第三品 阿难品
(8) 3. Ānandavaggo
1. 阐陀经的注释
1. Channasuttavaṇṇanā
72第三品第一经中的“阐陀”是一位名为阐陀的游方者。“友!你们也……”意为:“朋友,正如我们主张应断除贪等,你们是否也如此主张?”他这样问道。于是长老心想:“这位游方者说我们主张断除贪等,但在其他教派中并无此主张。”为了否定其说,长老便说:“友!我们确实……”等等。其中,“确实”是一个不变词,表示决定义,意思是“唯有我们才如此主张”。接着,游方者思惟:“这位长老否定了外道的说法,称‘唯有我们’。他们见到了什么过患,才主张要断除这些呢?”于是向长老提问,说:“那么你们……”等等。长老为他解答,说:“染著者……”等等。这里,“自利”是指自己现世的利益、来世的利益,以及世间与出世间的利益。“他利”与“自他两利”也应如此理解。
72. Tatiyassa paṭhame channoti evaṃnāmako channaparibbājako. Tumhepi, āvusoti, āvuso, yathā mayaṃ rāgādīnaṃ pahānaṃ paññāpema, kiṃ evaṃ tumhepi paññāpethāti pucchati. Tato thero ‘‘ayaṃ paribbājako amhe rāgādīnaṃ pahānaṃ paññāpemāti vadati, natthi panetaṃ bāhirasamaye’’ti taṃ paṭikkhipanto mayaṃ kho, āvusotiādimāha. Tattha khoti avadhāraṇatthe nipāto, mayameva paññāpemāti attho. Tato paribbājako cintesi ‘‘ayaṃ thero bāhirasamayaṃ luñcitvā haranto ‘mayamevā’ti āha. Kiṃ nu kho ādīnavaṃ disvā ete etesaṃ pahānaṃ paññāpentī’’ti. Atha theraṃ pucchanto kiṃ pana tumhetiādimāha. Thero tassa byākaronto ratto khotiādimāha. Tattha attatthanti diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikaṃ lokiyalokuttaraṃ attano atthaṃ. Paratthaubhayatthesupi eseva nayo.
“作盲”等词:当贪生起时,它由于障碍如实知见而令之盲目,故称“作盲者”。它不令慧眼生起,故称“无眼者”。它不令智慧生起,故称“令无知者”。它能令业属己的智慧、禅那的智慧、观的智慧这三种智慧不再生起而息灭,故称“灭智者”。因能招致不可意的果报,属于称为苦的破坏一类,故称“致破坏者”。它不能导向烦恼的涅槃,故称“不导涅槃者”。“然而,阿难友,这正适合于不放逸”:意思是说,阿难友,若有此道,则对你们来说,它正与不放逸相称、相宜、相合,你们应当修习不放逸。他随喜了长老的话后便离开了。此经所阐述的是与出世间法相结合的圣道。
Andhakaraṇotiādīsu yassa rāgo uppajjati, taṃ yathābhūtadassananivāraṇena andhaṃ karotīti andhakaraṇo. Paññācakkhuṃ na karotīti acakkhukaraṇo. Ñāṇaṃ na karotīti aññāṇakaraṇo. Kammassakatapaññā jhānapaññā vipassanāpaññāti imā tisso paññā appavattikaraṇena nirodhetīti paññānirodhiko. Aniṭṭhaphaladāyakattā dukkhasaṅkhātassa vighātasseva pakkhe vattatīti vighātapakkhiko. Kilesanibbānaṃ na saṃvattetīti anibbānasaṃvattaniko. Alañca panāvuso ānanda, appamādāyāti, āvuso ānanda, sace evarūpā paṭipadā atthi, alaṃ tumhākaṃ appamādāya yuttaṃ anucchavikaṃ, appamādaṃ karotha, āvusoti therassa vacanaṃ anumoditvā pakkāmi. Imasmiṃ sutte ariyamaggo lokuttaramissako kathito. Sesamettha uttānatthamevāti.
2. 邪命外道经的注释
2. Ājīvakasuttavaṇṇanā
73第二经中,“那么,居士……”:据说长老思惟:“此人前来,并非因为不懂而来请教,而是为了考察。我要让他自己解说他所问的问题。”因此,为使他说出那番话,长老便说了“那么……”等语。其中,“那么”是一个引出理由的引语:既然你这么问,我便以此反问你。“是哪一些沙门、婆罗门”:即哪一些呢?“自赞其法”:即抬高自己的教说,确立自己的主张。“贬抑他法”:即抨击、贬低、遮蔽他人的主张。“如实说法”:即于适当的处所开示法义。“所问之义已阐明”:我所问的问题,其义理已经说明清楚。另有“没有抬高自己”:意思是未将自己标榜为“我们是这样的”。另有一异读作“未引导”。
73. Dutiye tena hi gahapatīti thero kira cintesi – ‘‘ayaṃ idha āgacchanto na aññātukāmo hutvā āgami, pariggaṇhanatthaṃ pana āgato. Iminā pucchitapañhaṃ imināva kathāpessāmī’’ti. Iti taṃyeva kathaṃ kathāpetukāmo tena hītiādimāha. Tattha tena hīti kāraṇāpadeso. Yasmā tvaṃ evaṃ pucchasi, tasmā taññevettha paṭipucchāmīti. Kesaṃ noti katamesaṃ nu. Sadhammukkaṃsanāti attano laddhiyā ukkhipitvā ṭhapanā. Paradhammāpasādanāti paresaṃ laddhiyā ghaṭṭanā vambhanā avakkhipanā. Āyataneva dhammadesanāti kāraṇasmiṃyeva dhammadesanā. Attho ca vuttoti mayā pucchitapañhāya attho ca pakāsito . Attā ca anupanītoti amhe evarūpāti evaṃ attā ca na upanīto. Nupanītotipi pāṭho.
3. 摩诃男释迦经的注释
3. Mahānāmasakkasuttavaṇṇanā
74第三经中,“病愈而出”:指患病之后得以痊愈而出。“从病中”:即从疾病的状态中。 “前往”:他吃过早餐,手持花鬘、香等物品,由众多随从前后簇拥着前来。“握其臂”:须知,并非抓住手臂拖拽,而是他从自己的座位起身,走到长老跟前,用拇指在长老的右臂上作了示意,然后退立一旁。当时,他依“摩诃男,有学的戒,也……”这种方式,为七类有学开示了戒、定、慧之后,又依阿拉汉果讲述无学的戒、定、慧,以显示:“于有学之定后,会生起有学的观智及无学的果智;于有学的观智之后,会生起无学的果定。”然而,应当了知,与之相应的定与智是同时生起的,而非前后生起。
74. Tatiye gilānā vuṭṭhitoti gilāno hutvā vuṭṭhito. Gelaññāti gilānabhāvato. Upasaṅkamīti bhuttapātarāso mālāgandhādīni ādāya mahāparivāraparivuto upasaṅkami. Bāhāyaṃ gahetvāti na bāhāyaṃ gahetvā ākaḍḍhi, nisinnāsanato vuṭṭhāya tassa santikaṃ gantvā dakkhiṇabāhāyaṃ aṅguṭṭhakena saññaṃ datvā ekamantaṃ apanesīti veditabbo. Athassa ‘‘sekhampi kho, mahānāma, sīla’’ntiādinā nayena sattannaṃ sekhānaṃ sīlañca samādhiñca paññañca kathetvā upari arahattaphalavasena asekhā sīlasamādhipaññāyo kathento – ‘‘sekhasamādhito sekhaṃ vipassanāñāṇaṃ asekhañca phalañāṇaṃ pacchā, sekhavipassanāñāṇato ca asekhaphalasamādhi pacchā uppajjatī’’ti dīpesi. Yāni pana sampayuttāni samādhiñāṇāni, tesaṃ apacchā apure uppatti veditabbāti.
