(八)第三 阿难品
(8) 3. Ānandavaggo
1. 车匿经疏
1. Channasuttavaṇṇanā
72第三品第一经中,「车匿游方者」并非裸形外道。所谓「遮止外道学说而行(bāhirakasamayaṃ luñcitvā haranto)」,是指遮止了外道的学说之后,却又陷入(犯戒)的人。
72. Tatiyassa paṭhame channaparibbājakoti na naggaparibbājako. Bāhirakasamayaṃ luñcitvā harantoti bāhirakānaṃ samayaṃ nisedhetvā āpanno.
因为障碍了慧眼而使人盲暗,故称为「作盲」,因此说「若人贪欲生时」等语。「令成无眼」是一个非依主释复合词,如同「无日之处诸面」等用例那样,所以解说为「不令生起慧眼,所以叫『令成无眼』」。「令慧灭者」指:它不让未生起的世间与出世间智慧生起;至于已借由八等至与五神通而生起的世间智慧,它也会将其断除并丢弃,因此才叫「令慧灭者」——应如此理解。实在是因为(这些烦恼)具有令未生者不生、令已生者退失的特相,所以使慧灭尽,故称为「令慧灭者」。「恼害、逼迫」就是苦,故说「名为苦的恼害」。「烦恼的涅槃」一词,所指的正是无为涅槃。因那名为无为的涅槃,烦恼不让它被现证,故说「导向不般涅槃」。由于也宣说了顺抉择分与出世间圣道,所以说这是「含出世间之杂论」。
Paññācakkhussa vibandhanato andhaṃ karotīti andhakaraṇoti āha ‘‘yassa rāgo uppajjatī’’tiādi. Acakkhukaraṇoti asamatthasamāsoyaṃ ‘‘asūriyapassāni mukhānī’’tiādīsu viyāti āha ‘‘paññācakkhuṃ na karotīti acakkhukaraṇo’’ti. Paññānirodhikoti anuppannāya lokiyalokuttarāya paññāya uppajjituṃ na deti, lokiyapaññaṃ pana aṭṭhasamāpattipañcābhiññāvasena uppannampi samucchinditvā khipatīti paññānirodhikoti evampettha attho daṭṭhabbo. Anuppannānuppādauppannaparihāninimittatāya hi paññaṃ nirodhetīti paññānirodhiko. Vihanati vibādhatīti vighāto, dukkhanti āha ‘‘dukkhasaṅkhātassa vighātassā’’ti. Kilesanibbānanti iminā asaṅkhatanibbānameva vadati. Asaṅkhatañhi nibbānaṃ nāma, taṃ paccakkhaṃ kātuṃ na detīti anibbānasaṃvattaniko. Lokuttaramissako kathito pubbabhāgiyassapi ariyamaggassa kathitattā.
2. 邪命外道经疏
2. Ājīvakasuttavaṇṇanā
73第二经中,「非为不知而欲知(na aññātukāmo)」的意思是:并非仅仅想要知道而已。因此才说「其实是为了遍察而来」,意思是其来意是为了以智慧去判别、审察、把握。所谓「以理由陈述(kāraṇāpadeso)」,即理由之说明。其余此处皆甚浅白。
73. Dutiye na aññātukāmoti na ājānitukāmoyevāti attho. Tenāha ‘‘pariggaṇhanatthaṃ pana āgato’’ti, paññāya paricchinditvā upaparikkhitvā gaṇhanatthanti attho. Kāraṇāpadesoti kāraṇaniddeso. Sesamettha uttānameva.
3. 摩诃男释氏经疏
3. Mahānāmasakkasuttavaṇṇanā
74第三经中,生病之状态即称为“疾病”,故说“由患病状态故”。“开显”是随顺教法的次第作说明。即先说所学之戒、定、慧,后说无学之戒等,以此开显其义。
74. Tatiye gilānassa bhāvo gelaññanti āha ‘‘gilānabhāvato’’ti. Dīpetīti desanākkameneva paññāpeti. Paṭhamañhi sekhasīlasamādhipaññāyo vatvā pacchā asekhasīlādīni vadanto imamatthaṃ dīpeti.
