4. 《起源经》注释
4. Aggaññasuttavaṇṇanā
婆悉吒和婆罗堕阇的注释
Vāseṭṭhabhāradvājavaṇṇanā
111“如是我闻”等,便是《起源经》。以下是其中难解词句的注释——关于“在东园鹿母讲堂”,有一段次第解说:过去十万劫前,有一女居士邀请莲花上佛,供养了以佛陀为首的十万比丘众,随后顶礼世尊足下,匍匐在地发愿道:“未来世,愿我能成为像您这样的佛陀的首席女侍者。”她于是在天界与人界流转百千劫,到了我们世尊的时代,在跋地亚城,弥伽罗长者的儿子——达那迦耶长者的家中,投生于须摩那夫人的胎中。出生时,众人为她取名毗舍佉。当世尊来到跋地亚城时,她率领五百侍女一同迎接,就在初次见面的那一刻,便成为入流者。
111.Evaṃme sutanti aggaññasuttaṃ. Tatrāyamanuttānapadavaṇṇanā – pubbārāme migāramātupāsādeti ettha ayaṃ anupubbikathā. Atīte satasahassakappamatthake ekā upāsikā padumuttaraṃ bhagavantaṃ nimantetvā buddhappamukhassa bhikkhusatasahassassa dānaṃ datvā bhagavato pādamūle nipajjitvā ‘‘anāgate tumhādisassa buddhassa aggupaṭṭhāyikā homī’’ti patthanaṃ akāsi. Sā kappasatasahassaṃ devesu ceva manussesu ca saṃsaritvā amhākaṃ bhagavato kāle bhaddiyanagare meṇḍakaseṭṭhiputtassa dhanañcayaseṭṭhino gehe sumanadeviyā kucchimhi paṭisandhiṃ gaṇhi. Jātakāle tassā visākhāti nāmaṃ akaṃsu. Sā yadā bhagavā bhaddiyanagaraṃ āgamāsi, tadā pañcadāsisatehi saddhiṃ bhagavato paccuggamanaṃ katvā paṭhamadassanamhiyeva sotāpannā ahosi.
后来,她前往舍卫城,进入弥伽罗长者的儿子富难陀童子的家。在那里,弥伽罗长者把她安立在母亲的位置上,因此她被称作“弥伽罗之母”。在她嫁到夫家时,她的父亲为她打造了一副名为“大藤蔓”的首饰。那副首饰用上四掬金刚石、十一掬珍珠、二十二掬珊瑚、三十三掬宝石,并配合其余七宝共同制成。从头上佩戴起,能一直垂至脚背,只有具备五头母象之力的女子才戴得动。她后来成为世尊的首席女近侍,舍弃了那副首饰,耗资九亿为世尊建造寺院,在约一卡利沙的土地上建起一座殿堂。这座殿堂上层有五百个房间,下层也是五百房间,合计千间以为庄严。她觉得“仅有洁净的殿堂还不够庄严”,便环绕殿堂又建了五百间双层门楼、五百间小殿和五百间长屋。这座大寺院历时四个月才告圆满。
Aparabhāge sāvatthiyaṃ migāraseṭṭhiputtassa puṇṇavaḍḍhanakumārassa gehaṃ gatā. Tattha naṃ migāraseṭṭhi mātuṭṭhāne ṭhapesi. Tasmā migāramātāti vuccati. Patikulaṃ gacchantiyā cassā pitā mahālatāpiḷandhanaṃ nāma kārāpesi. Tasmiṃ piḷandhane catasso vajiranāḷiyo upayogaṃ agamaṃsu, muttānaṃ ekādasa nāḷiyo, pavāḷassa dvāvīsati nāḷiyo, maṇīnaṃ tettiṃsa nāḷiyo. Iti etehi ca aññehi ca sattahi ratanehi niṭṭhānaṃ agamāsi. Taṃ sīse paṭimukkaṃ yāva pādapiṭṭhiyā bhassati. Pañcannaṃ hatthīnaṃ balaṃ dhārayamānāva naṃ itthī dhāretuṃ sakkoti. Sā aparabhāge dasabalassa aggupaṭṭhāyikā hutvā taṃ pasādhanaṃ vissajjetvā navahi koṭīhi bhagavato vihāraṃ kārayamānā karīsamatte bhūmibhāge pāsādaṃ kāresi . Tassa uparibhūmiyaṃ pañca gabbhasatāni honti, heṭṭhimabhūmiyaṃ pañcāti gabbhasahassappaṭimaṇḍito ahosi. Sā ‘‘suddhapāsādova na sobhatī’’ti taṃ parivāretvā pañca duvaḍḍhagehasatāni, pañca cūḷapāsādasatāni , pañca dīghasālasatāni ca kārāpesi. Vihāramaho catūhi māsehi niṭṭhānaṃ agamāsi.
在佛陀的教法中,以女身住世的毗舍佉,其施舍财物无人能及;以男身住世的给孤独长者,同样无人可比。给孤独长者舍出五十四亿财富,在舍卫城南边,一处类似阿努罗陀城大寺的地方,建造了名为祇园的大寺院。毗舍佉则在舍卫城东边,一处类似北方天宫寺的地方,建造了名为东园的寺院。世尊出于对这两个家族的悲悯,在依舍卫城而住的期间,常在这两座寺院轮流安居:一个雨安居住在祇园,另一个雨安居在东园。而当时,世尊正住在东园,因此便说“在东园鹿母讲堂”。
Mātugāmattabhāve ṭhitāya visākhāya viya aññissā buddhasāsane dhanapariccāgo nāma natthi, purisattabhāve ṭhitassa anāthapiṇḍikassa viya aññassāti. So hi catupaṇṇāsakoṭiyo vissajjetvā sāvatthiyā dakkhiṇabhāge anurādhapurassa mahāvihārasadise ṭhāne jetavanamahāvihāraṃ nāma kāresi. Visākhā sāvatthiyā pācīnabhāge uttaradeviyā vihārasadise ṭhāne pubbārāmaṃ nāma kāresi. Bhagavā imesaṃ dvinnaṃ kulānaṃ anukampāya sāvatthiṃ nissāya viharanto imesu dvīsu vihāresu nibaddhavāsaṃ vasi. Ekaṃ antovassaṃ jetavane vasati, ekaṃ pubbārāme. Tasmiṃ samaye pana bhagavā pubbārāme viharati. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘pubbārāme migāramātupāsāde’’ti.
「婆悉吒婆罗堕阇」——指沙弥婆悉吒和婆罗堕阇。「他们与比丘众住在一起」意思是,他们既不是在受外道别住,也不是在受犯戒别住。只是因为他们尚未满二十岁,期盼获得比丘身份,所以和比丘们住在一起。因此说「期盼着获得比丘身份」。这两人都出身于北方的婆罗门大富豪家族,每人各有四十亿财富,精通三部吠陀。他们听闻了中部经典中的《婆悉吒经》后皈依了三宝;听闻了《三明经》后出了家,就在这个时期,为了期盼比丘身份而和比丘们同住。「在露天处经行」意思是,在南北走向的宽广殿堂的东侧,于殿堂的阴影下,世尊来回经行。那道经行处被六色佛光映照,璀璨夺目,就像被丝线牵引着悬在空中的百宝金冠一般。
Vāseṭṭhabhāradvājāti vāseṭṭho ca sāmaṇero bhāradvājo ca. Bhikkhūsu parivasantīti te neva titthiyaparivāsaṃ vasanti, na āpattiparivāsaṃ. Aparipuṇṇavassattā pana bhikkhubhāvaṃ patthayamānā vasanti. Tenevāha ‘‘bhikkhubhāvaṃ ākaṅkhamānā’’ti. Ubhopi hete udiccabrāhmaṇamahāsālakule nibbattā, cattālīsa cattālīsa koṭivibhavā tiṇṇaṃ vedānaṃ pāragū majjhimanikāye vāseṭṭhasuttaṃ sutvā saraṇaṃ gatā, tevijjasuttaṃ sutvā pabbajitvā imasmiṃ kāle bhikkhubhāvaṃ ākaṅkhamānā parivasanti. Abbhokāse caṅkamatīti uttaradakkhiṇena āyatassa pāsādassa puratthimadisābhāge pāsādacchāyāyaṃ yantarajjūhi ākaḍḍhiyamānaṃ ratanasatubbedhaṃ suvaṇṇaagghikaṃ viya anilapathe vidhāvantīhi chabbaṇṇāhi buddharasmīhi sobhamāno aparāparaṃ caṅkamati.