4. 尼干陀经注
4. Nigaṇṭhasuttavaṇṇanā
7575. 第四经中,「在重阁讲堂」(kūṭāgārasālāyaṃ):指由两个椽尖构成、以雁翎覆盖的香室。「宣称无余智见」(aparisesaṃ ñāṇadassanaṃ paṭijānāti):即他声称拥有毫无遗留、全部且完整的智见。「恒常不断」(satataṃ samitaṃ):指在任何时候都持续不断。「智见现前」(ñāṇadassanaṃ paccupaṭṭhitaṃ):这是在说“我的遍知智已经现前”。「诸过去业」(purāṇānaṃ kammānaṃ):指过去已经造作累积的业。「依苦行而灭尽」(tapasā byantībhāvaṃ):通过难行的苦行,使那些业彻底灭尽无余。「于未来业」(navānaṃ kammānaṃ):指现在将要造作累积的业。「不作」(akaraṇā):因为不再造作累积了。「断桥」(setughāta):指彻底切断通路、破坏其产生的因缘。由业尽而苦尽(kammakkhayā dukkhakkhayo):通过业的轮转彻底灭尽,从而带来苦的灭尽。由苦尽而受尽(dukkhakkhayā vedanākkhayo):通过苦的轮转彻底灭尽,从而带来受的灭尽。如果苦的轮转已经灭尽了,那么受的轮转也必然随之灭尽。由受尽故,一切苦都将灭尽(vedanākkhayā sabbaṃ dukkhaṃ nijjiṇṇaṃ bhavissati):藉由受的灭尽,整个轮转中的一切痛苦,都将彻底消亡。「现见的、消尽的、清净的」(sandiṭṭhikāya nijjarāya visuddhiyā):是为了那必须由自己亲见的现证;是为了那能令烦恼衰亡或因为能令烦恼消亡所以称为“消尽”的修行之道;是为了有情的清净。「能超越」(samatikkamo hoti):能完全超越一切轮转之苦。「'尊者,世尊于此如何说?'」(idha, bhante, bhagavā kimāha):尊者,对于这种修行,世尊是怎么说的呢?他是只教导这种令烦恼消亡的修行方法,还是也教导了别的方法?他这样问道。
75. Catutthe kūṭāgārasālāyanti dve kaṇṇikā gahetvā haṃsavaṭṭakacchannena katāya gandhakuṭiyā. Aparisesaṃ ñāṇadassanaṃ paṭijānātīti appamattakampi asesetvā sabbaṃ ñāṇadassanaṃ paṭijānāti. Satataṃ samitanti sabbakālaṃ nirantaraṃ. Ñāṇadassanaṃ paccupaṭṭhitanti sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ mayhaṃ upaṭṭhitamevāti dasseti. Purāṇānaṃ kammānanti āyūhitakammānaṃ. Tapasā byantībhāvanti dukkaratapena vigatantakaraṇaṃ. Navānaṃ kammānanti idāni āyūhitabbakammānaṃ. Akaraṇāti anāyūhanena. Setughātanti padaghātaṃ paccayaghātaṃ katheti. Kammakkhayā dukkhakkhayoti kammavaṭṭakkhayena dukkhakkhayo. Dukkhakkhayā vedanākkhayoti dukkhavaṭṭakkhayena vedanākkhayo. Dukkhavaṭṭasmiñhi khīṇe vedanāvaṭṭampi khīṇameva hoti. Vedanākkhayā sabbaṃ dukkhaṃ nijjiṇṇaṃ bhavissatīti vedanākkhayena pana sakalavaṭṭadukkhaṃ nijjiṇṇameva bhavissati. Sandiṭṭhikāyāti sāmaṃ passitabbāya paccakkhāya. Nijjarāya visuddhiyāti kilesajīraṇakapaṭipadāya kilese vā nijjīraṇato nijjarāya sattānaṃ visuddhiyā. Samatikkamo hotīti sakalassa vaṭṭadukkhassa atikkamo hoti. Idha, bhante, bhagavā kimāhāti, bhante, bhagavā imāya paṭipattiyā kimāha, kiṃ etaṃyeva kilesanijjīraṇakapaṭipadaṃ paññapeti, udāhu aññanti pucchati.
「知者(jānatā)」:以毫无障碍的智慧而了知。「见者(passatā)」:以能遍见一切的佛眼而观见。「清净(visuddhiyā)」:为了成就清净。「超越(samatikkamā)」:为了达到超越。「灭尽(atthaṅgamā)」:为了实现彻底的息灭、消失。「证得正理(ñāyassa adhigamāya)」:为了证得与观智相伴的圣道。「作证涅槃(nibbānassa sacchikiriyāya)」:为了亲自作证那无条件的涅槃。「不造新业(navañca kammaṃ na karoti)」:不再积集新的业。「旧业(purāṇañca kamma)」:指过去所累积的旧业。「触后碰后,使之终结(phussa phussa byantī karoti)」:一次又一次地触证之后,使其彻底终结。意思是,在触证了异熟果报之后,就彻底灭尽那项业。「现见的(sandiṭṭhikā)」:可以由自己亲眼看见的。「无时的(akālikā)」:不是间隔一段时间后才产生作用的。「来见的(ehipassikā)」:适合用“来、看!”这样的方式来向人展示。「能导引的(opanayyikā)」:适合引入、应当亲近依靠的。「智者各自证知的(paccattaṃ veditabbā viññūhi)」:是智者们各自在自己的身心相续中才能了知的,愚人是难以明白的。这样一来,从戒的方面,解说了两种道与两种果,因为入流者和一来者,他们在戒上是圆满成就的。接着,借着远离欲乐等体现的定具足,解说了三种道与三种果,因为不还的圣弟子,被称为在定上圆满成就的。借着诸漏灭尽等,解说了阿拉汉果。然而,有些人认为,这里的戒与定也是与阿拉汉果相应的。而圣典之所以将它们一一分开安立,是为了展示每一类人的修行方式。
Jānatāti anāvaraṇañāṇena jānantena. Passatāti samantacakkhunā passantena. Visuddhiyāti visuddhisampāpanatthāya. Samatikkamāyāti samatikkamanatthāya. Atthaṅgamāyāti atthaṃ gamanatthāya. Ñāyassa adhigamāyāti saha vipassanāya maggassa adhigamanatthāya. Nibbānassa sacchikiriyāyāti apaccayanibbānassa sacchikaraṇatthāya. Navañca kammaṃ na karotīti navaṃ kammaṃ nāyūhati. Purāṇañca kammanti pubbe āyūhitakammaṃ. Phussa phussa byantī karotīti phusitvā phusitvā vigatantaṃ karoti, vipākaphassaṃ phusitvā phusitvā taṃ kammaṃ khepetīti attho. Sandiṭṭhikāti sāmaṃ passitabbā. Akālikāti na kālantare kiccakārikā. Ehipassikāti ‘‘ehi passā’’ti evaṃ dassetuṃ yuttā. Opaneyyikāti upanaye yuttā allīyitabbayuttā. Paccattaṃ veditabbā viññūhīti paṇḍitehi attano attano santāneyeva jānitabbā, bālehi pana dujjānā. Iti sīlavasena dve maggā, dve ca phalāni kathitāni. Sotāpannasakadāgāmino hi sīlesu paripūrakārinoti. Vivicceva kāmehītiādikāya pana samādhisampadāya tayo maggā, tīṇi ca phalāni kathitāni. Anāgāmī ariyasāvako hi samādhimhi paripūrakārīti vutto. Āsavānaṃ khayātiādīhi arahattaphalaṃ kathitaṃ. Keci pana sīlasamādhayopi arahattaphalasampayuttāva idha adhippetā. Ekekassa pana vasena paṭipattidassanatthaṃ visuṃ visuṃ tanti āropitāti.
