3. 《转轮王经》的注释
3. Cakkavattisuttavaṇṇanā
自灯明与自皈依的注释
Attadīpasaraṇatāvaṇṇanā
80“如是我闻”这一段,就是《转轮王经》。这里先逐词解释:在名叫“舅父”的城里。世尊以那座城作为乞食的村落,住在不远处的一片树林中。“那时,世尊对比丘们说”这里,接下来的序说如下——
80.Evaṃme sutanti cakkavattisuttaṃ. Tatrāyamanuttānapadavaṇṇanā – mātulāyanti evaṃnāmake nagare. Taṃ nagaraṃ gocaragāmaṃ katvā avidūre vanasaṇḍe viharati. ‘‘Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesī’’ti ettha ayamanupubbikathā –
据说,世尊在这部经生起的时候,凌晨从大悲定中出定,观察世间,看见通过这部显示未来世系的经说,舅父城的八万四千众生将获得法现观。于是清晨时分,世尊在两万比丘的围绕下,来到舅父城。舅父城的刹帝利们听说“世尊来了”,就出来迎接,邀请十力者,以盛大的恭敬请他进城,安排好座位,请世尊坐在殊胜的座上,然后向以佛陀为首的比丘僧团做了大供养。世尊吃完饭,心想:“如果我在这里为这些人说法,这个地方太狭窄,人们连站或坐的地方都没有,而大集会是一定会出现的。”
Bhagavā kira imassa suttassa samuṭṭhānasamaye paccūsakāle mahākaruṇāsamāpattito vuṭṭhāya lokaṃ volokento imāya anāgatavaṃsadīpikāya suttantakathāya mātulanagaravāsīnaṃ caturāsītiyā pāṇasahassānaṃ dhammābhisamayaṃ disvā pātova vīsatibhikkhusahassaparivāro mātulanagaraṃ sampatto. Mātulanagaravāsino khattiyā ‘‘bhagavā āgato’’ti sutvā paccuggamma dasabalaṃ nimantetvā mahāsakkārena nagaraṃ pavesetvā nisajjaṭṭhānaṃ saṃvidhāya bhagavantaṃ mahārahe pallaṅke nisīdāpetvā buddhappamukhassa bhikkhusaṅghassa mahādānaṃ adaṃsu. Bhagavā bhattakiccaṃ niṭṭhāpetvā cintesi – ‘‘sacāhaṃ imasmiṃ ṭhāne imesaṃ manussānaṃ dhammaṃ desessāmi, ayaṃ padeso sambādho, manussānaṃ ṭhātuṃ vā nisīdituṃ vā okāso na bhavissati, mahatā kho pana samāgamena bhavitabba’’nti.
这时,他还没有为那些王族做饭后随喜祝愿,就拿着钵出了城。人们心想:“导师连我们的随喜祝愿都没做就走了,肯定是斋堂里的饭食不合他心意。诸佛的心意确实没法揣测,跟佛陀套近乎,就像用手去抓一条昂着头的毒蛇一样。来吧,各位,我们去向如来请求宽恕。”于是全城居民都跟着世尊一起出了城。世尊走着走着,看见摩揭陀田野中有一棵舅父树,枝叶繁茂,树荫浓密,树根周围平整铺开一片约一牛轭见方的地面。他想:“在这棵树下说法,大众就有站立和安坐的地方了。”于是折返回来,离开道路走到那棵树下,然后看向持法藏的阿难长老。长老一见世尊的目光,就知道“导师想坐下”,于是铺开善逝的大衣,递了上去。世尊在铺好的座位上坐下。接着,人们坐在他前面,两旁和后面是比丘僧团,虚空中站着天神们。就这样身处大集会之中,世尊对比丘们开了口。
Atha rājakulānaṃ bhattānumodanaṃ akatvāva pattaṃ gahetvā nagarato nikkhami. Manussā cintayiṃsu – ‘‘satthā amhākaṃ anumodanampi akatvā gacchati, addhā bhattaggaṃ amanāpaṃ ahosi, buddhānaṃ nāma na sakkā cittaṃ gahetuṃ, buddhehi saddhiṃ vissāsakaraṇaṃ nāma samussitaphaṇaṃ āsīvisaṃ gīvāya gahaṇasadisaṃ hoti; etha bho, tathāgataṃ khamāpessāmā’’ti. Sakalanagaravāsino bhagavatā saheva nikkhantā. Bhagavā gacchantova magadhakkhette ṭhitaṃ sākhāviṭapasampannaṃ sandacchāyaṃ karīsamattabhūmipatthaṭaṃ ekaṃ mātularukkhaṃ disvā imasmiṃ rukkhamūle nisīditvā dhamme desiyamāne ‘‘mahājanassa ṭhānanisajjanokāso bhavissatī’’ti. Nivattitvā maggā okkamma rukkhamūlaṃ upasaṅkamitvā dhammabhaṇḍāgārikaṃ ānandattheraṃ olokesi. Thero olokitasaññāya eva ‘‘satthā nisīditukāmo’’ti ñatvā sugatamahācīvaraṃ paññapetvā adāsi. Nisīdi bhagavā paññatte āsane. Athassa purato manussā nisīdiṃsu. Ubhosu passesu pacchato ca bhikkhusaṅgho, ākāse devatā aṭṭhaṃsu, evaṃ mahāparisamajjhagato tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi.
那些比丘,指的是当时坐在那里领受法的比丘们。自灯明,意思是把自己当作灯、当作庇护、当作藏身之处、当作归趣、当作依止、当作立足处而安住。自皈依,是同一个意思的另一种说法。不他皈依,则是否定依靠他人的说法。因为他人并不能成为另一个人的皈依处,靠别人的努力,并不能让另一个人得到清净。正如经中所说:“自己才是自己的主人,别人怎么能做主人呢?”(《法句经》160)因此说“不他皈依”。那么,这里所说的“自己”到底指什么呢?指的是世间法和出世间法。所以接着说:“法灯明,法皈依,不他皈依。”至于“于身观身”等内容,在《大念处经》中已经详细解说了。
Te bhikkhūti tatra upaviṭṭhā dhammappaṭiggāhakā bhikkhū. Attadīpāti attānaṃ dīpaṃ tāṇaṃ leṇaṃ gatiṃ parāyaṇaṃ patiṭṭhaṃ katvā viharathāti attho. Attasaraṇāti idaṃ tasseva vevacanaṃ. Anaññasaraṇāti idaṃ aññasaraṇapaṭikkhepavacanaṃ. Na hi añño aññassa saraṇaṃ hoti, aññassa vāyāmena aññassa asujjhanato. Vuttampi cetaṃ ‘‘attā hi attano nātho, ko hi nātho paro siyā’’ti (dha. pa. 160). Tenāha ‘‘anaññasaraṇā’’ti. Ko panettha attā nāma, lokiyalokuttaro dhammo. Tenāha – ‘‘dhammadīpā dhammasaraṇā anaññasaraṇā’’ti. ‘‘Kāye kāyānupassī’’tiādīni mahāsatipaṭṭhāne vitthāritāni.