113“跟随着经行”——他们双手合掌,身体微微前俯,跟随世尊一同经行。“召唤婆悉吒”——因为在两人中婆悉吒较为聪慧,懂得该把握什么、该问什么,所以世尊召唤他。“你们确实是”——就是“你们啊,确实是”的意思。“生为婆罗门”——即出生于婆罗门种姓。“在婆罗门中出身良家”——指在婆罗门中属良家、家系圆满。“舍离婆罗门家”——就是从富有财宝等种种圆满的婆罗门家庭中舍离而出。“不辱骂”——不以十种辱骂事来辱骂。“不轻视”——不以各种轻蔑的话语来轻视。世尊虽然明知那些婆罗门在辱骂、轻视这两个沙弥,却仍故意发问。为什么呢?因为他知道,如果他不问,他们俩是不会主动先说的;如果不说,话题就生不起来。为了开启话题,他才这样问。“taggha”是一个肯定的不变词,意思是“确实,尊者,那些婆罗门确确实实在辱骂、轻视我们”。“合宜的”——指符合他们自己身份的辱骂。“完备的”——指随心所欲,把话语编排得字句完整,不遗漏任何一点。“并非不完备”——指不是那种中间停顿、断断续续说出来的辱骂。
113.Anucaṅkamiṃsūti añjaliṃ paggayha onatasarīrā hutvā anuvattamānā caṅkamiṃsu. Vāseṭṭhaṃ āmantesīti so tesaṃ paṇḍitataro gahetabbaṃ vissajjetabbañca jānāti, tasmā taṃ āmantesi. Tumhe khvatthāti tumhe kho attha. Brāhmaṇajaccāti, brāhmaṇajātikā. Brāhmaṇakulīnāti brāhmaṇesu kulīnā kulasampannā. Brāhmaṇakulāti brāhmaṇakulato, bhogādisampannaṃ brāhmaṇakulaṃ pahāyāti attho. Na akkosantīti dasavidhena akkosavatthunā na akkosanti. Na paribhāsantīti nānāvidhāya paribhavakathāya na paribhāsantīti attho. Iti bhagavā ‘‘brāhmaṇā ime sāmaṇere akkosanti paribhāsantī’’ti jānamānova pucchati. Kasmā? Ime mayā apucchitā paṭhamataraṃ na kathessanti, akathite kathā na samuṭṭhātīti kathāsamuṭṭhāpanatthāya. Tagghāti ekaṃsavacane nipāto, ekaṃseneva no, bhante, brāhmaṇā akkosanti paribhāsantīti vuttaṃ hoti. Attarūpāyāti attano anurūpāya. Paripuṇṇāyāti yathāruci padabyañjanāni āropetvā āropetvā paripūritāya. No aparipuṇṇāyāti antarā aṭṭhapitāya nirantaraṃ pavattāya.
那么,那些婆罗门为什么辱骂这些沙弥呢?是出于一种失去依靠之感。这些沙弥本是最高婆罗门的儿子,精通三部吠陀,在整个赡部洲的婆罗门界中广为人知、备受尊敬。由于他们出了家,其他一些婆罗门子也跟着出家了。于是婆罗门们认为“我们失去了依靠”。出于这种失去依靠的心理,他们无论是在村门口还是在村子里,一见到这两个沙弥,就引述经文中出现的话,比如“你们破坏了婆罗门的传统,成了剃头沙门的跟班,被味贪诱惑而跟着乱跑”等等,以及声称“婆罗门才是最高的种姓”之类的话来辱骂。那些沙弥即使在被这样辱骂时,也不生起忿怒或敌意,只是在世尊询问时,如实报告说:“确实,尊者,那些婆罗门辱骂我们、轻视我们。”于是,世尊为了问清他们辱骂的具体方式,便问道:“他们具体是怎么说的呢?”两人便讲述道:“那些婆罗门,尊者啊……”等等。
Kasmā pana brāhmaṇā ime sāmaṇere akkosantīti? Appatiṭṭhatāya. Ime hi sāmaṇerā aggabrāhmaṇānaṃ puttā tiṇṇaṃ vedānaṃ pāragū jambudīpe brāhmaṇānaṃ antare pākaṭā sambhāvitā tesaṃ pabbajitattā aññe brāhmaṇaputtā pabbajiṃsu. Atha kho brāhmaṇā ‘‘apatiṭṭhā mayaṃ jātā’’ti imāya appatiṭṭhatāya gāmadvārepi antogāmepi te disvā ‘‘tumhehi brāhmaṇasamayo bhinno, muṇḍasamaṇakassa pacchato pacchato rasagiddhā hutvā vicarathā’’tiādīni ceva pāḷiyaṃ āgatāni ‘‘brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo’’tiādīni ca vatvā akkosanti. Sāmaṇerā tesu akkosantesupi kopaṃ vā āghātaṃ vā akatvā kevalaṃ bhagavatā puṭṭhā ‘‘taggha no, bhante, brāhmaṇā akkosanti paribhāsantī’’ti ārocesuṃ. Atha ne bhagavā akkosanākāraṃ pucchanto yathā kathaṃ pana voti pucchati. Te ācikkhantā brāhmaṇā bhantetiādimāhaṃsu.
这里,“最高种姓”:在说明出身、血统等时,他们表示只有婆罗门才是最高的。“其他种姓低劣”:他们说其他三个种姓是低劣、下贱的。“白”:指白色、洁净。“黑”:指黑色。“清净”:指在出身、血统等方面得以清净。“梵天之子”:就是大梵天的儿子。“亲生之子,从口而生”:意思是他们住在大梵天的胸口,然后从口中出生;或者说,由胸口孕育成长,所以称为亲生之子。“梵生”:指从梵天所生。“梵天所化”:指由梵天变化而出。“梵天的继承者”:即梵天的继承人。“你们投靠了低劣种姓”:你们已经投靠了那个低劣的种姓。“剃头沙门”:他们是以轻蔑、鄙视的口吻说的,并不单纯是指剃光头或作出家沙门的样子。“卑下者”:指那些居士。“黑者”:指肤色黑的人。“亲属”:意指是魔罗的亲属、属于魔罗的同伙。“脚下所生”:意指从大梵天的脚生出,是脚的后代。
Tattha seṭṭho vaṇṇoti jātigottādīnaṃ paññāpanaṭṭhāne brāhmaṇova seṭṭhoti dassenti. Hīnā aññe vaṇṇāti itare tayo vaṇṇā hīnā lāmakāti vadanti. Sukkoti paṇḍaro. Kaṇhoti kāḷako. Sujjhantīti jātigottādīnaṃ paññāpanaṭṭhāne sujjhanti. Brahmuno puttāti mahābrahmuno puttā. Orasā mukhato jātāti ure vasitvā mukhato nikkhantā, ure katvā saṃvaḍḍhitāti vā orasā. Brahmajāti brahmato nibbattā. Brahmanimmitāti brahmunā nimmitā. Brahmadāyādāti brahmuno dāyādā. Hīnamattha vaṇṇaṃ ajjhupagatāti hīnaṃ vaṇṇaṃ ajjhupagatā attha. Muṇḍakesamaṇaketi nindantā jigucchantā vadanti, na muṇḍakamattañceva samaṇamattañca sandhāya. Ibbheti gahapatike. Kaṇheti kāḷake. Bandhūti mārassa bandhubhūte mārapakkhike. Pādāpacceti mahābrahmuno pādānaṃ apaccabhūte pādato jāteti adhippāyo.