5. 居处经注释
5. Nivesakasuttavaṇṇanā
76第五经中,「同僚」指朋友。「亲戚」指岳父母、公婆等亲属。「血亲」指拥有共同血脉的兄弟姐妹等。「不坏净信」:在彻底了知功德之后,所生起的不可动摇的坚定信心。「变异」:指状态的改变。在提到地界等时,身体的二十个部分中呈现坚硬性质的地界,十二个部分中呈现汁液、起黏合作用的水界,四个部分中起消化作用的火界,六个部分中起支撑作用的界,这些都可能发生性质的改变。然而决不会如此:因为,这四大种虽有可能因相互转化而发生变化,但显示,这对于圣弟子是绝对不可能的。而且,这里的“变异”指的是信心的变异和投生去向的变异。因为那两种变异不会发生在圣弟子身上,但他存在的状态(如生为不同众生)是可能发生变异的。圣弟子在为人之后,也可以成为天神,甚至梵天。然而,即使在其他生命状态中,他的信心也不会消失,更不会陷入恶趣这种投生去向的变异。导师世尊为了开示这个道理,才说了:“于此,此种变异……”
76. Pañcame amaccāti suhajjā. Ñātīti sassusasurapakkhikā. Sālohitāti samānalohitā bhātibhaginiādayo. Aveccappasādeti guṇe avecca jānitvā uppanne acalappasāde. Aññathattanti bhāvaññathattaṃ . Pathavīdhātuyātiādīsu vīsatiyā koṭṭhāsesu thaddhākārabhūtāya pathavīdhātuyā, dvādasasu koṭṭhāsesu yūsagatāya ābandhanabhūtāya āpodhātuyā, catūsu koṭṭhāsesu paripācanabhūtāya tejodhātuyā, chasu koṭṭhāsesu vitthambhanabhūtāya vāyodhātuyā siyā aññathattaṃ. Na tvevāti imesaṃ hi catunnaṃ mahābhūtānaṃ aññamaññabhāvūpagamanena siyā aññathattaṃ, ariyasāvakassa pana na tveva siyāti dasseti. Ettha ca aññathattanti pasādaññathattañca gatiaññathattañca. Tañhi tassa na hoti, bhāvaññathattaṃ pana hoti. Ariyasāvako hi manusso hutvā devopi hoti brahmāpi. Pasādo panassa bhavantarepi na vigacchati, na ca apāyagatisaṅkhātaṃ gatiaññathattaṃ pāpuṇāti. Satthāpi tadeva dassento tatridaṃ aññathattantiādimāha. Sesamettha uttānatthamevāti.
六、《第一有经》注疏
6. Paṭhamabhavasuttavaṇṇanā
77第六经中,「欲界异熟」指在欲界中成熟的异熟。「欲有」指在欲界的再生有。「业为田」:善与不善业,以其为生长之处,故称为田。「识为种子」:俱生的造作之识,以其能生长,故称为种子。「爱为润泽」:由于执持、滋长的作用,爱称为水。「无明所覆」:被无明所覆盖。「爱结所系」:被爱的结缚所捆绑。「于下劣界」:即于欲界。「识已住立」:造作之识已住立。「于中界」:即于色界。「于胜妙界」:即于无色界。此处其余文句的意义,清楚易明了。
77. Chaṭṭhe kāmadhātuvepakkanti kāmadhātuyā vipaccanakaṃ. Kāmabhavoti kāmadhātuyaṃ upapattibhavo. Kammaṃ khettanti kusalākusalakammaṃ viruhanaṭṭhānaṭṭhena khettaṃ. Viññāṇaṃ bījanti sahajātaṃ abhisaṅkhāraviññāṇaṃ viruhanaṭṭhena bījaṃ. Taṇhā snehoti paggaṇhanānubrūhanavasena taṇhā udakaṃ nāma. Avijjānīvaraṇānanti avijjāya āvaritānaṃ. Taṇhāsaṃyojanānanti taṇhābandhanena baddhānaṃ. Hīnāya dhātuyāti kāmadhātuyā. Viññāṇaṃ patiṭṭhitanti abhisaṅkhāraviññāṇaṃ patiṭṭhitaṃ. Majjhimāya dhātuyāti rūpadhātuyā. Paṇītāya dhātuyāti arūpadhātuyā. Sesamettha uttānatthamevāti.
七、《第二有经》注疏
7. Dutiyabhavasuttavaṇṇanā
78第七经中,「思」指业思。「愿求」也指业愿求。其余与前文相似。
78. Sattame cetanāti kammacetanā. Patthanāpi kammapatthanāva. Sesaṃ purimasadisamevāti.
第八、《戒禁取经》注疏
8. Sīlabbatasuttavaṇṇanā
79第八经中,“戒禁取”指戒与誓愿。“活命”指从事苦行。“梵行”指梵行的修习。“以侍奉为精髓”:即以侍奉为精髓,执持“这是最好的,这是究竟的”,如此安住。“有果”:问是否具有利益、有增长。“尊者,此事不能一概而论”:尊者,此处不能一概而论地回答。“侍奉执取精髓者”:即执持此为精髓、为最好、为究竟而遵行的人。“无果”:从所期望的果报而言,没有果。至此,除持业论者和持行论者的出家之外,一切外道皆已被包含在内。“有果”:从所期望的果报而言,有果、有饶益。至此,以此教法为始,一切持业论者和持行论者的出家皆被包含在内。而“与他相等者不易得见”,如此站在有学地回答。
79. Aṭṭhame sīlabbatanti sīlañceva vatañca. Jīvitanti dukkarakārikānuyogo. Brahmacariyanti brahmacariyavāso. Upaṭṭhānasāranti upaṭṭhānena sāraṃ , ‘‘idaṃ varaṃ idaṃ niṭṭhā’’ti evaṃ upaṭṭhitanti attho. Saphalanti saudrayaṃ savaḍḍhikaṃ hotīti pucchati. Na khvettha, bhante, ekaṃsenāti, bhante, na kho ettha ekaṃsena byākātabbanti attho. Upaṭṭhānasāraṃ sevatoti idaṃ sāraṃ varaṃ niṭṭhāti evaṃ upaṭṭhitaṃ sevamānassa. Aphalanti iṭṭhaphalena aphalaṃ. Ettāvatā kammavādikiriyavādīnaṃ pabbajjaṃ ṭhapetvā seso sabbopi bāhirakasamayo gahito hoti. Saphalanti iṭṭhaphalena saphalaṃ saudrayaṃ. Ettāvatā imaṃ sāsanaṃ ādiṃ katvā sabbāpi kammavādikiriyavādīnaṃ pabbajjā gahitā. Na ca panassa sulabharūpo samasamo paññāyāti evaṃ sekkhabhūmiyaṃ ṭhatvā pañhaṃ kathento assa ānandassa paññāya samasamo na sulabhoti dasseti. Imasmiṃ sutte sekkhabhūmi nāma kathitāti.