“行境”是指适合活动的地方。“自己的”是指属于自己的。“祖传的领域”是指从父辈那里继承来的范围。“行”是指那些正在活动的人。也有写成“carantaṃ”的版本,意思一样。“得不到”是指无法获得、无法见到。“魔”是指天子魔、死魔、烦恼魔。“机会”是指缝隙、漏洞、缺口。这里的意思应该用跛行鹰鸟的故事来说明:鹌鹑从土块堆里出来,坐在门楼上晒着朝阳,被抓住。正如这样说:
Gocareti carituṃ yuttaṭṭhāne. Saketi attano santake. Pettike visayeti pitito āgatavisaye. Caratanti carantānaṃ. ‘‘Caranta’’ntipi pāṭho, ayamevattho. Na lacchatīti na labhissati na passissati. Māroti devaputtamāropi, maccumāropi, kilesamāropi. Otāranti randhaṃ chiddaṃ vivaraṃ. Ayaṃ panattho leḍḍuṭṭhānato nikkhamma toraṇe nisīditvā bālātapaṃ tapantaṃ lāpaṃ sakuṇaṃ gahetvā. Pakkhandasenasakuṇavatthunā dīpetabbo. Vuttañhetaṃ –
比丘们,从前有一只鹰突然扑向一只鹌鹑,把它抓住了。比丘们,那时那只鹌鹑被鹰抓着飞,一边飞一边这样哀叹:我们真是没福气,真是运气差,才会跑到不属于自己的地方,闯进别人的地盘。要是今天我们待在自己的地盘,待在祖传的领域里,这只鹰根本不够我打的。鹰就问:鹌鹑,你说的自己的地盘、祖传的领域是哪里?鹌鹑说:就是犁田翻起土块的地方。比丘们,于是那只鹰不依靠自己的力气,不信赖自己的力气,把鹌鹑放了,说:去吧,鹌鹑,就算你到了那里,也逃不掉。
‘‘Bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave, sakuṇagghi lāpaṃ sakuṇaṃ sahasā ajjhappattā aggahesi. Atha kho, bhikkhave, lāpo sakuṇo sakuṇagghiyā hariyamāno evaṃ paridevasi ‘mayamevamha alakkhikā, mayaṃ appapuññā, ye mayaṃ agocare carimha paravisaye, sacejja mayaṃ gocare careyyāma sake pettike visaye, na myāyaṃ sakuṇagghi alaṃ abhavissa yadidaṃ yuddhāyā’ti. Ko pana te lāpa gocaro sako pettiko visayoti? Yadidaṃ naṅgalakaṭṭhakaraṇaṃ leḍḍuṭṭhānanti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, sakuṇagghi sake bale apatthaddhā sake bale asaṃvadamānā lāpaṃ sakuṇaṃ pamuñci gaccha kho tvaṃ lāpa, tatrapi gantvā na mokkhasīti.
这时,比丘们,那只鹌鹑走到犁耕过的田地,也就是有土块的地方,爬上一块大土块,站在那里向老鹰叫阵说:“来吧,老鹰,现在来吧,老鹰!”
比丘们,那只老鹰自恃自己的力气,自信自己的力气,张开双翅,猛然朝鹌鹑直扑过去。比丘们,当鹌鹑发觉“这只老鹰正飞快地扑过来”,就立刻钻进那块土块的缝隙里。比丘们,那只老鹰当场把胸口撞碎了。比丘们,凡是跑到不属于自己的领地、在别人的地盘上乱逛的人,就会落得这样的下场。
Atha kho , bhikkhave, lāpo sakuṇo naṅgalakaṭṭhakaraṇaṃ leḍḍuṭṭhānaṃ gantvā mahantaṃ leḍḍuṃ abhiruhitvā sakuṇagghiṃ vadamāno aṭṭhāsi ‘‘ehi kho dāni me sakuṇagghi, ehi kho dāni me sakuṇagghī’’ti. Atha kho sā, bhikkhave, sakuṇagghi sake bale apatthaddhā sake bale asaṃvadamānā ubho pakkhe sannayha lāpaṃ sakuṇaṃ sahasā ajjhappattā. Yadā kho, bhikkhave, aññāsi lāpo sakuṇo bahuāgatā kho myāyaṃ sakuṇagghīti, atha kho tasseva leḍḍussa antaraṃ paccupādi. Atha kho, bhikkhave, sakuṇagghi tattheva uraṃ paccatāḷesi. Evañhi taṃ, bhikkhave, hoti yo agocare carati paravisaye.
所以,比丘们,不要走到不属于自己的行境、别人的地盘去。比丘们,如果走到不属于自己的行境、别人的地盘,魔就会找到可乘之机,魔就会得到所缘。比丘们,什么是不属于比丘自己的行境、别人的地盘呢?就是这五种欲。哪五种呢?眼识所认识的色——可爱的、称心的、合意的、讨喜的、与欲相应的、能引发染着的;耳识所认识的声音——可爱的、称心的、合意的、讨喜的、与欲相应的、能引发染着的;鼻识所认识的气味——可爱的、称心的、合意的、讨喜的、与欲相应的、能引发染着的;舌识所认识的味道——可爱的、称心的、合意的、讨喜的、与欲相应的、能引发染着的;身识所认识的触——可爱的、称心的、合意的、讨喜的、与欲相应的、能引发染着的。比丘们,这就是不属于比丘自己的行境、别人的地盘。
Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, mā agocare carittha paravisaye, agocare, bhikkhave, carataṃ paravisaye lacchati māro otāraṃ, lacchati māro ārammaṇaṃ. Ko ca, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno agocaro paravisayo, yadidaṃ pañca kāmaguṇā. Katame pañca? Cakkhuviññeyyā rūpā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā, sotaviññeyyā saddā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā, ghānaviññeyyā gandhā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā, jivhāviññeyyā rasā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā, kāyaviññeyyā phoṭṭhabbā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno agocaro paravisayo.
比丘们,你们要安住在自己的行境中……魔就找不到所缘。比丘们,什么是比丘自己的行境、父祖的领域呢?就是这四念处。哪四种呢?比丘们,在这里,比丘于身随观身而住,热诚、正知、具念,断除世间的贪忧;于受随观受而住,热诚、正知、具念,断除世间的贪忧;于心随观心而住,热诚、正知、具念,断除世间的贪忧;于法随观法而住,热诚、正知、具念,断除世间的贪忧。比丘们,这就是比丘自己的行境、父祖的领域。
Gocare, bhikkhave, caratha…pe… na lacchati māro ārammaṇaṃ. Ko ca, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno gocaro sako pettiko visayo, yadidaṃ cattāro satipaṭṭhānā. Katame cattāro? Idha bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; vedanāsu vedanānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; citte cittānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ – ayaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno gocaro sako pettiko visayoti (saṃ. ni. 5.371).
“善的”是指没有过失的特质。“因受持”是指因为受持而奉行的原因。“如此这福德增长”是说,这样,世间与出世间的福德果就增长;而“福德果”也应当理解为:一层比一层更高的福德,以及福德的果报。
Kusalānanti anavajjalakkhaṇānaṃ. Samādānahetūti samādāya vattanahetu. Evamidaṃ puññaṃ pavaḍḍhatīti evaṃ idaṃ lokiyalokuttaraṃ puññaphalaṃ vaḍḍhati, puññaphalanti ca uparūpari puññampi puññavipākopi veditabbo.
达哈·内米转轮王故事的注释
Daḷhanemicakkavattirājakathāvaṇṇanā
8181. 其中,善有两种:趣向轮回的善和趣向还灭的善。其中,所谓趣向轮回的善,就是父母对子女、子女对父母,因为爱的缘故而生起的柔软温和之心。所谓趣向还灭的善,就是以“四念处”等为分类的三十七菩提分法。在这两者当中,趣向轮回的福德的最终结果,是在人世间获得转轮王的祥瑞与荣华;趣向还灭的善则成就道、果和涅槃。其中,趣向还灭之善的果报,将在经文末尾开示。
81. Tattha duvidhaṃ kusalaṃ vaṭṭagāmī ca vivaṭṭagāmī ca. Tattha vaṭṭagāmikusalaṃ nāma mātāpitūnaṃ puttadhītāsu puttadhītānañca mātāpitūsu sinehavasena mudumaddavacittaṃ. Vivaṭṭagāmikusalaṃ nāma ‘‘cattāro satipaṭṭhānā’’tiādibhedā sattatiṃsa bodhipakkhiyadhammā. Tesu vaṭṭagāmipuññassa pariyosānaṃ manussaloke cakkavattisirīvibhavo. Vivaṭṭagāmikusalassa maggaphalanibbānasampatti. Tattha vivaṭṭagāmikusalassa vipākaṃ suttapariyosāne dassessati.