114“婆悉吒,确实,那些婆罗门因不忆念古事才这样说。”此处「vo」仅是语助词,或为属格,意为“你们的婆罗门”。「古事」:指最初的世界起源与行传记载。「不忆念」:即不随念。全句意思是:婆悉吒,可以肯定,那些婆罗门因不随念、不了知古时世界如何生起,才这样说。接着说“然而,毕竟可以见到……”等,是为破除他们的邪见。其中,「婆罗门女」:即那些依婚嫁娶进门、生育子女的婆罗门妇女,是可见到的。这些妇女到一定时候便来月经,即所谓“开过花”了。「妊娠」:即已怀孕。「生育」:正在分娩。「哺乳」:以乳汁喂养幼子。「从产门生」:她们尽管也是从婆罗门妇女的产道出生,却这样说。「这样说」:即他们如此声称。如何声称呢?“婆罗门是最上种姓……是梵天的继承者。”然而,如果那确是事实,则婆罗门妇女的子宫应等同于大梵天的胸膛,她们的产道应等同于大梵天的口——但这无法作如此看待。因此,经中才说“他们既在诽谤梵天……”等等。
114. ‘‘Taggha vo, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇā porāṇaṃ assarantā evamāhaṃsū’’ti ettha voti nipātamattaṃ, sāmivacanaṃ vā, tumhākaṃ brāhmaṇāti attho. Porāṇanti porāṇakaṃ aggaññaṃ lokuppatticariyavaṃsaṃ. Assarantāti assaramānā. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti, ekaṃsena vo, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇā porāṇaṃ lokuppattiṃ ananussarantā ajānantā evaṃ vadantīti. ‘‘Dissanti kho panā’’ti evamādi tesaṃ laddhibhindanatthāya vuttaṃ. Tattha brāhmaṇiyoti brāhmaṇānaṃ puttappaṭilābhatthāya āvāhavivāhavasena kulaṃ ānītā brāhmaṇiyo dissanti. Tā kho panetā aparena samayena utuniyopi honti, sañjātapupphāti attho. Gabbhiniyoti sañjātagabbhā. Vijāyamānāti puttadhītaro janayamānā. Pāyamānāti dārake thaññaṃ pāyantiyo. Yonijāva samānāti brāhmaṇīnaṃ passāvamaggena jātā samānā. Evamāhaṃsūti evaṃ vadanti. Kathaṃ? ‘‘Brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo…pe… brahmadāyādā’’ti. Yadi pana nesaṃ taṃ saccavacanaṃ siyā, brāhmaṇīnaṃ kucchi mahābrahmassa uro bhaveyya, brāhmaṇīnaṃ passāvamaggo mahābrahmuno mukhaṃ bhaveyya, na kho panetaṃ evaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘te ca brahmūnañceva abbhācikkhantī’’tiādi.
四种姓清净的解释
Catuvaṇṇasuddhivaṇṇanā
以上,说出了“愿他们不能声称‘我们住于大梵天之胸、从口中出生’”这样令其无法声言的诘问之后,为显示四种姓只要受持善法而行便得清净,接着开示“婆悉吒,此四种姓……”等。「可称为不善」:即被称为不善,或属于不善的那一分。这一解释方式适用于一切处。「不能成为圣」:即在圣者位上无所堪能。「黑」:即本性黒闇。「黑异熟」:他们的果报亦是黑的,是苦之义。「于刹帝利中亦」:即在刹帝利中亦有。「一分」:即于某处。这一解释方式适用于一切处。
Ettāvatā ‘‘mayaṃ mahābrahmuno ure vasitvā mukhato nikkhantāti vattuṃ mā labhantū’’ti imaṃ mukhacchedakavādaṃ vatvā puna cattāropi vaṇṇā kusale dhamme samādāya vattantāva sujjhantīti dassanatthaṃ cattārome, vāseṭṭha, vaṇṇātiādimāha. Akusalasaṅkhātāti akusalāti saṅkhātā akusalakoṭṭhāsabhūtā vā. Esa nayo sabbattha. Na alamariyāti ariyabhāve asamatthā. Kaṇhāti pakatikāḷakā. Kaṇhavipākāti vipākopi nesaṃ kaṇho dukkhoti attho. Khattiyepi teti khattiyamhipi te. Ekacceti ekasmiṃ. Esa nayo sabbattha.
「白」:即因离染而清白。「白异熟」:他们的果报亦是白的,是乐之义。
Sukkāti nikkilesabhāvena paṇḍarā. Sukkavipākāti vipākopi nesaṃ sukko sukhoti attho.
116“于二者夹杂中而行”:即在这两类法混杂、交织在一起的状态中生活。哪两类?即黑法与白法,也就是被智者呵责和赞叹的法。对于这一点,婆罗门这样说:那些行持着这些黑法、白法的婆罗门,却还这样宣称:“只有婆罗门是最上种姓”等等。“智者不认可他们”:即世间有智慧的人不赞同、不称赞他们。为什么呢?因为,婆悉咤……此处简略的意思如下:所说的“不认可”,是出于什么原因?因为在这四种姓中,若有比丘是阿拉汉……以正智解脱,他便被尊为最上,而这些人并非如此,因此智者不认可他们。
116.Ubhayavokiṇṇesu vattamānesūti ubhayesu vokiṇṇesu missībhūtesu hutvā vattamānesu. Katamesu ubhayesūti? Kaṇhasukkesu dhammesu viññugarahitesu ceva viññuppasatthesu ca. Yadettha brāhmaṇā evamāhaṃsūti ettha etesu kaṇhasukkadhammesu vattamānāpi brāhmaṇā yadetaṃ evaṃ vadanti ‘‘brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo’’tiādi. Taṃ nesaṃ viññū nānujānantīti ye loke paṇḍitā, te nānumodanti, na pasaṃsantīti attho. Taṃ kissa hetu? Imesañhi vāseṭṭhātiādimhi ayaṃ saṅkhepattho. Yaṃ vuttaṃ nānujānantīti, taṃ kasmāti ce? Yasmā imesaṃ catunnaṃ vaṇṇānaṃ yo bhikkhu arahaṃ…pe… sammadaññā vimutto, so tesaṃ aggamakkhāyati, te ca na evarūpā. Tasmā nesaṃ viññū nānujānanti.
在“阿拉汉”等词中,此处,因远离烦恼等理由,故为阿拉汉。因诸漏已尽,故为漏尽者。七类有学与凡夫善人可称为住于梵行;而此人则称为已住梵行,即已圆满。因通过四道,于四圣谛应遍知等所应作之事,他已作完,故为所作已作。因他已放下烦恼之担与蕴之担,故为卸担者。已放,即已卸下。妙义:即妙好之义,或指自身的目的;他由此已达妙义,故为已达妙义。有结即渴爱,因他已尽有结,故为已尽有结者。以正智解脱:即由正确的原因、正确的道理,知见后而解脱。于此人群中:即在此人群之中,在此世间。于现法与来世:即于此世与他世。
Arahantiādipadesu cettha kilesānaṃ ārakattādīhi kāraṇehi arahaṃ. Āsavānaṃ khīṇattā khīṇāsavo. Satta sekkhā puthujjanakalyāṇakā ca brahmacariyavāsaṃ vasanti nāma. Ayaṃ pana vutthavāsoti vusitavā. Catūhi maggehi catūsu saccesu parijānanādikaraṇīyaṃ kataṃ assāti katakaraṇīyo. Kilesabhāro ca khandhabhāro ca ohito assāti ohitabhāro. Ohitoti ohārito. Sundaro attho, sako vā attho sadattho, anuppatto sadattho etenāti anuppattasadattho. Bhavasaṃyojanaṃ vuccati taṇhā, sā parikkhīṇā assāti parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano. Sammadaññā vimuttoti sammā hetunā kāraṇena jānitvā vimutto. Janetasminti jane etasmiṃ, imasmiṃ loketi attho. Diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañcāti idhattabhāve ca parattabhāve.
