第十一 《十上经》注释
11. Dasuttarasuttavaṇṇanā
350“Āvuso bhikkhave”是对声闻弟子的呼唤语,是用于呼唤声闻的称谓方式,并非单纯只是“bhikkhave”——“bhikkhave”是诸佛所用的呼唤语。因此说“因为诸佛……”等。此处以师长的称谓方式而不直接称呼,正是将师长置于高位。由于是临时到来,不在任何一处有固定住处,故称“无定住者”,也就是内住弟子。他们取得业处之后,便寻找适宜的坐卧之处,随心所欲向任一方向游化,因此称为“随方行者”。现在为详细说明此义,接着说:“在佛陀时代……”等。
350.Āvusobhikkhaveti sāvakānaṃ ālapananti sāvakānaṃ āmantanavasena ālapanasamudācāro, na kevalaṃ ‘‘bhikkhave’’ti, so pana buddhānaṃ ālapanaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘buddhā hī’’tiādi. Satthusamudācāravasena asamudācāro evettha satthu uccaṭṭhāne ṭhapanaṃ. Sampati āgatattā katthaci na nibaddho vāso etesanti anibaddhavāsā, antevāsikā. Kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā sappāyasenāsanaṃ gavesantā yaṃ kiñci disaṃ gacchantīti disāgamanīyā. Idāni tamatthaṃ vitthārato dassetuṃ ‘‘buddhakāle’’tiādi vuttaṃ.
“Asubhakammaṭṭhānaṃ”指十一种不净业处。在此,了知众生根性差别后,方才给予与其相应的业处。即使是痴行者,入出息念业处固然适宜,但为了使他堪能修习业处、消除迷惑,首先应令其从事教示、遍问、听法、法谈,因此说“对于痴行者……教示”。对于信行者,前六随念尤其适宜,为了显示这些随念的修习是前行道,说“在《令净信经》中……”等。对于智行者,也就是慧行者,死随念、寂止随念、四界差别观、食厌逆想尤其适宜,为了显示这些法的利益,说“讲说无常性等……”。就在那里,也就是在导师跟前。三个月的行道,即需以三个月来决定的修行。
Asubhakammaṭṭhānanti ekādasavidhaṃ asubhakammaṭṭhānaṃ. Tatthāpi puggalavemattataṃ ñatvā tadanurūpaṃ tadanurūpameva deti. Mohacaritassapi kāmaṃ ānāpānassatikammaṭṭhānaṃ sappāyaṃ, kammaṭṭhānabhāvanāya pana bhājanabhūtaṃ kātuṃ sammohavigamāya paṭhamaṃ uddesaparipucchādhammassavanadhammasākacchāsu niyojetabboti vuttaṃ ‘‘mohacaritassa…pe… ācikkhatī’’ti. Saddhācaritassa visesato purimā cha anussatiyo sappāyā, tāsaṃ pana anuyuñjane ayaṃ pubbabhāgapaṭipattīti dassetuṃ ‘‘pasādanīyasuttante’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Ñāṇacaritassāti buddhicaritassa, tassa pana maraṇassati, upasamānussati, catudhātuvavatthānaṃ, āhārepaṭikūlasaññā visesato sappāyā, tesaṃ pana upakāradhammadassanatthaṃ ‘‘aniccatādi…pe… kathetī’’ti vuttaṃ. Tatthevāti satthu santike eva. Temāsikaṃ paṭipadanti tīhi māsehi sanniṭṭhāpetabbaṃ paṭipadaṃ.
“ime bhikkhū”是指成为此说法之器的比丘们。“像这样来而又去的比丘们”这句话,是就“在佛陀时代……”等所说以教导为因缘的比丘而言,并非紧接前文的“这些比丘”。因此说“派遣”。“apalokethā”意为请问。“paṇḍitā”等是关于亲近与回避的理由之语。“以入流果度化……”等是就多数情况而言。因为具寿法将舍利弗尊者使比丘们多数证得入流果后,才让他们离去,并说:“如此,这些决定者将趣向菩提道。”而具寿大目犍连尊者则以“一切有的生起都应厌离”的方式,使比丘们多数证得最上义。
Ime bhikkhūti imissā dhammadesanāya bhājanabhūtā bhikkhū. ‘‘Evaṃ āgantvā gacchantepana bhikkhū’’ti idaṃ ‘‘buddhakāle’’tiādinā taduddesikavasena vuttabhikkhū sandhāya vuttaṃ, na ‘‘ime bhikkhū’’ti anantaraṃ vuttabhikkhū. Tenāha ‘‘pesetī’’ti. Apalokethāti āpucchatha. ‘‘Paṇḍitā’’tiādi sevanabhajanesu kāraṇavacanaṃ. ‘‘Sotāpattiphale vinetī’’tiādi yebhuyyavasena vuttaṃ. Āyasmā hi dhammasenāpati bhikkhū yebhuyyena sotāpattiphalaṃ pāpetvā vissajjeti ‘‘evamete niyatā sambodhiparāyaṇā’’ti. Āyasmā pana mahāmoggallāno ‘‘sabbāpi bhavūpapatti jigucchitabbāvā’’ti bhikkhū yebhuyyena uttamatthaṃyeva pāpeti.
意在说明:能被声闻调伏者才名为“声闻所调伏”,并非唯声闻方能调伏,故说“名为声闻所调伏者”等。将论母以十种方式安立:从一法至十法,以十重分类安立论母并分别解说,故称“十上”。又,从一法至十法,以十种法超胜、增上而转起,亦名十上。每一品中,即从一法至十法,于十品中别别安立。以十种方式提问,如“何等法有大助益?即于善法中不放逸”等,由十重提问而作区分并给予回答。说“我将宣说十上”,是通过名称来承诺宣说,为表赞叹之意。“我将宣说”即作种种解说。事实上,此处以五百加五十余种提问方式而宣说。此处的“法”,“法”一词是教法的同义词,如云“此处比丘修学法”等(《增支部》5.73)。此法具经之特征,故说“法即经”。此法能令依教奉行者证得涅槃。以此能断轮回之苦,是为此法威力,乃解脱一切蕴的方便。为显此义,故说“为证得涅槃”等。
Sāvakehi vinetuṃ sakkuṇeyyā sāvakaveneyyā nāma na sāvakeheva vinetabbāti dassento āha ‘‘sāvakaveneyyā nāmā’’tiādi. Dasadhā mātikaṃ ṭhapetvāti ekakato paṭṭhāya yāva dasakā dasadhā dasadhā mātikaṃ ṭhapetvā vibhattoti dasuttaro. Dasuttaro gatotipi dasuttaroti ekakato paṭṭhāya yāva dasakā dasahi uttaro adhiko hutvā gato pavattotipi dasuttaro. Ekekasmiṃ pabbeti ekakato paṭṭhāya yāva dasakā dasasu pabbesu ekekasmiṃ pabbe. Dasa dasa pañhāti ‘‘katamo dhammo bahukāro appamādo kusalesu dhammesū’’tiādinā dasa dasa pañhā. Visesitāti vissajjitā. Dasuttaraṃ pavakkhāmīti desiyamānaṃ desanaṃ nāmakittanamukhena paṭijānāti vaṇṇabhaṇanatthaṃ. Pavakkhāmīti pakārehi vakkhāmi. Tathā hettha paññāsādhikānaṃ pañcannaṃ pañhasatānaṃ vasena desanā pavattā. Dhammanti idha dhamma-saddo pariyattipariyāyo ‘‘idha bhikkhu dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇātī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 5.73) viya. Suttalakkhaṇo cāyaṃ dhammoti āha ‘‘dhammantisutta’’nti. Svāyaṃ dhammo yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipajjamānassa nibbānāvaho. Tato eva vaṭṭadukkhasamucchedāya hoti, sa cāyamassa ānubhāvo sabbesaṃ khandhānaṃ pamocanupāyabhāvatoti dassento ‘‘nibbānappattiyā’’tiādimāha. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘nibbānappattiyā’’tiādi.
“uccaṃ karonto”意为令其昂扬、广大、殊胜而开示,即“高举”之意。“令生欢喜”,即生起敬爱。为表明如此称扬教法亦是诸佛所常行,故说“一向……”等。
Uccaṃ karontoti udaggaṃ uḷāraṃ paṇītaṃ katvā dassento, paggaṇhantoti attho. Pemaṃ janentoti bhattiṃ uppādento. Idañca desanāya paggaṇhanaṃ buddhānampi āciṇṇaṃ evāti dassento ‘‘ekāyano’’tiādimāha.
一法释义
Ekadhammavaṇṇanā
351“kāra”一词即使不与“upa”前缀连用,亦表“助益”之义,如“诸比丘,父母于诸子有大助益”(《增支部》2.34)等,故说“bahukāro”即“bahūpakāro”(多助益者即大有助益)。
351. (Ka) kāra-saddo upa-saddena vināpi upakāratthaṃ vadati, ‘‘bahukārā, bhikkhave, mātāpitaro puttāna’’ntiādīsu (a. ni. 2.34) viyāti āha ‘‘bahukāroti bahūpakāro’’ti.