在这里,为了显示趣向轮回的善的果报,世尊先这样说:比丘们,当子女不听从父母的教导时,他们在寿命、容貌和自在力上都会衰退;当他们听从教导时,就会在这些方面增长。说完之后,便顺着趣向轮回之善的脉络,开始讲“比丘们,在过去世……”这段开示。其中“转轮王”等词,在《大本行》(长部注疏2.33)里已经详细解释过了。
Idha pana vaṭṭagāmikusalassa vipākadassanatthaṃ, bhikkhave, yadā puttadhītaro mātāpitūnaṃ ovāde na aṭṭhaṃsu, tadā āyunāpi vaṇṇenāpi issariyenāpi parihāyiṃsu. Yadā pana aṭṭhaṃsu, tadā vaḍḍhiṃsūti vatvā vaṭṭagāmikusalānusandhivasena ‘‘bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave’’ti desanaṃ ārabhi. Tattha cakkavattītiādīni mahāpadāne (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 2.33) vitthāritāneva.
82“稍微下移”是指哪怕只向下沉了一点点。“离开原位”是指完全从原来的位置脱离了。据说那轮宝停在内宫门前,就像卡在车轴上一样悬在空中。于是人们在轮宝两侧各钉了一根金合欢木桩,在轮宝上方对着轮辋绑了一根线,在下方也对着轮辋绑了一根线。在这两根线当中,轮宝只要从上面的线往下沉了一丁点,就叫作“下移”;当它越过上面的线端、落到下面那根线所在的位置时,就叫作“离开原位”。这种情况只有在过失极其严重时才会发生。哪怕只是偏离了一根线的距离,或者一两个手指宽的距离,就已经算是“离开原位”了。所谓“稍微下移,离开原位”,就是针对这种情况说的。
82.Osakkitanti īsakampi avasakkitaṃ. Ṭhānā cutanti sabbaso ṭhānā apagataṃ. Taṃ kira cakkaratanaṃ antepuradvāre akkhāhataṃ viya vehāsaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Athassa ubhosu passesu dve khadiratthambhe nikhaṇitvā cakkaratanamatthake nemiabhimukhaṃ ekaṃ suttakaṃ bandhiṃsu. Adhobhāgepi nemiabhimukhaṃ ekaṃ bandhiṃsu. Tesu uparimasuttato appamattakampi ogataṃ cakkaratanaṃ osakkitaṃ nāma hoti, heṭṭhā suttassa ṭhānaṃ uparimakoṭiyā atikkantagataṃ ṭhānā cutaṃ nāma hoti, tadetaṃ atibalavadose sati evaṃ hoti. Suttamattampi ekaṅguladvaṅgulamattaṃ vā bhaṭṭhaṃ ṭhānā cutameva hoti. Taṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cuta’’nti.
孩子,那时你就告诉我。从今天起,你每天三次前去轮宝那里侍奉、查看。你这样去的时候,一旦看见轮宝哪怕稍微下移、离开原位,就马上告诉我。我的命就交在你手里了。见到:王子毫不放逸,每天三次前去观察,终于有一天见到了。
Atha me āroceyyāsīti tāta, tvaṃ ajja ādiṃ katvā divasassa tikkhattuṃ cakkaratanassa upaṭṭhānaṃ gaccha, evaṃ gacchanto yadā cakkaratanaṃ īsakampi osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cutaṃ passasi, atha mayhaṃ ācikkheyyāsi. Jīvitañhi me tava hatthe nikkhittanti. Addasāti appamatto divasassa tikkhattuṃ gantvā olokento ekadivasaṃ addasa.
83“比丘们,那时”,比丘们,那时达哈·内米王听说“轮宝下移了”,心中生起强烈的忧恼,哭着悲叹说:“看来我活不久了,我的寿命快尽了,现在不是我再享受欲乐的时候,如今正是我出家的时候。”于是他召来长子王子,这样说道。“以大海为边际”:就是指以一片大海为边界的大地,这确实是他家族世代相传的国土。至于以轮围山为边界的大地,那是靠福德神通力而出现的,不能拿来送人。他在交付家族相传的国土时,就说“以大海为边际”。“剃除须发”:凡是出家做苦行者,都先剃掉须发,从那时起便蓄留长发,束发而行。因此经文说“剃除须发”。
83.Athakho, bhikkhaveti bhikkhave, atha rājā daḷhanemi ‘‘cakkaratanaṃ osakkita’’nti sutvā uppannabalavadomanasso ‘‘na dāni mayā ciraṃ jīvitabbaṃ bhavissati, appāvasesaṃ me āyu, na me dāni kāme paribhuñjanakālo, pabbajjākālo me idānī’’ti roditvā paridevitvā jeṭṭhaputtaṃ kumāraṃ āmantāpetvā etadavoca. Samuddapariyantanti parikkhittaekasamuddapariyantameva. Idaṃ hissa kulasantakaṃ. Cakkavāḷapariyantaṃ pana puññiddhivasena nibbattaṃ, na taṃ sakkā dātuṃ. Kulasantakaṃ pana niyyātento ‘‘samuddapariyanta’’nti āha. Kesamassunti tāpasapabbajjaṃ pabbajantāpi hi paṭhamaṃ kesamassuṃ ohārenti. Tato paṭṭhāya parūḷhakese bandhitvā vicaranti. Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘kesamassuṃ ohāretvā’’ti.
“袈裟衣”是指用黄褐色染料染过的衣服。最初就是这样做的,后来也穿树皮衣。“出家”就是出家了。出家之后,他就住在自己那座吉祥的林苑里。“王仙”就是在王仙当中。婆罗门出家的人确实被称为“婆罗门仙”,而舍弃白伞盖、从王族出家的人则称为“王仙”。“消失”就是消失不见,像灯焰熄灭一样归于无有。“他感知”是指他哭着、悲叹着让人知道。“父祖的”意思是:这不是从父亲那里传下来的遗产,一个懈怠、精进力低劣、奉行十不善业道者无法获得。然而,依靠自己所作的善业,圆满十种或十二种转轮王之行者才能得到它,此即显示此义。于是,为了督促他实行义务,说了“来吧,你”等语。其中,“圣”是指无过失。“转轮王之行”是指转轮王们的义务。
Kāsāyānīti kasāyarasapītāni. Ādito evaṃ katvā pacchā vakkalānipi dhārenti. Pabbajīti pabbajito. Pabbajitvā ca attano maṅgalavanuyyāneyeva vasi. Rājisimhīti rājaīsimhi. Brāhmaṇapabbajitā hi ‘‘brāhmaṇisayo’’ti vuccanti. Setacchattaṃ pana pahāya rājapabbajitā rājisayoti. Antaradhāyīti antarahitaṃ nibbutadīpasikhā viya abhāvaṃ upagataṃ. Paṭisaṃvedesīti kandanto paridevanto jānāpesi. Pettikanti pitito āgataṃ dāyajjaṃ na hoti, na sakkā kusītena hīnavīriyena dasa akusalakammapathe samādāya vattantena pāpuṇituṃ. Attano pana sukataṃ kammaṃ nissāya dasavidhaṃ dvādasavidhaṃ vā cakkavattivattaṃ pūrentenevetaṃ pattabbanti dīpeti. Atha naṃ vattapaṭipattiyaṃ codento ‘‘iṅgha tva’’ntiādimāha. Tattha ariyeti niddose. Cakkavattivatteti cakkavattīnaṃ vatte.
