粪池”指倾倒残羹剩饭、粪便等污物的地方。“泥沼”指那些有污秽、泥泞等流经的地方。那地方即使只有齐膝深,也遍满不净。此两类地方也是非人密集之处,因此应当避开。“不适当的坐卧处”于此,不适当的坐卧处即“不合适的座位”,从义理上说,当知是指那些基于非固定因缘的、隐蔽私密的坐卧处。“非行处”于此,不适当的行处即是“非行处”,它依妓女家等因缘而有五种。“恶友”指卑劣、坏戒、貌似朋友而实非朋友者。“在恶友中”指在卑劣者当中。“可能信从”的意思是:他人可能相信、可能确信“确实,这位具寿做了或将做某事”。
Paṭisaṅkhā yoniso caṇḍaṃ hatthiṃ parivajjetīti ahaṃ samaṇoti na caṇḍassa hatthissa āsanne ṭhātabbaṃ. Tatonidānañhi maraṇampi maraṇamattampi dukkhaṃ bhaveyyāti evaṃ upāyena pathena paccavekkhitvā caṇḍaṃ hatthiṃ parivajjeti paṭikkamati. Esa nayo sabbattha. Caṇḍanti duṭṭhaṃ vāḷaṃ. Khāṇunti khadirakhāṇukādiṃ. Kaṇṭakaṭṭhānanti yattha kaṇṭakā vijjhanti, taṃ okāsaṃ. Sobbhanti sabbato chinnataṭaṃ. Papātanti ekato chinnataṭaṃ. Candanikanti ucchiṭṭhodakagabbhamalādīnaṃ chaḍḍanaṭṭhānaṃ. Oḷigallanti tesaṃyeva kaddamādīnaṃ sandanokāsaṃ. Taṃ jaṇṇumattampi asucibharitaṃ hoti. Dvepi cetāni ṭhānāni amanussussadaṭṭhānāni honti, tasmā vajjetabbāni. Anāsaneti ettha ayuttaṃ āsanaṃ anāsanaṃ, taṃ atthato aniyatavatthubhūtaṃ rahopaṭicchannāsananti veditabbaṃ. Agocareti etthapi ayutto gocaro agocaro. So vesiyādibhedato pañcavidho. Pāpake mitteti lāmake dussīle mittapatirūpake amitte. Pāpakesūti lāmakesu. Okappeyyunti saddaheyyuṃ adhimucceyyuṃ ‘‘addhā ayamāyasmā akāsi vā karissati vā’’ti. Yaṃ hissāti hatthiādīsu yaṃkiñci ekampi assa. Āsavuppatti panettha evaṃ veditabbā – hatthiādinidānena dukkhena phuṭṭhassa sukhaṃ patthayato kāmāsavo uppajjati, ‘‘natthi sugatibhave īdisaṃ dukkha’’nti bhavaṃ patthentassa bhavāsavo, maṃ hatthī maddati maṃ assoti gāho diṭṭhāsavo, sabbeheva sampayutto avijjāsavoti. Ime vuccantīti ime hatthiādīsu ekekassa vasena cattāro cattāro katvā aneke āsavā iminā sīlasaṃvarasaṅkhātena parivajjanena pahātabbāti vuccanti.
「如理省察后,他不容忍已生起的欲寻」:即,依循「此寻是不善的、此寻是有罪的、此寻有苦的果报,且会带来自身损害」等理路,如理观察欲寻的过患之后,对于在所缘上生起的欲寻,他「不容忍」——不令其占据自心而安住,不令其停留于内心。那么,不容忍的人做什么呢?他「断除」它。如何断除?如同用簸箕倾倒垃圾那样吗?不是。他驱除、驱逐、摒弃、排遣它。如同用刺棒驱赶牛只那样吗?不是。他使它终结,令其达至终结的状态,连丝毫残余也不留下,哪怕细如碎片,悉皆灭尽。他是如何做到的?他使它归于无有,一步步地归于无有,以镇伏断使其成为已被善加镇伏的状态。其余两种寻(嗔寻、害寻)亦同此理。 「对生起又生起者」:指每次生起时,于刚生起之际即作此言。或谓:一次生起而被驱除后,于第二次时,他并不漠然置之;即使生起百次,他也对每一次生起又生起的寻加以驱除。「在不善的诸恶法上」:指那些欲寻等,或所有九种大寻。其中,三种(欲寻、嗔寻、害寻)已说,其余的六种为:「亲属寻、地