当说到“增长”时,因为它是生起之后无间相续的,所以生起实际上已被说到。因此说“应修习者即应增长者”。因为增长是以生起为前提的。然而,岂非另有“一法应生起”将生起单独列出的说法?这并无矛盾,因为各自所涉的对象不同。同样地,虽然通过三种遍知说了“一法应遍知”,但随后也说了“一法应断”是应断除的。
(Kha) vaḍḍhane vutte nānantariyatāya uppādanaṃ vuttameva hotīti ‘‘bhāvetabboti vaḍḍhetabbo’’ti vutto. Uppādanapubbikā hi vaḍḍhanāti. Nanu ca ‘‘eko dhammo uppādetabbo’’ti uppādanaṃ pettha visuṃ gahitaṃ evāti? Aññavisayattā tassa nāyaṃ virodho. Tathā hi ‘‘eko dhammo pariññeyyo’’ti tīhipi pariññāhi pariññeyyataṃ vatvāpi ‘‘eko dhammo pahātabbo’’ti pahātabbatā vuttā.
“以三种遍知”:即知遍知、审度遍知与断遍知。
(Ga) tīhi pariññāhīti ñātatīraṇapahānapariññāhi.
“以舍断随观”:指依舍断而运作的随观。而对此随观的把握,应当理解为以混合的方式进行。
(Gha) pahānānupassanāyāti pajahanavasena pavattāya anupassanāya. Missakavasena cetaṃ anupassanāgahaṇaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ.
“戒成就等”的退失之因:指能导致退失的因素。
(Ṅa) sīlasampadādīnaṃ parihānāvaho parihānāya saṃvattanako.
“导向禅那等殊胜”:意为能导向殊胜。
(Ca) jhānādivisesaṃ gametīti visesagāmī.
“duppaccakkhakaroti(难现观)”:指未积集智资粮者所不能现观的。
(Cha) duppaccakkhakaroti anupacitañāṇasambhārehi paccakkhaṃ kātuṃ asakkuṇeyyo.
“应证知”:当以智慧现前了知。
(Jha) abhijānitabboti abhimukhaṃ ñāṇena jānitabbo.
“于一切论母”:指在以二法等分类所开示的一切论母当中。在此,具寿法将军(舍利弗)欲激励那些比丘致力于修习,令他们安立于最上义,首先通过开示显示对修习有助益的法,说“一法多助”;为了显示以此助缘所应修习的对象,接着说“一法应修习”。而这一修习是依观察而希求的,因此又说“一法应遍知”。遍知实际上是为了断除所应断的,故说“一法应断”。断除之后则应舍弃退分、安住于胜分,所以说“一法退分,一法胜分”。安住于胜分须依难通达来实现;若难通达已被通达,则所应成就的成就自然圆满,因此说“一法难通达,一法应令生起”。这两项通过证知等来了知,故说“一法应证知”。若所应证知的已证知,那么所应作证的也便同时作证。至此,便可谓所作已办,更无余事。如是,大长老以单法的方式为那些比丘开示了修行次第,并依此顺序开示了这十句。
Sabbattha mātikāsūti dukādivasena vuttāsu sabbāsu mātikāsu. Ettha ca āyasmā dhammasenāpati te bhikkhū bhāvanāya niyojetvā uttamatthe patiṭṭhāpetukāmo paṭhamaṃ tāva bhāvanāya upakāradhammaṃ uddesavasena dassento ‘‘eko dhammo bahukāro’’ti vatvā tena upakārakena upakattabbaṃ dassento ‘‘eko dhammo bhāvetabbo’’ti āha. Ayañca bhāvanā vipassanāvasena icchitāti āha ‘‘eko dhammo pariññeyyo’’ti. Pariññā ca nāma yāvadeva pahātabbapajahanatthāti āha ‘‘eko dhammo pahātabbo’’ti. Pajahantena ca hānabhāgiyaṃ nīharitvā visesabhāgiye avaṭṭhātabbanti āha ‘‘eko dhammo hānabhāgiyo, eko dhammo visesabhāgiyo’’ti. Visesabhāgiye avaṭṭhānañca duppaṭivijjhanena, duppaṭivijjhapaṭivijjhanañce ijjhati, nipphādetabbanipphādanaṃ siddhameva hotīti āha ‘‘eko dhammo duppaṭivijjho, eko dhammo uppādetabbo’’ti. Tayidaṃ dvayaṃ abhiññeyyādijānanena hotīti āha ‘‘eko dhammo abhiññeyyo’’ti. Abhiññeyyañce abhiññātaṃ, sacchikātabbaṃ sacchikatameva hotīti. Ettāvatā ca niṭṭhitakiccova hoti, nāssa uttari kiñci karaṇīyanti evaṃ tāva mahāthero ekakavasena tesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ paṭipattividhiṃ uddisanto imāni dasa padāni iminā anukkamena uddisi.
对于如此未加确定的法义,为了依其自性加以确定并显示出来,便以“何等为一法”等教导作为开端。因此经文说“如是具寿舍利弗”等。这一解释方式也适用于二法等段落。“竹匠”即织工。因其用竹子制作席子等物,故称“竹匠”。他断除了内外一切结缚,所以成为“无结”。“于一一聚”:是指在“一法”等十个聚中的每一个聚。
(Ka) evaṃ aniyamato uddiṭṭhadhamme sarūpato niyametvā dassetuṃ ‘‘katamo eko dhammo’’tiādinā desanaṃ ārabhi. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘iti āyasmā sāriputto’’tiādi. Esa nayo dukādīsu. Veḷukāroti veno. So hi veḷuvikārehi kilañjādikaraṇena ‘‘veḷukāro’’ti vutto. Anto, bahi ca sabbagatagaṇṭhiṃ nīharaṇena niggaṇṭhiṃ katvā. Ekekakoṭṭhāseti ekakādīsu dasasu koṭṭhāsesu ekekasmiṃ koṭṭhāse.
所谓“遍一切之助”,是指于一切处皆能对正确修行有所帮助之意。如今为详示此义,故说“因此”等文。“令取观胎(内观之胚)”:是为令前分观得以增长,如同后期观修成熟、锐利、明净并与道相应一般。所谓“于义无碍解等”:即于所应成就的义无碍解等事上,积集资粮之意。此后各处,亦应如此理解。“于处非处”:指关于合宜与不合宜诸事的了知智慧。“于大住等至”:指广大禅那的住与等至。“于观智等”:此中“等”字含摄意所成神变等。“于八明”:指如《阿摩昼经》中宣说的那八种明。
Sabbatthakaṃ upakārakanti sabbatthakameva sammā paṭipattiyā upakāravantaṃ. Idāni tamatthaṃ vitthārato dassetuṃ ‘‘ayañhī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Vipassanāgabbhaṃ gaṇhāpaneti yathā upari vipassanā paripaccati tikkhā visadā hutvā maggena ghaṭeti, evaṃ pubbabhāgavipassanāvaḍḍhane. Atthapaṭisambhidādīsūti atthapaṭisambhidādīsu nipphādetabbesu, tesaṃ sambhārasambharaṇanti attho. Esa nayo ito paresupi. Ṭhānāṭṭhānesūti ṭhāne, aṭṭhāne ca jānitabbe. Mahāvihārasamāpattiyanti mahatiyaṃ jhānādivihārasamāpattiyaṃ. Vipassanāñāṇādīsūti ādi-saddena manomayiddhi ādikāni saṅgaṇhāti. Aṭṭhasu vijjāsūti ambaṭṭhasutte (dī. ni. 1.279) āgatanayāsu aṭṭhasu vijjāsu.
这便是连接文意的方式:彼世尊所称赞的“彼”,正是指“不放逸”。
Teneva bhagavā thometīti yojanā. Nanti appamādaṃ.
“具足力者”,指具备智慧力量之人。“阐明已”:即说明“不放逸于成就诸善法有大助力”此一义理后。为表明“凡属无过失范畴的事理,皆适宜纳入不放逸中来宣说”,故经中有“凡是”等语。
Thāmasampannenāti ñāṇabalasamannāgatena. Dīpetvāti ‘‘evampi appamādo kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ sampādane bahupakāro’’ti pakāsetvā. Yaṃ kiñci anavajjapakkhikamatthaṃ appamāde pakkhipitvā kathetuṃ yuttanti dassetuṃ ‘‘yaṃ kiñcī’’tiādi vuttaṃ.
(Kha) “身至念”并非简略的解释,而是详尽的解说;或者,也可将此复合词视作依此详细解说来理解。对于“骨骸堆积,历经多年……乃至……腐坏成粉末”这样所转起的作意,人们称之为“粉末作意”。然而另有一些人说,这是“在碎末般威仪中所转起的作意”。“此处所生之念”,即在这前述的二十九种修习处中,所生起的正念。“与乐相应”:从胜义谛的层面来说,确实是与乐受相应;但从方便说的层面来说,第四禅中的舍受,因其寂静的特性,也堪能被称为“乐”。
(Kha) kāyagatāsatīti rassaṃ akatvā niddeso, niddesena vā etaṃ samāsapadaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. ‘‘Aṭṭhikāni puñjakitāni terovassikāni…pe… pūtīni cuṇṇikajātānī’’ti (dī. ni. 2.379) evaṃ pavattamanasikāro ‘‘cuṇṇikamanasikāro’’ti vadanti. Apare pana bhaṇanti ‘‘cuṇṇikairiyāpathesu pavattamanasikāro’’ti. Ettha uppannasatiyāti etasmiṃ yathāvutte ekūnatiṃsavidhe ṭhāne uppannāya satiyā. Sukhasampayuttāti nippariyāyato sukhasampayuttā, pariyāyato pana catutthajjhāne upekkhāpi ‘‘sukha’’nti vattabbataṃ labhati santasabhāvattā.