转轮王圣行注释
Cakkavattiariyavattavaṇṇanā
84所谓“法”,是指十善业道之法。“依止”是指以那法为心的决定依据,把法当作依靠。“恭敬法”是指为了让所做的法成为善巧之作而这样去做。“尊重法”是指对法生起尊重之心而尊重法。“敬奉法”是指把法看作可爱、值得尊崇的,安住其中。“供养法”是指以香、花鬘等供养物对法作供养。“对法行谦恭”是指对法以合掌等方式表现出谦卑恭敬。“以法为幢、以法为旗”是指把法像幢一样放在前面,像旗一样高高举起而行,因此成为以法为幢、以法为旗的人。“以法为增上”是指成为以法为最上者,一切行为都以法为依据,因此成为以法为增上者。“你们应安排如法的守护、防护、保护”:有法就叫“如法的”;守护、防护、保护合在一起叫“守护防护保护”。其中,依据“护他即护己”的说法,忍耐等就是守护。世尊也说过:“诸比丘,怎样是护他即护己?就是以忍耐、无害、慈心、怜悯。”对住所、衣物等的防护叫防护;为防止盗贼等灾祸而看护叫保护。以上这一切,你们都应当妥善安排、推行、建立。现在,为了说明应当在哪些对象上安排这些,经文说“于内众等”。
84.Dhammanti dasakusalakammapathadhammaṃ. Nissāyāti tadadhiṭṭhānena cetasā tameva nissayaṃ katvā. Dhammaṃ sakkarontoti yathā kato so dhammo suṭṭhu kato hoti, evametaṃ karonto. Dhammaṃ garuṃ karontoti tasmiṃ gāravuppattiyā taṃ garuṃ karonto. Dhammaṃ mānentoti tameva dhammaṃ piyañca bhāvanīyañca katvā viharanto. Dhammaṃ pūjentoti taṃ apadisitvā gandhamālādipūjanenassa pūjaṃ karonto. Dhammaṃapacayamānoti tasseva dhammassa añjalikaraṇādīhi nīcavuttitaṃ karonto. Dhammaddhajodhammaketūti taṃ dhammaṃ dhajamiva purakkhatvā ketumiva ca ukkhipitvā pavattiyā dhammaddhajo dhammaketu ca hutvāti attho. Dhammādhipateyyoti dhammādhipatibhūto āgatabhāvena dhammavaseneva sabbakiriyānaṃ karaṇena dhammādhipateyyo hutvā. Dhammikaṃ rakkhāvaraṇaguttiṃ saṃvidahassūti dhammo assā atthīti dhammikā, rakkhā ca āvaraṇañca gutti ca rakkhāvaraṇagutti . Tattha ‘‘paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhatī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.385) vacanato khantiādayo rakkhā. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘kathañca, bhikkhave, paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhati. Khantiyā avihiṃsāya mettacittatā anuddayatā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.385). Nivāsanapārupanagehādīnaṃ nivāraṇā āvaraṇaṃ, corādiupaddavanivāraṇatthaṃ gopāyanā gutti, taṃ sabbampi suṭṭhu saṃvidahassu pavattaya ṭhapehīti attho. Idāni yattha sā saṃvidahitabbā, taṃ dassento antojanasmintiādimāha.
这里简要说明其含义:你应当把称为“内眷”的妻儿安立在戒律的防护中,供给他们衣服、香、花鬘等物,并为他们遮除一切灾祸。对军队等也是如此。不过有一点差别:对军队,应当按时以饭食、薪饷等加以照顾。对已灌顶的刹帝利,应当以良马、骏乘等宝物来亲近利益他们。对随行的刹帝利,应当以适合他们的车乘、坐骑等令他们满意。对婆罗门,应当以食物、饮料、衣物等可布施之物来对待。对居士,应当以饭食、种子、犁、犁铧、耕牛等来施予。住在市镇的人也一样,住在乡野的人也一样。对已止息恶行、断除恶行的沙门婆罗门,应当以沙门所需的资具来恭敬供养。对鹿、鸟等动物,应当以无畏施来安抚它们。
Tatrāyaṃ saṅkhepattho – antojanasaṅkhātaṃ tava puttadāraṃ sīlasaṃvare patiṭṭhapehi, vatthagandhamālādīni cassa dehi, sabbopaddave cassa nivārehi. Balakāyādīsupi eseva nayo. Ayaṃ pana viseso – balakāyo kālaṃ anatikkamitvā bhattavetanasampadānenapi anuggahetabbo. Abhisittakhattiyā bhadrassājāneyyādiratanasampadānenapi upasaṅgaṇhitabbā. Anuyantakhattiyā tesaṃ anurūpayānavāhanasampadānenapi paritosetabbā. Brāhmaṇā annapānavatthādinā deyyadhammena. Gahapatikā bhattabījanaṅgalaphālabalibaddādisampadānena. Tathā nigamavāsino negamā, janapadavāsino ca jānapadā. Samitapāpabāhitapāpā samaṇabrāhmaṇā samaṇaparikkhārasampadānena sakkātabbā. Migapakkhino abhayadānena samassāsetabbā.
在自己的管辖范围内,不要让非法行为发生。非法行就是不合法的行为。不要让它发生的意思是,你应当设法让它不发生。沙门婆罗门,是指已经止息恶行、断除恶行的人。远离骄慢和放逸,是指远离九种骄慢,以及远离在五种欲乐上放纵心意的放逸。安住于忍辱和柔和,是指安住在忍耐包容和柔和善顺之中。独自调御,是说他们通过调伏自身的贪等烦恼,被称为能独自调伏自己、令自己寂静、趋向般涅槃的人。时时,就是经常。应当远远避开,意思是应当像避开粪便、毒药、烈火那样好好避开。取而受持,意思是应当像拿起芬芳的花环、捧起甘露那样,好好地领受并践行。
Vijiteti attano āṇāpavattiṭṭhāne. Adhammakāroti adhammakiriyā. Mā pavattitthāti yathā nappavattati, tathā naṃ paṭipādehīti attho. Samaṇabrāhmaṇāti samitapāpabāhitapāpā. Madappamādāpaṭiviratāti navavidhā mānamadā, pañcasu kāmaguṇesu cittavossajjanasaṅkhātā pamādā ca paṭiviratā. Khantisoracce niviṭṭhāti adhivāsanakhantiyañca suratabhāve ca patiṭṭhitā. Ekamattānanti attano rāgādīnaṃ damanādīhi ekamattānaṃ damenti samenti parinibbāpentīti vuccanti. Kālena kālanti kāle kāle . Abhinivajjeyyāsīti gūthaṃ viya visaṃ viya aggiṃ viya ca suṭṭhu vajjeyyāsi. Samādāyāti surabhikusumadāmaṃ viya amataṃ viya ca sammā ādāya pavatteyyāsi.
在这里停下来,应当把转轮王的行为准则总结一下:在自己的内眷和军队中算一种,在刹帝利中算一种,在随从人员中算一种,在婆罗门和居士中算一种,在城乡民众中算一种,在沙门和婆罗门中算一种,在鹿和鸟等动物中算一种,禁止非法行为算一种,给没有钱财的人布施财物算一种,亲近沙门和婆罗门向他们请教问题算一种——这样一共就是十种。如果把居士和鸟类分开来算,就成了十二种。如果把前面没有提到的,也就是断除对非法之事的贪著和断除不正当的贪欲这两项也算进去,就应当知道也是十二种。亲爱的孩子,这就是所谓的十种或十二种圣转轮王的行为准则。所谓正在奉行,就是圆满实践这些准则。至于在那一天伍波萨他日等等,相关内容在《大善见王经》中已经说过。
Idha ṭhatvā vattaṃ samānetabbaṃ. Antojanasmiṃ balakāyepi ekaṃ, khattiyesu ekaṃ, anuyantesu ekaṃ, brāhmaṇagahapatikesu ekaṃ, negamajānapadesu ekaṃ, samaṇabrāhmaṇesu ekaṃ, migapakkhīsu ekaṃ, adhammakārappaṭikkhepo ekaṃ, adhanānaṃ dhanānuppadānaṃ ekaṃ samaṇabrāhmaṇe upasaṅkamitvā pañhapucchanaṃ ekanti evametaṃ dasavidhaṃ hoti. Gahapatike pana pakkhijāte ca visuṃ katvā gaṇentassa dvādasavidhaṃ hoti. Pubbe avuttaṃ vā gaṇentena adhammarāgassa ca visamalobhassa ca pahānavasena dvādasavidhaṃ veditabbaṃ. Idaṃ kho tāta tanti idaṃ dasavidhaṃ dvādasavidhañca ariyacakkavattivattaṃ nāma. Vattamānassāti pūretvā vattamānassa. Tadahuposathetiādi mahāsudassane vuttaṃ.