Paṭisaṅkhāyoniso uppannaṃ kāmavitakkaṃ nādhivāsetīti ‘‘itipāyaṃ vitakko akusalo, itipi sāvajjo, itipi dukkhavipāko, so ca kho attabyābādhāya saṃvattatī’’tiādinā (ma. ni. 1.207-208) nayena yoniso kāmavitakke ādīnavaṃ paccavekkhitvā tasmiṃ tasmiṃ ārammaṇe uppannaṃ kāmavitakkaṃ nādhivāseti, cittaṃ āropetvā na vāseti, abbhantare vā na vāsetīti attho. Anadhivāsento kiṃ karotīti? Pajahati. Kiṃ kacavaraṃ viya piṭakenāti? Na hi, api ca kho naṃ vinodeti tudati vijjhati nīharati. Kiṃ balibaddaṃ viya patodenāti? Na hi, atha kho naṃ byantīkaroti vigatantaṃ karoti, yathāssa antopi nāvasissati antamaso bhaṅgamattampi, tathā naṃ karoti. Kathaṃ pana naṃ tathā karotīti? Anabhāvaṃ gameti anu anu abhāvaṃ gameti, vikkhambhanappahānena yathā suvikkhambhito hoti, tathā karoti. Sesavitakkadvayepi eseva nayo. Uppannuppanneti uppanne uppanne, uppannamatteyevāti vuttaṃ hoti. Sakiṃ vā uppanne vinodetvā dutiye vāre ajjhupekkhitā na hoti, satakkhattumpi uppanne uppanne vinodetiyeva. Pāpake akusale dhammeti teyeva kāmavitakkādayo, sabbepi vā nava mahāvitakke. Tattha tayo vuttā, avasesā ‘‘ñātivitakko, janapadavitakko, amarāvitakko, parānuddayatāpaṭisaṃyutto vitakko, lābhasakkārasilokappaṭisaṃyutto vitakko, anavaññattippaṭisaṃyutto vitakko’’ti (mahāni. 207) ime cha. Yaṃ hissāti etesu vitakkesu yaṃkiñci assa. Kāmavitakko panettha kāmāsavo eva, tabbiseso bhavāsavo, taṃsampayutto diṭṭhāsavo, sabbavitakkesu avijjā avijjāsavoti evaṃ āsavuppatti veditabbā. Imevuccantīti ime kāmavitakkādivasena vuttappakārā āsavā iminā tasmiṃ tasmiṃ vitakke ādīnavapaccavekkhaṇasahitena vīriyasaṃvarasaṅkhātena vinodanena pahātabbāti vuccanti.
「如理省察后,他修习念觉支」:即,通过方法、途径省察不修习的过患与修习的功德后,他修习念觉支。此理通于一切处。诸觉支的修习,前已详述。 「若他的」:在这些觉支中,若他于此任何一种而未修习。就漏的生起而言,此处应如是理解:对于与圣道相应的这些觉支,因未修习故,欲漏等诸漏可能生起;而对于如此修习者,这些漏便不会生起。这些即被称为欲漏等诸漏,应当以此出世间的觉支修习而断除。世尊为了称赞以这六种方式断除诸漏的比丘,而说:「诸比丘,自从……」等。其中,「自从」是带「to」音的属格词,义为「他的」。然而,古师则解释为「在彼时」。 于「那些应通过防护来断除的诸漏,对于他,那些漏已通过防护被断除」句中,意即:那些应以防护断除的漏,确实已由防护断除;他并非未断而自以为断者。
Paṭisaṅkhā yoniso satisambojjhaṅgaṃ bhāvetīti abhāvanāya ādīnavaṃ bhāvanāya ca ānisaṃsaṃ upāyena pathena paccavekkhitvā satisambojjhaṅgaṃ bhāveti. Eseva nayo sabbattha. Bojjhaṅgānaṃ bhāvanā heṭṭhā vitthāritāva. Yaṃ hissāti etesu bojjhaṅgesu yaṃkiñci assa. Āsavuppattiyaṃ panettha imesaṃ ariyamaggasampayuttānaṃ bojjhaṅgānaṃ abhāvitattā ye uppajjeyyuṃ kāmāsavādayo āsavā, bhāvayato evaṃsa te na hontīti ayaṃ nayo veditabbo. Ime vuccantīti ime kāmāsavādayo āsavā imāya lokuttarāya bojjhaṅgabhāvanāya pahātabbāti vuccanti. Imehi chahākārehi pahīnāsavaṃ bhikkhuṃ thomento yato kho, bhikkhavetiādimāha. Tattha yatoti sāmivacane to-kāro, yassāti vuttaṃ hoti. Porāṇā pana yamhi kāleti vaṇṇayanti. Ye āsavā saṃvarā pahātabbā, te saṃvarā pahīnā hontīti ye āsavā saṃvarena pahātabbā, te saṃvareneva pahīnā honti, na appahīnesuyeva pahīnasaññī hotīti.