117“无间”:即没有间隔,指与自己同族、同类的人。“随顺”:即顺从,受支配。年长者示现尊敬,年轻者行问讯等。其中,“合宜行为”:即做种种适宜的行为,如履行各项礼仪等。
117.Anantarāti antaravirahitā, attano kulena sadisāti attho. Anuyuttāti vasavattino. Nipaccakāranti mahallakatarā nipaccakāraṃ dassenti. Daharatarā abhivādanādīni karonti. Tattha sāmīcikammanti taṃtaṃvattakaraṇādi anucchavikakammaṃ.
118“已确立”意即坚定安住、不可动摇。谁有这样的信心呢?是须陀洹。他的信心已然确立,即使有人以刀割其头,也绝不会说“佛不是佛”“法不是法”“僧不是僧”。他具备安立不动的信心,犹如勇者苏兰跋陀。
118.Niviṭṭhāti abhiniviṭṭhā acalaṭṭhitā. Kassa pana evarūpā saddhā hotīti? Sotāpannassa. So hi niviṭṭhasaddho asinā sīse chejjamānepi buddho abuddhoti vā, dhammo adhammoti vā, saṅgho asaṅghoti vā na vadati. Patiṭṭhitasaddho hoti sūrambaṭṭho viya.
据说,苏兰跋陀听闻世尊说法后,证得须陀洹果,便返回家中。此时,魔王变现出一尊具足三十二大人相、庄严圆满的佛陀形象,立于其家门口,并令人通报:“导师来了。”苏兰跋陀心想:“我刚从导师座前闻法归来,这究竟是怎么回事?”他走上前去,误以为是真正的佛陀,恭敬礼拜后,立于一旁。魔王说道:“苏兰跋陀,我先前对你所说的‘色无常……识无常’,那些都是错误的。我未加省察便随口说出。所以,你应当把握‘色是常……识是常’这一道理。”苏兰跋陀思忖:“诸佛绝不可能未经审虑、未证现观而宣说任何义理。此人定是魔王,前来破坏我的信心。”于是,他指斥对方:“你是魔王!”魔王无法在这件事上打妄语,只得承认:“是,我是魔。”苏兰跋陀问:“你为何而来?”魔王答:“为动摇你的信心而来。”苏兰跋陀便呵斥道:“黑魔!你就独自待着吧!像你这样的魔王,即便百名、千名、十万名齐至,也动摇不了我的信心。这由道而生的信心,犹如须弥山安立在坚岩之上,不可撼动,你在此能有何作为!”
So kira satthu dhammadesanaṃ sutvā sotāpanno hutvā gehaṃ agamāsi. Atha māro dvattiṃsavaralakkhaṇappaṭimaṇḍitaṃ buddharūpaṃ māpetvā tassa gharadvāre ṭhatvā ‘‘satthā āgato’’ti sāsanaṃ pahiṇi. Sūrambaṭṭho cintesi ‘‘ahaṃ idāneva satthu santike dhammaṃ sutvā āgato, kiṃ nu kho bhavissatī’’ti upasaṅkamitvā satthusaññāya vanditvā aṭṭhāsi. Māro āha – ‘‘ambaṭṭha, yaṃ te mayā ‘rūpaṃ aniccaṃ…pe… viññāṇaṃ aniccanti kathitaṃ, taṃ dukkathitaṃ. Anupadhāretvāva hi mayā evaṃ vuttaṃ. Tasmā tvaṃ ‘rūpaṃ niccaṃ…pe… viññāṇaṃ nicca’nti gaṇhāhī’’ti. So cintesi – ‘‘aṭṭhānametaṃ yaṃ buddhā anupadhāretvā apaccakkhaṃ katvā kiñci katheyyuṃ, addhā ayaṃ mayhaṃ vicchindajananatthaṃ māro āgato’’ti. Tato naṃ ‘‘tvaṃ mārosī’’ti āha. So musāvādaṃ kātuṃ nāsakkhi. ‘‘Āma mārosmī’’ti paṭijānāti. ‘‘Kasmā āgatosī’’ti? Tava saddhācālanatthanti āha. ‘‘Kaṇha pāpima, tvaṃ tāva eko tiṭṭha, tādisānaṃ mārānaṃ satampi sahassampi satasahassampi mama saddhaṃ cāletuṃ asamatthaṃ, maggena āgatasaddhā nāma thirā silāpathaviyaṃ patiṭṭhitasineru viya acalā hoti, kiṃ tvaṃ etthā’’ti accharaṃ pahari. So ṭhātuṃ asakkonto tattheva antaradhāyi. Evarūpaṃ saddhaṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘niviṭṭhā’’ti.
“根已生而安立”是指:道根已经生起,由此道根而得安立。“坚固”即是牢固。“不可夺”的意思是,犹如深埋的因陀罗柱,任何人无法令其动摇。对于这样的圣弟子,他正可恰如其分地说:“我是世尊的亲生子……”等语。为什么呢?因为他依止世尊,在圣者境界中出生,所以是世尊之子;又因依止世尊心中所住、口中流出的法音而证得道果,故称“亲生”“从口生”。由于从圣法所生、由圣法所化现,故称“法生”“法所化”。他堪受九种出世法财,故称“法嗣”。若问“为何如此说?”为显明此义,故有“如来……”等开示。在这里,“如来即是法身”——为什么如来被称为法身?因为如来以心思择三藏佛语后,以言语将它宣说出来。既然如此,他的身体即由法所构成,因此他本身即是法。正因如此,我们说:以法为身,故名为法身。以法身故,亦是梵身;因为法在“最胜”这一义理上,就称为“梵”。又被称为
Mūlajātāpatiṭṭhitāti maggamūlassa sañjātattā tena maggamūlena patiṭṭhitā. Daḷhāti thirā. Asaṃhāriyāti sunikhātaindakhīlo viya kenaci cāletuṃ asakkuṇeyyā. Tassetaṃ kallaṃ vacanāyāti tassa ariyasāvakassa yuttametaṃ vattuṃ. Kinti? ‘‘Bhagavatomhi putto oraso’’ti evamādi. So hi bhagavantaṃ nissāya ariyabhūmiyaṃ jātoti bhagavato putto. Ure vasitvā mukhato nikkhantadhammaghosavasena maggaphalesu patiṭṭhitattā oraso mukhato jāto. Ariyadhammato jātattā ariyadhammena ca nimmitattā dhammajo dhammanimmito. Navalokuttaradhammadāyajjaṃ arahatīti dhammadāyādo. Taṃ kissa hetūti yadetaṃ ‘‘bhagavatomhi putto’’ti vatvā ‘‘dhammajo dhammanimmito’’ti vuttaṃ, taṃ kasmāti ce? Idānissa atthaṃ dassento tathāgatassa hetantiādimāha. Tattha ‘‘dhammakāyo itipī’’ti kasmā tathāgato ‘‘dhammakāyo’’ti vutto? Tathāgato hi tepiṭakaṃ buddhavacanaṃ hadayena cintetvā vācāya abhinīhari. Tenassa kāyo dhammamayattā dhammova. Iti dhammo kāyo assāti dhammakāyo. Dhammakāyattā eva brahmakāyo. Dhammo hi seṭṭhatthena brahmāti vuccati. Dhammabhūtoti dhammasabhāvo. Dhammabhūtattā eva brahmabhūto.
119世尊至此已以一种方式开示了“断除最胜我慢”之说,现在准备以另一种方式再次阐明同一道理,于是他说:“婆悉咤,会有那样的一个时候……”等语。其中关于坏劫与成劫的阐述,在《梵网经》中已有详尽解说。其中“到达此性”,意为到达此种状态,即获得人身。“他们在此成为意所成”,意为他们在人世间化生,唯由心意所成之身,故称“意所成”。如同在梵天界那样,他们在此唯以喜为食,故称“以喜为食”。据此,如“自带光明”等性质,亦可依此类推,不再赘述。
119. Ettāvatā bhagavā seṭṭhacchedakavādaṃ dassetvā idāni aparenapi nayena seṭṭhacchedakavādameva dassetuṃ hoti kho so, vāseṭṭha, samayotiādimāha. Tattha saṃvaṭṭavivaṭṭakathā brahmajāle vitthāritāva. Itthattaṃ āgacchantīti itthabhāvaṃ manussattaṃ āgacchanti. Tedha honti manomayāti te idha manussaloke nibbattamānāpi opapātikā hutvā maneneva nibbattāti manomayā. Brahmaloke viya idhāpi nesaṃ pītiyeva āhārakiccaṃ sādhetīti pītibhakkhā. Eteneva nayena sayaṃpabhādīnipi veditabbānīti.