4. 尼干陀经疏
4. Nigaṇṭhasuttavaṇṇanā
75第四经中,“以鹅形覆蔽”即是以鹅形覆蔽,意为呈现鹅轮之相。“没有它的剩余”故称“无余”。因此说“连少许也不遗留”。或者,由了知无余之法,他宣称具足名为无余的智见——此处的义理应如此看待。“常”即是恒常。“等”是其同义词,故说“常等即指一切时无有间断”。又或者,从恒常之义来看,“常”字或是显示屡屡生起,所以又说“等”。由此显示无间而生起,故说“一切时无有间断”。
75. Catutthe haṃsavaṭṭakacchannenāti haṃsavaṭṭakaparicchannena, haṃsamaṇḍalākārenāti attho. Natthi etassa parisesanti aparisesaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘appamattakampi asesetvā’’ti. Aparisesadhammajānanato vā aparisesasaṅkhātaṃ ñāṇadassanaṃ paṭijānātīti evampettha attho daṭṭhabbo. Satatanti niccaṃ. Samitanti tasseva vevacananti āha ‘‘satataṃ samitanti sabbakālaṃ nirantara’’nti. Atha vā niccaṭṭhena satata-saddena abhiṇhappavatti jotitā siyāti ‘‘samita’’nti vuttaṃ. Tena nirantarappavattiṃ dassetīti āha ‘‘sabbakālaṃ nirantara’’nti.
「为实现清净」:就是为了让那些心被贪等垢与贪欲、邪贪等染污的众生,达到清净。「为超越」:就是为了断除愁与悲。「为灭没」:就是指身苦与心忧这两者的灭没、灭尽。「被知」:是指决定地走向涅槃。或者,用这个来通达、证悟涅槃,所以叫作「道」,也就是圣道,因此说「为证得道」。「为作证无缘涅槃」:因为没有缘,所以叫无缘;因为是无为;因为没有渴爱的丛林,所以称为涅槃;为了亲证这个已得名的不死,即亲自体验。「触了又触」:就是达到了又达到。其余的内容在这里很容易理解。
Visuddhisampāpanatthāyāti rāgādīhi malehi abhijjhāvisamalobhādīhi ca upakkiliṭṭhacittānaṃ sattānaṃ visuddhipāpanatthāya. Samatikkamanatthāyāti sokassa ca paridevassa ca pahānatthāya. Atthaṃ gamanatthāyāti kāyikadukkhassa ca cetasikadomanassassa cāti imesaṃ dvinnaṃ atthaṅgamanāya, nirodhāyāti attho. Ñāyati nicchayena kamati nibbānaṃ. Taṃ vā ñāyati paṭivijjhati etenāti ñāyo, ariyamaggoti āha ‘‘maggassa adhigamanatthāyā’’ti. Apaccayanibbānassa sacchikaraṇatthāyāti paccayarahitattā apaccayassa asaṅkhatassa taṇhāvānavirahitattā nibbānanti laddhanāmassa amatassa sacchikiriyāya, attapaccakkhatāyāti vuttaṃ hoti. Phusitvā phusitvāti patvā patvā. Sesamettha suviññeyyameva.
5. 住所经疏
5. Nivesakasuttavaṇṇanā
76第七十六段。第五经中,“大臣”:于应作事务中,由共住的意义,他们成为同处者,故称“大臣”。“亲族”:以“此为自有”的方式而知,或使其被知,故称“亲族”。“翁姑及其同类”:指翁姑以及属于他们这一方的人。“血亲”:由血缘相连,故称“血亲”。或说,父方为亲族,母方为血亲;或说,父方母方为亲族,翁姑同类为血亲。对宝的功德确信、如实了知之后而得的净信,称为“不坏净信”。然而,此净信由道而来,不为任何所动摇、所破坏,故又称“不动净信”。“变化性”:指自性的转变。
76. Pañcame kiccakaraṇīyesu sahabhāvaṭṭhena amā hontīti amaccā. ‘‘Ayaṃ ajjhattiko’’ti evaṃ jānanti, ñāyanti vāti ñātī. Sassusasurapakkhikāti sassusasurā ca tappakkhiko ca sassusasurapakkhikā. Lohitena sambaddhāti sālohitā. Pitupakkhikā vā ñātī, mātupakkhikā sālohitā. Mātupitupakkhikā vā ñātī, sassusasurapakkhikā sālohitā. Avecca ratanassa guṇe yāthāvato ñatvā pasādo aveccappasādo. So pana yasmā maggenāgatattā kenaci akampanīyo ca appadhaṃsiyo ca hoti, tasmā evaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘acalappasādo’’ti. Bhāvaññathattanti sabhāvassa aññathattaṃ.