第九、《香生经》注释
9. Gandhajātasuttavaṇṇanā
80第九经中,“说了此语”:午后,从托钵乞食归来,完成对十力者的侍奉义务后,前往自己白天的住处。他在那里想:“这个世间有所谓的根香、心材香和花香,但这三种香只能顺风飘送,不能逆风。到底有没有什么东西,其香气可以逆风飘呢?”因为他在请求八项特权时,于疑惑生起之际,已经获得了靠近请问的特权,所以立即从白天的住处起身,来到导师面前,顶礼后退坐一面。为了消除心中产生的疑惑,他说道:“尊者,有这三种……”等等。此处,“香种”指香的种类。“根香”:以根为根源的香,或充满香气的根本身即称为根香。它的香气顺风而行;而香本身并没有所谓“香的香气”。对于心材香和花香,也应当如此理解。“阿难,是否有什么香类”这句中,因为皈依等通过称扬功德之语而传遍各个方向,与香相似,故称为“香”;以人为其基础的,即称为“香类”。“香行”(gandho gacchati…):香气运行……
80. Navame etadavocāti pacchābhattaṃ piṇḍapātapaṭikkanto dasabalassa vattaṃ dassetvā attano divāvihāraṭṭhānaṃ gantvā ‘‘imasmiṃ loke mūlagandho nāma atthi, sāragandho nāma atthi, pupphagandho nāma atthi. Ime pana tayopi gandhā anuvātaṃyeva gacchanti, na paṭivātaṃ. Atthi nu kho kiñci, yassa paṭivātampi gandho gacchatī’’ti cintetvā aṭṭhannaṃ varānaṃ gahaṇakāleyeva kaṅkhuppattisamaye upasaṅkamanavarassa gahitattā takkhaṇaṃyeva divāṭṭhānato vuṭṭhāya satthu santikaṃ gantvā vanditvā ekamantaṃ nisinno uppannāya kaṅkhāya vinodanatthaṃ etaṃ ‘‘tīṇimāni, bhante’’tiādivacanaṃ avoca. Tattha gandhajātānīti gandhajātiyo. Mūlagandhoti mūlavatthuko gandho, gandhasampannaṃ vā mūlameva mūlagandho. Tassa hi gandho anuvātaṃ gacchati. Gandhassa pana gandho nāma natthi. Sāragandhapupphagandhesupi eseva nayo. Atthānanda, kiñci gandhajātanti ettha saraṇagamanādayo guṇavaṇṇabhāsanavasena disāgāmitāya gandhasadisattā gandhā, tesaṃ vatthubhūto puggalo gandhajātaṃ nāma. Gandho gacchatīti vaṇṇabhāsanavasena gacchati. Sīlavāti pañcasīlena vā dasasīlena vā sīlavā. Kalyāṇadhammoti teneva sīladhammena kalyāṇadhammo sundaradhammo. Vigatamalamaccherenātiādīnaṃ attho visuddhimagge (visuddhi. 1.160) vitthāritova. Disāsūti catūsu disāsu catūsu anudisāsu . Samaṇabrāhmaṇāti samitapāpabāhitapāpā samaṇabrāhmaṇā.
“花香不能逆风飘”:雨安居花等的香气不能逆风而行。“旃檀、多伽罗、末利”:旃檀、多伽罗与末利的香气也不能逆风而行。据说,天界有一种名为普塔苏曼那的花,在盛开之日,香气遍满一百由旬,但即使如此,逆风时连一拃、一宝珠的距离也传送不到。“而善人的香气则能逆风飘”:善人、智者,如佛陀、独觉佛、佛弟子等的戒等功德之香,能够逆风而行。“善士借香普熏一切方”:善士、智者以戒等功德之香普熏一切方向,以其香气覆盖所有方向。
Na pupphagandho paṭivātametīti vassikapupphādīnaṃ gandho paṭivātaṃ na gacchati. Na candanaṃ tagaramallikā vāti candanatagaramallikānampi gandho paṭivātaṃ na gacchatīti attho. Devalokepi phuṭasumanā nāma hoti, tassā pupphitadivase gandho yojanasataṃ ajjhottharati. Sopi paṭivātaṃ vidatthimattampi ratanamattampi gantuṃ na sakkotīti vadanti. Satañca gandho paṭivātametīti satañca paṇḍitānaṃ buddhapaccekabuddhabuddhaputtānaṃ sīlādiguṇagandho paṭivātaṃ gacchati. Sabbā disā sappuriso pavāyatīti sappuriso paṇḍito sīlādiguṇagandhena sabbā disā pavāyati, sabbā disā gandhena avattharatīti attho.
第十、《小品经》注释
10. Cūḷanikāsuttavaṇṇanā
81第十经的安立有两种:依因缘而起的(atthuppattika)与依问难而起的(pucchāvasika)。那么,它是依什么因缘、由谁请问而说的呢?是在《阿卢那跋提经》的因缘(《相应部》1.185等)中,依阿难长老的问难而宣说的。《阿卢那跋提经》又是由谁宣说的呢?是由两位佛陀——尸弃世尊和我们的导师——所宣说。从今劫上溯至第三十一劫之顶时,在阿卢那跋提城,由阿卢那国王的王后、名为巴帕瓦提的王妃腹中结生,待智慧成熟后,行大出家而离俗,尸弃世尊在菩提座上证得一切知智,转无上法轮。他依阿卢那跋提城而住。一天清晨,他整肃仪容,由大比丘僧团围绕,心想:‘我将进入阿卢那跋提城乞食’,于是走出精舍,站在门楼附近,召唤上首弟子阿毘浮说:‘比丘,现在入阿卢那跋提城乞食尚早,我们且前往某个梵天界吧。’正如这样所说:
81. Dasamassa duvidho nikkhepo atthuppattikopi pucchāvasikopi. Kataraatthuppattiyaṃ kassa pucchāya kathitanti ce? Aruṇavatisuttantaatthuppattiyaṃ (saṃ. ni. 1.185 ādayo) ānandattherassa pucchāya kathitaṃ. Aruṇavatisuttanto kena kathitoti? Dvīhi buddhehi kathito sikhinā ca bhagavatā amhākañca satthārā. Imasmā hi kappā ekatiṃsakappamatthake aruṇavatinagare aruṇavato rañño pabhāvatiyā nāma mahesiyā kucchismiṃ nibbattitvā paripakke ñāṇe mahābhinikkhamanaṃ nikkhamitvā sikhī bhagavā bodhimaṇḍe sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ paṭivijjhitvā pavattitavaradhammacakko aruṇavatiṃ nissāya viharanto ekadivasaṃ pātova sarīrappaṭijagganaṃ katvā mahābhikkhusaṅghaparivāro ‘‘aruṇavatiṃ piṇḍāya pavisissāmī’’ti nikkhamitvā vihāradvārakoṭṭhakasamīpe ṭhito abhibhuṃ nāma aggasāvakaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘atippago kho, bhikkhu, aruṇavatiṃ piṇḍāya pavisituṃ, yena aññataro brahmaloko tenupasaṅkamissāmā’’ti. Yathāha –
“诸比丘,那时,尸弃世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者召唤阿毘浮比丘:‘来吧,婆罗门,且让我们前往某个梵天界,如今还没到用餐时分。’‘是的,尊者!’诸比丘,阿毘浮比丘这样应答了尸弃世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者。诸比丘,于是,尸弃世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者便与阿毘浮比丘一同前往某个梵天界。(《相应部》1.185)”
‘‘Atha kho, bhikkhave, sikhī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho abhibhuṃ bhikkhuṃ āmantesi – ‘āyāma, brāhmaṇa, yena aññataro brahmaloko tenupasaṅkamissāma, na tāva bhattakālo bhavissatī’ti. ‘Evaṃ, bhante’ti kho, bhikkhave, abhibhū bhikkhu sikhissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa paccassosi. Atha kho, bhikkhave, sikhī bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho abhibhū ca bhikkhu yena aññataro brahmaloko tenupasaṅkamiṃsū’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.185).
在那里,大梵天见到正自觉者,满心欢喜,起身相迎,为世尊敷设梵座,也为长老敷设了相应的座位。世尊坐于所敷之座,长老也坐于为己敷设的座位。大梵天顶礼十力尊后,退坐一面。
Tattha mahābrahmā sammāsambuddhaṃ disvā attamano paccuggamanaṃ katvā brahmāsanaṃ paññāpetvā adāsi, therassāpi anucchavikaṃ āsanaṃ paññāpayiṃsu. Nisīdi bhagavā paññatte āsane, theropi attano paññattāsane nisīdi. Mahābrahmāpi dasabalaṃ vanditvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi.