(Ga) 作为缘的所缘等对象,也因其作为所缘的作用,犹如疮口一般,能让诸漏流出。它虽与诸漏并非同时生起,但因能与诸漏相应而说,故称为“有漏”。同理,因对诸取有所助益,故称为“取所依”。若非依此假说的方便来理解,而是严格按照缘起的意义来判断,这种说法则不被认可。
(Ga) paccayabhūto ārammaṇādivisayopi ārammaṇabhāvena vaṇo viya āsave paggharati, so sampayogasambhavābhāvepi saha āsavehīti sāsavo. Tathā upādānānaṃ hitoti upādāniyo. Itarathā pana paccayabhāvena vidhi paṭikkhepo.
(Gha) “‘我是’慢”:即依于“我是”这一观念而转起的慢心。
(Gha) asmīti mānoti ‘‘asmī’’ti pavatto māno.
(Ca)「依颠倒」:指依循「于无常事物作无常想」等类方式而生起的最初作意。
(Ca) vipariyāyenāti ‘‘anicce anicca’’ntiādinā nayena pavatto pathamanasikāro.
而此处所说的「观的后后之道」,即是「无间的心定」。何以故?因其紧接于观之后,亦因其在自身生起后的下一刹那,便无间地给予果。从词义上说:「anantaraṃ」即无间果;系属于那无间之中,或应得彼无间,或以无间为用途,故称为ānantariko。
(Cha) idha pana vipassanānantaro maggo ‘‘ānantariko cetosamādhī’’ti adhippeto. Kasmā? Vipassanāya anantarattā, attano vā pavattiyā anantaraṃ phaladāyakattā. Saddatthato pana anantaraṃ phalaṃ anantaraṃ, tasmiṃ anantare niyuttā, taṃ vā arahati, anantarapayojanoti vā ānantariko.
「phala」(果):指果慧,也就是省察智。此处如此称之,乃因其以不动(即阿拉汉果)为所缘。
(Ja) phalanti phalapaññā. Paccavekkhaṇapaññā adhippetā akuppārammaṇatāya.
能引生自果,故称为「食」,即缘。因此说:「依食而住」,即是「依缘而住」。「此一法」:指此称作缘的一法,以「缘性」的通称而说为一法。「以智遍知的证知」:即名为「智遍知」的证知。
(Jha) attano phalaṃ āharatīti āhāro, paccayoti āha ‘‘āhāraṭṭhitikāti paccayaṭṭhitikā’’ti. Ayaṃ eko dhammoti ayaṃ paccayasaṅkhāto eko dhammoti paccayatāsamaññena ekaṃ katvā vadati. Ñātapariññāya abhiññāyāti ñātapariññāsaṅkhātāya abhiññāya.
「不动心解脱」:指阿罗汉果的解脱,因其以「不动」的特性而达至究竟。实则,一切果等至(phalasamāpattiyo)也都是不动的,因为它们不会被对立之法所动摇。
(Ña) akuppā cetovimuttīti arahattaphalavimutti akuppabhāvena ukkaṃsagatattā. Aññathā sabbāpi phalasamāpattiyo akuppā eva paṭipakkhehi akopanīyattā.
「以证知」(abhiññāyā):指从「abhiññeyyo(应证知)」这一词中所获得的证知。「以遍知」(pariññāyā)同理。「以应断与应证」(pahātabbasacchikātabbehi):即依应断和应证这两个词来说。于此,由于断与证在同一刹那与遍知一同成就,故说为断遍知(pahānapariññā)。「应证」特指果,唯于第七句中出现。然而,果在多个句中也都可以获得,因为第一、第八、第九及第十句中皆可得之。不过,若从非假说(究竟义)上说,它唯在第十句中有;若从假说上说,方在其他句中可得。因此,论师以推测的语气说:「(在其他句中)它是可以得到的。」
Abhiññāyāti ‘‘abhiññeyyo’’ti ettha laddhaabhiññāya. Pariññāyāti etthāpi eseva nayo. Pahātabbasacchikātabbehīti pahātabbasacchikātabbapadehi. Pahānapariññāva kathitā pahānasacchikiriyānaṃ ekāvāratāya pariññāya saheva ijjhanato. Sacchikātabboti visesato phalaṃ kathitaṃ. Ekasmiṃyeva sattame eva pade labbhati. Phalaṃ pana anekesupi padesu labbhati paṭhamaṭṭhamanavamadasamesu labbhanato. Yasmā taṃ nippariyāyato dasame eva labbhati, itaresu pariyāyato tasmā ‘‘labbhati evā’’ti sāsaṅkaṃ vadati.
“以自性存在”:即由“多有所作”等自性而宣说,以此自性在究竟义上可得证知。“如实”:即不颠倒。“如是自性”:即彼自性。“非不如此”:因不虚妄故,恰如其是。正因如此,它们不会偏离所说的方式,因此这五句全都在宣说诸法的“如实”。“妙好”:指依于理趣。所了知的,正是与因相应、与理相合的,故说“以因以理”。“产生信”:即以此胜者(佛陀)之语的殊胜,生起净信。
Sabhāvato vijjamānāti yena bahukārādisabhāvena desitā, tena sabhāvena paramatthato upalabbhamānā . Yāthāvāti aviparītā. Tathāsabhāvāti taṃsabhāvā. Na tathā na hontīti avitathattā tathāva honti. Tato eva vuttappakārato aññathā na hontīti pañcahipi padehi tesaṃ dhammānaṃ yathābhūtameva vadati. Sammāti ñāyena. Yaṃ pana ñātaṃ, taṃ hetuyuttaṃ kāraṇayuttameva hotīti āha ‘‘hetunā kāraṇenā’’ti. Okappanaṃ janesīti jinavacanabhāvena abhippasādaṃ uppādesi.
二法释论。
Dvedhammavaṇṇanā
352“于一切处”一词,应与“在戒圆满等中”结合起来理解。通过“在戒圆满等中,于一切处,犹如不放逸一样,是饶益者”这句话,显示了念与正知亦如不放逸一般,于一切处皆具饶益的作用,因为从意义上讲,它们与不放逸并无太大差别。因为,念的不远离即是不放逸,而不放逸在意义上正是于一切处皆不舍弃的念;且此念应视为智相应之念,因为其他不与智相应的念,并不具备这些能力。
352. (Ka) ‘‘sabbatthā’’ ti idaṃ ‘‘sīlapūraṇādīsū’’ti etena saddhiṃ sambandhitabbaṃ. ‘‘Sīlapūraṇādīsu sabbattha appamādo viya upakārakā’’ti etena satisampajaññānampi appamādassa viya sabbattha upakārakatā pakāsitā hoti atthato nātivilakkhaṇattā tato tesaṃ. Satiavippavāso hi appamādo, so ca atthato sabbattha avijahitā sati eva, sā ca kho ñāṇasampayuttā eva daṭṭhabbā, itarāya tathārūpasamatthatābhāvato.
“前行”:这是特为约五百位比丘,依其前阶段之修行方式而说,故称为“前行”。
(Kha) tesaṃ pañcasatamattānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ pubbabhāgapaṭipattivasena desitattā pubbabhāgā kathitā.
不如理作意:若作为染污的根本原因生起,即是“因”;若以助长烦恼的方式活动,则是“缘”。如理作意也以此类推。正如不如理作意与如理作意分别是令众生染污与清净的缘,在“此二法难通达”处已被提取出来特别说明;为了显示“也应将这些法提取出来说”,因而说了“同样地”等。其中,四种离系即不净禅那等四种,因对治欲轭等对立面而得名离系。由“这样分类”一句应知,它也包含了无明分法、明分法、黑法、白法等法门。
(Cha) ayonisomanasikāro saṃkilesassa mūlakāraṇabhāvena pavatto hetu, paribrūhanabhāvena pavatto paccayo. Yonisomanasikārepi eseva nayo. Yathā ca sattānaṃ saṃkilesāya, visuddhiyā ca paccayabhūtā ayonisomanasikāro, yonisomanasikāroti ‘‘ime dve dhammā duppaṭivijjhā’’ti ettha nīharitvā vuttā, evaṃ imehi dhammā nīharitvā vattabbāti dassento ‘‘tathā’’tiādimāha. Tattha asubhajjhānādayo cattāro visaṃyogā nāma kāmayogādipaṭipakkhabhāvato . ‘‘Evaṃ pabhedā’’ti iminā ‘‘avijjābhāgino dhammā, vijjābhāgino dhammā, kaṇhā dhammā, sukkā dhammā’’ti (dha. sa. 101, 104) evamādīnaṃ saṅgaho daṭṭhabbo.