“于二十部分中”:即从头发等直至脑髓为止。“于十二部分中”:即从胆等直至尿为止。“于四部分中”:即如所说“由此而令温热,由此而令消化,由此而令烧灼,由此而令所食、所饮、所嚼、所尝的食物得以完全消化”(《中部》一·三〇四)的这四种部分。“于六部分中”:即如所说“上行风、下行风、腹内风、肠内风、遍行于肢体的风、入出息”(《中部》二·三〇五)的这六种部分。“保持”:指能令其余三大种安立的状态,有些人则称之为“嬉戏”。此处余义极易明了。
Vīsatiyā koṭṭhāsesūti kesādimatthaluṅgapariyantesu. Dvādasasu koṭṭhāsesūti pittādimuttapariyantesu. Catūsu koṭṭhāsesūti ‘‘yena ca santappati, yena ca jīrīyati, yena ca paridayhati, yena ca asitapītakhāyitasāyitaṃ sammā pariṇāmaṃ gacchatī’’ti (ma. ni. 1.304) evaṃ vuttesu catūsu koṭṭhāsesu. Chasu koṭṭhāsesūti ‘‘uddhaṅgamā vātā, adhogamā vātā, kucchisayā vātā, koṭṭhāsayā vātā, aṅgamaṅgānusārino vātā, assāso passāso’’ti (ma. ni. 2.305) evaṃ vuttesu chasu koṭṭhāsesu. Vitthambhanaṃ sesabhūtattayasanthambhitatāpādanaṃ, ‘‘upakīḷana’’nti eke. Sesaṃ suviññeyyameva.
6-7. 第一有经等疏
6-7. Paṭhamabhavasuttādivaṇṇanā
77-78第七十七至七十八段。第六经中,“行识”:指与业一同生起的识。此处其余之义显而易见。第七经则无需解说。
77-78. Chaṭṭhe abhisaṅkhāraviññāṇanti kammasahajātaṃ viññāṇaṃ. Sesamettha suviññeyyameva. Sattame natthi vattabbaṃ.
8. 戒禁取经注
8. Sīlabbatasuttavaṇṇanā
79第八经中,“难行苦行的修习”:指从事难行之行的修习。“以侍奉为精髓”:指以侍奉的方式为精髓。通过“这是胜妙的”等来阐明侍奉的方式。“在此处”:指在导师所询问的问题上。
79. Aṭṭhame dukkarakārikānuyogoti dukkarakiriyāya anuyogo. Upaṭṭhānena sāranti upaṭṭhānākārena sāraṃ. ‘‘Idaṃ vara’’ntiādinā upaṭṭhānākāraṃ vibhāveti. Etthāti etasmiṃ satthārā pucchite pañhe.
9. 香生经注
9. Gandhajātasuttavaṇṇanā
80第九经中,由于根的香,或根的香,称为“根香”,故说“以根为处的香”。“以根为处”意为以根作为它的处所。现在为了说明“根由于与香结合而成为香”这一含义,又说“或者,具足香的根部本身就是根香”。为表明后一种义释在此更为恰当,便说了“因为它的香”等。
80. Navame mūle, mūlassa vā gandho mūlagandhoti āha ‘‘mūlavatthuko gandho’’ti. Mūlaṃ vatthu etassāti mūlavatthuko. Idāni mūlaṃ gandhayogato gandhoti imamatthaṃ dassento ‘‘gandhasampannaṃ vā mūlameva mūlagandho’’ti āha. Pacchimoyevettha atthavikappo yuttataroti dassetuṃ ‘‘tassa hi gandho’’tiādimāha. Vassikapupphādīnanti sumanapupphādīnaṃ.