那时,诸比丘,尸弃世尊对阿毘浮比丘说:“婆罗门,请你为梵天、梵众及梵眷属说法吧。”“是的,尊者!”阿毘浮比丘应诺了尸弃世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者之后,便为梵天、梵众及梵眷属说法。当长老说法时,梵天众纷纷议论:“大师难得来到梵天界,这位比丘却越过大师,自行说法了。”
Atha kho, bhikkhave, sikhī bhagavā abhibhuṃ bhikkhuṃ āmantesi – ‘‘paṭibhātu taṃ, brāhmaṇa, brahmuno ca brahmaparisāya ca brahmapārisajjānañca dhammīkathāti. ‘Evaṃ, bhante’ti kho, bhikkhave, abhibhū bhikkhu sikhissa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa paṭissuṇitvā brahmuno ca brahmaparisāya ca brahmapārisajjānañca dhammiṃ kathaṃ kathesi. There dhammaṃ kathente brahmagaṇā ujjhāyiṃsu – ‘‘cirassañca mayaṃ satthu brahmalokāgamanaṃ labhimha, ayañca bhikkhu ṭhapetvā satthāraṃ sayaṃ dhammakathaṃ ārabhī’’ti.
世尊了知他们心生不悦,便对阿毘浮比丘说:“婆罗门,梵天、梵众及梵眷属正在那里非议。因此,婆罗门,你应当更深入地策励他们。”长老领受师命,示现种种神通变化,以音声令千世界了知,并诵出两首偈颂:“应奋起,应出离……”那么,长老是如何令千世界了知的呢?他先入青遍定,令一切处遍布黑暗;当众生心生“这是何等黑暗”的疑念时,他又放出光明;当众生探寻“这是何等光明”时,他便显现自身形像。于是,千世界内的诸天与人们都合掌高举,纷纷向长老礼敬而立。长老心想:“愿大众得闻我说法之声!”便诵出这两首偈颂。所有会集的大众,犹如坐在中间听法一般,都听到了声音,其中的义理也清晰明了。
Satthā tesaṃ anattamanabhāvaṃ ñatvā abhibhuṃ bhikkhuṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ujjhāyanti kho te, brāhmaṇa, brahmā ca brahmaparisā ca brahmapārisajjā ca. Tena hi tvaṃ – brāhmaṇa, bhiyyosomattāya saṃvejehī’’ti. Thero satthu vacanaṃ sampaṭicchitvā anekavihitaṃ iddhivikubbanaṃ katvā sahassilokadhātuṃ sarena viññāpento ‘‘ārambhatha nikkamathā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.185) gāthādvayaṃ abhāsi. Kiṃ pana katvā thero sahassilokadhātuṃ viññāpesīti? Nīlakasiṇaṃ tāva samāpajjitvā sabbattha andhakāraṃ phari, tato ‘‘kimidaṃ andhakāra’’nti sattānaṃ ābhoge uppanne ālokaṃ dassesi. ‘‘Kiṃ āloko aya’’nti vicinantānaṃ attānaṃ dassesi, sahassacakkavāḷe devamanussā añjaliṃ paggaṇhitvā paggaṇhitvā theraṃyeva namassamānā aṭṭhaṃsu. Thero ‘‘mahājano mayhaṃ dhammaṃ desentassa saraṃ suṇātū’’ti imā gāthā abhāsi. Sabbe osaṭāya parisāya majjhe nisīditvā dhammaṃ desentassa viya saddaṃ assosuṃ. Atthopi nesaṃ pākaṭo ahosi.
那时,世尊与长老一同返回阿卢那跋提,入城乞食。食后,从托钵乞食归来,世尊问比丘僧团:“诸比丘,你们可曾听闻阿毘浮比丘在梵天界所说的偈颂?”他们答言:“是的,尊者!”便表明所闻,也诵出了那两首偈颂。大师称叹“善哉,善哉”,结束了这次教导。如此,这部经最早于距今三十一劫之前,由尸弃世尊所宣说。
Atha kho bhagavā saddhiṃ therena aruṇavatiṃ paccāgantvā piṇḍāya caritvā pacchābhattaṃ piṇḍapātapaṭikkanto bhikkhusaṅghaṃ pucchi – ‘‘assuttha no tumhe, bhikkhave, abhibhussa bhikkhuno brahmaloke ṭhitassa gāthāyo bhāsamānassā’’ti. Te ‘‘āma, bhante’’ti paṭijānitvā sutabhāvaṃ āvikarontā tadeva gāthādvayaṃ udāhariṃsu. Satthā ‘‘sādhu sādhū’’ti sādhukāraṃ datvā desanaṃ niṭṭhapesi. Evaṃ tāva idaṃ suttaṃ ito ekatiṃsakappamatthake sikhinā bhagavatā kathitaṃ.
而我们的世尊,证得了一切知,已转无上法轮,依止舍卫城住于祇园精舍。于杰塔月满月之日,他召集比丘众,开始宣说这部《阿卢那跋提经》。阿难长老手持拂尘,一边拂尘侍立,一边从头到尾听闻,一字不漏地受持了全经。翌日,他托钵归来,向十力尊尽诸义务后,回到自己昼间的住所。待共住比丘与弟子们行礼离去,他便坐下思惟前一日所述的《阿卢那跋提经》。此时,整部经文清晰现于心中。他想:‘昨日大师曾说,尸弃世尊的上首弟子立于梵天界,在千世界中驱除黑暗,示现身光,令声远扬而为说法。一位弟子已然有此境界,那么圆满十波罗蜜、证得一切知的正自觉者,又能以声音令多少世界知晓呢?’为断此疑,他当即来到世尊跟前请问此事。为阐明这一因缘,经中说:‘这时,具寿阿难……’
Amhākaṃ pana bhagavā sabbaññutaṃ patto pavattitavaradhammacakko sāvatthiṃ upanissāya jetavane viharanto jeṭṭhamūlamāsapuṇṇamadivase bhikkhū āmantetvā imaṃ aruṇavatisuttaṃ paṭṭhapesi. Ānandatthero bījaniṃ gahetvā bījayamāno ṭhitakova ādito paṭṭhāya yāva pariyosānā ekabyañjanampi ahāpetvā sakalasuttaṃ uggaṇhi. So punadivase piṇḍapātapaṭikkanto dasabalassa vattaṃ dassetvā attano divāvihāraṭṭhānaṃ gantvā saddhivihārikantevāsikesu vattaṃ dassetvā pakkantesu hiyyo kathitaṃ aruṇavatisuttaṃ āvajjento nisīdi. Athassa sabbaṃ suttaṃ vibhūtaṃ upaṭṭhāsi. So cintesi – ‘‘sikhissa bhagavato aggasāvako brahmaloke ṭhatvā cakkavāḷasahasse andhakāraṃ vidhametvā sarīrobhāsaṃ dassetvā attano saddaṃ sāvento dhammakathaṃ kathesīti hiyyo satthārā kathitaṃ, sāvakassa tāva visayo evarūpo, dasa pāramiyo pūretvā sabbaññutaṃ patto pana sammāsambuddho kittakaṃ ṭhānaṃ sarena viññāpeyyā’’ti. So evaṃ uppannāya vimatiyā vinodanatthaṃ taṅkhaṇeyeva bhagavantaṃ upasaṅkamitvā tamatthaṃ pucchi. Etamatthaṃ dassetuṃ atha kho āyasmā ānandoti vuttaṃ.