90“凭自己的见解”是指凭他自己的智慧。“Sudan”只是个语气词。“治理”就是教导、统管。这话的意思是:他抛弃了自古以来的王统、王族世系和君王之法,只凭自己的一己之见来治理国土。这样一来,他就如同摩伽提婆世系中的咖喇勒迦那格一样,成为达哈·内米世系的断绝者、最后一人而出现。“前后”是指:从前怎样,后来也与之相同。“地方不繁荣”就是不增长。“像从前那些人那样”的意思是:从前那些国王前后保持一致,使国土繁荣,如今却不能那样,所以地方就不繁荣。有些地方变得荒无人烟,遭到杀戮劫掠,就连油、蜜、糖浆以及粥饭等食物中的营养也都衰退了。
90.Samatenāti attano matiyā. Sudanti nipātamattaṃ. Pasāsatīti anusāsati. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – porāṇakaṃ rājavaṃsaṃ rājapaveṇiṃ rājadhammaṃ pahāya attano matimatte ṭhatvā janapadaṃ anusāsatīti. Evamayaṃ maghadevavaṃsassa kaḷārajanako viya daḷhanemivaṃsassa upacchedako antimapuriso hutvā uppanno. Pubbenāparanti pubbakālena sadisā hutvā aparakālaṃ. Janapadā na pabbantīti na vaḍḍhanti. Yathā taṃ pubbakānanti yathā pubbakānaṃ rājūnaṃ pubbe ca pacchā ca sadisāyeva hutvā pabbiṃsu, tathā na pabbanti. Katthaci suññā honti hataviluttā, telamadhuphāṇitādīsu ceva yāgubhattādīsu ca ojāpi parihāyitthāti attho.
大臣和廷众:指大臣以及在朝堂集会中随侍的人。算师和大臣:指诵读无缺字等经典的算师,以及高级大臣。象兵等教官:指调象师等人。守门人:即守护门户的人。依慧而生者:mantā称为智慧,依止智慧而谋生的贤明大臣们,这是他们的称谓。
Amaccā pārisajjāti amaccā ceva parisāvacarā ca. Gaṇakamahāmattāti acchiddakādipāṭhagaṇakā ceva mahāamaccā ca. Anīkaṭṭhāti hatthiācariyādayo. Dovārikāti dvārarakkhino. Mantassājīvinoti mantā vuccati paññā, taṃ nissayaṃ katvā ye jīvanti paṇḍitā mahāmattā, tesaṃ etaṃ nāmaṃ.
关于寿命、容貌等衰退的注释
Āyuvaṇṇādiparihānikathāvaṇṇanā
91他确实没有把财物布施给那些没有财物的人,因为他被贪欲牢牢控制。所谓“没有布施时”,就是没有给予的时候;也有版本正是这样读的。所谓“贫穷状态”,就是贫困的处境。“你自己也活下去吧”,意思是你自己想办法维持生计吧。关于“向上导向的”等说法:因为能向上方一层层地带来果报,所以它有一条向上的路,因此叫“向上导向的”;能利益天界、在那里结生,所以叫“能生天的”;在它产生的地方有快乐的果报,所以叫“有乐异熟的”;因为能善巧地生起十种天界容貌等殊胜特质,所以叫“能导向天界的”。意思是他就是这样建立这种布施的。
91.Noca kho adhanānanti balavalobhattā pana adhanānaṃ daliddamanussānaṃ dhanaṃ nānuppadāsi. Nānuppadiyamāneti ananuppadiyamāne, ayameva vā pāṭho. Dāliddiyanti daliddabhāvo. Attanā ca jīvāhīti sayañca jīvaṃ yāpehīti attho. Uddhaggikantiādīsu uparūparibhūmīsu phaladānavasena uddhamaggamassāti uddhaggikā. Saggassa hitā tatrupapattijananatoti sovaggikā. Nibbattaṭṭhāne sukho vipāko assāti sukhavipākā. Suṭṭhu aggānaṃ dibbavaṇṇādīnaṃ dasannaṃ visesānaṃ nibbattanato saggasaṃvattanikā. Evarūpaṃ dakkhiṇaṃ dānaṃ patiṭṭhapetīti attho.
92将会增长,意思是会变大、变得很多。应当彻底禁止,意思是应当好好地、完全地禁止。断根,就是从根部摧毁。以粗厉的声音,就是用粗暴刺耳的声音。以刑鼓,就是用宣告处刑的鼓。
92.Pavaḍḍhissatīti vaḍḍhissati bahuṃ bhavissati. Sunisedhaṃ nisedheyyanti suṭṭhu nisiddhaṃ nisedheyyaṃ. Mūlaghaccanti mūlahataṃ. Kharassarenāti pharusasaddena. Paṇavenāti vajjhabheriyā.
93我们要砍掉他们的头——意思是:对于那些我们哪怕只拿走一把根茎的人,我们也要照样砍掉他们的头,使谁都不知道东西曾被拿走。如今我们的国王竟然也这样亲自出来杀人,这对我们来说算什么事?这就是他们的想法。“他们开始动手了”,就是他们开始干了。“拦路抢劫”,就是拦路杀人,站在路上干盗贼的勾当。
93.Sīsāninesaṃ chindissāmāti yesaṃ antamaso mūlakamuṭṭhimpi harissāma, tesaṃ tatheva sīsāni chindissāma, yathā koci haṭabhāvampi na jānissati, amhākaṃ dāni kimettha rājāpi evaṃ uṭṭhāya paraṃ māretīti ayaṃ nesaṃ adhippāyo. Upakkamiṃsūti ārabhiṃsu. Panthaduhananti panthaghātaṃ, panthe ṭhatvā corakammaṃ.
94大王,不是这样的。据说他心里盘算:这位国王只要别人当面答应一声“是的,大王”,就把人杀掉。干脆我就说句假话吧。因为怕死,他就说:不是的,大王。
94.Na hi, devāti so kira cintesi – ‘‘ayaṃ rājā saccaṃ devāti mukhapaṭiññāya dinnāya mārāpeti, handāhaṃ musāvādaṃ karomī’’ti, maraṇabhayā ‘‘na hi devā’’ti avoca.
96这里“ekaṃ idaṃ”中的“idaṃ”只是个语气助词,意思是“有些众生”。“行”指邪行。“贪欲与瞋恚”就是贪欲和瞋恚。“邪见”指像“没有布施这回事”这一类,属于执取极端、与正见相反的见解。
96.Ekidanti ettha idanti nipātamattaṃ, eke sattāti attho. Cārittanti micchācāraṃ. Abhijjhābyāpādāti abhijjhā ca byāpādo ca. Micchādiṭṭhīti natthi dinnantiādikā antaggāhikā paccanīkadiṭṭhi.
101非法贪,是指在不应行欲的地方生起的贪欲,比如对母亲、姨母、姑母、舅母等。不平等贪,是指即使在可以受用的对象上,也生起极其强烈的贪欲。邪法,是指男人对男人、女人对女人生起的欲贪。
101.Adhammarāgoti mātā mātucchā pitucchā mātulānītiādike ayuttaṭṭhāne rāgo. Visamalobhoti paribhogayuttesupi ṭhānesu atibalavalobho. Micchādhammoti purisānaṃ purisesu itthīnañca itthīsu chandarāgo.
不孝母等词中,能利益母亲的人就是孝母者,这种状态叫孝母性,这是对母亲正确行事的名称。没有这种状态,以及与此相反的状态,就是不孝母。不孝父等词也是同样的道理。不敬家族长老,是指对家族中的长辈不修恭敬、不修谦下之行。
Amatteyyatātiādīsu mātu hito matteyyo, tassa bhāvo matteyyatā, mātari sammā paṭipattiyā etaṃ nāmaṃ. Tassā abhāvo ceva tappaṭipakkhatā ca amatteyyatā. Apetteyyatādīsupi eseva nayo. Na kule jeṭṭhāpacāyitāti kule jeṭṭhānaṃ apacitiyā nīcavuttiyā akaraṇabhāvo.