10. 小尼迦经注
10. Cūḷanikāsuttavaṇṇanā
81第十经中,“《阿卢那跋提经》的缘起”,即《梵天相应》(《相应部》1.185)中所记载的《阿卢那跋提经》的缘起,如下:“诸比丘,过去有位国王名为阿卢那跋提。诸比丘,阿卢那跋提王有座王都名为阿卢那跋提。诸比丘,尸弃世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者正是依止阿卢那跋提城而住。诸比丘,尸弃世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者有两位声闻双贤弟子,名为阿毗布与善生,是最优秀的一对双贤。那时,诸比丘,尸弃世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者便对阿毗布比丘说……”“极度清晨”意为极早,非常早,即各家各户尚未准备饭食之时。
81. Dasame aruṇavatisuttantaaṭṭhuppattiyanti ‘‘bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave, rājā ahosi aruṇavā nāma. Rañño kho pana, bhikkhave, aruṇavato aruṇavatī nāma rājadhānī ahosi. Aruṇavatiṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, rājadhāniṃ sikhī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho upanissāya vihāsi. Sikhissa kho pana, bhikkhave, bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa abhibhūsambhavaṃ nāma sāvakayugaṃ ahosi aggaṃ bhaddayugaṃ. Atha kho, bhikkhave, sikhī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho abhibhuṃ bhikkhuṃ āmantesī’’tiādinā brahmasaṃyutte (saṃ. ni. 1.185) āgatassa aruṇavatisuttantassa aṭṭhuppattiyaṃ. Atippagoti ativiya pago, ativiya pātoti attho, na tāva kulesu bhattaṃ niṭṭhātīti vuttaṃ hoti.
「轻视」:是指在心里贬低他人,以低下看待,认为对方卑劣。「作了种种的神变」:是指依照“舍弃本来的形色,显现龙形,或显现金翅鸟形”等方式(《无碍解道》3.13),做出各式各样的神变。「千世界界」:即一千个轮围世界。接着说出两首偈颂:据说,那位长老这样思惟:“我所开示的法,到底要如何才能让一切众生都喜爱、悦意呢?”随后他了知:“所有外道,以及一切天和人,都各自在自己教说盛行的时期里赞扬人的努力,没有谁会贬低精进。我应当结合精进来开示,这样一来,我的法开示就能成为一切众生都喜爱、悦意的了。”遍察三藏之后,他便说出了“应奋发,应努力”这两首偈颂。
Ujjhāyantīti avajhāyanti, heṭṭhā katvā cintenti, lāmakato cintenti. Anekavihitaṃ iddhivikubbanaṃ katvāti ‘‘pakativaṇṇaṃ vijahitvā nāgavaṇṇaṃ vā dasseti, supaṇṇavaṇṇaṃ vā dassetī’’tiādinā (paṭi. ma. 3.13) nayena āgataṃ anekappakāraṃ iddhivikubbanaṃ katvā. Sahassilokadhātunti cakkavāḷasahassaṃ. Gāthādvayaṃ abhāsīti thero kira ‘‘kathaṃ desitā kho dhammadesanā sabbesaṃ piyā manāpā’’ti cintetvā ‘‘sabbepi pāsaṇḍā sabbe devamanussā attano attano samaye purisakāraṃ vaṇṇayanti, vīriyassa avaṇṇavādī nāma natthi, vīriyappaṭisaṃyuttaṃ katvā desessāmi. Evamassa dhammadesanā sabbesaṃ piyā bhavissati manāpā’’ti ñatvā tīsu piṭakesu vicinitvā ‘‘ārambhatha nikkamathā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.186) idaṃ gāthādvayaṃ abhāsi.
「这是什么光明」:意为“这到底是谁的光明呢?”「正在寻思者」:是指那些内心正在思惟的人。「一切」:是指在那世界界中的所有天与人。「对聚集的群众」:是指为了听闻法而聚集起来的、有确定范围的那群听众。「他们不仅听到了,义理也清楚了」:他们并非仅仅听到声音,而且经文的义理也变得清楚,如同在平常听闻的范围内那样清晰可见。这是为了让千世界界的众生皆得了知。
Kiṃ āloko ayanti kassa nu kho ayaṃ ālokoti. Vicinantānanti cintentānaṃ. Sabbeti lokadhātuyaṃ sabbe devā ca manussā ca. Osaṭāya parisāyāti dhammassavanatthaṃ samosaṭāya parimitaparicchinnāya parisāya. Atthopi nesaṃ pākaṭo ahosīti na kevalaṃ te saddameva assosuṃ, atha kho atthopi tesaṃ pakatisavanūpacāre viya pākaṭo ahosi. Tena sahassaṃ lokadhātuṃ viññāpetīti adhippāyo.