其中,“面前”是指“由我当面亲闻,并非凭传闻,亦非凭信使辗转传达”——他是以此意趣而作此说的。“能以声音令知晓的范围有多大”意思是:能以自身光芒破除黑暗后,再用声音令多大范围知晓。“阿难,那位弟子是可得测量的,而诸如来不可测量”——世尊正是以此意趣说出此言:阿难,你说的是什么话呢?那位弟子是安立于部分之智上的。而诸如来已圆满十波罗蜜,证得一切知智,不可测量。你这样做,恰如取指尖微尘去比大地的广土,这算什么话呢?弟子的领域自是一事,诸佛的领域是另一事;弟子的行境自是一事,诸佛的行境是另一事;弟子的力量自是一事,诸佛的力量是另一事。如此,世尊以此意趣表明不可测量性之后,便默然不语。
Tattha sammukhāti sammukhībhūtena mayā etaṃ sutaṃ, na anussavena, na dūtaparamparāyāti iminā adhippāyena evamāha. Kīvatakaṃ pahoti sarena viññāpetunti kittakaṃ ṭhānaṃ sarīrobhāsena vihatandhakāraṃ katvā sarena viññāpetuṃ sakkoti. Sāvako so, ānanda, appameyyā tathāgatāti idaṃ bhagavā iminā adhippāyenāha – ānanda, tvaṃ kiṃ vadesi, so padesañāṇe ṭhito sāvako. Tathāgatā pana dasa pāramiyo pūretvā sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ pattā appameyyā. So tvaṃ nakhasikhāya paṃsuṃ gahetvā mahāpathavipaṃsunā saddhiṃ upamento viya kiṃ nāmetaṃ vadesi. Añño hi sāvakānaṃ visayo, añño buddhānaṃ. Añño sāvakānaṃ gocaro, añño buddhānaṃ. Aññaṃ sāvakānaṃ balaṃ, aññaṃ buddhānanti. Iti bhagavā iminā adhippāyena appameyyabhāvaṃ vatvā tuṇhī ahosi.
长老第二次请问。导师为了指明——‘阿难,你这是拿着棕榈叶柄的小孔去比无垠虚空,拿着遮吒迦鸟去比一百五十由旬大的金翅鸟王,拿着象鼻汲起的水去比恒河大水,拿着四肘坑的积水去比七大湖泊,拿着仅得一匙饭的人去比转轮王,拿着食土鬼去比诸天之王帝释,拿着萤火虫的光去比太阳的光芒,你这样说算什么话呢?’——于是第二次也只是开示不可测量性之后,便沉默下来。这时长老心想:‘我问导师,他尚未开示;让我第三次请求,请他发出佛陀的狮子吼吧。’他于是第三次启请。为明此事,经中说‘第三次’等。这时,世尊为他解答,说出‘阿难,你可曾听闻……’等开头之语。长老心中思惟:‘导师只对我说了“阿难,你可曾听闻千小世界界”这么一句便又沉默,看来现在他要发出佛陀的狮子吼了。’他便再请导师,说道:‘世尊,今正是时……’等等。
Thero dutiyampi pucchi. Satthā, ‘‘ānanda, tvaṃ tāḷacchiddaṃ gahetvā anantākāsena upamento viya, cātakasakuṇaṃ gahetvā diyaḍḍhayojanasatikena supaṇṇarājena upamento viya, hatthisoṇḍāya udakaṃ gahetvā mahāgaṅgāya upamento viya, caturatanike āvāṭe udakaṃ gahetvā sattahi sarehi upamento viya, nāḷikodanamattalābhiṃ manussaṃ gahetvā cakkavattiraññā upamento viya, paṃsupisācakaṃ gahetvā sakkena devaraññā upamento viya, khajjopanakappabhaṃ gahetvā sūriyappabhāya upamento viya kiṃ nāmetaṃ vadesīti dīpento dutiyampi appameyyabhāvameva vatvā tuṇhī ahosi. Tato thero cintesi – ‘‘satthā mayā pucchito na tāva kathesi, handa naṃ yāvatatiyaṃ yācitvā buddhasīhanādaṃ nadāpessāmī’’ti. So tatiyampi yāci. Taṃ dassetuṃ tatiyampi khotiādi vuttaṃ. Athassa bhagavā byākaronto sutā te ānandātiādimāha. Thero cintesi – ‘‘satthā me ‘sutā te, ānanda, sahassī cūḷanikā lokadhātū’ti ettakameva vatvā tuṇhī jāto, idāni buddhasīhanādaṃ nadissatī’’ti so satthāraṃ yācanto etassa bhagavā kālotiādimāha.
世尊为作详细开示,便以「那么,阿难……」等语开始讲说。此处,「凡」指某个范围。「日与月」即月亮与太阳。「运行」指它们周行各处。「照耀诸方」指照耀一切方位。「闪耀」指放射光芒。以此便界定了一个轮围世界。接着,为将其放大千倍而显示,便说「千重世界」。在彼「千重世界」中,也就是在这个由一千个轮围世界所构成的世界里,「千四大王天」指一千个四大王天界。然而,因为每一个轮围世界中都有四位四大王,所以称为「四千大王」。其余各处,亦可以同一方法推知。「小」指微小,此是弟子们所能了知的范围。那么,此处为何引述它呢?是为以此显示中千世界界的范围界限。
Bhagavāpissa vitthārakathaṃ kathetuṃ tena hānandātiādimāha. Tattha yāvatāti yattakaṃ ṭhānaṃ. Candimasūriyāti candimā ca sūriyo ca. Pariharantīti vicaranti. Disā bhantīti sabbadisā obhāsanti. Virocanāti virocamānā. Ettāvatā ekacakkavāḷaṃ paricchinditvā dassitaṃ hoti. Idāni taṃ sahassaguṇaṃ katvā dassento tāva sahassadhā lokoti āha. Tasmiṃ sahassadhā loketi tasmiṃ sahassacakkavāḷe. Sahassaṃ cātumahārājikānanti sahassaṃ cātumahārājikānaṃ devalokānaṃ. Yasmā pana ekekasmiṃ cakkavāḷe cattāro cattāro mahārājāno , tasmā cattāri mahārājasahassānīti vuttaṃ. Iminā upāyena sabbattha attho veditabbo. Cūḷanikāti khuddikā. Ayaṃ sāvakānaṃ visayo. Kasmā panesā ānītāti? Majjhimikāya lokadhātuyā paricchedadassanatthaṃ.
「凡」是指某个范围。「千重」是指以一千倍来计。所谓「二千中千世界界」,是指将一千个轮围世界乘以一千倍来计算,即由十个百千,也就是一万个轮围世界所构成的范围,这个范围就称为二千中千世界界。这并非弟子们所能了知的范围,唯有诸佛才能了知。因为即使在如此广大的区域,诸如来也能破除黑暗,展现身上的光芒,并用声音让人明白,这句正是为了阐明这个道理。由此说明了诸佛的「生处」。因为菩萨在最后一生,从天界去世而降入母胎结生的那一天、出胎的那一天、大出家的那一天、成就正觉的那一天、首次转法轮的那一天、舍弃寿行的日子,以及进入般涅槃的日子,所有这些广大的地方都会震动。
Yāvatāti yattakā. Tāva sahassadhāti tāva sahassabhāgena. Dvisahassī majjhimikā lokadhātūti ayaṃ sahassacakkavāḷāni sahassabhāgena gaṇetvā dasasatasahassacakkavāḷaparimāṇā dvisahassī majjhimikā nāma lokadhātu. Ayaṃ sāvakānaṃ avisayo, buddhānameva visayo. Ettakepi hi ṭhāne tathāgatā andhakāraṃ vidhametvā sarīrobhāsaṃ dassetvā sarena viññāpetuṃ sakkontīti dīpeti. Ettakena buddhānaṃ jātikkhettaṃ nāma dassitaṃ. Bodhisattānañhi pacchimabhave devalokato cavitvā mātukucchiyaṃ paṭisandhiggahaṇadivase ca kucchito nikkhamanadivase ca mahābhinikkhamanadivase ca sambodhidhammacakkappavattanaāyusaṅkhāravossajjanaparinibbānadivasesu ca ettakaṃ ṭhānaṃ kampati.