十岁寿量时期的注释
Dasavassāyukasamayavaṇṇanā
103当此之时是指在此时、对这些人。堪任为夫是指有能力嫁与丈夫。此诸味是指世间最上等的味道。将极闪耀就是会变得极其明亮,或者也可以这样读。善名亦将不存是说连善这个名称都不会存在,甚至连假名都无从得知,这就是它的意思。将受供养与赞叹是指会成为值得供养的人、值得赞叹的人。据说那时候,人们会这样称赞某人:某某杀了母亲、杀了父亲,夺走了沙门婆罗门的性命,甚至不知道家中有长辈在世——哎呀,这人可真了不起!他们就会这样供养他、赞叹他。
103.Yaṃ imesanti yasmiṃ samaye imesaṃ. Alaṃpateyyāti patino dātuṃ yuttā. Imāni rasānīti imāni loke aggarasāni. Atibyādippissantīti ativiya dippissanti, ayameva vā pāṭho. Kusalantipi na bhavissatīti kusalanti nāmampi na bhavissati, paññattimattampi na paññāyissatīti attho. Pujjā ca bhavissanti pāsaṃsā cāti pūjārahā ca bhavissanti pasaṃsārahā ca. Tadā kira manussā ‘‘asukena nāma mātā pahatā, pitā pahato, samaṇabrāhmaṇā jīvitā voropitā, kule jeṭṭhānaṃ atthibhāvampi na jānāti, aho puriso’’ti tameva pūjessanti ceva pasaṃsissanti ca.
不会再有“她是我母亲”这种恭敬心,也不会生起“这是我的母亲”这种恭敬心。她们会像对待家里的女人一样,说各种不正经的话,以不恭敬的态度靠近。对姨母等人也是同样的道理。这里,“姨母”指母亲的姐妹。“舅母”指舅父的妻子。“师母”指教授各种技艺的老师的妻子。“尊长之妻”指叔父、伯父等长辈的妻子。“混滥”指混杂在一起,或者指界限被破坏。
Nabhavissati mātāti vāti ayaṃ mayhaṃ mātāti garucittaṃ na bhavissati. Gehe mātugāmaṃ viya nānāvidhaṃ asabbhikathaṃ kathayamānā agāravupacārena upasaṅkamissanti. Mātucchādīsupi eseva nayo. Ettha ca mātucchāti mātubhaginī. Mātulānīti mātulabhariyā. Ācariyabhariyāti sippāyatanāni sikkhāpakassa ācariyassa bhariyā. Garūnaṃ dārāti cūḷapitumahāpituādīnaṃ bhariyā. Sambhedanti missībhāvaṃ, mariyādabhedaṃ vā.
强烈的怨恨会现前,意思是说,由于强烈的愤怒一再生起,它就会持续地现前。接下来两个词是它的同义词。因为愤怒会激怒内心,所以叫“怨恨”;因为它会破坏自己和他人的利益与安乐,所以叫“嗔害”;因为它污染心,所以叫“心的污染”。“强烈的杀害心”:即使是对自己喜爱的人,也会为了杀害对方而生起杀害心。为了说明这种心的对象,才说了“母亲对儿子”等话。“捕鹿者”指猎鹿的人。
Tibbo āghāto paccupaṭṭhito bhavissatīti balavakopo punappunaṃ uppattivasena paccupaṭṭhito bhavissati. Aparāni dve etasseva vevacanāni. Kopo hi cittaṃ āghātetīti āghāto. Attano ca parassa ca hitasukhaṃ byāpādetīti byāpādo. Manopadūsanato manopadosoti vuccati. Tibbaṃ vadhakacittanti piyamānassāpi paraṃ māraṇatthāya vadhakacittaṃ. Tassa vatthuṃ dassetuṃ mātupi puttamhītiādi vuttaṃ. Māgavikassāti migaluddakassa.
104刀兵中劫,就是由刀兵造成的中劫。它是在坏劫还没到来之前,世界就先在中途毁灭了。中劫有三种:饥荒中劫、疾疫中劫、刀兵中劫。其中,众生贪欲特别强的时候,就出现饥荒中劫;愚痴特别强的时候,就出现疾疫中劫;嗔恨特别强的时候,就出现刀兵中劫。在这三种中劫里,因饥荒中劫而死的有情,大多数投生到饿鬼界。为什么?因为对食物的贪爱太强了。因疾疫中劫而死的有情,大多数投生到天界。为什么?因为他们会生起慈心,想:“但愿其他有情不要得这样的病。”因刀兵中劫而死的有情,大多数堕入地狱。为什么?因为他们互相之间强烈地伤害、杀害。
104.Satthantarakappoti satthena antarakappo. Saṃvaṭṭakappaṃ appatvā antarāva lokavināso. Antarakappo ca nāmesa dubbhikkhantarakappo rogantarakappo satthantarakappoti tividho. Tattha lobhussadāya pajāya dubbhikkhantarakappo hoti. Mohussadāya rogantarakappo. Dosussadāya satthantarakappo. Tattha dubbhikkhantarakappena naṭṭhā yebhuyyena pettivisaye upapajjanti. Kasmā? Āhāranikantiyā balavattā. Rogantarakappena naṭṭhā yebhuyyena sagge nibbattanti kasmā? Tesañhi ‘‘aho vataññesaṃ sattānaṃ evarūpo rogo na bhaveyyā’’ti mettacittaṃ uppajjatīti. Satthantarakappena naṭṭhā yebhuyyena niraye upapajjanti. Kasmā? Aññamaññaṃ balavāghātatāya.
“野兽想”就是“这是野兽,这是野兽”这样的想。据说,那时他们手里会冒出锋利的刀器,凡是被手碰到的东西,哪怕是一根草、一片叶子,都会变成武器。他们想:“我们不要杀害任何人”,也就是不要夺走任何一个男人的生命;也不要让任何人杀害我们,不要让任何一个男人夺走我们的生命。他们又想:“世界的毁灭已经来临,两个人待在同一个地方是不可能活下来的。”于是他们这样思惟。“林丛”是指由草、灌木、藤蔓等构成的、难以进入之处;“树丛”是指由树木形成的难以进入之处;“河难渡处”是指河中岛屿等难以通行的处所;“山险”是指因山势而崎岖不平,或山中的险峻之处。“视为同类”是指以“有情啊,看到我活着,你也这样活着”等互相慰问之语,使彼此成为同类。
Migasaññanti ‘‘ayaṃ migo, ayaṃ migo’’ti saññaṃ. Tiṇhāni satthāni hatthesu pātubhavissantīti tesaṃ kira hatthena phuṭṭhamattaṃ yaṃkiñci antamaso tiṇapaṇṇaṃ upādāya āvudhameva bhavissati. Mā ca mayaṃ kañcīti mayaṃ kañci ekapurisampi jīvitā mā voropayimha. Mā ca amhe kocīti amhepi koci ekapuriso jīvitā mā voropayittha. Yaṃnūna mayanti ayaṃ lokavināso paccupaṭṭhito, na sakkā dvīhi ekaṭṭhāne ṭhitehi jīvitaṃ laddhunti maññamānā evaṃ cintayiṃsu. Vanagahananti vanasaṅkhātehi tiṇagumbalatādīhi gahanaṃ duppavesaṭṭhānaṃ. Rukkhagahananti rukkhehi gahanaṃ duppavesaṭṭhānaṃ. Nadīvidugganti nadīnaṃ antaradīpādīsu duggamanaṭṭhānaṃ. Pabbatavisamanti pabbatehi visamaṃ, pabbatesupi vā visamaṭṭhānaṃ. Sabhāgāyissantīti yathā ahaṃ jīvāmi diṭṭhā bho sattā, tvampi tathā jīvasīti evaṃ sammodanakathāya attanā sabhāge karissanti.