(以下是)关于‘味地’出现的解释。
Rasapathavipātubhāvavaṇṇanā
120“成为一水”是指:整个轮围世界全都变成了一片汪洋。“黑暗”即昏暗。“黑暗冥昧”是能障碍眼识生起、使人如同目盲的厚重黑暗。“普遍展开”即安住下来并朝四面八方扩展蔓延。“如滚沸的乳汁”指如同烧开的牛奶。“具足颜色”指它色泽具足,其颜色如同盛开的迦尼迦罗花。“具足香气”指它散发着天界的芬芳。“具足味道”指它味道具足,如同加入了天界美食。“小蜂蜜”指那种小蜜蜂所酿造的蜜。“无瑕疵”指没有缺点、不含蜂蛹等杂质的纯净蜂蜜。“生性贪著”是说他们本就具有贪著的习性,即便在过去无量劫中也是如此。“哎呀”在此是感叹词,因极为稀有而说:“哎呀,这到底是什么东西呢?”其隐含的意思是:这颜色看着令人欢喜,香气如此迷人,味道又不知有多好啊!于是,那里生起贪心的人便以手指沾取少许味地,放到舌尖上。
120.Ekodakībhūtanti sabbaṃ cakkavāḷaṃ ekodakameva bhūtaṃ. Andhakāroti tamo. Andhakāratimisāti cakkhuviññāṇuppattinivāraṇena andhabhāvakaraṇaṃ bahalatamaṃ. Samatanīti patiṭṭhahi samantato patthari. Payasotattassāti tattassa khīrassa. Vaṇṇasampannāti vaṇṇena sampannā. Kaṇikārapupphasadiso hissā vaṇṇo ahosi. Gandhasampannāti gandhena sampannā dibbagandhaṃ vāyati. Rasasampannāti rasena sampannā pakkhittadibbojā viya hoti. Khuddamadhunti khuddakamakkhikāhi katamadhuṃ. Aneḷakanti niddosaṃ makkhikaṇḍakavirahitaṃ. Lolajātikoti lolasabhāvo. Atītānantarepi kappe loloyeva. Ambhoti acchariyajāto āha. Kimevidaṃ bhavissatīti vaṇṇopissā manāpo gandhopi, raso panassā kīdiso bhavissatīti attho. Yo tattha uppannalobho, so rasapathaviṃ aṅguliyā sāyi, aṅguliyā gahetvā jivhagge ṭhapesi.
“遍覆”是指:刚刚放在舌尖上,味地便遍布七千条味觉通路,成为可爱而住立。于是他对味地生起了渴爱,即“他对此产生了渴爱”之义。
Acchādesīti jivhagge ṭhapitamattā satta rasaharaṇīsahassāni pharitvā manāpā hutvā tiṭṭhati. Taṇhā cassa okkamīti tattha cassa taṇhā uppajji.
接下来,是关于月亮、太阳等天体出现的解释。
Candimasūriyādipātubhāvavaṇṇanā
121「Āluppakārakaṃ upakkamiṃsu paribhuñjituṃ」:意为将食物捏成团食,再逐块剖开而食用。「Candimasūriyā」:即月亮与太阳。「Pāturahesuṃ」:即出现。
121.Āluppakārakaṃ upakkamiṃsu paribhuñjitunti ālopaṃ katvā piṇḍe piṇḍe chinditvā paribhuñjituṃ ārabhiṃsu. Candimasūriyāti candimā ca sūriyo ca. Pāturahesunti pātubhaviṃsu.
问:两者之中,谁先出现?它们住在何处?大小如何?哪个在上方?哪个行速较快?它们有几条轨道?怎样运行?又在多大范围中放光?答:两者同时出现,然而察觉时太阳在先。因为那些众生的自身光明消失之后,黑暗便降临了。他们恐惧颤抖,心中盼望:「愿光明出现啊!」于是,能令一切众生生起勇悍之力的日轮便升起了,也正因此,它得名为「太阳」。太阳在白昼放光,落山之后,世间复又黑暗。他们再次心想:「愿再有另一种光明出现!」当知悉他们这一心愿时,月轮便升起了,由此得名为「月亮」。
Ko pana tesaṃ paṭhamaṃ pātubhavi, ko kasmiṃ vasati, kassa kiṃ pamāṇaṃ, ko upari, ko sīghaṃ gacchati, kati nesaṃ vīthiyo, kathaṃ caranti, kittake ṭhāne ālokaṃ karontīti? Ubho ekato pātubhavanti. Sūriyo paṭhamataraṃ paññāyati. Tesañhi sattānaṃ sayaṃpabhāya antarahitāya andhakāro ahosi. Te bhītatasitā ‘‘bhaddakaṃ vatassa sace āloko pātubhaveyyā’’ti cintayiṃsu. Tato mahājanassa sūrabhāvaṃ janayamānaṃ sūriyamaṇḍalaṃ uṭṭhahi. Tenevassa sūriyoti nāmaṃ ahosi. Tasmiṃ divasaṃ ālokaṃ katvā atthaṅgate puna andhakāro ahosi. Te ‘‘bhaddakaṃ vatassa sace añño āloko uppajjeyyā’’ti cintayiṃsu. Atha nesaṃ chandaṃ ñatvāva candamaṇḍalaṃ uṭṭhahi. Tenevassa candoti nāmaṃ ahosi.
其中,月亮居于摩尼宝所成的内宫,宫外为白银所环绕,这两者皆是清凉的。太阳居于黄金所成的内宫,外有玻璃环绕,这两者皆是炎热的。
Tesu cando antomaṇivimāne vasati. Taṃ bahi rajatena parikkhittaṃ . Ubhayampi sītalameva ahosi. Sūriyo antokanakavimāne vasati. Taṃ bāhiraṃ phalikaparikkhittaṃ hoti. Ubhayampi uṇhameva.
从大小来说,月亮的直径为四十九由旬,周长为一百四十七由旬(比一百五十由旬少三由旬)。太阳的直径为五十由旬,周长为一百五十由旬。
Pamāṇato cando ujukaṃ ekūnapaññāsayojano. Parimaṇḍalato tīhi yojanehi ūnadiyaḍḍhasatayojano. Sūriyo ujukaṃ paññāsayojano, parimaṇḍalato diyaḍḍhasatayojano.
月亮在下方,太阳在上方,两者之间距离一由旬。从月亮的下缘到太阳的上缘,共有一百由旬。
Cando heṭṭhā, sūriyo upari, antarā nesaṃ yojanaṃ hoti. Candassa heṭṭhimantato sūriyassa uparimantato yojanasataṃ hoti.