5. 木工作者经注疏
5. Dārukammikasuttavaṇṇanā
59第五经中,「木工作者」:一位以卖木维生的优婆塞。 「迦尸国的栴檀」:指细滑的栴檀。 「以支分」:以非功德之分;于善方面,则以功德之分。 「受请者」:指接受邀请者。 「我将施予僧团」:我将施予比丘僧团。他这样说完,礼敬导师后便离开了。后来,有五百位常在他家出入的比丘还俗为在家众。当他被告知「那些常亲近您家的比丘们还俗了」时,他说:「这与我何干?」心中甚至连一丝意乐差别的波动都未生起。针对此事,导师说:「你布施僧团时,你的心将净信。」如是说。
59. Pañcame dārukammikoti dāruvikkayena pavattitājīvo eko upāsako. Kāsikacandananti saṇhacandanaṃ. Aṅgenāti aguṇaṅgena, sukkapakkhe guṇaṅgena. Nemantanikoti nimantanaṃ gaṇhanako. Saṅghe dānaṃ dassāmīti bhikkhusaṅghassa dassāmi. So evaṃ vatvā satthāraṃ abhivādetvā pakkāmi. Athassa aparabhāge pañcasatā kulūpakā bhikkhū gihibhāvaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu. So ‘‘kulūpakabhikkhū te vibbhantā’’ti vutte ‘‘kiṃ ettha mayha’’nti vatvā cittuppādavemattamattampi na akāsi. Idaṃ sandhāya satthā saṅghe te dānaṃ dadato cittaṃ pasīdissatīti āha.
6. 哈提舍利弗经注疏
6. Hatthisāriputtasuttavaṇṇanā
60在第六经中,“阿毗达摩论说”是指夹杂着阿毗达摩的谈论。“插入谈论”意为打断他人的谈论而说自己的话。“长老比丘们”在此处是属格作具格用,意为“与长老比丘们一起”。也就是说,长老比丘们所作的阿毗达摩论说,此人也能够讲说。“心差别”指心的运转状态。“此处”即在此世间。“善哉善哉”表示看似柔和、非常柔和,具有柔和的样子。“谦下谦下”表示看似谦下、非常谦下,持谦下作风。“寂静寂静”表示看似寂静、非常寂静。“他远离大师”意为离开大师身边。“混杂者”指由五种混杂方式而混杂的人。“放逸者”指放纵不羁的人。“显露者”指根门向外显露的人。
60. Chaṭṭhe abhidhammakathanti abhidhammamissakaṃ kathaṃ. Kathaṃ opātetīti tesaṃ kathaṃ vicchinditvā attano kathaṃ katheti. Therānaṃ bhikkhūnanti karaṇatthe sāmivacanaṃ, therehi bhikkhūhi saddhinti attho. Yā ca therānaṃ abhidhammakathā, taṃ ayampi kathetuṃ sakkotīti attho. Cetopariyāyanti cittavāraṃ. Idhāti imasmiṃ loke. Soratasoratoti sūrato viya sūrato, soraccasamannāgato viyāti attho. Nivātanivātoti nivāto viya nivāto, nivātavutti viyāti attho. Upasantupasantoti upasanto viya upasanto . Vapakassateva satthārāti satthu santikā apagacchati. Saṃsaṭṭhassāti pañcahi saṃsaggehi saṃsaṭṭhassa. Vissaṭṭhassāti vissajjitassa. Pākatassāti pākatindriyassa.
“谷食者”即吃谷物者。“令消失”即摧毁。“牛与羊”即牛与山羊。“贝与螺”即贝类和螺类。“沙与陶片”即沙粒与陶器碎片。“隔夜食”即明知有过失的粗劣食物。“不欲”即不喜欢。在这里,“那位已食之人”一词本是受格,此处应作属格来理解。“喂,那位人士”意为“朋友,那位人士”。
Kiṭṭhādoti kiṭṭhakhādako. Antaradhāpeyyāti nāseyya. Gopasūti gāvo ca ajikā ca. Sippisambukanti sippiyo ca sambukā ca. Sakkharakaṭhalanti sakkharā ca kaṭhalāni ca. Ābhidosikanti abhiññātadosaṃ kudrūsakabhojanaṃ. Nacchādeyyāti na rucceyya. Tattha yadetaṃ purisaṃ bhuttāvinti upayogavacanaṃ, taṃ sāmiatthe daṭṭhabbaṃ. Amuṃ hāvuso, purisanti, āvuso, amuṃ purisaṃ.