「五蕴」(pañcakkhandhā)是「有为界」(saṅkhatā dhātu),因为是由诸缘和合、共同造作而成的。而「涅槃」(nibbāna)是「无为界」(asaṅkhatā dhātu),因为它不是由任何事物所造作的。
(Jha) paccayehi samecca sambhuyya katattā pañcakkhandhā saṅkhatā dhātu. Kenaci anabhisaṅkhatattā nibbānaṃ asaṅkhatā dhātu.
三明:以了知与令知为义,故称为明。解脱:指阿罗汉果,因彻底从对立面解脱故。
(Ña) tisso vijjā vijjanaṭṭhena, viditakaraṇaṭṭhena ca vijjā. Vimuttīti arahattaphalaṃ paṭipakkhato sabbaso vimuttattā.
“神通等”(abhiññādīni)指神通智等。因此处需如前文,将其作为同类法分别解说,故不赘述。关于“道已说”(maggo kathito),不应理解为“唯道被说”,而应理解为“道亦被说”,因为“无生智”(anuppāde ñāṇa)一语已包含了果。在“应作证句中说果”(sacchikātabbapade phalaṃ kathitaṃ)处,也不应理解为“唯果被说”,而应理解为“果亦被说”,因为通过举出“明”,其余诸法即已被含摄。后文类似之处,亦准此理解。
Abhiññādīnīti abhiññāpaññādīni. Ekakasadisāneva purimavāre viya vibhajja kathetabbato. Maggo kathitoti ettha ‘‘maggova kathito’’ti evamatthaṃ aggahetvā ‘‘maggo kathitovā’’ti evamattho gahetabbo ‘‘anuppāde ñāṇa’’nti iminā phalassa gahitattā. Sacchikātabbapade phalaṃ kathitanti etthāpi ‘‘phalameva kathita’’nti aggahetvā ‘‘phalaṃ kathitamevā’’ti attho gahetabbo vijjāggahaṇena tadaññassa saṅgahitattā. Esa nayo ito paresupi evarūpesu ṭhānesu.
「三法释论」
Tayodhammavaṇṇanā
353(六)“彼”:指不来道。由于它以正断的方式彻底出离了一切欲,故得此名。于无色界中,阿拉汉道即是以无色禅那为依止而生起的最上道。又因它阻止再生:即彻底阻止色法的再生。诸行依此而灭,故称为“灭”,此即最上道。因为烦恼轮被灭时,其余两种轮便随之而灭。然而,此灭最为终极,故最上果亦可名为“灭”,所以说“意指阿拉汉果即是灭”。而“以阿拉汉果见涅槃”一语,是基于“以阿拉汉道见涅槃”而说。如此成立后,“以名为阿拉汉的灭为缘”这句话便能成立了。
353. (Cha) soti anāgāmimaggo. Sabbaso kāmānaṃ nissaraṇaṃ samucchedavasena pajahanato. Āruppe arahattamaggo nāma arūpajjhānaṃ pādakaṃ katvā uppanno aggamaggo. Puna uppattinivāraṇatoti rūpānaṃ uppattiyā sabbaso nivāraṇato. Nirujjhanti saṅkhārā etenāti nirodho, aggamaggo. Tena hi kilesavaṭṭe nirodhite itarampi vaṭṭadvayaṃ nirodhitameva hoti. Tassa pana nirodhassa pariyosānattā aggaphalaṃ ‘‘nirodho’’ti vattabbataṃ labbhatīti āha ‘‘arahattaphalaṃnirodhoti adhippeta’’nti. ‘‘Arahattaphalena hi nibbāne diṭṭhe’’ ti idaṃ arahattamaggena nibbānadassanassāyaṃ nibbattīti katvā vuttaṃ. Evañca katvā ‘‘arahattasaṅkhātanirodhassa paccayattā’’ ti idampi vacanaṃ samatthitaṃ hoti.
“过去分所缘”:指以过去部分为所缘的智,也就是缘取过去的蕴、处、界而生起的智的意思。应当理解,“道已说”是专指道已被说;同理,“应作证的果亦已说”也是如此。
(Ja) atītaṃsārammaṇanti atītakoṭṭhāsārammaṇaṃ ñāṇaṃ, atītā khandhāyatanadhātuyo ārabbha pavattanakañāṇanti attho. ‘‘Maggo kathitovā’’ti avadhāraṇaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ, tathā ‘‘sacchikātabbe phalaṃ kathitamevā’’ti.
「漏尽之智」:意为「在漏尽边际的智」;若非如此理解,便成了在说「道」。
(Ña) āsavānaṃ khaye ñāṇanti ca āsavānaṃ khayante ñāṇanti adhippāyo, aññathā maggo kathito siyā.
四法注释
Catudhammavaṇṇanā
354「木轮」即木制的轮;「宝轮」亦然。以教令之义,法即是「法轮」。由于威仪路相续转起,故有「威仪轮」;同样,「成就轮」也应当这样理解。
354. (Ka) dārumayaṃ cakkaṃ dārucakkaṃ, tathā ratanacakkaṃ. Āṇaṭṭhena dhammo eva dhammacakkaṃ. Iriyāpathānaṃ aparāparappavattito iriyāpathacakkaṃ, tathā sampatticakkaṃ veditabbaṃ.
「于相宜处开示」:为修福行,在适合正行的处所开示。「亲近」:时常前往拜访。「奉事」:出于敬爱而侍奉。「自我正确地安立」:意指将自身的心相续如理安立于信等善法上,故说「如果……」等。在此,此即是标准:即所谓前世所造福的成就轮,于诸成就轮中为标准,因为是其他轮之因。因此说「因为凡是……」等。唯有已造福者方能正确地安立自己,未造福者则不能。最初者唯是世间,且仅限于欲界。此处是指此部《十上经》。于前分是世间的:指在道的前分生起者,唯是世间。其中缘由已如前说。
Anucchavike deseti puññakiriyāya, sammāpaṭipattiyā anurūpadese. Sevanaṃ kālena kālaṃ upasaṅkamanaṃ. Bhajanaṃ bhattivasena payirupāsanaṃ. Attano sammā ṭhapananti attano cittasantānassa yoniso ṭhapanaṃ saddhādīsu nivesananti āha ‘‘sace’’tiādi. Idamevettha pamāṇanti idameva pubbekatapuññatāsaṅkhātaṃ sampatticakkamettha etesu sampatticakkesu pamāṇabhūtaṃ itaresaṃ kāraṇabhāvato. Tenāha ‘‘yena hī’’tiādi. So eva ca katapuñño puggalo attānaṃ sammā ṭhapeti akatapuññassa tadabhāvato. Paṭhamo lokiyova, tatthāpi kāmāvacarova. Idhāti imasmiṃ dasuttarasutte. Pubbabhāge lokiyāvāti maggassa pubbabhāge pavattanakā lokiyā eva. Tattha kāraṇaṃ vuttameva.
欲轭的离系是不来道,见轭的离系是入流道,其余两种轭的离系是阿拉汉道。如是,应依不来道等而了知。
(Ca) kāmayogavisaṃyogo anāgāmimaggo, diṭṭhiyogavisaṃyogo sotāpattimaggo, itare dve arahattamaggoti evaṃ anāgāmimaggādivasena veditabbā.
“初禅那的获得者”:指对初禅那尚未熟练、却获得了初禅那的人。“与欲俱的想与作意现起”:从初禅那出定后,以所缘为缘,与欲乐相伴的想与作意现起,催促、逼恼着他。由于这些倾向于欲乐的想与作意,他的初禅那定便会退失、衰退,因此称为“退分定”。“随法性”:即与初禅那相应的法性。所说“有念而止住”是就邪念而言。确实,对于有初禅那相应法性的人来说,当他将初禅那观见为寂静、殊胜,从而对它产生乐味、期望、欣喜与渴爱时,因这渴爱的力量,他的初禅那定既不会退失,也不会增长,停住于安立的阶段,因此称为“住分定”。
(Cha) paṭhamassajhānassa lābhinti yvāyaṃ appaguṇassa paṭhamassa jhānassa lābhī, taṃ. Kāmasahagatā saññāmanasikārā samudācarantīti tato vuṭṭhitaṃ ārammaṇavasena kāmasahagatā hutvā saññāmanasikārā samudācaranti codenti tudenti. Tassa kāmānupakkhandānaṃ saññāmanasikārānaṃ vasena so paṭhamajjhānasamādhi hāyati parihāyati, tasmā ‘‘hānabhāgiyo samādhī’’ti vutto. Tadanudhammatāti tadanurūpasabhāvo. ‘‘Sati santiṭṭhatī’’ti idaṃ micchāsatiṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Yassa hi paṭhamajjhānānurūpasabhāvā paṭhamajjhānaṃ santato paṇītato disvā assādayamānā apekkhamānā abhinandamānā nikanti hoti, tassa nikantivasena so paṭhamajjhānasamādhi neva hāyati, na vaḍḍhati, ṭhitikoṭṭhāsiko hoti, tena vuttaṃ ‘‘ṭhitibhāgiyo samādhī’’ti.