「三千大千」的意思是:从千开始,第三重所以称为「三千」;将一千个世界作千倍计算成为中千世界后,再将中千世界作千倍计算,因为是用极大的千数来计量的,所以称为「大千」。由此说明,显示了一个由百千俱胝个轮围世界所构成的世界。只要世尊愿意,在这样广大的地方,他都能破除黑暗,展现身光,并用声音让人明白。然而,算数师子长老(Gaṇakaputtatissa)却这样说过:“三千大千世界界并非只有这样的范围。这是诸师长在诵习时产生了混淆,是表述上脱落的部分;实际上,由十百千俱胝个轮围世界所构成的范围,才叫作三千大千世界界。”以上的说明,展现了世尊被称为「教令处」的范围。因为在这个范围内,《阿吒那胝护卫偈》、《伊师耆利护卫偈》、《幢顶护卫偈》、《觉支护卫偈》、《蕴护卫偈》、《孔雀护卫偈》、《慈心护卫偈》、《宝经护卫偈》这些护卫经的教令力才能遍及。而「凡他所愿」是指他所期望的任何范围;这句则开示了「行境处」。因为诸佛的行境处是没有边际、无法限量的。对于它的无限,常举这个譬喻来说明:将一百千俱胝个轮围世界,向上直到梵天界,都装满了芥子。假若有人从东方走来,每经过一个轮围世界就放下一粒芥子,就算那些芥子全部用完了,东方的轮围世界也远未穷尽。对南方等各个方向也是如此。在行境处中,没有诸佛的能力无法达到的地方。
Tisahassī mahāsahassīti sahassito paṭṭhāya tatiyāti tisahassī, sahassaṃ sahassadhā katvā gaṇitaṃ majjhimikaṃ sahassadhā katvā gaṇitattā mahantehi sahassehi gaṇitāti mahāsahassī. Ettāvatā koṭisatasahassacakkavāḷaparimāṇo loko dassito hoti. Bhagavā ākaṅkhamāno ettake ṭhāne andhakāraṃ vidhametvā sarīrobhāsaṃ dassetvā sarena viññāpeyyāti. Gaṇakaputtatissatthero pana evamāha – ‘‘na tisahassimahāsahassilokadhātuyā evaṃ parimāṇaṃ. Idañhi ācariyānaṃ sajjhāyamuḷhakaṃ vācāya parihīnaṭṭhānaṃ, dasakoṭisatasahassacakkavāḷaparimāṇaṃ pana ṭhānaṃ tisahassimahāsahassilokadhātu nāmā’’ti. Ettāvatā hi bhagavatā āṇākkhettaṃ nāma dassitaṃ. Etasmiñhi antare āṭānāṭiyaparittaisigiliparittadhajaggaparittabojjhaṅgaparittakhandhaparitta- moraparittamettaparittaratanaparittānaṃ āṇā pharati. Yāvatā pana ākaṅkheyyāti yattakaṃ ṭhānaṃ iccheyya, iminā visayakkhettaṃ dasseti. Buddhānañhi visayakkhettassa pamāṇaparicchedo nāma natthi, natthikabhāve cassa imaṃ opammaṃ āharanti – koṭisatasahassacakkavāḷamhi yāva brahmalokā sāsapehi pūretvā sace koci puratthimāya disāya ekacakkavāḷe ekaṃ sāsapaṃ pakkhipanto āgaccheyya, sabbepi te sāsapā parikkhayaṃ gaccheyyuṃ, na tveva puratthimāya disāya cakkavāḷāni. Dakkhiṇādīsupi eseva nayo. Tattha buddhānaṃ avisayo nāma natthi.
听了这话,尊者阿难心中思惟:“导师曾说:‘阿难,只要愿意,如来能以声音令三千大千世界悉皆知晓,乃至随其所欲的任何处所。’然而,此世界却参差不齐,轮围世界无量无边。有的地方太阳刚刚升起,有的地方日正当中,有的地方太阳已经落山。有的地方正值初夜,有的地方正值中夜,有的地方则是后夜时分。那里的众生,又各自忙于劳作、嬉戏、饮食,以种种因缘而心念散乱,住于放逸。导师又如何能以音声令这一切众生皆得了知呢?”他如此思惟之后,为了断除心中疑惑,便向如来请问,遂说:“然而,世尊,那又是怎样的呢?”等语。
Evaṃ vutte thero cintesi – ‘‘satthā evamāha – ‘ākaṅkhamāno, ānanda, tathāgato tisahassimahāsahassilokadhātuṃ sarena viññāpeyya, yāvatā pana ākaṅkheyyā’ti. Visamo kho panāyaṃ loko, anantāni cakkavāḷāni, ekasmiṃ ṭhāne sūriyo uggato hoti, ekasmiṃ ṭhāne majjhe ṭhito, ekasmiṃ ṭhāne atthaṅgato. Ekasmiṃ ṭhāne paṭhamayāmo hoti, ekasmiṃ ṭhāne majjhimayāmo, ekasmiṃ ṭhāne pacchimayāmo. Sattāpi kammappasutā, khiḍḍāpasutā, āhārappasutāti evaṃ tehi tehi kāraṇehi vikkhittā ca pamattā ca honti. Kathaṃ nu kho te satthā sarena viññāpeyyā’’ti. So evaṃ cintetvā vimaticchedanatthaṃ tathāgataṃ pucchanto yathā kathaṃ panātiādimāha.
于是,导师为他解答,开示了“阿难,此处如来……”等语。其中,“以光照耀”是指以如来的身光照耀。那么,照耀之时,他又将如何作为呢?在能见到太阳的地方,他凭自己的威神力让太阳隐没;在不能见到太阳的地方,则让太阳升起,悬于中天。于是,原先见到太阳之处的人们心中便会想:“太阳刚出来,怎么突然又落下去了?这是龙的遮蔽、鬼的遮蔽、夜叉的遮蔽,还是天神的遮蔽?”而原先见不到太阳之处的人们则会想:“太阳刚落山,怎么突然又升起来了?这是龙的遮蔽、鬼的遮蔽、夜叉的遮蔽,还是天神的遮蔽?”当人们开始关注这光明与黑暗的交替,并探寻“这到底是什么缘故”时,导师便入青遍定,放出极其浓密的黑暗。这是为何?是为了令那些因忙于业等事务而放逸的众生,心中生起强烈的恐怖。继而,了知他们已生起恐怖之后,他便转修白遍定,放出皎洁而极为浓密的佛光,好比千轮明月与千个太阳同时照耀,刹那间将一切化为光明。而且,这样的大光明,仅仅是从他身体上仅有芝麻大小的一处放出。
Athassa satthā byākaronto idhānanda, tathāgatotiādimāha. Tattha obhāsena phareyyāti sarīrobhāsena phareyya. Pharamāno panesa kiṃ kareyyāti? Yasmiṃ ṭhāne sūriyo paññāyati, tattha naṃ attano ānubhāvena atthaṃ gameyya. Yattha pana na paññāyati, tattha naṃ uṭṭhāpetvā majjhe ṭhapeyya . Tato yattha sūriyo paññāyati, tattha manussā ‘‘adhunāva sūriyo paññāyittha, so idāneva atthaṅgamito, nāgāvaṭṭo nu kho ayaṃ, bhūtāvaṭṭayakkhāvaṭṭadevatāvaṭṭānaṃ aññataro’’ti vittakkaṃ uppādeyyuṃ. Yattha pana na paññāyati, tattha manussā ‘‘adhunāva sūriyo atthaṅgamito, svāyaṃ idāneva uṭṭhito, kiṃ nu kho ayaṃ nāgāvaṭṭabhūtāvaṭṭayakkhāvaṭṭadevatāvaṭṭānaṃ aññataro’’ti vitakkaṃ uppādeyyuṃ. Tato tesu manussesu ālokañca andhakārañca āvajjitvā ‘‘kiṃ paccayā nu kho ida’’nti pariyesamānesu satthā nīlakasiṇaṃ samāpajjitvā bahalandhakāraṃ patthareyya. Kasmā? Tesaṃ kammādippasutānaṃ sattānaṃ santāsajananatthaṃ. Atha nesaṃ santāsaṃ āpannabhāvaṃ ñatvā odātakasiṇasamāpattiṃ samāpajjitvā paṇḍaraṃ ghanabuddharasmiṃ vissajjento candasahassasūriyasahassauṭṭhānakālo viya ekappahāreneva sabbaṃ ekālokaṃ kareyya. Tañca kho tilabījamattena kāyappadesena obhāsaṃ muñcanto. Yo hi cakkavāḷapathaviṃ dīpakapallakaṃ katvā mahāsamudde udakaṃ telaṃ katvā sineruṃ vaṭṭiṃ katvā aññasmiṃ sinerumuddhani ṭhapetvā jāleyya, so ekacakkavāḷeyeva ālokaṃ kareyya. Tato paraṃ vidatthimpi obhāsetuṃ na sakkuṇeyya. Tathāgato pana tilaphalappamāṇena sarīrappadesena obhāsaṃ muñcitvā tisahassimahāsahassilokadhātuṃ ekobhāsaṃ kareyya tato vā pana bhiyyo. Evaṃ mahantā hi buddhaguṇāti.
“了知那光明”的意思是:见到那光明后,他们便会觉知:“那位能让太阳沉没又升起、放出浓密黑暗的人,如今正放着大光明安住于此。啊,这真是一位稀有难得的人!”于是,他们合掌恭敬而坐。“令听闻音声”是指,令说法之音遍传。假如有人能将一座轮围山做成鼓身,将广大的大地铺作鼓面,将须弥山制成鼓槌,然后放在另一座须弥山的山顶上敲击,其声也仅能在这个轮围世界内被听闻,连向外一拃远的地方都传不到。然而,如来或坐于蒲团,或坐于座榻之上,便能以音声令三千大千世界乃至更远之处的众生悉皆了知。诸如来便是具足如此广大的大威神力。就这样,世尊通过这一段,所开示的正是这行境的广大范围。
Taṃ ālokaṃ sañjāneyyunti taṃ ālokaṃ disvā ‘‘yena sūriyo atthañceva gamito uṭṭhāpito ca, bahalandhakārañca vissaṭṭhaṃ, esa so puriso idāni ālokaṃ katvā ṭhito, aho acchariyapuriso’’ti añjaliṃ paggayha namassamānā nisīdeyyuṃ. Saddamanussāveyyāti dhammakathāsaddamanussāveyya. Yo hi ekaṃ cakkavāḷapabbataṃ bheriṃ katvā mahāpathaviṃ bhericammaṃ katvā sineruṃ daṇḍaṃ katvā aññasmiṃ sinerumatthake ṭhapetvā ākoṭeyya, so ekacakkavāḷeyeva taṃ saddaṃ sāveyya, parato vidatthimpi atikkāmetuṃ na sakkuṇeyya. Tathāgato pana pallaṅke vā pīṭhe vā nisīditvā tisahassimahāsahassilokadhātuṃ sarena viññāpeti, tato vā pana bhiyyo, evaṃ mahānubhāvā tathāgatāti. Iti bhagavā iminā ettakena visayakkhettameva dasseti.
而这位长老听闻佛陀狮子吼后,内心生起了强烈的喜悦。他依此喜悦而发出赞叹,说:“这真是我所得的利得啊!”等话语。此处,“像我这样有如此大神通的导师”的意思是:我的导师具有如此大神力,我能值遇如此具有大神力的导师,这既是利得,也是善得。或者也可以这样理解:“我能手持如此殊胜导师的衣钵随行,能为他进行脚部按摩、背部按摩,能为他奉上洗脸水、沐浴水,能打扫香室和住处,能在生起疑惑时请问,还能听闻甘甜的佛法——这一切对我来说,都是利得,也是善得。”他正是怀着这样的想法而如此说的。在此应知,世尊之所以被称为“大神力”,是因为破除黑暗、放出光明、令闻音声等这些神通之广大;而被称为“大威力”,则是因为这些神通能普遍地施加影响。所谓“优陀夷”,指的是拉鲁陀夷长老。据说,他之前就对这位侍者长老怀有瞋恨。因此,现在他找到了机会,就在佛陀狮子吼宣说完毕之时,为了破坏长老的净信,犹如一个要去熄灭燃烧灯芯的人,又像一个要向正行走的牛鼻子上打一拳的人那样。
Imañca pana buddhasīhanādaṃ sutvā therassa abbhantare balavapīti uppannā, so pītivasena udānaṃ udānento lābhā vata metiādimāha. Tattha yassa me satthā evaṃmahiddhikoti yassa mayhaṃ satthā evaṃmahiddhiko, tassa mayhaṃ evaṃmahiddhikassa satthu paṭilābho lābhā ceva suladdhañcāti attho. Atha vā yvāhaṃ evarūpassa satthuno pattacīvaraṃ gahetvā vicarituṃ, pādaparikammaṃ piṭṭhiparikammaṃ kātuṃ, mukhadhovanaudakanhānodakāni dātuṃ, gandhakuṭipariveṇaṃ sammajjituṃ, uppannāya kaṅkhāya pañhaṃ pucchituṃ, madhuradhammakathañca sotuṃ labhāmi, ete sabbepi mayhaṃ lābhā ceva suladdhañcātipi sandhāya evamāha. Ettha ca bhagavato andhakārālokasaddasavanasaṅkhātānaṃ iddhīnaṃ mahantatāya mahiddhikatā, tāsaṃyeva anupharaṇena mahānubhāvatā veditabbā. Udāyīti lāḷudāyitthero. So kira pubbe upaṭṭhākatthere āghātaṃ bandhitvā carati. Tasmā idāni okāsaṃ labhitvā imasmiṃ buddhasīhanādapariyosāne jalamānaṃ dīpasikhaṃ nibbāpento viya carantassa goṇassa tuṇḍe pahāraṃ dento viya bhattabharitaṃ pātiṃ avakujjanto viya therassa pasādabhaṅgaṃ karonto evamāha.
当优陀夷长老这样说时,世尊为了制止他,就像一个人站在悬崖边,对那正在崖边颤抖的人怀着善意,反复呼喊“往这边来,往这边来”一样,对优陀夷长老说:“不要这样说,优陀夷!不要这样说,优陀夷!”其中,“hi”只是一个语气词,整句意为“不要这样说”。所说的“大王位”,即转轮王位。导师不是曾经对一位弟子因闻法而生的净信,宣说过无量无边的大果报吗?为何现在又要限定此次由狮子吼所生净信的果报呢?因为圣弟子的有身是有数量范围的。即便是慧根最迟钝的入流者,最多也只是在天界和人间受生七次有身,所以导师是为了限定他未来的投生处才这样说的。“于现法”指安住于此生当中。“将般涅槃”指他将以无余依涅槃的方式完全寂灭。如此,世尊以涅槃为最终结论,圆满完成了这部《狮子吼经》的开示。
Evaṃ vutte bhagavāti evaṃ udāyittherena vutte bhagavā yathā nāma papātataṭe ṭhatvā pavedhamānaṃ purisaṃ ekamante ṭhito hitesī puriso ‘‘ito ehi ito ehī’’ti punappunaṃ vadeyya, evamevaṃ udāyittheraṃ tasmā vacanā nivārento mā hevaṃ udāyi, mā hevaṃ udāyīti āha. Tattha hīti nipātamattaṃ, mā evaṃ avacāti attho. Mahārajjanti cakkavattirajjaṃ. Nanu ca satthā ekassa sāvakassa dhammadesanāya uppannapasādassa mahānisaṃsaṃ aparicchinnaṃ akāsi, so kasmā imassa buddhasīhanādaṃ ārabbha uppannassa pasādassa ānisaṃsaṃ paricchindatīti? Ariyasāvakassa ettakaattabhāvaparimāṇattā. Dandhapaññopi hi sotāpanno sattakkhattuṃ devesu ca manussesu ca attabhāvaṃ paṭilabhati, tenassa gatiṃ paricchindanto evamāha. Diṭṭheva dhammeti imasmiṃyeva attabhāve ṭhatvā. Parinibbāyissatīti appaccayaparinibbānena parinibbāyissati. Iti nibbānena kūṭaṃ gaṇhanto imaṃ sīhanādasuttaṃ niṭṭhāpesīti.