“一切相”指所有诸如“常”等之相。“无相心定”指强力的观定。“嘻嘻声”即嘈杂喧闹之声。“将忆念出离”指将忆念出家的功德。“曾是阿拉汉”意为:在世尊的声闻阿拉汉中,他曾是一位阿拉汉。这位长老七度成为在家人,七度出家。何以如此?据说在迦叶正自觉者时代,他曾赞叹一位比丘的在家生活状态。由此业力,当证得阿拉汉果的诸近因具足时,他七次辗转于在家与出家之间,直至第七次出家时证得阿拉汉果。
Sabbanimittānanti sabbesaṃ niccanimittādīnaṃ nimittānaṃ. Animittaṃ cetosamādhinti balavavipassanāsamādhiṃ. Cīrikasaddoti jhallikasaddo. Sarissati nekkhammassāti pabbajjāya guṇaṃ sarissati. Arahataṃ ahosīti bhagavato sāvakānaṃ arahantānaṃ antare eko arahā ahosi. Ayañhi thero satta vāre gihī hutvā satta vāre pabbaji. Kiṃ kāraṇā? Kassapasammāsambuddhakāle kiresa ekassa bhikkhuno gihibhāve vaṇṇaṃ kathesi. So teneva kammena arahattassa upanissaye vijjamāneyeva satta vāre gihibhāve ca pabbajjāya ca sañcaranto sattame vāre pabbajitvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇīti.
7. 中部经注疏
7. Majjhesuttavaṇṇanā
61第七问是《彼岸道》中弥勒青年所问的问题。「知两端」:了知两个端点、两个部分。「于中以慧不染」:所谓‘慧’即是智慧,依此智慧知两端已,于中间不染着,亦即在两端之间的那个位置不染着。「超越缝合者」:超越了名为‘缝合’的渴爱。「触」:由于此有身依触力而生起,故为一端、一部分。「触之集」:以触为集起之因,即于此有身中,依所造业之触为缘而生起的未来有身。此为第二端、第二部分。「触之灭」:即涅槃。「中间」:因为截断了名为缝合的渴爱,使其分作两段,从这个意义上说,涅槃被称为中间。「渴爱缝此」:渴爱将这两类有身所摄的‘触’与‘触之集’缝合、连接在一起。何以故?正是为了令种种‘有’生起。若渴爱不缝合,那么种种‘有’便无从生起。于此,论中引用了‘端中箭’的比喻:如同两支箭并排放置,中间以线缝合,这便称为‘端中’。线一断,两支箭便各自散落两边。同样地,这里的‘两支箭’即如所说的两端;那条将之缝合固定的‘线’则如渴爱;线断时,两支箭便往两边散落。
61. Sattame pārāyane metteyyapañheti pārāyanasamāgamamhi metteyyamāṇavassa pañhe. Ubhonte viditvānāti dve ante dve koṭṭhāse jānitvā. Majjhe mantā na lippatīti mantā vuccati paññā, tāya ubho ante viditvā majjhe na lippati, vemajjheṭṭhāne na lippati. Sibbanimaccagāti sibbanisaṅkhātaṃ taṇhaṃ atīto. Phassoti phassavasena nibbattattā ayaṃ attabhāvo. Eko antoti ayameko koṭṭhāso. Phassasamudayoti phasso samudayo assāti phassasamudayo, imasmiṃ attabhāve katakammaphassapaccayā nibbatto anāgatattabhāvo. Dutiyo antoti dutiyo koṭṭhāso. Phassanirodhoti nibbānaṃ. Majjheti sibbinitaṇhaṃ chetvā dvidhākaraṇaṭṭhena nibbānaṃ majjhe nāma hoti. Taṇhā hinaṃ sibbatīti taṇhā naṃ attabhāvadvayasaṅkhātaṃ phassañca phassasamudayañca sibbati ghaṭṭeti. Kiṃ kāraṇā? Tassa tasseva bhavassa abhinibbattiyā. Yadi hi taṇhā na sibbeyya, tassa tassa bhavassa nibbatti na bhaveyya. Imasmiṃ ṭhāne koṭimajjhikūpamaṃ gaṇhanti. Dvinnañhi kaṇḍānaṃ ekato katvā majjhe suttena saṃsibbitānaṃ koṭi majjhanti vuccati. Sutte chinne ubho kaṇḍāni ubhato patanti. Evamettha kaṇḍadvayaṃ viya vuttappakārā dve antā, sibbitvā ṭhitasuttaṃ viya taṇhā, sutte chinne kaṇḍadvayassa ubhatopatanaṃ viya taṇhāya niruddhāya antadvayaṃ niruddhameva hoti. Ettāvatāti ettakena iminā ubho ante viditvā taṇhāya majjhe anupalittabhāvena abhiññeyyaṃ catusaccadhammaṃ abhijānāti nāma, tīraṇapariññāya ca pahānapariññāya ca parijānitabbaṃ lokiyasaccadvayaṃ parijānāti nāma. Diṭṭhevadhammeti imasmiṃyeva attabhāve. Dukkhassantakaro hotīti vaṭṭadukkhassa koṭikaro paricchedaparivaṭumakaro hoti nāma.