“与无寻俱”:当一个人将无寻的第二禅那作意为寂静、殊胜时,以所缘为缘,与无寻俱的想和作意现起。“现起”:从熟练的初禅那出定后,这些想和作意为了证得第二禅那而催促、逼恼着他。由于这些倾向于第二禅那的想和作意,他的初禅那定便成为生起更殊胜的第二禅那的近因,因此称为“胜分定”。“与厌离俱”:那位初禅那的获得者从禅那出定后,与称为厌离的观智相应。当禅支以分类的方式现前时,观智对它感到厌离、不满足,故称“厌离”。“现起”:为了证得涅槃而进行催促与逼恼。“离贪相应”:即与名为离贪的涅槃相应。因为观智是在“依此道能现证离贪的涅槃”这样的状态下生起的,故说“离贪相应”;与它相应的想与作意也因此称为离贪相应。由于这些想与作意,他的初禅那定成为通达圣道的近因,故称“抉择分定”。“一切等至”:指第二禅那等一切等至。对于退分等的这些含义,应当详细地了知。
Avitakkasahagatāti avitakkaṃ dutiyajjhānaṃ santato paṇītato manasi karoto ārammaṇavasena avitakkasahagatā saññāmanasikārā. Samudācarantīti paguṇapaṭhamajjhānato vuṭṭhitaṃ dutiyajjhānādhigamatthāya codenti tudenti, tassa upari dutiyajjhānupakkhandānaṃ saññāmanasikārānaṃ vasena so paṭhamajjhānasamādhi visesabhūtassa dutiyajjhānassa uppattipadaṭṭhānatāya ‘‘visesabhāgiyo samādhī’’ti vutto. Nibbidāsahagatāti tameva paṭhamajjhānalābhiṃ jhānato vuṭṭhitaṃ nibbidāsaṅkhātena vipassanāñāṇena sahagatā. Vipassanāñāṇañhi jhānaṅgesu pabhedena upaṭṭhahantesu nibbindati ukkaṇṭhati, tasmā ‘‘nibbidā’’ti vuccati. Samudācarantīti nibbānasacchikaraṇatthāya codenti tudenti. Virāgūpasañhitoti virāgasaṅkhātena nibbānena upasañhito. Vipassanāñāṇañhi ‘‘sakkā iminā maggena virāgaṃ nibbānaṃ sacchikātu’’nti pavattito ‘‘virāgūpasañhita’’nti vuccati, taṃsampayuttā saññāmanasikārāpi virāgūpasañhitā eva nāma. Tassa tesaṃ saññāmanasikārānaṃ vasena so paṭhamajjhānasamādhi ariyamaggapaṭivedhassa padaṭṭhānatāya ‘‘nibbedhabhāgiyo samādhī’’ti vutto. Sabbasamāpattiyoti dutiyajjhānādikā sabbā samāpattiyo. Attho veditabboti hānabhāgiyādiattho tāva vitthāretvā veditabbo.
由于四圣谛已被揭示,道即得到了说明;果则依其自相而说明。
Maggo kathito catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ uddhaṭattā. Phalaṃ kathitaṃ sarūpeneva.
五法解释。
Pañcadhammavaṇṇanā
355在“五支正定”中,慧是作为定支而得到开示的;实际上,正是通过“喜遍满性”等词来分别解说。因此他说:“遍满喜而生起……”等。“他以这由远离所生的喜乐灌注、充满此身”(如《中部》1.427)等,依这种理趣,应当了知喜的遍满与乐的遍满。为显示有贪与离贪等的差别而遍满于他人之心。在“光明遍满”中,当遍处的光明遍满时,就在那光明遍满的区域内,因为此定是见到色的缘,观察智便成为观察的相。
355. (Kha) ‘‘pañcaṅgikosammāsamādhī’’ti samādhiaṅgabhāvena paññā uddiṭṭhāti pītipharaṇatādivacanena hi tameva vibhajati. Tenāha ‘‘pītiṃ pharamānā uppajjatī’’tiādi.‘‘So imameva kāyaṃ vivekajena pītisukhena abhisandetī’’tiādinā (ma. ni. 1.427) nayena pītiyā, sukhassa ca pharaṇaṃ veditabbaṃ. Sarāgavirāgatādivibhāgadassanavasena paresaṃ ceto pharamānā. Ālokapharaṇeti kasiṇālokassa pharaṇe sati teneva ālokena pharitappadese. Tassa samādhissa rūpadassanapaccayattā paccavekkhaṇañāṇaṃ paccavekkhaṇanimittaṃ.
“喜遍满性”与“乐遍满性”,由于安住于所缘后能生起第四禅那,故说它们“如同脚”。“心遍满性”与“光明遍满性”,由于能成就种种作用,故说它们“如同手”。神通基础禅那作为定的身体,因此说为“如同躯干”。观察相因为是最高部位,故说为“如同头”。
Pītipharaṇatā sukhapharaṇatāti ārammaṇe ṭhatvā catutthajjhānassa uppādanato tā ‘‘pādā viyā’’ti vuttā. Cetopharaṇatā ālokapharaṇatāti taṃtaṃkiccasādhanato tā ‘‘hatthā viyā’’ti vuttā. Abhiññāpādakajjhānaṃ samādhānassa sarīrabhāvato ‘‘majjhimakāyo viyā’’ti vuttaṃ. Paccavekkhaṇanimittaṃ uttamaṅgabhāvato ‘‘sīsaṃ viyā’’ti vuttaṃ.
由于一切烦恼、苦、不安与热恼皆已彻底灭尽,较之世间定,此处的乐更为殊胜,故称“现法乐”——因为在每一安止刹那中皆是乐。依前一定修习后一定时,便会获得更寂静、更殊胜的状态,因此说:“前前……乃至……是后后的乐异熟。”
(Ja) sabbaso kilesadukkhadarathapariḷāhānaṃ vigatattā lokiyasamādhissa sātisayamettha sukhanti vuttaṃ ‘‘appitappitakkhaṇe sukhattā paccuppannasukho’’ti. Purimassa purimassa vasena pacchimaṃ pacchimaṃ laddhāsevanatāya santatarapaṇītatarabhāvappatti hotīti āha ‘‘purimo purimo…pe… sukhavipāko’’ti.
「烦恼止息」(kilesapaṭippassaddhiyā):指因烦恼止息而获得的(定)。「烦恼止息的状态」(kilesapaṭippassaddhibhāva):即烦恼止息的状态。由于获得、到达、已到达该状态。世间定的敌对法,如五盖、对初禅的贪爱等,是需要压伏的,其他烦恼是需要防范的;然而,对于此阿罗汉果定,由于一切烦恼已止息,故没有需要压伏的,也没有需要防范的;因为在圣道之后的等至刹那,不需特别用力便证得,且已安住——即以不退转的方式安住——因此它不是那种需要致力于压伏与防范之策励的定。「由于念已达到广大」(Sativepullappattattā):以此显示,即使念没有现行,由于念很充分,仍然称为“有念”;「依所限定时间的差别」(yathāparicchinnakālavasena):以此显示,通过能限定时间的念,而成为“有念”。在其余的智支中……「具备五智」(pañcañāṇiko):在这里,透过前述的定这个入口,指出了五种智,并详细给予了说明。
Kilesapaṭippassaddhiyāti kilesānaṃ paṭippassambhanena laddhattā. Kilesapaṭippassaddhibhāvanti kilesānaṃ paṭippassambhanabhāvaṃ. Laddhattā pattattā tabbhāvaṃ upagatattā. Lokiyasamādhissa paccanīkāni nīvaraṇapaṭhamajjhānanikantiādīni niggahetabbāni, aññe kilesā vāretabbā, imassa pana arahattasamādhissa paṭippassaddhasabbakilesattā na niggahetabbaṃ, vāretabbañca atthīti maggānantaraṃ samāpattikkhaṇe ca appayogena adhigatattā, ṭhapitattā ca aparihānavasena vā ṭhapitattā nasaṅkhāraniggayhavārivāvaṭo. ‘‘Sativepullappattattā’’ti etena appavattamānāyapi satiyā satibahulatāya sato eva nāmāti dasseti, ‘‘yathāparicchinnakālavasenā’’ti etena paricchindanasatiyā satoti dasseti. Sesesu ñāṇaṅgesu. Pañcañāṇikoti ettha vuttasamādhimukhena pañca ñāṇāneva uddiṭṭhāni, niddiṭṭhāni ca.
因为以「根」为标题,阐述了正精进等(道支),所以说道已经被讲说了。因为阐述了无学的戒蕴等,所以说果已经被讲说了。
Maggokathito indriyasīsena sammāvāyāmādīnaṃ kathitattā. Phalaṃ kathitaṃ asekkhānaṃ sīlakkhandhādīnaṃ kathitattā.
六法解释。
Chadhammavaṇṇanā
356关于「道已被说」这句话,所要说的内容前文已述。
356.Maggo kathitoti ettha vattabbaṃ heṭṭhā vuttameva.