「Pariharanti」:指将须弥山置于南方,令其转动。「Virocamānā」:以自身光辉照耀,或显得庄严。「如此以千为单位的世间」:如同每一个被日月照明的世间界,以此数量的一千倍;也就是说,连同此轮围世界,共有一千个轮围世界。然而,世尊为何在此引入这小千世界?这是为了显示中千世界的界限,即显示二千世界界的范围。
Pariharantīti sineruṃ dakkhiṇato katvā parivattenti. Virocamānāti attano jutiyā dibbamānā, sobhamānā vā. Tāva sahassadhā lokoti yattako candimasūriyehi obhāsiyamāno lokadhātusaṅkhāto ekeko loko, tattakena pamāṇena sahassadhā loko, iminā cakkavāḷena saddhiṃ cakkavāḷasahassanti attho. Kasmā panesā ānītāti esā cūḷanikā lokadhātu kasmā bhagavatā ānītā, desitāti attho. Majjhimikāya lokadhātuyā paricchedadassanatthanti dvisahassilokadhātuyā parimāṇadassanatthaṃ.
千个世界为一千世界界,此千倍为二千世界界;若按轮围数量计算,其面积相当于百千轮围世界。因此佛陀说:“将一千个轮围世界乘以千倍……”等等。随着世界震动、诸天来集等事件,在这一切发生所在的轮围世界中,那安稳无虞之处即是‘生田’。应知此即为生田之法的自然规律;有论师则认为这是由于摄受之力。他们说:一切诸佛的生田皆是如此,而且唯住于此处的诸天能证悟法。此处仅举结生等七事为示例,因即使于发大愿等时,亦会有此种世界震动。
Sahassilokadhātuyā sahassī dvisahassilokadhātu, sā cakkavāḷagaṇanāya dasasatasahassacakkavāḷaparimāṇā. Tenāha ‘‘sahassacakkavāḷāni sahassabhāgena gaṇetvā’’tiādi. Kampanadevatūpasaṅkamanādinā jātacakkavāḷena saha yogakkhemaṃ ṭhānaṃ jātikkhettaṃ. Tattakāya eva jātikkhettabhāvo dhammatāvaseneva veditabbo, ‘‘pariggahavasenā’’ti keci. Sabbesampi buddhānaṃ evaṃ jātikkhettaṃ tannivāsīnaṃyeva ca devatānaṃ dhammābhisamayoti vadanti. Paṭisandhiggahaṇādīnaṃ sattannaṃyeva gahaṇaṃ nidassanamattaṃ mahābhinīhārādikālepi tassa pakampanassa labbhanato.
将千乘以千倍所得为中千世界……依此所说,则以中千世界的千倍为三千世界界,此三千世界界亦即大千世界界。凭佛自身音声而传布教令之处,称为‘教令田’,此田同一聚而坏、同一聚而成。所谓‘教令遍及’,是指住于此处的诸天以顶戴而纳受教令;而这唯依佛陀的威神力。然而若就意愿而说,如“诸比丘,若欲……”(《增支部》3.80)之教示,于佛陀而言实无不可及之处,境田亦无分限的划界。此中说“不平坦”,是因日出等事相不均等。是故佛陀说“于一处日出”等语。其余义理于此易可了知。
Sahassaṃ sahassadhā katvā gaṇitaṃ majjhimikantiādinā majjhimikāya lokadhātuyā sahassaṃ tisahassilokadhātu, sāyeva ca mahāsahassilokadhātūti dasseti. Saraseneva āṇāpavattanaṃ āṇākkhettaṃ, yaṃ ekajjhaṃ saṃvaṭṭati vivaṭṭati ca. Āṇā pharatīti tannivāsidevatānaṃ sirasā sampaṭicchanena vattati, tañca kho kevalaṃ buddhānubhāveneva, adhippāyavasena ca pana ‘‘yāvatā pana ākaṅkheyyā’’ti (a. ni. 3.81) vacanato buddhānaṃ avisayo nāma natthi, visayakkhettassa pamāṇaparicchedo nāma natthi. Visamoti sūriyuggamanādīnaṃ visamabhāvato visamo. Tenevāha ‘‘ekasmiṃ ṭhāne sūriyo uggato hotī’’tiādi. Sesamettha suviññeyyameva.