月亮纵向运行缓慢,横向运行较快;两侧的星宿与星辰则在运转。月亮犹如母牛靠近牛犊般,逐一接近诸星宿;而那星宿则不离开自己的位置。太阳的纵向运行快,横向运行慢。太阳于黑半月布萨日后的初一,远离月轮达十万由旬而行,此时月亮只显现出一线细痕。初二,又远离十万由旬;如此,直至布萨日,每日皆远离十万由旬。于是月亮逐渐增长,至布萨日便圆满周遍。其后,于白半月初一,太阳又急速逼近十万由旬,将月轮覆盖。初二,又逼近十万由旬;如此,直至布萨日,每日急速逼近十万由旬而覆盖。于是月亮逐渐亏缺,至布萨日便全然不现。当太阳在上方将月亮压于下方时,月轮犹如被大盘覆蔽的小皿一般被遮蔽。如同正午时分房屋的影子不会显现,月亮的阴影同样不会显现。由于阴影不显现,对站在远处的人而言,月亮便如同白昼时的灯盏,自身也不可看见。
Cando ujukaṃ saṇikaṃ gacchati, tiriyaṃ sīghaṃ. Dvīsu passesu nakkhattatārakā gacchanti. Cando dhenu viya vacchaṃ taṃ taṃ nakkhattaṃ upasaṅkamati. Nakkhattāni pana attano ṭhānaṃ na vijahanti. Sūriyassa ujukaṃ gamanaṃ sīghaṃ, tiriyaṃ gamanaṃ dandhaṃ. So kāḷapakkhauposathato pāṭipadadivase yojanānaṃ satasahassaṃ candamaṇḍalaṃ ohāya gacchati. Atha cando lekhā viya paññāyati. Pakkhassa dutiyāya satasahassanti evaṃ yāva uposathadivasā satasahassaṃ satasahassaṃ ohāya gacchati. Atha cando anukkamena vaḍḍhitvā uposathadivase paripuṇṇo hoti. Puna pāṭipadadivase yojanānaṃ satasahassaṃ dhāvitvā gaṇhāti. Dutiyāya satasahassanti evaṃ yāva uposathadivasā satasahassaṃ satasahassaṃ dhāvitvā gaṇhāti. Atha cando anukkamena hāyitvā uposathadivase sabbaso na paññāyati. Candaṃ heṭṭhā katvā sūriyo upari hoti. Mahatiyā pātiyā khuddakabhājanaṃ viya candamaṇḍalaṃ pidhīyati. Majjhanhike gehacchāyā viya candassa chāyā na paññāyati. So chāyāya apaññāyamānāya dūre ṭhitānaṃ divā padīpo viya sayampi na paññāyati.
关于“它们有几条轨道”这一问题,共有三条轨道:羊道、龙道、牛道。其中,羊道之水对羊类不净,对龙象则为悦意;牛道之水冷暖适中,令人感到舒适。因此,当日月行入羊道时,天空一滴雨也不降;进入龙道时,则如天穹破口,大雨倾盆;进入牛道时,时节便十分调和。日月有半年在须弥山外运行,半年在内运行。它们于阿沙荼月贴近须弥山而行;此后两个月出外运行,于初迦提迦月经过中央;接着朝向轮围山,在轮围山附近运行三个月,之后再次出来,于质多罗月经过中央;此后两个月向须弥山趋近,又在阿沙荼月贴近须弥山运行。
Kati nesaṃ vīthiyoti ettha pana ajavīthi, nāgavīthi, govīthīti tisso vīthiyo honti. Tattha ajānaṃ udakaṃ paṭikūlaṃ hoti, hatthināgānaṃ manāpaṃ. Gunnaṃ sītuṇhasamatāya phāsu hoti. Tasmā yaṃ kālaṃ candimasūriyā ajavīthiṃ āruhanti, tadā devo ekabindumpi na vassati. Yadā nāgavīthiṃ ārohanti, tadā bhinnaṃ viya nabhaṃ paggharati. Yadā govīthiṃ ārohanti, tadā utusamatā sampajjati. Candimasūriyā chamāse sineruto bahi nikkhamanti, chamāse anto vicaranti. Te hi āsāḷhamāse sinerusamīpena vicaranti. Tato pare dve māse nikkhamitvā bahi vicarantā paṭhamakattikamāse majjhena gacchanti. Tato cakkavāḷābhimukhā gantvā tayo māse cakkavāḷasamīpena caritvā puna nikkhamitvā citramāse majjhena gantvā tato dve māse sinerubhimukhā pakkhanditvā puna āsāḷhe sinerusamīpena caranti.
“在多大范围内放光?”它们一瞬间同时照亮三洲。如何照明呢?当此洲日出时,东毗提诃正值正午,北俱卢洲正值日落,西牛贺洲正值中夜。东毗提诃日出时,北俱卢洲正值正午,西牛贺洲正值日落,此洲正值中夜。北俱卢洲日出时,西牛贺洲正值正午,此洲正值日落,东毗提诃正值中夜。西牛贺洲日出时,此洲正值正午,东毗提诃正值日落,北俱卢洲正值中夜。
Kittake ṭhāne ālokaṃ karontīti? Ekappahārena tīsu dīpesu ālokaṃ karonti. Kathaṃ? Imasmiñhi dīpe sūriyuggamanakālo pubbavidehe majjhanhiko hoti, uttarakurūsu atthaṅgamanakālo, aparagoyāne majjhimayāmo. Pubbavidehamhi uggamanakālo uttarakurūsu majjhanhiko, aparagoyāne atthaṅgamanakālo, idha majjhimayāmo. Uttarakurūsu uggamanakālo aparagoyāne majjhanhiko, idha atthaṅgamanakālo, pubbavidehe majjhimayāmo. Aparagoyānadīpe uggamanakālo idha majjhanhiko, pubbavidehe atthaṅgamanakālo, uttarakurūsu majjhimayāmoti.
“诸星宿及星体”:指迦提迦等星宿与其余星体,它们全都与日月一同显现。“昼夜”:从此,从日落后至曙光出现为夜,从曙光出现至日落为昼,如此便得以了知昼夜。继而,十五夜为一半月,两半月为一个月,如此便得以了知月与半月。然后,四个月为一季,三季为一年,如此便得以了知季与年。
Nakkhattānitārakarūpānīti kattikādinakkhattāni ceva sesatārakarūpāni ca candimasūriyehi saddhiṃyeva pāturahesuṃ. Rattindivāti tato sūriyatthaṅgamanato yāva aruṇuggamanā ratti, aruṇuggamanato yāva sūriyatthaṅgamanā divāti evaṃ rattindivā paññāyiṃsu. Atha pañcadasa rattiyo aḍḍhamāso, dve aḍḍhamāsā māsoti evaṃ māsaḍḍhamāsā paññāyiṃsu. Atha cattāro māsā utu, tayo utū saṃvaccharoti evaṃ utusaṃvaccharā paññāyiṃsu.
122「色泽变异」:指色泽变得暗淡无光。「他们由色泽而生起的慢之缘」:意即他们因执著于自己的色泽而生起极慢,以此为缘。「本性反复生起极慢者」:指那些具有一再生起极慢之本性的人。「于味地故」:因为那片大地具足殊胜滋味,便得名为“味地”。「哀叹」:即诉说、悲叹。而“啊!味啊”的意思是“啊!我们那甘甜的滋味消失了”。所谓“最初始的字”,是指关于世界起源的传说故事。「随念」:则是追想、忆念。
122.Vaṇṇavevaṇṇatā cāti vaṇṇassa vivaṇṇabhāvo. Tesaṃ vaṇṇātimānapaccayāti tesaṃ vaṇṇaṃ ārabbha uppannaatimānapaccayā. Mānātimānajātikānanti punappunaṃ uppajjamānātimānasabhāvānaṃ. Rasāya pathaviyāti sampannarasattā rasāti laddhanāmāya pathaviyā. Anutthuniṃsūti anubhāsiṃsu. Aho rasanti aho amhākaṃ madhurarasaṃ antarahitaṃ. Aggaññaṃ akkharanti lokuppattivaṃsakathaṃ. Anusarantīti anugacchanti.
地沫出现等现象的注释
Bhūmipappaṭakapātubhāvādivaṇṇanā
123「就这样出现」:它便以那样的形态现起,犹如水池干涸时,干泥膜片裂开而现起一样。
123.Evameva pāturahosīti ediso hutvā uṭṭhahi, antovāpiyaṃ udake chinne sukkhakalalapaṭalaṃ viya ca uṭṭhahi.
124「帕达拉藤」:是一种味道甘甜的吉祥藤。「卡拉布迦」:即那利迦。“啊,我们曾有”的意思是:“我们确曾有过那甘甜的帕达拉藤啊”。“已被享用”的意思是:“如今它已消失不见了”。
124.Padālatāti ekā madhurarasā bhaddālatā. Kalambukāti nāḷikā. Ahu vata noti madhurarasā vata no padālatā ahosi. Ahāyi vata noti sā no etarahi antarahitāti.