七法解释(Sattadhammavaṇṇanā)
Sattadhammavaṇṇanā
357「以理由」(hetunā):即因为有始有终、非永恒、暂时性等,是对“常”的否定,以如是种种理由。「以方法」(nayenā):即“正如这些诸行现在如此,过去、未来亦是无常、有为、缘生、灭法、坏灭法、离贪法、灭法”,以此类推过去、未来的方法。漏尽者虽已善见、善通达一切行的无常性等,然而,为了显示从不迷乱的角度依作用而见,以及从为观照提供所缘的角度而见,故说「以观智而善见」。由于烦恼生起的炽热依赖于所依的欲,亦依附于所依的欲,因此说“这两者因有炽热的意义,犹如炭坑”。「Ninnasseva」:即确实倾向低处之状态。「内」(anto):因低劣之义,称为渴爱。「已尽、已离尽、已存在」(Byantaṃ vigatantaṃ bhūtaṃ):即成为已离尽者,故说「成为无欣喜者,意指无渴爱者」。这七法中,由于提到了觉支,所以在
357. (Ña) hetunāti ādiantavantato, anaccantikato, tāvakālikato, niccapaṭikkhepatoti evaṃ ādinā hetunā. Nayenāti ‘‘yathā ime saṅkhārā etarahi, evaṃ atīte, anāgate ca aniccā saṅkhatā paṭiccasamuppannā khayadhammā vayadhammā virāgadhammā nirodhadhammā’’ti atītānāgatesu nayananayena. Kāmaṃ khīṇāsavassa sabbesaṃ saṅkhārānaṃ aniccatādi sudiṭṭhā suppaṭividdhā, taṃ pana asammohanavasena kiccato, vipassanāya pana ārammaṇakaraṇavasenāti dassento āha ‘‘vipassanāñāṇena sudiṭṭhā hontī’’ti. Kilesavasena uppajjamāno pariḷāho vatthukāmasannissayo , vatthukāmāvassayo cāti vuttaṃ ‘‘dvepi sapariḷāhaṭṭhena aṅgārakāsu viyā’’ti. Ninnassevāti [ninnassa (aṭṭhakathāyaṃ)] ninnabhāvasseva. Anto vuccati lāmakaṭṭhena taṇhā. Byantaṃ vigatantaṃ bhūtanti byantībhūtanti āha ‘‘niratibhūtaṃ, [niyatibhūtaṃ (aṭṭhakathāyaṃ) vigatantibhūtaṃ (?)] Nittaṇhanti attho’’ti. Idha sattake. Bhāvetabbapade maggo kathito bojjhaṅgānaṃ vuttattā.
八法解释
Aṭṭhadhammavaṇṇanā
358「初梵行」(ādibrahmacariyikāya):即初梵行本身,称为初梵行,犹如“律本身就是调伏者”的说法,属于那初梵行。那它是什么?答:「慧」。此慧属于三学所含摄的范畴,即增上戒学等三学。与近行定相伴、尚属稚嫩的止的智慧,即依随观生灭而生起、尚属初阶的观的智慧。「作为初分」:即作为最初的部分。这是就说法开示的层面而言。但在实际生起的那一刻,道法并无开头、中间、结尾的次第,因为它们含摄于同一心生起中,是同时出现的。「爱念」:即坚固的爱著,当其以偏爱宠溺的方式运作时,便类似于世俗家庭的爱著,故称「家居爱念」。由于是以尊重恭敬的方式运作,所以此人有崇敬之心,称为「尊敬心者」,这种状态即尊敬心的状态,也就是对师长的尊敬。解释了“烦恼不生”之后,接着说明其原因:「得到了教诫与教授」。因为在师长跟前得到教诫与教授,而后依教奉行,此人的烦恼便不会生起。因此说“所以”等等。
358. (Ka) ādibrahmacariyikāyāti ādibrahmacariyā eva ādibrahmacariyikā yathā ‘‘vinayo eva venayiko’’ti, tassā ādibrahmacariyikāya. Kā pana sāti āha ‘‘paññāyā’’ti. Sikkhattayasaṅgahassāti adhisīlasikkhādisikkhattayasaṅgahassa. Upacārajjhānasahagatā taruṇasamathapaññāva udayabbayānupassanāvasena pavattā taruṇavipassanāpaññā [taruṇasamathavipassanāpaññā (aṭṭhakathāyaṃ)]. Ādibhūtāyāti paṭhamāvayavabhūtāya, desanāvasena cetaṃ vuttaṃ. Uppattikāle pana natthi maggadhammānaṃ ādimajjhapariyosānatā ekacittuppādapariyāpannattā ekajjhaṃyeva uppajjanato. Pemanti daḷhabhatti, taṃ pana vallabhavasena pavattamānaṃ gehasitasadisaṃ hotīti ‘‘gehasitapema’’nti vuttaṃ. Garukaraṇavasena pavattiyā garu cittaṃ etassāti garucitto, tassa bhāvo garucittabhāvo, garumhi garukāro. ‘‘Kilesā na uppajjantī’’ti vatvā tattha kāraṇamāha ‘‘ovādānusāsaniṃ labhatī’’ti. Garūnañhi santike ovādānusāsaniṃ labhitvā yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipajjantassa kilesā na uppajjanti. Tenāha ‘‘tasmā’’tiādi.
「饿鬼」:指有大神力的饿鬼。「阿修罗」:指天界的阿修罗。而饿鬼阿修罗其实就是饿鬼,因此他们被饿鬼所包含,这已不言自明。「前往招引」:这是通过受用交好的方式,说明只有饿鬼方能摄受阿修罗的理由。
(Cha) petāti petamahiddhikā. Asurānanti devāsurānaṃ. Petāsurā pana petā evāti tesaṃ petehi saṅgaho avuttasiddhova. Āvāhanaṃ gacchantīti sambhogasaṃsaggamukhena peteheva asurānaṃ saṅgahaṇe kāraṇaṃ dasseti.
「少欲者」:即无欲的状态。这里的“少”字表示“无”的意思,如同“无蚊虻风热”等用法一样。于资具少欲,是指对衣服等资具没有贪求。于证得少欲,是指对炫耀禅那等修行成就没有希求。于教理少欲,是指对炫耀自己多闻博学没有希求。于头陀支少欲,是指安住于头陀行的修持而不张扬,没有通过显露头陀行来博取敬意的欲求。这是通过“隐匿自身善德”来实现的:即把自己真实具备的禅那等功德、多闻的功德,以及修持头陀支的功德,悉皆隐藏、遮盖起来。「成就」:即圆满完成、成功。这并非“多欲者”所能成就:那些具大贪欲,或本身即为强烈贪求的人,不可能成就,因为他们连随顺之法都不愿希求。
(Ja) appicchassāti niicchassa. Abhāvattho hettha appa-saddo ‘‘appaḍaṃsamakasavātātapā’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 10.11) viya. Paccayesu appiccho paccayaappiccho, cīvarādipaccayesu icchārahito. Adhigamaappicchoti jhānādiadhigamavibhāvane icchārahito. Pariyattiappicchoti pariyattiyaṃ bāhusaccavibhāvane icchārahito. Dhutaṅgaappicchoti dhutaṅgesu appiccho dhutaṅgavibhāvena icchārahito. Santaguṇanigūhanenāti attani saṃvijjamānānaṃ jhānādiguṇānañceva bāhusaccaguṇassa ca dhutaṅgaguṇassa ca nigūhanena chādanena. Sampajjatīti nippajjati sijjhati. No mahicchassāti mahatiyā icchāya samannāgatassa, icchaṃ vā mahantassa no sampajjati anudhammassāpi anicchanato.
「远离者」:即通过种种途径而远离的人。因此说“以身远离、心远离、依止远离而远离者”。“以八种策励事为根本”这句,是为了表明:这里所说的“身远离”,是指通过精勤修习而达成的独一状态,并非仅仅是脱离人群杂居而已。“业”指瑜伽业。
Pavivittassāti pakārehi vivittassa. Tenāha ‘‘kāyacittaupadhivivekehi vivittassā’’ti. ‘‘Aṭṭhaārambhavatthuvasenā’’ti etena bhāvanābhiyogavasena ekībhāvova idha ‘‘kāyaviveko’’ti adhippeto, na gaṇasaṅgaṇikābhāvamattanti dasseti. Kammanti yogakammaṃ.