对“增寿、增色等论”的注释
Āyuvaṇṇādivaḍḍhanakathāvaṇṇanā
105“Āyataṃ”的意思是“长且伟大”。“Pāṇātipātā virameyyāma”的意思是“我们应当远离杀生”,也就是“我们应当从杀生中退离”。“Pāṇātipātaṃ virameyyāma”这种说法也被诵习,其中的意思是“我们应当断除杀生”。关于“寿命二十岁”:父母都远离了杀生,为什么子女却只有二十岁的寿命呢?这是因为田地的清净。那些子女的父母生来就是持戒的人。也就是说,因为他们在戒的胎中成长,所以凭借这种田地的清净而获得了长寿。而那些在那里死后又投生到那里的人,则是凭自己戒行的圆满而获得了长寿。
105.Āyatanti mahantaṃ. Pāṇātipātā virameyyāmāti pāṇātipātato osakkeyyāma. Pāṇātipātaṃ virameyyāmātipi sajjhāyanti, tattha pāṇātipātaṃ pajaheyyāmāti attho. Vīsativassāyukāti mātāpitaro pāṇātipātā paṭiviratā, puttā kasmā vīsativassāyukā ahesunti khettavisuddhiyā. Tesañhi mātāpitaro sīlavanto jātā. Iti sīlagabbhe vaḍḍhitattā imāya khettavisuddhiyā dīghāyukā ahesuṃ. Ye panettha kālaṃ katvā tattheva nibbattā, te attanova sīlasampattiyā dīghāyukā ahesuṃ.
我们将会是,意思是我们将会存在。至于寿命四十岁等这些情况,应当根据那些远离不与取等恶行的人来理解。
Assāmāti bhaveyyāma. Cattārīsavassāyukātiādayo koṭṭhāsā adinnādānādīhi paṭiviratānaṃ vasena veditabbā.
商佉王生起的注释
Saṅkharājauppattivaṇṇanā
106“想要”是指生起这样的渴爱:“请给我饭食。”
“不食”不是指没有座位,而是指身体懒惰、不舒展的状态;也就是说,吃过饭的人因为饱胀,身体变得虚弱,而这种虚弱会生起想躺下的欲望。“衰老”是指明显的衰老。“鸡飞距离的”是指从一村的屋顶飞到另一村的屋顶落下,这种距离就叫鸡飞距离;具备这种距离的,就叫鸡飞距离的。也有写成“鸡行距离的”的读法,意思是鸡从一村走到另一村,这种步行距离就叫鸡行距离,这些村庄之间也具备这种距离。这二者都表明居住稠密。“Avīci maññe phuṭo bhavissatīti”:想必会像无间大地狱那样,被充满得毫无间隙。
106.Icchāti mayhaṃ bhattaṃ dethāti evaṃ uppajjanakataṇhā. Anasananti na asanaṃ avipphārikabhāvo kāyālasiyaṃ, bhattaṃ bhuttānaṃ bhattasammadapaccayā nipajjitukāmatājanako kāyadubbalabhāvoti attho. Jarāti pākaṭajarā. Kukkuṭasampātikāti ekagāmassa chadanapiṭṭhato uppatitvā itaragāmassa chadanapiṭṭhe patanasaṅkhāto kukkuṭasampāto. Etāsu atthīti kukkuṭasampātikā. ‘‘Kukkuṭasampādikā’’tipi pāṭho, gāmantarato gāmantaraṃ kukkuṭānaṃ padasā gamanasaṅkhāto kukkuṭasampādo etāsu atthīti attho. Ubhayampetaṃ ghananivāsataṃyeva dīpeti. Avīci maññe phuṭo bhavissatīti avīcimahānirayo viya nirantarapūrito bhavissati.
107“比丘们,在人寿八万岁的时候,有一位名叫弥勒的世尊出现在世间。”这句话并不是就寿命正在增长的阶段说的。因为诸佛不会在寿命增长的时候出世,而是在寿命减少的时候出世。所以,意思是:当那寿命增长到不可计算的程度,然后又开始减少,停在八万岁的时候,弥勒世尊就会出世。“Pariharissati”这句,则是就围绕着他游行的弟子们说的。“Yūpo”就是宫殿。“由摩诃波那德王所建造”:是以那位国王为因缘,为了他,帝释天神派毗首羯磨天子去建造的。据说从前有父子两个竹匠,用竹子和优昙钵罗树为一位独觉佛搭了一座叶屋,让他住在那里,并用四种资具供养他。他们死后投生到天界。其中父亲就留在天界;儿子从天界死后,投生到苏卢奇王的王后须弥陀的胎中,成了名叫摩诃波那德的王子。后来他登上王位,就成了摩诃波那德国王。那时,凭着他的福德之力,帝释天神派毗首羯磨天子说:“去为国王造一座宫殿!”毗首羯磨就为他化现了一座高二十五由旬、由七宝做成、有百层的宫殿。关于这件事,本生经里是这样说的:
107. ‘‘Asītivassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu metteyyo nāma bhagavā loke uppajjissatī’’ti na vaḍḍhamānakavasena vuttaṃ. Na hi buddhā vaḍḍhamāne āyumhi nibbattanti, hāyamāne pana nibbattanti. Tasmā yadā taṃ āyu vaḍḍhitvā asaṅkheyyataṃ patvā puna hāyamānaṃ asītivassasahassakāle ṭhassati, tadā uppajjissatīti attho. Pariharissatīti idaṃ pana parivāretvā vicarantānaṃ vasena vuttaṃ. Yūpoti pāsādo. Raññā mahāpanādena kārāpitoti raññā hetubhūtena tassatthāya sakkena devarājena vissakammadevaputtaṃ pesetvā kārāpito. Pubbe kira dve pitāputtā naḷakārā paccekabuddhassa naḷehi ca udumbarehi ca paṇṇasālaṃ kārāpetvā taṃ tattha vāsāpetvā catūhi paccayehi upaṭṭhahiṃsu. Te kālaṃ katvā devaloke nibbattā. Tesu pitā devalokeyeva aṭṭhāsi. Putto devalokā cavitvā surucissa rañño deviyā sumedhāya kucchismiṃ nibbatto. Mahāpanādo nāma kumāro ahosi. So aparabhāge chattaṃ ussāpetvā mahāpanādo nāma rājā jāto. Athassa puññānubhāvena sakko devarājā vissakammadevaputtaṃ rañño pāsādaṃ karohīti pahiṇi so tassa pāsādaṃ nimmini pañcavīsatiyojanubbedhaṃ sattaratanamayaṃ satabhūmakaṃ. Yaṃ sandhāya jātake vuttaṃ –
“那位名叫波那陀的国王,他的祭祀柱是纯金造的;
横向有十六倍那么宽,向上据说有千倍那么高。
千节百纽,幢幡翠饰,碧色所成;
六千乾闼婆于彼起舞,分为七处。
那时确实就是这样,跋达吉,正如你所说的。
那时我是帝释天神,是你的侍者。”
‘‘Panādo nāma so rājā, yassa yūpo suvaṇṇayo; Tiriyaṃ soḷasubbedho, uddhamāhu sahassadhā. Sahassakaṇḍo satageṇḍu, dhajālu haritāmayo; Anaccuṃ tattha gandhabbā, cha sahassāni sattadhā. Evametaṃ tadā āsi, yathā bhāsasi bhaddaji; Sakko ahaṃ tadā āsiṃ, veyyāvaccakaro tavā’’ti. (jā. 5.3.42);
那位国王在那里住到寿命尽时,死后转生到了天界。当他生到那个天界时,那座宫殿就顺着恒河的水流漂了下去。在宫殿前门阶梯正对的地方,建起了一座叫“钵罗耶伽住处”的城;在塔顶正对的地方,有了一个叫“拘提村”的村子。后来,在我们的世尊住世的时候,那位竹工天子的儿子从天界命终,投生到人间,成了跋达吉长者,在世尊跟前出家,证得了阿拉汉果。他在乘船渡恒河那天,把那座宫殿指给比丘僧团看——这件事的详细经过应当展开来讲。那么,这座宫殿为什么没有消失呢?是因为另一位众生的威神力。曾有一个和他一起修福、同样生到天界的善男子,将来会成为一位叫“商佉”的国王。为了让他享用,这座宫殿将会出现,所以它没有消失。
So rājā tattha yāvatāyukaṃ vasitvā kālaṃ katvā devaloke nibbatti. Tasmiṃ devaloke nibbatte so pāsādo mahāgaṅgāya anusotaṃ pati. Tassa dhurasopānasammukhaṭṭhāne payāgapatiṭṭhānaṃ nāma nagaraṃ māpitaṃ. Thupikāsammukhaṭṭhāne koṭigāmo nāma. Aparabhāge amhākaṃ bhagavato kāle so naḷakāradevaputto devalokato cavitvā manussapathe bhaddajiseṭṭhi nāma hutvā satthu santike pabbajitvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. So nāvāya gaṅgātaraṇadivase bhikkhusaṅghassa taṃ pāsādaṃ dassetīti vatthu vitthāretabbaṃ. Kasmā panesa pāsādo na antarahitoti? Itarassa ānubhāvā. Tena saddhiṃ puññaṃ katvā devaloke nibbattakulaputto anāgate saṅkho nāma rājā bhavissati. Tassa paribhogatthāya so pāsādo uṭṭhahissati, tasmā na antarahitoti.