125「不耕自熟」:指在未经耕作的土地上自然生长。「无糠」:即无有谷糠。「无壳」:即无有麸皮。「有妙香」:散发着天界般的妙香。「果实为米粒」:指所结的果实即是极为清净洁白的米粒。「成熟后又重生」:指傍晚采收之处,清晨又已成熟,重新生长后恢复如初,完全不见采收过的痕迹。「不见缺陷」:看上去毫无欠缺。
125.Akaṭṭhapākoti akaṭṭheyeva bhūmibhāge uppanno. Akaṇoti nikkuṇḍako. Athusoti nitthuso. Sugandhoti dibbagandhaṃ vāyati. Taṇḍulapphaloti suparisuddhaṃ paṇḍaraṃ taṇḍulameva phalati. Pakkaṃ paṭivirūḷhanti sāyaṃ gahitaṭṭhānaṃ pāto pakkaṃ hoti, puna virūḷhaṃ paṭipākatikameva gahitaṭṭhānaṃ na paññāyati. Nāpadānaṃ paññāyatīti alāyitaṃ hutvā anūnameva paññāyati.
女性相、男性相等出现之注释
Itthipurisaliṅgādipātubhāvavaṇṇanā
126「女子」:过去做人时若为女性,则其女相显现;过去若为男子,则其男相显现。所谓女人,她之所以能获得男子身,是循序渐进地修满获得男身的条件后而得;男子之所以获得女子身,则是因邪淫业而得。然而在那时,原本为女性者自然显现女相,原本为男性者自然显现男相。「注视」:在彼此持续注视时。「热恼」:即贪欲所生的热恼。「灰」:即灰烬。「正在被烧散时」:指正被欲火烧散之时。
126.Itthiyā cāti yā pubbe manussakāle itthī, tassa itthiliṅgaṃ pātubhavati, pubbe purisassa purisaliṅgaṃ. Mātugāmo nāma hi purisattabhāvaṃ labhanto anupubbena purisattapaccaye dhamme pūretvā labhati. Puriso itthattabhāvaṃ labhanto kāmesumicchācāraṃ nissāya labhati. Tadā pana pakatiyā mātugāmassa itthiliṅgaṃ, purisassa purisaliṅgaṃ pāturahosi. Upanijjhāyatanti upanijjhāyantānaṃ olokentānaṃ. Pariḷāhoti rāgapariḷāho. Seṭṭhinti chārikaṃ. Nibbuyhamānāyāti niyyamānāya.
127「被认作非正法」:指扬尘之类的行为被认定为非正法。「而现今被认作法」:指如今将那原本的非正法当作正法而受持,并依此而行。正如在有些乡间,女人们争吵时,便会说:“你凭什么开口?你知道吗,你连一团牛粪的价值都没有。”“应受用”:指应当受持、利用。「作积蓄」:指将物品储存起来。「被知道是残缺」:指当某处被割裂后,便显现出缺损、不完整的状态。「簇簇丛丛」:指在每个地方,都如同被捆成一束束似的,变成一丛丛、一簇簇的样子。
127.Adhammasammatanti taṃ paṃsukhipanādi adhammoti sammataṃ. Tadetarahi dhammasammatanti taṃ idāni dhammoti sammataṃ, dhammoti taṃ gahetvā vicaranti. Tathā hi ekaccesu jānapadesu kalahaṃ kurumānā itthiyo ‘‘tvaṃ kasmā kathesi? Yā gomayapiṇḍamattampi nālatthā’’ti vadanti. Pātabyatanti sevitabbataṃ. Sannidhikārakanti sannidhiṃ katvā. Apadānaṃ paññāyitthāti chinnaṭṭhānaṃ ūnameva hutvā paññāyittha. Saṇḍasaṇḍāti ekekasmiṃ ṭhāne kalāpabandhā viya gumbagumbā hutvā.
128「我们建立界限」:意即划定分界线。所谓「何者竟然」:是表达惊讶,即「竟有这样的人」。「以手掌击打」:是指对于连续三次不听劝告、不接受言语之人,便以手掌击打。「自此以后」:即以那件事为起始,从那以后。
128.Mariyādaṃṭhapeyyāmāti sīmaṃ ṭhapeyyāma. Yatra hi nāmāti yo hi nāma. Pāṇinā pahariṃsūti tayo vāre vacanaṃ agaṇhantaṃ pāṇinā pahariṃsu. Tadagge khoti taṃ aggaṃ katvā.
大选出王注释
Mahāsammatarājavaṇṇanā
130「应呵责则呵责」:意思是对该公开谴责的,便公开谴责;该摈弃的,便摈弃;该驱逐的,便驱逐。这就是这句话所要表达的含义。「众人中的那位」:是指存在于那群人中的那一个人。那么,「那位是谁呢」?就是我们的菩萨。「我们将给与稻谷的份额」:意思是我们会从各自每块田地中,取来一捧又一捧的稻谷,把你的那份稻谷交给你。你不需要再做任何农活,只需站在我们年长者的位置上即可。
130.Khīyitabbaṃ khīyeyyāti pakāsetabbaṃ pakāseyya khipitabbaṃ khipeyya, hāretabbaṃ hāreyyāti vuttaṃ hoti. Yo nesaṃ sattoti yo tesaṃ satto. Ko pana soti? Amhākaṃ bodhisatto. Sālīnaṃ bhāgaṃ anupadassāmāti mayaṃ ekekassa khettato ambaṇambaṇaṃ āharitvā tuyhaṃ sālibhāgaṃ dassāma, tayā kiñci kammaṃ na kātabbaṃ, tvaṃ amhākaṃ jeṭṭhakaṭṭhāne tiṭṭhāti.
131「生出名称」:即名称、命名、施设、称谓得以生起。而「刹帝利,刹帝利便是第二个名称」:这不单是名称而已,那些田地的主人又依三种称号举行了灌顶。「令喜悦」:使其快乐,令其满足。「以第一了知者」:指以最初的了知而称为‘第一了知者’,或者说,他是在世间生起之时,最先被了知的有情。
131.Akkharaṃ upanibbattanti saṅkhā samaññā paññatti vohāro uppanno. Khattiyo khattiyotveva dutiyaṃ akkharanti na kevalaṃ akkharameva, te panassa khettasāmino tīhi saṅkhehi abhisekampi akaṃsu. Rañjetīti sukheti pineti. Aggaññenāti agganti ñātena, agge vā ñātena lokuppattisamaye uppannena abhinibbatti ahosīti.
婆罗门阶层等注释
Brāhmaṇamaṇḍalādivaṇṇanā
132「无烟无炭」:因已无需煮熟再食之物,故失去了烟与炭。「臼杵弃置」:因已无需舂捣再煮的谷物,故而臼杵被搁弃。「他们寻食」:指借由乞食之行,寻求粥饭。「那些人见到他们后」:指那些人看见这些修行者后。「不能胜任」:指不能忍耐、无法做到。「编造典籍」:一边编集三部吠陀,一边教授读诵。「居住」:即居住,也有读作“acchentī”的版本,义同。「被认作低劣」:婆悉吒,当时持咒者、教咒者被认作低劣。「现今被认作最胜」:如今,持如此多咒、教如此多咒者,却被认作最胜。「婆罗门阶层」:指婆罗门群体。
132.Vītaṅgārāvītadhūmāti pacitvā khāditabbābhāvato vigatadhūmaṅgārā. Pannamusalāti koṭṭetvā pacitabbābhāvato patitamusalā. Ghāsamesamānāti bhikkhācariyavasena yāgubhattaṃ pariyesantā. Tamenaṃ manussā disvāti te ete manussā passitvā. Anabhisambhuṇamānāti asahamānā asakkontā. Ganthe karontāti tayo vede abhisaṅkharontā ceva vācentā ca. Acchantīti vasanti, ‘‘acchentī’’tipi pāṭho. Esevattho. Hīnasammatanti ‘‘mante dhārenti mante vācentī’’ti kho, vāseṭṭha, idaṃ tena samayena hīnasammataṃ. Tadetarahi seṭṭhasammatanti taṃ idāni ‘‘ettake mante dhārenti ettake mante vācentī’’ti seṭṭhasammataṃ jātaṃ. Brāhmaṇamaṇḍalassāti brāhmaṇagaṇassa.