与众生混杂以及与烦恼混杂,这种混杂交集称为“杂居”。由于它应当被远离,因此以此为乐者即是“乐于杂居者”。故说“既热衷于群众杂居”等。“已发精进者”:即已策励精进的人,而且那种精进是倾向于依止远离的,因为经中说“这是法”。这一道理对以下各项同样适用。因为此处所指的定之安止,完全以趋向出离为依归,慧也不例外。因为立足于业自属慧的人,从业的角度了知“诸有中种种无义过患”,便渴望求得能灭尽业的智慧,并为此而付出努力。慢等将众生的相续在轮回中扩散、蔓延,故称为“戏论”。因此说:“无戏论者,即已远离慢、渴爱、邪见之戏论者。”
Sattehi kilesehi ca saṅgaṇanaṃ samodhānaṃ saṅgaṇikā, sā āramitabbaṭṭhena ārāmo etassāti saṅgaṇikārāmo, tassa. Tenāha ‘‘gaṇasaṅgaṇikāya cevā’’tiādi. Āraddhavīriyassāti paggahitavīriyassa, tañca kho upadhiviveke ninnatāvasena ‘‘ayaṃ dhammo’’ti vacanato. Esa nayo ito paresupi. Vivaṭṭasannissitaṃyeva hi samādhānaṃ idhādhippetaṃ, tathā paññāpi. Kammassakatāpaññāya hi patiṭṭhato kammavasena ‘‘bhavesu nānappakāro anattho’’ti jānanto kammakkhayakarañāṇaṃ abhipattheti, tadatthañca ussāhaṃ karoti. Mānādayo sattasantānaṃ saṃsāre papañcenti vitthārentīti papañcāti āha ‘‘nippapañcassāti vigatamānataṇhādiṭṭhipapañcassā’’ti.
道即依其自性而说。
Maggo kathito sarūpeneva.
九法注释
Navadhammavaṇṇanā
359“清净”:指智见清净,或指究竟清净。“四遍清净戒”:即由别解脱律仪等无杂染而具备四种清净的戒。“清净勤支”:即对于人的清净而言,成为精勤要素的支分。因此说“是清净状态的精勤支”。止的清净与明净,由熟练性所限定,故说“八种熟练之等至”。因为唯有已离随烦恼者才可名为“熟练”,有随烦恼者则不能,因其会落入退分等状态。从七种见之秽中清净后,对名色的辨别即是见清净。对缘的把握,由于破除了对三时的疑秽,故为度疑清净。因为所谓名色必定是有缘的,所以把握名色时,从意义上说,其有缘性也已被把握,故说“见清净即见有缘之名色”。然而,把握名色之缘者,正是通过超越三时疑秽而通达缘相,故说“缘相智”等,正如度疑清净被称为“法住智”。“道非道智”:即确定道与非道之后而安住的智。这里的“智”是指柔软观,由于那些比丘的意乐,当说出起观时,被称为“智见清净”。如果“智见清净”意指导向出起的观,而“慧”指阿罗汉果的慧,那么道是如何被说的呢?道在“多所作者”句中,通过把握离贪而被包含了。因为他将说:“在此,”
359. (Kha) visuddhinti ñāṇadassanavisuddhiṃ, accantavisuddhimeva vā. Catupārisuddhisīlanti pātimokkhasaṃvarādinirupakkiliṭṭhatāya catubbidhaparisuddhivantaṃ sīlaṃ. Pārisuddhipadhāniyaṅganti puggalassa parisuddhiyā padhānabhūtaṃ aṅgaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘parisuddhabhāvassa padhānaṅga’’nti. Samathassa visuddhibhāvo vodānaṃ paguṇabhāvena paricchinnanti āha ‘‘aṭṭha paguṇasamāpattiyo’’ti. Vigatupakkilesañhi ‘‘paguṇa’’nti vattabbataṃ labbhati, na saupakkilesaṃ hānabhāgiyādibhāvappattito. Sattadiṭṭhimalavisuddhito nāmarūpaparicchedo diṭṭhivisuddhi. Paccayapariggaho addhattayakaṅkhāmalavidhamanato kaṅkhāvitaraṇavisuddhi. Yasmā nāmarūpaṃ nāma sappaccayameva, tasmā taṃ pariggaṇhantena atthato tassa sappaccayatāpi pariggahitā eva hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘diṭṭhivisuddhīti sappaccayaṃ nāmarūpadassana’’nti. Yasmā pana nāmarūpassa paccayaṃ pariggaṇhantena tīsu addhāsu kaṅkhāmalavitaraṇapaccayākārāvabodhavaseneva hoti, tasmā ‘‘paccayākārañāṇa’’ntiādi vuttaṃ yathā kaṅkhāvitaraṇavisuddhi ‘‘dhammaṭṭhitiñāṇa’’nti vuccati. Maggāmagge ñāṇanti maggāmagge vavatthapetvā ṭhitañāṇaṃ. Ñāṇanti idha taruṇavipassanā kathitā tesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ ajjhāsayavasena ‘‘ñāṇadassanavisuddhī’’ti vuṭṭhānagāminiyā vipassanāya vuccamānattā. Yadi ‘‘ñāṇadassanavisuddhī’’ti vuṭṭhānagāminivipassanā adhippetā, ‘‘paññā’’ti ca arahattaphalapaññā, maggo pana kathanti ? Maggo bahukārapade virāgaggahaṇena gahito. Vakkhati hi ‘‘idha bahukārapade maggo kathito’’ti (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 3.359).
眼等界的差别:即依于眼、色、眼识等界的差异性。眼触等的差别:指眼触、耳触、鼻触等触的分类。想的差别:在此,也能得见色想等想的差别,但这也被欲想等的取摄所包含。「欲想等」的「等」字包含嗔想等。由于戏论以想为因,故说「缘想的差别而有思惟的差别」。又因「所思惟者便戏论之」,故说「缘思惟的差别而有欲的差别」。「欲的差别」:指渴爱欲的差别。「色热」:以色为所缘,依于对色的希求而生起的烦恼热。「声热」等也是如此。因为烦恼生起时,即使所缘未得,也如已得般生起热恼。对于那样的烦恼欲,由其力量而有对色等的遍求,故说「由热恼的差别,而生起遍求色等的差别」。同样,对于遍求者,若他获得了那些色等,则对此说「由遍求等的差别,而生起获得色等的差别」。
(Cha) cakkhādidhātunānattanti cakkhādirūpādicakkhuviññāṇādidhātūnaṃ vemattataṃ nissāya. Cakkhusamphassādinānattanti cakkhusamphassasotasamphassaghānasamphassādisamphassavibhāgaṃ. Saññānānattanti ettha rūpasaññādisaññānānattampi labbhateva, taṃ pana kāmasaññādiggahaṇeneva gayhati. Kāmasaññādīti ādi-saddena byāpādasaññādīnaṃ gahaṇaṃ. Saññānidānattā papañcasaṅkhānaṃ ‘‘saññānānattaṃ paṭicca saṅkappanānatta’’nti vuttaṃ, ‘‘yaṃ saṅkappeti, taṃ papañcetī’’ti vacanato ‘‘saṅkappanānattaṃ paṭicca chandanānatta’’nti vuttaṃ. Chandanānattanti ca taṇhāchandassa nānattaṃ. Rūpapariḷāhoti rūpavisayo rūpābhipatthanāvasena pavatto kilesapariḷāho. Saddapariḷāhoti etthāpi eseva nayo. Kileso hi uppajjamāno appattepi ārammaṇe patto viya pariḷāhova uppajjati. Tathābhūtassa pana kilesachandassa vasena rūpādipariyesanā hotīti āha ‘‘pariḷāhanānattatāya rūpapariyesanādinānattaṃ uppajjatī’’ti. Tathā pariyesantassa sace taṃ rūpādi labbheyya, taṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘pariyesanādinānattatāya rūpapaṭilābhādinānattaṃ uppajjatī’’ti.
死随观智:即依于对死的随观而生起的智,意为与死随念俱行的慧。把握食:即通过行走等,对食作厌逆的把握。感到厌离:即厌离而不执著于任何处。
(Ja) maraṇānupassanāñāṇeti maraṇassa anupassanāvasena pavattañāṇe, maraṇānussatisahagatapaññāyāti attho. Āhāraṃ pariggaṇhantassāti gamanādivasena āhāraṃ paṭikkūlato pariggaṇhantassa. Ukkaṇṭhantassāti nibbindantassa katthacipi asajjantassa.
十法注释
Dasadhammavaṇṇanā
360消磨之因:即断除之因。在此神通句中宣说了道,因此说「此在下文……再次被包含」。正如他将会说:「在此神通句中道已被说」(长部注疏3.360)。虽然邪见已被消磨,但仍应联系上下文来理解。正如邪见虽被观消磨但未断除,为显示断除而再次被包含;同样,邪思惟等虽被观所舍断,但因未被彻底断除,故在此再次被包含。这一意义适用于「邪思惟」等所有句中,由此显示:「如此,在一切句中应引出此理。」
360. (Jha) nijjarakāraṇānīti pajahanakāraṇāni. Imasmiṃ abhiññāpade maggo kathīyatīti katvā ‘‘ayaṃ heṭṭhā..pe… puna gahitā’’ti vuttaṃ. Tathā hi vakkhati ‘‘idha abhiññāpade maggo kathito’’ (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 3.360) kiñcāpi nijjiṇṇā micchādiṭṭhīti ānetvā sambandhitabbaṃ. Yathā micchādiṭṭhi vipassanāya nijjiṇṇāpi na samucchinnāti samucchedappahānadassanatthaṃ puna gahitā, evaṃ micchāsaṅkappādayopi vipassanāya pahīnāpi asamucchinnatāya idha puna gahitāti ayamattho ‘‘micchāsaṅkappo’’tiādīsu sabbapadesu vattabboti dasseti ‘‘evaṃ sabbapadesu nayo netabbo’’ti iminā.
“于此”(etthacā)指“以正解脱为缘,诸多善法达到修习圆满”这一句文。此处,通过断除与寂止,对立之法得以正确地解脱,此即正解脱;以正解脱为缘,八根在道与果中达到修习圆满,因此与道相应的信等根也被提及。由于道的力量,在果中方称为修习圆满。“以欢喜之义”:这实即极度爱乐之义。喜根是达到极点的乐性,滋润、浸润相应之法,犹如浸润一般生起。“以令相续流转的增上义”:指对于异熟相续的生存有增上作用。“如是”等,是对已说义理的总结。
Etthacāti ‘‘sammāvimuttipaccayā ca aneke kusalā dhammā bhāvanāpāripūriṃ gacchantī’’ti etasmiṃ pāḷipade. Ettha ca samucchedavasena, paṭippassaddhivasena ca paṭipakkhadhammā sammadeva vimuccanaṃ sammāvimutti, tappaccayā ca maggaphalesu aṭṭha indriyāni bhāvanāpāripūriṃ upagacchantīti maggasampayuttānipi saddhādīni indriyāni uddhaṭāni. Maggavasena hi phalesu bhāvanā pāripūrī nāmāti. Abhinandanaṭṭhenāti ativiya sinehanaṭṭhenidañhi. Somanassindriyaṃ ukkaṃsagatasātasabhāvaṃ sampayuttadhamme sinehantaṃ tementaṃ viya pavattati. Pavattasantatiādhipateyyaṭṭhenāti vipākasantānassa jīvane adhipatibhāvena. ‘‘Eva’’ntiādi vuttasseva atthassa nigamanaṃ.
“连同半百”指六与五百,意谓五百有余五十,即五百五十。
Addhena saha chaṭṭhāni pañhasatāni, paññāsādhikāni saha pañhasatānīti attho.
于此,尊者法将军依止于十种能作庇护法,修习十遍处,以十处门确立遍知,遍知所应遍知的法,舍离十种邪性、十不善业道,安住于十善业道,愿住于十圣居,令十想生起,以自身证得十种消磨事,证得十无学法,如此将对这些比丘的教诫推向顶峰,完成开示。他以欢喜接受,赞叹“善哉善哉”而随喜、顶受。“由那种欢喜”:即由对如是所开示的教法生起的喜悦心,此处即指获得义的喜悦与法的喜悦。“思惟此经”:即对于此经中各处所说的应证知等法,以证知等方式而作意。“连同无碍解……而安住”:即由于自身具备亲近依止,以及长老开示的威力,使已开始的观照得以增进,以无碍解为眷属的自身证得而安住。
Ettha ca āyasmā dhammasenāpati ‘‘dasasu nāthakaraṇadhammesu patiṭṭhāya dasakasiṇāyatanāni bhāvento dasaāyatanamukhena pariññaṃ paṭṭhapetvā pariññeyyadhamme parijānanto dasamicchatte, dasaakusalakammapathe ca pahāya dasakusalakammapathesu ca avaṭṭhito dasasu ariyāvāsesu āvasitukāmo dasasaññā uppādento dasanijjaravatthūni abhiññāya dasaasekkhadhamme adhigacchatī’’ti tesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ ovādaṃ matthakaṃ pāpento desanaṃ niṭṭhapesi. Pamodavasena paṭiggaṇhanaṃ abhinandananti āha ‘‘sādhu sādhūti abhinandantā sirasā sampaṭicchiṃsū’’ti. Tāya attamanatāyāti tāya yathādesitadesanāgatāya pahaṭṭhacittatāya, tattha yathāladdhaatthavedadhammavedehīti attho. Imameva suttaṃ āvajjamānāti imasmiṃ sutte tattha tattha āgate abhiññeyyādibhede dhamme abhijānanādivasena samannāharantā. Saha paṭisambhidāhi…pe… patiṭṭhahiṃsūti attano upanissayasampannatāya, therassa ca desanānubhāvena yathāraddhaṃ vipassanaṃ ussukketvā paṭisambhidāparivārāya abhiññāya saṇṭhahiṃsūti.
《波梨品》的注释——即对该品隐含义理的阐明,至此完成。
Niṭṭhitā ca pāthikavaggaṭṭhakathāya līnatthappakāsanā.
结语部分的注释。
Nigamanakathāvaṇṇanā
“长老传承相续”:这是由大迦叶等长老的谱系、传统与相续所成,故称“长老传承相续”,由此得名;意思是,在四部大尼柯耶中,依长老们代代相承的方式流传。
Therānaṃ mahākassapādīnaṃ vaṃso paveṇī anvayo etassāti theravaṃsanvayo, tena; catumahānikāyesu theriyenāti attho.
“阐明十力者功德聚”:因阐明具足十力的正自觉者的种种功德聚集,故名“阐明十力者功德聚”。正如在《梵网经》等、《大本经》等、《自欢喜经》等经文中,此圣典亦于各处特以彰显佛陀功德的方式流传。诚如最初所说:“具足能引生信心之功德……”(《长部注》1.开篇语)。
Dasabalassa sammāsambuddhassa guṇagaṇānaṃ paridīpanato dasabalaguṇagaṇaparidīpanassa. Ayañhi āgamo brahmajālādīsu, mahāpadānādīsu, sampasādanīyādīsu ca tattha tattha visesato buddhaguṇānaṃ pakāsanavasena pavattoti. Tathā hi vuttaṃ ādito ‘‘saddhāvahaguṇassā’’ti (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 1.ganthārambhakathā).
“大注疏之精要”:即《长部大注》中的义理精髓。
Mahāṭṭhakathāya sāranti dīghanikāyamahāaṭṭhakathāyaṃ atthasāraṃ.
“近六十”:因为数量略有不足,所以使用了“量”字。
Ekūnasaṭṭhimattoti thokaṃ ūnabhāvato matta-saddaggahaṇaṃ.
“根本注释之精要”:即前面所说的《长部大注释》的精要,在此作为结语而说。或者,“根本注释之精要”指诸古注中义理的精要。这表示:“我撰写这部《善吉祥光》时,撷取《长部大注释》的义理精华;对于其他诸部经典,也同样从它们的根本注释中撷取适合运用于此处的义理精华。”
Mūlakaṭṭhakathāsāranti pubbe vuttaṃ dīghanikāyamahāaṭṭhakathāsārameva puna nigamanavasena vadati. Atha vā mūlakaṭṭhakathāsāranti porāṇaṭṭhakathāsu atthasāraṃ, tenetaṃ dasseti ‘‘dīghanikāyamahāaṭṭhakathāyaṃ atthasāraṃ ādāya imaṃ sumaṅgalavilāsiniṃ karonto sesamahānikāyānampi mūlakaṭṭhakathāsu idha viniyogakkhamaṃ atthasāraṃ ādāyayeva akāsi’’nti.
“大寺住者”[指居住在大寺的人(注释书中)]一词应与前后文句如此连结:“阐明大寺住者的教义,并采纳大寺住者根本注释的精要”。以此福德,愿一切世间众生皆得安乐——“一切世间”即欲界等一切分类下的有情世间,愿他们各随其分,通过证得三乘觉悟所成的涅槃之乐而得究竟安乐。他便是如此将福德回向包含诸天在内的世间,祝愿他们获得最上安乐。
‘‘Mahāvihāravāsīna’’nti [mahāvihāre nivāsinaṃ (aṭṭhakathāyaṃ)] ca idaṃ purimapacchimapadehi saddhiṃ sambandhitabbaṃ ‘‘mahāvihāravāsīnaṃ samayaṃ pakāsayantiṃ, mahāvihāravāsīnaṃ mūlakaṭṭhakathāsāraṃ ādāyā’’ti ca. Tena puññena. Hotu sabbo sukhī lokoti kāmāvacarādivibhāgo sabbopi sattaloko yathārahaṃ bodhittayādhigamanavasena sampattena nibbānasukhena sukhito hotūti sadevakassa lokassa accantasukhādhigamāya attano puññaṃ pariṇāmeti.
就篇幅而言,已完成的部分计有二万八千多颂、九十次诵分。也就是说,阿阇梨法护所造的《长部复注》,其文字总量在二万八千余颂之外尚有超出。
Parimāṇato sādhikaṭṭhavīsasahassanavutibhāṇavārā niṭṭhitāti. Parimāṇato sādhikaṭṭhavīsasahassamattaganthena dīghanikāyaṭīkā racitācariyadhammapālena.
为防护戒等财富之积集,不被邪见等盗贼所劫夺,
故恭敬造作,犹如打造宝箧一般。(此处有一段后来补入的文字)
Micchādiṭṭhādicorehi , sīlādidhanasañcayaṃ; Rakkhaṇatthāya sakkaccaṃ, mañjūsaṃ viya kāritanti. (etthantare pāṭho pacchā likhito)
这部阐明《长部注疏·善吉祥光》中隐晦含义的著作,已经完成。
Niṭṭhitā sumaṅgalavilāsiniyā dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathāya līnatthappakāsanā.