108把宫殿建起来之后,就住在那里。把宫殿布施出去、彻底放舍,是指以布施的方式把宫殿给出去,又以完全舍弃的心态毫无牵挂地放舍。布施给谁呢?布施给沙门等人。所以经中说:“向沙门、婆罗门、贫穷者、旅人、乞食者、求乞者布施之后。”可是,一座宫殿怎么能布施给那么多人呢?据说他心里会生起这样的念头:“愿这座宫殿散开。”宫殿就碎成一块一块的。他毫不执著,以布施的心态舍出去,说:“谁想要多少,就拿多少。”因此经中说:“布施之后,在弥勒世尊……时期,将会安住。”到这里,世尊显示的是导向轮回的善业的连接。
108.Ussāpetvāti taṃ pāsādaṃ uṭṭhāpetvā. Ajjhāvasitvāti tattha vasitvā. Taṃ datvā vissajjitvāti taṃ pāsādaṃ dānavasena datvā nirapekkho pariccāgavasena ca vissajjitvā. Kassa ca evaṃ datvāti? Samaṇādīnaṃ. Tenāha – ‘‘samaṇabrāhmaṇakapaṇaddhikavanibbakayācakānaṃ dānaṃ datvā’’ti. Kathaṃ pana so ekaṃ pāsādaṃ bahūnaṃ dassatīti? Evaṃ kirassa cittaṃ uppajjissati ‘‘ayaṃ pāsādo vippakiriyatū’’ti. So khaṇḍakhaṇḍaso vippakirissati. So taṃ alaggamānova hutvā ‘‘yo yattakaṃ icchati, so tattakaṃ gaṇhatū’’ti dānavasena vissajjissati. Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘dānaṃ datvā metteyyassa bhagavato…pe… viharissatī’’ti. Ettakena bhagavā vaṭṭagāmikusalassa anusandhiṃ dasseti.
109现在,为了说明导向解脱轮回的善行的连接关系,世尊又说了“比丘们,你们要安住于以自己为洲……”等这段话。
109. Idāni vivaṭṭagāmikusalassa anusandhiṃ dassento puna attadīpā, bhikkhave, viharathātiādimāha.
对比丘寿命、容貌等增长之说的注释
Bhikkhuno āyuvaṇṇādivaḍḍhanakathāvaṇṇanā
110比丘们,我说过“你们将以寿命而增长”,这里“比丘的寿命”指的就是比丘获得寿命的因。因此,这是在说明:如果你们想要以寿命而增长,就应当修习这四种神足。
110.Idaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno āyusminti bhikkhave yaṃ vo ahaṃ āyunāpi vaḍḍhissathāti avocaṃ, tattha idaṃ bhikkhuno āyusmiṃ idaṃ āyukāraṇanti attho. Tasmā tumhehi āyunā vaḍḍhitukāmehi ime cattāro iddhipādā bhāvetabbāti dasseti.
关于“容色”:我说过“你们也会因容色而增长”,这里指的就是容色增长的原因。持戒的人因为不后悔等,身体的光彩会增长;因为好名声,功德的光彩也会增长。所以这里是在说明:如果你们想因容色而增长,就应当具足戒行。
Vaṇṇasminti yaṃ vo ahaṃ vaṇṇenapi vaḍḍhissathāti avocaṃ, idaṃ tattha vaṇṇakāraṇaṃ. Sīlavato hi avippaṭisārādīnaṃ vasena sarīravaṇṇopi kittivasena guṇavaṇṇopi vaḍḍhati. Tasmā tumhehi vaṇṇena vaḍḍhitukāmehi sīlasampannehi bhavitabbanti dasseti.
关于“乐”:我说过“你们也会因快乐而增长”,这里指的就是由远离而生的喜、乐等各种各样属于禅那的快乐。所以,你们如果想以快乐来增长,就应当修习这四种禅那。
Sukhasminti yaṃ vo ahaṃ sukhenapi vaḍḍhissathāti avocaṃ, idaṃ tattha vivekajaṃ pītisukhādinānappakārakaṃ jhānasukhaṃ. Tasmā tumhehi sukhena vaḍḍhitukāmehi imāni cattāri jhānāni bhāvetabbāni.
关于“财富”:我说过“你们也会因财富而增长”,这里说的财富,就是那令无量众生不生违逆、带来安卧等十一种利益、遍满一切方向的四梵住之财富。因此,你们如果想以财富而增长,就应当修习这些四梵住。
Bhogasminti yaṃ vo ahaṃ bhogenapi vaḍḍhissathāti avocaṃ, ayaṃ so appamāṇānaṃ sattānaṃ appaṭikūlatāvaho sukhasayanādi ekādasānisaṃso sabbadisāvipphāritabrahmavihārabhogo. Tasmā tumhehi bhogena vaḍḍhitukāmehi ime brahmavihārā bhāvetabbā.
关于“力”:我对你们说过“你们也将因力而增长”,这个力指的是漏尽终结时生起、被称为阿拉汉果的力。因此,你们若想因力而增长,就应当为证得阿拉汉果而精勤修行。
Balasminti yaṃ vo ahaṃ balenapi vaḍḍhissathāti avocaṃ, idaṃ āsavakkhayapariyosāne uppannaṃ arahattaphalasaṅkhātaṃ balaṃ. Tasmā tumhehi balena vaḍḍhitukāmehi arahattappattiyā yogo karaṇīyo.
比丘们,所谓“魔之力”,就是天子魔、死魔、烦恼魔的力量,难以压制,难以抗衡。同样,我在世间也看不到有哪一种单独的力量能跟它相比。然而,阿拉汉果这个力量却能压制它、战胜它、彻底压倒它。因此,说明应当就在这一点上精进努力。
Yathayidaṃ, bhikkhave, mārabalanti yathā idaṃ devaputtamāramaccumārakilesamārānaṃ balaṃ duppasahaṃ durabhisambhavaṃ, evaṃ aññaṃ loke ekabalampi na samanupassāmi. Tampi balaṃ idameva arahattaphalaṃ pasahati abhibhavati ajjhottharati. Tasmā ettheva yogo karaṇīyoti dasseti.
就这样,这份福德——即使是出世间的福德——也会一直增长,直到漏尽。世尊以阿拉汉果为顶点,结束了这场导向还灭的善法相续的开示。经文讲完时,两万位比丘证得阿拉汉果,八万四千众生饮下了不死甘露。
Evamidaṃ puññanti evaṃ idaṃ lokuttarapuññampi yāva āsavakkhayā pavaḍḍhatīti vivaṭṭagāmikusalānusandhiṃ niṭṭhapento arahattanikūṭena desanaṃ niṭṭhapesi. Suttapariyosāne vīsati bhikkhusahassāni arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu. Caturāsīti pāṇasahassāni amatapānaṃ piviṃsūti.