第二转,当以三支箭的比喻来理解。犹如三支箭以线缝在一起,线断后三支箭便散落三处。同样地,此中‘三支箭’好比过去、未来、现在的诸蕴;‘线’则好比渴爱。此渴爱将过去与现在缝合,又将现在与未来缝合。线断时三支箭散落三处,同样地,当渴爱灭尽,过去、未来、现在的诸蕴亦随之息灭。
Dutiyavāre tiṇṇaṃ kaṇḍānaṃ vasena upamā veditabbā. Tiṇṇañhi kaṇḍānaṃ suttena saṃsibbitānaṃ sutte chinne tīṇi kaṇḍāni tīsu ṭhānesu patanti, evamettha kaṇḍattayaṃ viya atītānāgatapaccuppannā khandhā, suttaṃ viya taṇhā. Sā hi atītaṃ paccuppannena, paccuppannañca anāgatena saddhiṃ saṃsibbati. Sutte chinne kaṇḍattayassa tīsu ṭhānesu patanaṃ viya taṇhāya niruddhāya atītānāgatapaccuppannā khandhā niruddhāva honti.
第三转,「不苦不乐在中间」:是指在两种感受之间,处于中间位置。因为乐受与苦受之间,或是苦受与乐受之间,实际上并不存在所谓的中间地带。「渴爱为缝合者」:意思是,于诸感受中生起的欢喜与贪爱会阻碍感受的中断,所以说它是在‘缝合’。
Tatiyavāre adukkhamasukhā majjheti dvinnaṃ vedanānaṃ antaraṭṭhakabhāvena majjhe. Sukhañhi dukkhassa, dukkhaṃ vā sukhassa antaraṃ nāma natthi. Taṇhā sibbinīti vedanāsu nandirāgo vedanānaṃ upacchedaṃ nivāretīti tā sibbati nāma.
第四转,“识在中间”:结生识也罢,其余诸识也罢,由于它们都是依名色为缘而生起,故于名色之中,称为“中间”。
Catutthavāre viññāṇaṃ majjheti paṭisandhiviññāṇampi sesaviññāṇampi nāmarūpapaccayasamudāgatattā nāmarūpānaṃ majjhe nāma.
第五转,“识在中间”:是指业识在中间;或者,因为业被意处所执取,所以在此语境中,任何识都称为“中间”;又或者,因为意门转向依于内处,所以速行识也称为“中间”。
Pañcamavāre viññāṇaṃ majjheti kammaviññāṇaṃ majjhe, ajjhattikāyatanesu vā manāyatanena kammassa gahitattā idha yaṃkiñci viññāṇaṃ majjhe nāma, manodvāre vā āvajjanassa ajjhattikāyatananissitattā javanaviññāṇaṃ majjhe nāma.
第六转,“自身”即三界轮回。“自身之集”即集谛。“自身之灭”即灭谛。“以各种方式”即通过种种那样的理由。其余一切处,皆依前文所说之理可知。
Chaṭṭhavāre sakkāyoti tebhūmakavaṭṭaṃ. Sakkāyasamudayoti samudayasaccaṃ. Sakkāyanirodhoti nirodhasaccaṃ. Pariyāyenāti tena tena kāraṇeneva. Sesaṃ sabbattha vuttanayeneva veditabbaṃ.
8. 《知男子根智经》注释
8. Purisindriyañāṇasuttavaṇṇanā
62在第八部经中,“某位”是指一位提婆达多派系的比丘。“作意之后”是说在内心转向之后。他带着这样的意图请问:“世尊是了知之后才说,还是不了知而说?是作决定说,还是分别解说?”“堕恶趣者”指生于恶趣者。“地狱生”指注定趣向地狱者。“持续一劫者”指由于造作了持续一劫的业,将于一劫中住立者。“不可治者”指无法救治。“二歧”是说分为两种状态。“仅如毫端所能指示的程度”,是形容唯以毫毛之端能指示的微细程度,或说仅为毫端所触及的那么一点范围。“了知男子根智”,是指对于男子这类众生的根性高下利钝差别的智慧,也就是了知根器利钝的智慧,这是它的含义。
62. Aṭṭhame aññataroti devadattapakkhiko eko. Samannāharitvāti āvajjitvā. Idaṃ so ‘‘kiṃ nu kho bhagavatā jānitvā kathitaṃ, udāhu ajānitvā, ekaṃsikaṃ vā kathitaṃ udāhu vibhajjakathita’’nti adhippāyena pucchati. Āpāyikoti apāye nibbattanako. Nerayikoti nirayagāmī. Kappaṭṭhoti kappaṭṭhiyakammassa katattā kappaṃ ṭhassati. Atekicchoti na sakkā tikicchituṃ. Dvejjhanti dvidhābhāvaṃ. Vālaggakoṭinittudanamattanti vālassa aggakoṭiyā dassetabbamattakaṃ, vālaggakoṭinipātamattakaṃ vā. Purisindriyañāṇānīti purisapuggalānaṃ indriyaparopariyattañāṇāni, indriyānaṃ tikkhamudubhāvajānanañāṇānīti attho.
“现有的善法与不善法”:我知道有这么多的善法存在,有这么多的不善法存在。“已消失者”指已到不可见状态者。“已现前者”指因现行活动而变得明显者。“善根”指善的意欲倾向。“善从善”指从彼善的意欲倾向中,还将生起其他善法。“有坚实果者”指已取得坚实之果者,或于秋季产生者。“安乐积聚者”指已积聚安乐者。“在良田中”指在肥沃的良田中。“已置下者”指已说过的。“有相似者”指有相似对应物者。“面对半夜”指在夜半时分,正当面对彼时。“于饭食时之时刻”指在王家的饭食时刻。“是退失法者”:世尊如此了知了谁?阿阇世王。因为他依止恶友,从道果退失。其他如善觉、善星等人,也是世尊所了知的。“是不退失法者”:世尊如此了知了谁?游方者须深,以及其他此类之人。“将般涅槃者”:世尊如此了知了谁?大臣珊达谛,以及其他此类之人。
Vijjamānā kusalāpi dhammā akusalāpi dhammāti ettakā kusalā dhammā vijjanti, ettakā akusalā dhammāti jānāmi. Antarahitāti adassanaṃ gatā. Sammukhībhūtāti samudācāravasena pākaṭā jātā. Kusalamūlanti kusalajjhāsayo. Kusalā kusalanti tamhā kusalajjhāsayā aññampi kusalaṃ nibbattissati. Sāradānīti sārādāni gahitasārāni, saradamāse vā nibbattāni. Sukhasayitānīti sukhasannicitāni. Sukhetteti maṇḍakhette. Nikkhittānīti vuttāni. Sappaṭibhāgāti sarikkhakā. Abhido addharattanti abhiaddharattaṃ addharatte abhimukhībhūte. Bhattakālasamayeti rājakulānaṃ bhattakālasaṅkhāte samaye. Parihānadhammoti ko evaṃ bhagavatā ñātoti? Ajātasatturājā. So hi pāpamittaṃ nissāya maggaphalehi parihīno. Aparepi suppabuddhasunakkhattādayo bhagavatā ñātāva. Aparihānadhammoti evaṃ bhagavatā ko ñāto? Susīmo paribbājako aññe ca evarūpā. Parinibbāyissatīti evaṃ ko ñāto bhagavatāti? Santatimahāmatto aññe ca evarūpā.
9. 《决择经》注释
9. Nibbedhikasuttavaṇṇanā
6363. 在第九部经中,「决择」是指穿透、破坏那些之前从未被穿透、从未被破坏的贪蕴等,所以是决择的教说,意思是决择的原因。「起因之生起者」中,「起因」指将人导向诸欲,因具备令生起的能力而交付出去;「生起」指从那里产生。起因本身就是生起,所以是「起因之生起者」。「有差别性」指差异性。
63. Navame anibbiddhapubbe appadālitapubbe lobhakkhandhādayo nibbijjhati padāletīti nibbedhikapariyāyo, nibbijjhanakāraṇanti attho. Nidānasambhavoti kāme nideti uppādanasamatthatāya niyyādetīti nidānaṃ. Sambhavati tatoti sambhavo, nidānameva sambhavo nidānasambhavo. Vemattatāti nānākaraṇaṃ.
「五欲」:「欲」是就可欲求之义而言,「功德」是就束缚之义而言,如同「肠间膜」等词中的用法。「眼所识」指能被眼识所见者。「可爱」:无论是否被遍求,它们都是可爱的所缘,这是其义。「可意」:应被欲求的。「称心」:令心增长的。「喜色」:有可爱之性的。「与欲相关者」:指与取所缘而生起的欲相应的。「令人染着者」:指作为贪生起之原因的。「这些不是欲」:这些不是在欲求这一意义上的欲。「思惟之贪」:由思惟之力生起的贪,这才是「欲」——是为断欲而修行者所应断的。就欲求之义而言,那些外物称为欲。「种种」:指有种种不同、种种所缘。
Kāmaguṇāti kāmayitabbaṭṭhena kāmā, bandhanaṭṭhena guṇā ‘‘antaguṇa’’ntiādīsu viya. Cakkhuviññeyyāti cakkhuviññāṇena passitabbā. Iṭṭhāti pariyiṭṭhā vā hontu mā vā, iṭṭhārammaṇabhūtāti attho. Kantāti kamanīyā. Manāpāti manavaḍḍhanakā. Piyarūpāti piyajātikā. Kāmūpasañhitāti ārammaṇaṃ katvā uppajjamānena kāmena upasañhitā. Rajanīyāti rāguppattikāraṇabhūtā. Nete kāmāti na ete kamanaṭṭhena kāmā nāma honti. Saṅkapparāgoti saṅkappavasena uppannarāgo. Kāmoti ayaṃ kāmappahānāya paṭipannehi pahātabbo. Kamanaṭṭhena kāmā nāma. Citrānīti citravicitrārammaṇāni.
「触」:指俱生的触。「正在欲求欲」:正在欲求着欲。「彼类彼类」:那一类又一类。「福分」:通过期求天界诸欲、圆满善行而生于天界者的有身,称为福分;通过圆满恶行而生于恶趣者的有身,称为非福分。「比丘们,这称为欲的果报」:这两种情况,都是依于对欲的希求而生起,故称为欲的果报。「那位比丘了知这决择」:那位比丘了知这于三十六处中能穿透的最胜行。「欲灭」:于诸欲的息灭中,如此得名。因为在此处,被称为梵行的道本身,即被说为欲灭。
Phassoti sahajātaphasso. Kāmayamānoti kāmaṃ kāmayamāno. Tajjaṃ tajjanti tajjātikaṃ tajjātikaṃ. Puññabhāgiyanti dibbe kāme patthetvā sucaritapāripūriyā devaloke nibbattassa attabhāvo puññabhāgiyo nāma, duccaritapāripūriyā apāye nibbattassa attabhāvo apuññabhāgiyo nāma. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, kāmānaṃ vipākoti ayaṃ duvidhopi kāmapatthanaṃ nissāya uppannattā kāmānaṃ vipākoti vuccati. So imaṃ nibbedhikanti so bhikkhu imaṃ chattiṃsaṭṭhānesu nibbijjhanakaṃ seṭṭhacariyaṃ jānāti. Kāmanirodhanti kāmānaṃ nirodhane evaṃ laddhanāmaṃ. Imasmiñhi ṭhāne brahmacariyasaṅkhāto maggova kāmanirodhoti vutto.
「带有染着者」:与烦恼之食相应。依此理,于一切处应知其义。而且在此,「言说之果报者」:指以言说为果报。因为称为言说的言谈,是想的果报。「随其如何…之」中,「之」仅为小品词。因此,由于他如何认知,便如何说「我是如此想者」,故为「言说之果报者」,这是其义。
Sāmisāti kilesāmisasampayuttā. Iminā nayena sabbaṭhānesu attho veditabbo. Apicettha vohāravepakkanti vohāravipākaṃ. Kathāsaṅkhāto hi vohāro saññāya vipāko nāma. Yathāyathā nanti ettha naṃ-iti nipātamattameva. Iti yasmā yathā yathā sañjānāti, tathā tathā evaṃsaññī ahosinti katheti, tasmā vohāravepakkāti attho.
「无明」:指于八处无知之厚重无明。「令赴地狱者」:即能令投生地狱者,为地狱结生之缘,这是其义。其余各处亦同此理。「思即是业」:我说思即是业。此处取总括、策励之思。「思已」:指于门中转起之思。「以意」:指与思相应之心。「于地狱可受者」:指于地狱中给予果报者。其余各处亦同此理。「更增胜者」:指强苦。「难离染者」:指沉重、非迅速、缓缓消逝之苦。「捶胸哭泣」:指捶胸而哭泣。「遍求」:指遍求。「一句、两句」:指一句咒或两句咒,谁能知此咒?即此义。「迷乱之果报者」:指以迷乱为果报,因迷乱是苦之等流果。第二句亦同此理,因遍求亦是其等流果。于此经中,宣说了轮回与还灭。
Avijjāti aṭṭhasu ṭhānesu aññāṇabhūtā bahalaavijjā. Nirayaṃ gamentīti nirayagamanīyā, niraye nibbattipaccayāti attho. Sesesupi eseva nayo. Cetanāhanti cetanaṃ ahaṃ. Idha sabbasaṅgāhikā saṃvidahanacetanā gahitā. Cetayitvāti dvārappavattacetanā. Manasāti cetanāsampayuttacittena. Nirayavedanīyanti niraye vipākadāyakaṃ. Sesesupi eseva nayo. Adhimattanti balavadukkhaṃ. Dandhavirāgīti garukaṃ na khippaṃ saṇikaṃ vigacchanakadukkhaṃ. Urattāḷiṃ kandatīti uraṃ tāḷetvā rodati. Pariyeṭṭhinti pariyesanaṃ. Ekapadaṃ dvipadanti ekapadamantaṃ vā dvipadamantaṃ vā, ko mantaṃ jānātīti attho. Sammohavepakkanti sammohavipākaṃ. Dukkhassa hi sammoho nissandavipāko nāma. Dutiyapadepi eseva nayo. Pariyesanāpi hi tassa nissandavipākoti. Imasmiṃ sutte vaṭṭavivaṭṭaṃ kathitaṃ.
10. 狮子吼经注释
10. Sīhanādasuttavaṇṇanā
64第十处:「无畏处」,指最殊胜、不可动摇之地位。「狮子吼」,指无所畏惧之吼声、最上之吼。「梵轮」,指最殊胜之智轮,即通达之智与教说之智。「处与非处」,指从因与非因两方面。「以彼」,指依凭那智慧。「这也是如来的」,指此处处非处智,即如来之「如来力」。如此,一切句中之义理应如是了知。「业受持」,指受持后所造作之善与不善业,或「业受持」即指业本身。「依处说因」,指从缘与因两方面说。其中,趣、所依、时间、加行为感果之处,业为因。「诸禅那、解脱、定、等至」,指四种禅那、八解脱、三种定、九种次第等至。「染污」,指导致退堕之法。「清净」,指导致胜进之法。「出定」,即如所说「清净即是出定,从此定、彼定出定亦是出定」(《分别论》828),指熟练掌握禅那,以及有分心、果等至。因下方熟练禅那为上方禅那之近依处,故称「清净即是出定」。然由有分心而从一切禅那出定,由果等至而从灭尽等至出定;针对后者,说「从此定、彼定出定亦是出定」。「多种的」等,如《清净道论》(2.402章)所释。漏
64. Dasame āsabhaṃ ṭhānanti seṭṭhaṃ niccalaṭṭhānaṃ. Sīhanādanti abhītanādaṃ pamukhanādaṃ. Brahmacakkanti seṭṭhañāṇacakkaṃ paṭivedhañāṇañceva desanāñāṇañca. Ṭhānañca ṭhānatoti kāraṇañca kāraṇato. Yampīti yena ñāṇena. Idampi tathāgatassāti idampi ṭhānāṭṭhānañāṇaṃ tathāgatassa tathāgatabalaṃ nāma hoti. Evaṃ sabbapadesu attho veditabbo. Kammasamādānānanti samādiyitvā katānaṃ kusalākusalakammānaṃ, kammameva vā kammasamādānaṃ. Ṭhānaso hetusoti paccayato ceva hetuto ca. Tattha gatiupadhikālapayogā vipākassa ṭhānaṃ, kammaṃ hetu. Jhānavimokkhasamādhisamāpattīnanti catunnaṃ jhānānaṃ aṭṭhannaṃ vimokkhānaṃ tiṇṇaṃ samādhīnaṃ navannaṃ anupubbasamāpattīnañca. Saṃkilesanti hānabhāgiyaṃ dhammaṃ. Vodānanti visesabhāgiyaṃ dhammaṃ. Vuṭṭhānanti ‘‘vodānampi vuṭṭhānaṃ, tamhā tamhā samādhimhā vuṭṭhānampi vuṭṭhāna’’nti (vibha. 828) evaṃ vuttaṃ paguṇajjhānañceva bhavaṅganaphalasamāpattiyo ca. Heṭṭhimaṃ heṭṭhimañhi paguṇajjhānaṃ uparimassa uparimassa padaṭṭhānaṃ hoti, tasmā ‘‘vodānampi vuṭṭhāna’’nti vuttaṃ. Bhavaṅgena pana sabbajjhānehi vuṭṭhānaṃ hoti, phalasamāpattiyā nirodhasamāpattito vuṭṭhānaṃ hoti. Taṃ sandhāya ‘‘tamhā tamhā samādhimhā vuṭṭhānampi vuṭṭhāna’’nti vuttaṃ. Anekavihitantiādīni visuddhimagge (visuddhi. 2.402) vaṇṇitāni. Āsavakkhayañāṇaṃ heṭṭhā vuttatthameva. Purimassāpi ñāṇattayassa vitthārakathaṃ icchantena majjhimaṭṭhakathāya mahāsīhanādavaṇṇanā (ma. ni. aṭṭha. 1.146 ādayo) oloketabbā. Samāhitassāti ekaggacittassa. Samādhi maggoti samādhi etesaṃ ñāṇānaṃ adhigamāya upāyo. Asamādhīti anekaggabhāvo. Kummaggoti micchāmaggo. Imasmiṃ sutte tathāgatassa ñāṇabalaṃ kathitanti.