133「执取淫欲法」:即执取了淫欲法之后。「从事了种种显赫的行业」:指从事了牧牛、经商等那些广为人知、显赫的行业。
133.Methunaṃ dhammaṃ samādāyāti methunadhammaṃ samādiyitvā. Visukammantepayojesunti gorakkha vāṇijakammādike vissute uggate kammante payojesuṃ.
134「首陀罗!首陀罗!」:因那种残暴之行、卑劣之行,他们成为首陀罗、首陀罗,即变得轻贱、轻贱、污秽,走向毁灭,这是其义。「曾有」:即“有”。
134.Suddā suddāti tena luddācārakammakhuddācārakammunā suddaṃ suddaṃ lahuṃ lahuṃ kucchitaṃ gacchanti, vinassantīti attho. Ahu khoti hoti kho.
135「责备自己的法」:指如此责备自己的刹帝利法──「并非仅靠高举白伞便能清净」。这个道理适用于一切处。「婆悉吒,以此四种阶层」这段话,是为了说明:「并没有一个独立存在的所谓沙门阶层;然而,既然不能凭出身清净,各人各自的清净唯依正确行道而来。因此,从这四种阶层中产生了沙门阶层。这些阶层随顺沙门阶层,而在随顺时,唯依法随顺,不依非法。正是因为归向沙门阶层、修习圆满的正确行道,才证得了清净。」
135.Sakaṃdhammaṃ garahamānoti na setacchattaṃ ussāpanamattena sujjhituṃ sakkāti evaṃ attano khattiyadhammaṃ nindamāno. Esa nayo sabbattha. ‘‘Imehi kho, vāseṭṭha, catūhi maṇḍalehī’’ti iminā imaṃ dasseti ‘‘samaṇamaṇḍalaṃ nāma visuṃ natthi, yasmā pana na sakkā jātiyā sujjhituṃ, attano attano sammāpaṭipattiyā visuddhi hoti. Tasmā imehi catūhi maṇḍalehi samaṇamaṇḍalassa abhinibbatti hoti. Imāni maṇḍalāni samaṇamaṇḍalaṃ anuvattanti, anuvattantāni ca dhammeneva anuvattanti, no adhammena. Samaṇamaṇḍalañhi āgamma sammāpaṭipattiṃ pūretvā suddhiṃ pāpuṇantī’’ti.
关于恶行等内容的注释
Duccaritādikathāvaṇṇanā
136接着,为了阐明「凭出身不能清净,唯依正确行道方能清净」的道理,世尊开示道:「婆悉吒,即使刹帝利……」等语。其中,「因执持邪见业之缘故」:意指以邪见而执取的业的因,或执取邪见业的因。
136. Idāni yathājātiyā na sakkā sujjhituṃ, sammāpaṭipattiyāva sujjhanti, tamatthaṃ pākaṭaṃ karonto khattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭhāti desanaṃ ārabhi. Tattha micchādiṭṭhikammasamādānahetūti micchādiṭṭhivasena samādinnakammahetu, micchādiṭṭhikammassa vā samādānahetu.
137「作二种者」:指有时行善,有时造不善,如此两者皆作之人。「成为乐与苦的领受者」:在一刹那中,并不存在同时给出两种果报之处。然而,若有人所造的不善业多,善业薄弱,他便依此善业投生于刹帝利家或婆罗门家。随后,彼不善业可能令他成为盲人、驼背或瘸子。他或许无资格受王位,或虽行灌顶,却因处于这些缺陷而无法享用财富。另有一类人,临终时善与不善二业犹如两位力士同时现前。其中如果不善业力量更强,便会遮止善业,令他投生到畜生道,而那善业则成为后后受业。此人便成为吉祥象、吉祥马或吉祥牛,享受福报。正是基于此理,才说「成为乐与苦的领受者」。
137.Dvayakārīti kālena kusalaṃ karoti, kālena akusalanti evaṃ ubhayakārī. Sukhadukkhappaṭisaṃvedī hotīti ekakkhaṇe ubhayavipākadānaṭṭhānaṃ nāma natthi. Yena pana akusalaṃ bahuṃ kataṃ hoti, kusalaṃ mandaṃ, so taṃ kusalaṃ nissāya khattiyakule vā brāhmaṇakule vā nibbattati. Atha naṃ akusalakammaṃ kāṇampi karoti khujjampi pīṭhasappimpi. So rajjassa vā anaraho hoti, abhisittakāle vā evaṃbhūto bhoge paribhuñjituṃ na sakkoti. Aparassa maraṇakāle dve balavamallā viya te dvepi kusalākusalakammāni upaṭṭhahanti. Tesu akusalaṃ balavataraṃ hoti, taṃ kusalaṃ paṭibāhitvā tiracchānayoniyaṃ nibbattāpeti. Kusalakammampi pavattivedanīyaṃ hoti. Tamenaṃ maṅgalahatthiṃ vā karonti maṅgalaassaṃ vā maṅgalausabhaṃ vā. So sampattiṃ anubhavati . Idaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ ‘‘sukhadukkhappaṭisaṃvedī hotī’’ti.
关于菩提分修习的注释
Bodhipakkhiyabhāvanāvaṇṇanā
138「七种菩提分」:指依‘四念处’等类别而立为七种,若依次第,则有三十七菩提分法。「随顺修习」:即随顺修习而行,意为付诸实践。「般涅槃」:指以烦恼的般涅槃而证入般涅槃。就这样,世尊开示了四种称赞后,转而揭示:唯有通达四圣谛的漏尽者,才是天与人中最殊胜者。
138.Sattannaṃ bodhipakkhiyānanti ‘‘cattāro satipaṭṭhānā’’ti ādikoṭṭhāsavasena sattannaṃ, paṭipāṭiyā pana sattatiṃsāya bodhipakkhiyānaṃ dhammānaṃ . Bhāvanamanvāyāti bhāvanaṃ anugantvā, paṭipajjitvāti attho. Parinibbāyatīti kilesaparinibbānena parinibbāyati. Iti bhagavā cattāro vaṇṇe dassetvā vinivattetvā paṭividdhacatusaccaṃ khīṇāsavameva devamanussesu seṭṭhaṃ katvā dassesi.
140接下来,为了更坚固地阐明此义,并援引世间所公认的梵天之语,世尊开示:‘婆悉吒,对于这四种姓……’等言。‘此乃梵天所许……’一段,在《阿摩昼经》中已有详述。就这样,世尊通过这番论说,唯是开示了破除‘最胜’的论义,便结束此经,以阿罗汉果为顶峰完成了开示。「悦意的婆悉吒、婆罗堕阇」:这两位沙弥婆悉吒和婆罗堕阇内心满足、欢喜踊跃,赞叹‘善哉!善哉!’,对世尊的开示深生随喜。他们反复思惟、持诵此经,连同无碍解,证得了阿罗汉果。
140. Idāni tamevatthaṃ lokasammatassa brahmunopi vacanadassanānusārena daḷhaṃ katvā dassento imesañhi vāseṭṭha catunnaṃ vaṇṇānantiādimāha. ‘‘Brahmunāpesā’’tiādi ambaṭṭhasutte vitthāritaṃ. Iti bhagavā ettakena iminā kathāmaggena seṭṭhacchedakavādameva dassetvā suttantaṃ vinivattetvā arahattanikūṭena desanaṃ niṭṭhāpesi. Attamanā vāseṭṭhabhāradvājāti vāseṭṭhabhāradvāja sāmaṇerāpi hi sakamanā tuṭṭhamanā ‘‘sādhu, sādhū’’ti bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandiṃsu. Idameva suttantaṃ āvajjantā anumajjantā saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsūti.