第二十五:第五 犯戒恐怖品
(25) 5. Āpattibhayavaggo
1. 僧伽破裂经注
1. Saṅghabhedakasuttavaṇṇanā
243第五品的第一经中,“于争论诤事等”指的是四种诤事,即争论诤事、指责诤事、犯戒诤事与义务诤事。其中,比丘们以“法”或“非法”等十八种事由而起争论,此争论即称为争论诤事。因戒行毁坏,或行仪、邪见、邪命毁坏而加以指责、批评与举罪,此指责即称为指责诤事。母题所列举的五种,加上广解中的两种,共七种犯戒蕴,这称为犯戒诤事。执行僧伽的四种羯磨,即告白等,这称为义务诤事。其余部分,此处义理自明。
243. Pañcamassa paṭhame vivādādhikaraṇādīsūti vivādādhikaraṇaṃ anuvādādhikaraṇaṃ āpattādhikaraṇaṃ kiccādhikaraṇanti imesu catūsu. Tattha dhammoti vā adhammoti vā aṭṭhārasahi vatthūhi vivadantānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ yo vivādo, idaṃ vivādādhikaraṇaṃ nāma. Sīlavipattiyā vā ācāradiṭṭhiājīvavipattiyā vā anuvadantānaṃ yo anuvādo upavadanā ceva codanā ca, idaṃ anuvādādhikaraṇaṃ nāma. Mātikāya āgatā pañca, vibhaṅge dveti sattapi āpattikkhandhā, idaṃ āpattādhikaraṇaṃ nāma. Saṅghassa apalokanādīnaṃ catunnaṃ kammānaṃ karaṇaṃ, idaṃ kiccādhikaraṇaṃ nāma. Sesamettha uttānameva.
2-3. 犯戒恐怖等经注
2-3. Āpattibhayasuttādivaṇṇanā
244-5第二经中,“bhassati”意为被抛掷,因是无意义之物而被丢弃,故称“bhasma”(灰),也就是“chārikā”(灰烬)。装灰的袋子称为“bhaṇḍikā”,即“bhasmapuṭa”(灰袋)。因此说:“bhasmapuṭa(灰袋)就是chārikābhaṇḍika(灰烬袋)”。第三经意义明了。
244-5. Dutiye bhassati niratthakabhāvena khipīyatīti bhasmaṃ, chārikā. Tassa puṭaṃ bhaṇḍikā bhasmapuṭaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘bhasmapuṭanti chārikābhaṇḍika’’nti. Tatiyaṃ uttānatthameva.
4-7. 卧姿等经注
4-7. Seyyāsuttādivaṇṇanā
246-9在第四经中,「petā」意指去往后世者。然而,由于这些众生此世所作之业已尽、寿命已断,故说「kālakatā」(已死),即死亡之意。或者,是指去往后世,依投生饿鬼趣而受生,所以论中说:「或者,生于饿鬼界者名为饿鬼。」他们因痛苦生起,无法侧卧。
246-9. Catutthe petāti peccabhāvaṃ gatā. Te pana yasmā idha katakālakiriyā kālena katajīvitucchedā honti, tasmā vuttaṃ ‘‘kālakatā vuccantī’’ti, matāti attho. Atha vā peccabhavaṃ gatā, petūpapattivasena nibbattiṃ upagatāti attho. Tenāha ‘‘atha vā petavisaye nibbattā petā nāmā’’ti. Ekena passena sayituṃ na sakkonti dukkhuppattito.
「Tejussadattā」(具足威光)以此显示狮子的无畏特质。其他胆小的动物回到住处后,先经历惊恐,然后随意躺卧;狮子则无所畏惧,本性具念,犹如比丘那样先安立正念而后躺卧。因此说:「将两只前爪……」等。将右前爪放在左前爪上,使两前爪合于一处;后爪也应同理,理解为合于一处。这种卧姿的特征正是基于无畏。至于「抬起头」等所描述的狮子行为,犹如无惧地醒来,应知这纯粹是基于无畏本性而成就的自然常态。狮子伸懒腰,是为了让长时间维持同一姿势的身体部位在行走等活动中恢复灵活。发出三声狮子吼,则是为了让威势薄弱的其他兽王心生恐惧而逃离。
Tejussadattāti iminā sīhassa abhīrukabhāvaṃ dasseti. Bhīrukā sesamigā attano āsayaṃ pavisitvā santāsapubbakaṃ yathā tathā sayanti, sīho pana abhīruko sabhāvato satokārī bhikkhu viya satiṃ upaṭṭhapetvāva sayati. Tenāha ‘‘dve purimapāde’’tiādi. Dakkhiṇe purimapāde vāmassa purimapādassa ṭhapanavasena dve purimapāde ekasmiṃ ṭhāne ṭhapetvā. Pacchimapāde vuttanayeneva idhāpi ekasmiṃ ṭhāne ṭhapanaṃ veditabbaṃ, ṭhitokāsasallakkhaṇaṃ abhīrukavaseneva. Sīsaṃ pana ukkhipitvātiādinā vuttasīhakiriyā anutrastappabujjhanā viya abhīrubhāvasiddhadhammatāvasenevāti veditabbā. Sīhavijambhanaṃ ativelaṃ ekākāre ṭhapitānaṃ sarīrāvayavānaṃ gamanādikiriyāsu yogyabhāvāpādanatthaṃ. Tikkhattuṃ sīhanādanadanaṃ appesakkhamigarājehi parittāsapariharaṇatthaṃ.
「比丘们,这称为如来卧」——以此表明第四禅那卧即名为如来卧。于此处以无烦扰状态而转起故为「卧」(seyyā),第四禅那本身即是卧,故称第四禅那卧。那么,什么是那第四禅那呢?是入出息念第四禅那。世尊正是安住于此,增长观智,次第证得最高道后,成为如来。这(入出息念)虽名为近因,而非卧;然而,由于《大般涅槃经》中说「世尊从第四禅那起后即般涅槃」,所以有些人认为世间第四禅那等至即是如来卧。若如此,则如来卧仅在般涅槃时才会生起,而世尊并非多住于世间第四禅那等至。此处应知:依最高果而转起的第四禅那才是如来卧。其中,如众生以睡眠为特征的卧是依有分心而生起,且随顺他们的最初结生而多分转起;同样,世尊随顺圣结生而多分转起、以最高果为体的第四禅那,应知即是如来卧。第五经等义理自明。
Ayaṃvuccati, bhikkhave, tathāgataseyyāti iminā catutthajjhānaseyyā tathāgataseyyā nāmāti dasseti. Seti abyāvaṭabhāvena pavattati etthāti seyyā, catutthajjhānameva seyyā catutthajjhānaseyyā. Kiṃ pana taṃ catutthajjhānanti? Ānāpānacatutthajjhānaṃ. Tattha hi ṭhatvā vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā bhagavā anukkamena aggamaggaṃ adhigantvā tathāgato jātoti. Tayidaṃ padaṭṭhānaṃ nāma na seyyā, tathāpi yasmā ‘‘catutthajjhānasamanantarā bhagavā parinibbāyī’’ti mahāparinibbāne (dī. ni. 2.219) āgataṃ, tasmā lokiyacatutthajjhānasamāpatti eva tathāgataseyyāti keci. Evaṃ sati parinibbānakālikāva tathāgataseyyā āpajjati, na ca bhagavā lokiyacatutthajjhānasamāpajjanabahulo vihāsi. Aggaphalavasena pavattaṃ panettha catutthajjhānaṃ veditabbaṃ. Tattha yathā sattānaṃ niddūpagamalakkhaṇā seyyā bhavaṅgacittavasena hoti, sā pana nesaṃ paṭhamajātisamanvayā yebhuyyavuttikā, evaṃ bhagavato ariyajātisamanvayaṃ yebhuyyavuttikaṃ aggaphalabhūtaṃ catutthajjhānaṃ tathāgataseyyāti veditabbaṃ. Pañcamādīni uttānatthāni.
8. 第一言说经注
8. Paṭhamavohārasuttavaṇṇanā
250-253第八经中,“非圣者”指不善、卑劣之人。“言说”指惯常的言说或表述,例如声称“我已见”等。在此,应依据引发这些种种言说的思(意愿)来理解其含义。第九经等各部经义理明瞭,无需赘述。
250-253. Aṭṭhame anariyānanti asādhūnaṃ nihīnānaṃ. Vohārāti saṃvohārā abhilāpā vā, ‘‘diṭṭhaṃ mayā’’ti evaṃvāditā. Ettha ca taṃtaṃsamuṭṭhāpakacetanāvasena attho veditabbo. Navamādīsu natthi vattabbaṃ.