转轮王经注显示巴利原文
3. Cakkavattisuttavaṇṇanā
自灯明、自皈依性注显示巴利原文
Attadīpasaraṇatāvaṇṇanā
80 “如是我闻”等,是为《转轮王经》。此处,逐词解释如下:在名为舅父(mātulā)的城镇附近。世尊以该城镇为乞食村,在离此不远的树林中安住。其中,“在那里,世尊对比丘们开示”这一段,其序言如下——显示巴利原文
80.Evaṃme sutanti cakkavattisuttaṃ. Tatrāyamanuttānapadavaṇṇanā – mātulāyanti evaṃnāmake nagare. Taṃ nagaraṃ gocaragāmaṃ katvā avidūre vanasaṇḍe viharati. ‘‘Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesī’’ti ettha ayamanupubbikathā –
据说,在这部经生起之时,世尊于凌晨从大悲定出定,观察世间,见到这部能照亮未来世系的经说,将使舅父城的八万四千有情获得法现观。于是便在清晨,由两万比丘环绕,来到舅父城。城中的刹帝利们听说“世尊来了”,纷纷出迎,以极为隆重的恭敬迎请十力者入城,安排好座位,请世尊在殊胜的座上就坐,并向以佛陀为首的比丘僧团行了大供养。世尊用完饭食后心想:“倘若在此为他们说法,地方过于狭窄,人们连立足以安坐之处都没有,然而大集会是必定会出现的。”显示巴利原文
Bhagavā kira imassa suttassa samuṭṭhānasamaye paccūsakāle mahākaruṇāsamāpattito vuṭṭhāya lokaṃ volokento imāya anāgatavaṃsadīpikāya suttantakathāya mātulanagaravāsīnaṃ caturāsītiyā pāṇasahassānaṃ dhammābhisamayaṃ disvā pātova vīsatibhikkhusahassaparivāro mātulanagaraṃ sampatto. Mātulanagaravāsino khattiyā ‘‘bhagavā āgato’’ti sutvā paccuggamma dasabalaṃ nimantetvā mahāsakkārena nagaraṃ pavesetvā nisajjaṭṭhānaṃ saṃvidhāya bhagavantaṃ mahārahe pallaṅke nisīdāpetvā buddhappamukhassa bhikkhusaṅghassa mahādānaṃ adaṃsu. Bhagavā bhattakiccaṃ niṭṭhāpetvā cintesi – ‘‘sacāhaṃ imasmiṃ ṭhāne imesaṃ manussānaṃ dhammaṃ desessāmi, ayaṃ padeso sambādho, manussānaṃ ṭhātuṃ vā nisīdituṃ vā okāso na bhavissati, mahatā kho pana samāgamena bhavitabba’’nti.
于是,他并未为那些王族作饭后的随喜祝愿,便直接持钵出城了。众人心想:“导师竟不为我们随喜便离去了,定是斋饭不合他的心意。诸佛的心意实在难以揣度,与佛陀亲近,就好比用手去抓一条昂首欲噬的毒蛇一般。来吧,诸位,我们向如来请求宽恕吧。”于是全城居民都跟随世尊一同出城。世尊边走边望见摩揭陀的田野中有一棵舅父树,枝条繁茂,树荫浓密,树根周围平整铺展出一片约一牛轭见方的地面。他心想:“就在这棵树下为大众说法,大家便都有站立和安坐的空间了。”于是他从路上折回,偏离道路走到那棵树下,随后望向持法藏的阿难长老。长老一见世尊的目光,便知“导师想坐下”,于是铺开善逝的大衣,递上。世尊在铺好的座位上坐下。随后,大众坐在他前方,两旁和后方是比丘僧团,虚空中还有天神们伫立。如此处于大集会中,世尊便对比丘们说法。显示巴利原文
Atha rājakulānaṃ bhattānumodanaṃ akatvāva pattaṃ gahetvā nagarato nikkhami. Manussā cintayiṃsu – ‘‘satthā amhākaṃ anumodanampi akatvā gacchati, addhā bhattaggaṃ amanāpaṃ ahosi, buddhānaṃ nāma na sakkā cittaṃ gahetuṃ, buddhehi saddhiṃ vissāsakaraṇaṃ nāma samussitaphaṇaṃ āsīvisaṃ gīvāya gahaṇasadisaṃ hoti; etha bho, tathāgataṃ khamāpessāmā’’ti. Sakalanagaravāsino bhagavatā saheva nikkhantā. Bhagavā gacchantova magadhakkhette ṭhitaṃ sākhāviṭapasampannaṃ sandacchāyaṃ karīsamattabhūmipatthaṭaṃ ekaṃ mātularukkhaṃ disvā imasmiṃ rukkhamūle nisīditvā dhamme desiyamāne ‘‘mahājanassa ṭhānanisajjanokāso bhavissatī’’ti. Nivattitvā maggā okkamma rukkhamūlaṃ upasaṅkamitvā dhammabhaṇḍāgārikaṃ ānandattheraṃ olokesi. Thero olokitasaññāya eva ‘‘satthā nisīditukāmo’’ti ñatvā sugatamahācīvaraṃ paññapetvā adāsi. Nisīdi bhagavā paññatte āsane. Athassa purato manussā nisīdiṃsu. Ubhosu passesu pacchato ca bhikkhusaṅgho, ākāse devatā aṭṭhaṃsu, evaṃ mahāparisamajjhagato tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi.
“那些比丘”是指当时坐在那里受法的比丘们。“自灯明”的意思是:以自己为灯、为庇护、为洞穴、为归趣、为依止、为立足处而安住。“自皈依”是它的同义词。“不他皈依”则是否定依凭他人的说法。因为他人不能成为他人的皈依处,依仗他人的精进,并不能令他人清净。诚如所言:“自己正是自己的主人,他人如何能作主人?”(《法句经》160)。故说“不他皈依”。那么,这里所说的“自己”究竟指什么呢?指出世间法与世间法。所以接着说:“法灯明,法皈依,不他皈依”。至于“于身观身”等内容,在《大念处经》中已有详尽解说。显示巴利原文
Te bhikkhūti tatra upaviṭṭhā dhammappaṭiggāhakā bhikkhū. Attadīpāti attānaṃ dīpaṃ tāṇaṃ leṇaṃ gatiṃ parāyaṇaṃ patiṭṭhaṃ katvā viharathāti attho. Attasaraṇāti idaṃ tasseva vevacanaṃ. Anaññasaraṇāti idaṃ aññasaraṇapaṭikkhepavacanaṃ. Na hi añño aññassa saraṇaṃ hoti, aññassa vāyāmena aññassa asujjhanato. Vuttampi cetaṃ ‘‘attā hi attano nātho, ko hi nātho paro siyā’’ti (dha. pa. 160). Tenāha ‘‘anaññasaraṇā’’ti. Ko panettha attā nāma, lokiyalokuttaro dhammo. Tenāha – ‘‘dhammadīpā dhammasaraṇā anaññasaraṇā’’ti. ‘‘Kāye kāyānupassī’’tiādīni mahāsatipaṭṭhāne vitthāritāni.
“行境”是指适合游行的地方。“自”是指自己的。“祖传境域”是指从父祖那里继承的领域。“行”是指正在游行的那类人。另有“carantaṃ”的读法,意义相同。“不得”是指得不到、看不见。“魔”是指天子魔、死魔、烦恼魔。“机会”是指间隙、漏洞、缺口。而这一层意义,应当以“鹌鹑从土块处出来,坐在门楼上晒太阳,却被老鹰捉住”的故事来说明。正如这样说过:显示巴利原文
Gocareti carituṃ yuttaṭṭhāne. Saketi attano santake. Pettike visayeti pitito āgatavisaye. Caratanti carantānaṃ. ‘‘Caranta’’ntipi pāṭho, ayamevattho. Na lacchatīti na labhissati na passissati. Māroti devaputtamāropi, maccumāropi, kilesamāropi. Otāranti randhaṃ chiddaṃ vivaraṃ. Ayaṃ panattho leḍḍuṭṭhānato nikkhamma toraṇe nisīditvā bālātapaṃ tapantaṃ lāpaṃ sakuṇaṃ gahetvā. Pakkhandasenasakuṇavatthunā dīpetabbo. Vuttañhetaṃ –
“诸比丘,从前,有一只老鹰突然扑向一只鹌鹑,抓住了它。那时,诸比丘,那只鹌鹑被老鹰抓着飞行,便这样悲叹道:‘我真是没有福报,真是不幸!我跑到了不该去的地方,闯入了别人的领域。若是我今天在自己的祖传境域中活动,这只老鹰岂能在搏斗中胜过我!’老鹰问:‘鹌鹑,你所说的祖传境域是哪里?’鹌鹑答:‘就是那耕田翻起的土块之处。’于是,诸比丘,那只老鹰仗着自己力量强大,不以为意,放了鹌鹑,说道:‘去吧,鹌鹑,就算你到了那里,也逃不掉的!’”显示巴利原文
‘‘Bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave, sakuṇagghi lāpaṃ sakuṇaṃ sahasā ajjhappattā aggahesi. Atha kho, bhikkhave, lāpo sakuṇo sakuṇagghiyā hariyamāno evaṃ paridevasi ‘mayamevamha alakkhikā, mayaṃ appapuññā, ye mayaṃ agocare carimha paravisaye, sacejja mayaṃ gocare careyyāma sake pettike visaye, na myāyaṃ sakuṇagghi alaṃ abhavissa yadidaṃ yuddhāyā’ti. Ko pana te lāpa gocaro sako pettiko visayoti? Yadidaṃ naṅgalakaṭṭhakaraṇaṃ leḍḍuṭṭhānanti. Atha kho, bhikkhave, sakuṇagghi sake bale apatthaddhā sake bale asaṃvadamānā lāpaṃ sakuṇaṃ pamuñci gaccha kho tvaṃ lāpa, tatrapi gantvā na mokkhasīti.
“诸比丘,那时,鹌鹑便去到犁耕之地——也就是有土块的地方,爬上一块大土块,站在上面向老鹰叫阵说:‘来吧,老鹰!来吧,老鹰!’诸比丘,那老鹰仗恃着自己的气力,也不掂量一下,收拢双翼,猛然朝鹌鹑直扑过去。诸比丘,当鹌鹑觉察到‘这只老鹰正飞速扑来’,当即钻进那土块间的缝隙里。诸比丘,就在那时,老鹰当场撞得胸部粉碎。诸比丘,这便是那些在不属于自己的行境、在他人领域到处乱跑的人将要遭遇的事。”显示巴利原文
Atha kho , bhikkhave, lāpo sakuṇo naṅgalakaṭṭhakaraṇaṃ leḍḍuṭṭhānaṃ gantvā mahantaṃ leḍḍuṃ abhiruhitvā sakuṇagghiṃ vadamāno aṭṭhāsi ‘‘ehi kho dāni me sakuṇagghi, ehi kho dāni me sakuṇagghī’’ti. Atha kho sā, bhikkhave, sakuṇagghi sake bale apatthaddhā sake bale asaṃvadamānā ubho pakkhe sannayha lāpaṃ sakuṇaṃ sahasā ajjhappattā. Yadā kho, bhikkhave, aññāsi lāpo sakuṇo bahuāgatā kho myāyaṃ sakuṇagghīti, atha kho tasseva leḍḍussa antaraṃ paccupādi. Atha kho, bhikkhave, sakuṇagghi tattheva uraṃ paccatāḷesi. Evañhi taṃ, bhikkhave, hoti yo agocare carati paravisaye.
因此,比丘们,不要游走于非行境、他人的领域。比丘们,若游走于非行境、他人领域,魔便会得到机会,魔便会得到所缘。那么,比丘们,什么是比丘的非行境、他人领域呢?正是这五种欲。哪五种呢?眼识所认知的可爱、可乐、可意、可悦、与欲相应、能引生染着之色;耳识所认知的可爱、可乐、可意、可悦、与欲相应、能引生染着之声;鼻识所认知的可爱、可乐、可意、可悦、与欲相应、能引生染着之香;舌识所认知的可爱、可乐、可意、可悦、与欲相应、能引生染着之味;身识所认知的可爱、可乐、可意、可悦、与欲相应、能引生染着之触。比丘们,这就是比丘的非行境、他人领域。显示巴利原文
Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, mā agocare carittha paravisaye, agocare, bhikkhave, carataṃ paravisaye lacchati māro otāraṃ, lacchati māro ārammaṇaṃ. Ko ca, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno agocaro paravisayo, yadidaṃ pañca kāmaguṇā. Katame pañca? Cakkhuviññeyyā rūpā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā, sotaviññeyyā saddā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā, ghānaviññeyyā gandhā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā, jivhāviññeyyā rasā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā, kāyaviññeyyā phoṭṭhabbā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā kāmūpasaṃhitā rajanīyā. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno agocaro paravisayo.
比丘们,你们应游走于自己的行境……魔便无机可乘,得不到所缘。那么,比丘们,什么是比丘的行境——自己父祖的领域呢?即是这四念处。哪四种呢?比丘们,于此,比丘于身随观身而住,精勤、正知、具念,在世间断除贪忧;于受随观受而住,精勤、正知、具念,在世间断除贪忧;于心随观心而住,精勤、正知、具念,在世间断除贪忧;于法随观法而住,精勤、正知、具念,在世间断除贪忧。比丘们,这就是比丘的行境——自己父祖的领域。显示巴利原文
Gocare, bhikkhave, caratha…pe… na lacchati māro ārammaṇaṃ. Ko ca, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno gocaro sako pettiko visayo, yadidaṃ cattāro satipaṭṭhānā. Katame cattāro? Idha bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; vedanāsu vedanānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; citte cittānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ; dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ – ayaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno gocaro sako pettiko visayoti (saṃ. ni. 5.371).
“善的”指具有无过失的特性。“因受持”指由受持而如法奉行的原因。“如是此福德增长”是说,如是世间与出世间的福德果得以增长;而这里所说的“福德果”,亦应理解为次第增上的福德与福报。显示巴利原文
Kusalānanti anavajjalakkhaṇānaṃ. Samādānahetūti samādāya vattanahetu. Evamidaṃ puññaṃ pavaḍḍhatīti evaṃ idaṃ lokiyalokuttaraṃ puññaphalaṃ vaḍḍhati, puññaphalanti ca uparūpari puññampi puññavipākopi veditabbo.
坚念转轮王事义注显示巴利原文
Daḷhanemicakkavattirājakathāvaṇṇanā
81 善有两种:趣向轮回的善与趣向还灭的善。其中,趣向轮回的善,是指父母对子女、子女对父母,由爱执而生起的柔软温和之心。趣向还灭的善,则是指以“四念处”等为分类的三十七菩提分法。趣向轮回的福德,其最终成就为人间转轮王的祥瑞与荣华;而趣向还灭的善,则成就道、果与涅槃。至于趣向还灭之善的果报,将于经文末尾开示。显示巴利原文
81. Tattha duvidhaṃ kusalaṃ vaṭṭagāmī ca vivaṭṭagāmī ca. Tattha vaṭṭagāmikusalaṃ nāma mātāpitūnaṃ puttadhītāsu puttadhītānañca mātāpitūsu sinehavasena mudumaddavacittaṃ. Vivaṭṭagāmikusalaṃ nāma ‘‘cattāro satipaṭṭhānā’’tiādibhedā sattatiṃsa bodhipakkhiyadhammā. Tesu vaṭṭagāmipuññassa pariyosānaṃ manussaloke cakkavattisirīvibhavo. Vivaṭṭagāmikusalassa maggaphalanibbānasampatti. Tattha vivaṭṭagāmikusalassa vipākaṃ suttapariyosāne dassessati.
然而,在此为开示趣向轮回之善的果报,世尊先说道:“比丘们,当子女不依父母教导而住时,便会在寿命、容貌和自在力上退减;当他们依教导而住时,便在这些方面增长。”随后,依循趣向轮回之善的脉络,开始讲述“比丘们,于过去世……”的教说。此中的“转轮王”等词,在《大本行》(长部注疏2.33)中已有详细解说。显示巴利原文
Idha pana vaṭṭagāmikusalassa vipākadassanatthaṃ, bhikkhave, yadā puttadhītaro mātāpitūnaṃ ovāde na aṭṭhaṃsu, tadā āyunāpi vaṇṇenāpi issariyenāpi parihāyiṃsu. Yadā pana aṭṭhaṃsu, tadā vaḍḍhiṃsūti vatvā vaṭṭagāmikusalānusandhivasena ‘‘bhūtapubbaṃ, bhikkhave’’ti desanaṃ ārabhi. Tattha cakkavattītiādīni mahāpadāne (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 2.33) vitthāritāneva.
82 「稍微下移」:指即便只有一点点的向下沉降。「离于本处」:指完全脱离原本的位置。据说,那轮宝在内宫门前,犹如卡在车轴上一般停于空中。于是,人们在轮宝两侧各钉下一根金合欢木柱,在轮宝上方朝轮辋绑一根线绳,在下方同样朝轮辋绑一根线绳。在此,轮宝只要从上方的线绳处稍稍往下沉一丁点,便称为“下移”;一旦它越过上方的端点,落到下方线绳所在的位置,便称为“离于本处”。而这种情况只有在过失极为深重时才会发生。哪怕只偏离了一根线绳、或一两个手指宽的距离,就已经算作“离于本处”。所谓“稍微下移,离于本处”,正是针对这种情况而说的。显示巴利原文
82.Osakkitanti īsakampi avasakkitaṃ. Ṭhānā cutanti sabbaso ṭhānā apagataṃ. Taṃ kira cakkaratanaṃ antepuradvāre akkhāhataṃ viya vehāsaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Athassa ubhosu passesu dve khadiratthambhe nikhaṇitvā cakkaratanamatthake nemiabhimukhaṃ ekaṃ suttakaṃ bandhiṃsu. Adhobhāgepi nemiabhimukhaṃ ekaṃ bandhiṃsu. Tesu uparimasuttato appamattakampi ogataṃ cakkaratanaṃ osakkitaṃ nāma hoti, heṭṭhā suttassa ṭhānaṃ uparimakoṭiyā atikkantagataṃ ṭhānā cutaṃ nāma hoti, tadetaṃ atibalavadose sati evaṃ hoti. Suttamattampi ekaṅguladvaṅgulamattaṃ vā bhaṭṭhaṃ ṭhānā cutameva hoti. Taṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cuta’’nti.
「到那时,你就告知我。」孩子,从今天起,你每天三次前往轮宝处侍奉、巡视。在巡视时,一旦见到轮宝哪怕略微下移、偏离原位,那时你便应当告诉我。我的寿命就交付在你手中了。「见到」:王子不放逸,每日三次前去观察,终于有一天见到了。显示巴利原文
Atha me āroceyyāsīti tāta, tvaṃ ajja ādiṃ katvā divasassa tikkhattuṃ cakkaratanassa upaṭṭhānaṃ gaccha, evaṃ gacchanto yadā cakkaratanaṃ īsakampi osakkitaṃ ṭhānā cutaṃ passasi, atha mayhaṃ ācikkheyyāsi. Jīvitañhi me tava hatthe nikkhittanti. Addasāti appamatto divasassa tikkhattuṃ gantvā olokento ekadivasaṃ addasa.
83 「诸比丘,那时」:比丘们,那时,坚念王听说「轮宝下移了」,心中生起极大的忧恼,哭着悲叹道:「看来我活不久了,我的寿命将尽了。现在不是我再享受欲乐的时候,如今正是我应当出家的时候。」于是,他召来最年长的王子,这样说。「以大海为边际」:指以海洋为边界的大地,这其实是他的家族世代传承的国土。至于以轮围山为边界的大地,那是依凭福德神通力而出现的,无法随意赠予,因此他在交付家传国土时,说「以大海为边际」。「剃除须发」:凡是出家成为苦行者的,都先剃掉须发,之后便蓄留长发,束发而行。所以经文说「剃除须发」。显示巴利原文
83.Athakho, bhikkhaveti bhikkhave, atha rājā daḷhanemi ‘‘cakkaratanaṃ osakkita’’nti sutvā uppannabalavadomanasso ‘‘na dāni mayā ciraṃ jīvitabbaṃ bhavissati, appāvasesaṃ me āyu, na me dāni kāme paribhuñjanakālo, pabbajjākālo me idānī’’ti roditvā paridevitvā jeṭṭhaputtaṃ kumāraṃ āmantāpetvā etadavoca. Samuddapariyantanti parikkhittaekasamuddapariyantameva. Idaṃ hissa kulasantakaṃ. Cakkavāḷapariyantaṃ pana puññiddhivasena nibbattaṃ, na taṃ sakkā dātuṃ. Kulasantakaṃ pana niyyātento ‘‘samuddapariyanta’’nti āha. Kesamassunti tāpasapabbajjaṃ pabbajantāpi hi paṭhamaṃ kesamassuṃ ohārenti. Tato paṭṭhāya parūḷhakese bandhitvā vicaranti. Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘kesamassuṃ ohāretvā’’ti.
「袈裟衣」:指被黄褐色染料染过的衣服。最初如此制成,后来也穿着树皮衣。「出家」:指出家。他出家后,便住于自己那座吉祥的林苑中。「在国王仙人」:指在国王仙人当中。婆罗门出家者称为「婆罗门仙人」,而舍弃白伞盖、从王族出家者则称为「国王仙人」。「隐没」:即消失不见,如同寂灭者的灯焰熄灭一般,归于无有。「他感知」:指他哭着、悲叹着使人知道。「父祖的」:意即并非从父亲那里承继下来的遗产,一个懈怠、精进力低劣、奉行十不善业道的人,是无法获得的。这即是开示:依靠自己所行的善业,圆满十种或十二种轮王德行才能得到。随后,为了激励他实践德行,经文说:「来,你……」等等。此处「圣」是指无过失的。「轮王德行」即转轮王们所奉行的德行。显示巴利原文
Kāsāyānīti kasāyarasapītāni. Ādito evaṃ katvā pacchā vakkalānipi dhārenti. Pabbajīti pabbajito. Pabbajitvā ca attano maṅgalavanuyyāneyeva vasi. Rājisimhīti rājaīsimhi. Brāhmaṇapabbajitā hi ‘‘brāhmaṇisayo’’ti vuccanti. Setacchattaṃ pana pahāya rājapabbajitā rājisayoti. Antaradhāyīti antarahitaṃ nibbutadīpasikhā viya abhāvaṃ upagataṃ. Paṭisaṃvedesīti kandanto paridevanto jānāpesi. Pettikanti pitito āgataṃ dāyajjaṃ na hoti, na sakkā kusītena hīnavīriyena dasa akusalakammapathe samādāya vattantena pāpuṇituṃ. Attano pana sukataṃ kammaṃ nissāya dasavidhaṃ dvādasavidhaṃ vā cakkavattivattaṃ pūrentenevetaṃ pattabbanti dīpeti. Atha naṃ vattapaṭipattiyaṃ codento ‘‘iṅgha tva’’ntiādimāha. Tattha ariyeti niddose. Cakkavattivatteti cakkavattīnaṃ vatte.
轮王圣德释论显示巴利原文
Cakkavattiariyavattavaṇṇanā
84 「法」:指十善业道法。
「依止」:以彼为心的决定所依,以此法作为靠山。
「恭敬法」:为使所作之法成为善作,而如此行持。
「尊重法」:因对法生起尊重之心,而尊重于法。
「敬奉法」:将此法视为可爱、应修习,而安住其中。
「供养法」:以香、花鬘等供养物,对其作供养。
「对法行谦恭」:对此法以合掌等方式,表现出谦卑恭敬的姿态。
「以法为幢以法为旗」:将那法如同幢一般敬奉在前,如同旗一般高高举起而行,由此成为以法为幢、以法为旗的人。
「以法为增上」:成为以法为最上者,于一切行事中唯以法为指导原则,因而成为以法为增上者。
「你们应安排如法的守护、防护、保护」:有法之人称为“如法的”;守护、防护与保护合称为“守护防护保护”。其中,依“护他即护己”之说,忍耐等为守护。世尊也曾说:“诸比丘,如何是护他即护己?即以忍耐、无害、慈心、怜悯。”对住所、衣物等的防护,称为防护;为防止盗贼等灾祸而作的看护,则为保护。以上这一切,你们都应当妥善安排、推行、建立。现在,为了说明应当在哪些对象上安排这些,经文说:“于显示巴利原文
84.Dhammanti dasakusalakammapathadhammaṃ. Nissāyāti tadadhiṭṭhānena cetasā tameva nissayaṃ katvā. Dhammaṃ sakkarontoti yathā kato so dhammo suṭṭhu kato hoti, evametaṃ karonto. Dhammaṃ garuṃ karontoti tasmiṃ gāravuppattiyā taṃ garuṃ karonto. Dhammaṃ mānentoti tameva dhammaṃ piyañca bhāvanīyañca katvā viharanto. Dhammaṃ pūjentoti taṃ apadisitvā gandhamālādipūjanenassa pūjaṃ karonto. Dhammaṃapacayamānoti tasseva dhammassa añjalikaraṇādīhi nīcavuttitaṃ karonto. Dhammaddhajodhammaketūti taṃ dhammaṃ dhajamiva purakkhatvā ketumiva ca ukkhipitvā pavattiyā dhammaddhajo dhammaketu ca hutvāti attho. Dhammādhipateyyoti dhammādhipatibhūto āgatabhāvena dhammavaseneva sabbakiriyānaṃ karaṇena dhammādhipateyyo hutvā. Dhammikaṃ rakkhāvaraṇaguttiṃ saṃvidahassūti dhammo assā atthīti dhammikā, rakkhā ca āvaraṇañca gutti ca rakkhāvaraṇagutti . Tattha ‘‘paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhatī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.385) vacanato khantiādayo rakkhā. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘kathañca, bhikkhave, paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhati. Khantiyā avihiṃsāya mettacittatā anuddayatā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.385). Nivāsanapārupanagehādīnaṃ nivāraṇā āvaraṇaṃ, corādiupaddavanivāraṇatthaṃ gopāyanā gutti, taṃ sabbampi suṭṭhu saṃvidahassu pavattaya ṭhapehīti attho. Idāni yattha sā saṃvidahitabbā, taṃ dassento antojanasmintiādimāha.
此处简略说明其含义:你应将称为“内眷”的妻儿们,安立于戒律的防护之中,并供给他们衣服、香、花鬘等物,还要为他们遮止一切灾祸。对于军队等,也是同样的道理。不过有一点差别:对于军队,应按时以饭食、薪饷等加以照顾。对于已受灌顶的刹帝利,应以良马、骏乘等宝物来亲近、利益他们。对于随行的刹帝利,也应以适合的车乘、坐骑等令其满意。对于婆罗门,则以食物、饮料、衣物等可以布施的物品来对待。对于居士,应以饭食、种子、犁、犁铧、耕牛等施予他们。同样地,住在市镇及地方上的人也是如此。对于已经止息恶行、断除诸恶的沙门、婆罗门,则应以沙门所需的资具来供养恭敬。对于鹿、鸟等动物,应以无畏施来安抚它们。显示巴利原文
Tatrāyaṃ saṅkhepattho – antojanasaṅkhātaṃ tava puttadāraṃ sīlasaṃvare patiṭṭhapehi, vatthagandhamālādīni cassa dehi, sabbopaddave cassa nivārehi. Balakāyādīsupi eseva nayo. Ayaṃ pana viseso – balakāyo kālaṃ anatikkamitvā bhattavetanasampadānenapi anuggahetabbo. Abhisittakhattiyā bhadrassājāneyyādiratanasampadānenapi upasaṅgaṇhitabbā. Anuyantakhattiyā tesaṃ anurūpayānavāhanasampadānenapi paritosetabbā. Brāhmaṇā annapānavatthādinā deyyadhammena. Gahapatikā bhattabījanaṅgalaphālabalibaddādisampadānena. Tathā nigamavāsino negamā, janapadavāsino ca jānapadā. Samitapāpabāhitapāpā samaṇabrāhmaṇā samaṇaparikkhārasampadānena sakkātabbā. Migapakkhino abhayadānena samassāsetabbā.
「在自己的治权内」:指自己所管辖、命令能推行的地方。
「非法行」:指不合法的行为。
「不要让它生起」:意思是,你应当如此处理,使非法行不会发生。
「沙门婆罗门」:指已经止息恶行、断除诸恶的人。
「已离憍与放逸」:指已远离了九种骄慢,并远离了在五种欲功德上放纵心意的放逸。
「住于忍与善调」:意思是安住于忍辱与柔和善顺的品性中。
「独自调御」:他们因调伏了自身的贪等烦恼,故被称为能独自调伏自己、寂静、趋向般涅槃的人。
「应时时前往亲近」:意思是,应当像避开粪便、毒药、烈火那样,好好地避开他们;
而「取而受持」:意思是,应当像拿起妙花环、捧起甘露一样,好好地领受并奉行法。显示巴利原文
Vijiteti attano āṇāpavattiṭṭhāne. Adhammakāroti adhammakiriyā. Mā pavattitthāti yathā nappavattati, tathā naṃ paṭipādehīti attho. Samaṇabrāhmaṇāti samitapāpabāhitapāpā. Madappamādāpaṭiviratāti navavidhā mānamadā, pañcasu kāmaguṇesu cittavossajjanasaṅkhātā pamādā ca paṭiviratā. Khantisoracce niviṭṭhāti adhivāsanakhantiyañca suratabhāve ca patiṭṭhitā. Ekamattānanti attano rāgādīnaṃ damanādīhi ekamattānaṃ damenti samenti parinibbāpentīti vuccanti. Kālena kālanti kāle kāle . Abhinivajjeyyāsīti gūthaṃ viya visaṃ viya aggiṃ viya ca suṭṭhu vajjeyyāsi. Samādāyāti surabhikusumadāmaṃ viya amataṃ viya ca sammā ādāya pavatteyyāsi.
在此应作总结:于内眷中行此,于军队中行此,于刹帝利中行此,于随从者中行此,于婆罗门居士中行此,于城乡民众中行此,于沙门婆罗门中行此,于鹿鸟等生灵中行此,禁止非法行,给予贫困者财物,亲近沙门婆罗门请问教法——如此共有十种。若将居士与禽鸟分别计算,则成十二种;或将前文未提及的‘断除对非法的贪着’与‘断除不合理的贪欲’这两项也算入,应知也是十二种。亲爱的孩子,这便是所谓的十种或十二种圣转轮王之行仪。‘正在奉行者’:即圆满实践这些德行的人。‘在那布萨日’等,相关内容在《大善见王经》中已作解说。显示巴利原文
Idha ṭhatvā vattaṃ samānetabbaṃ. Antojanasmiṃ balakāyepi ekaṃ, khattiyesu ekaṃ, anuyantesu ekaṃ, brāhmaṇagahapatikesu ekaṃ, negamajānapadesu ekaṃ, samaṇabrāhmaṇesu ekaṃ, migapakkhīsu ekaṃ, adhammakārappaṭikkhepo ekaṃ, adhanānaṃ dhanānuppadānaṃ ekaṃ samaṇabrāhmaṇe upasaṅkamitvā pañhapucchanaṃ ekanti evametaṃ dasavidhaṃ hoti. Gahapatike pana pakkhijāte ca visuṃ katvā gaṇentassa dvādasavidhaṃ hoti. Pubbe avuttaṃ vā gaṇentena adhammarāgassa ca visamalobhassa ca pahānavasena dvādasavidhaṃ veditabbaṃ. Idaṃ kho tāta tanti idaṃ dasavidhaṃ dvādasavidhañca ariyacakkavattivattaṃ nāma. Vattamānassāti pūretvā vattamānassa. Tadahuposathetiādi mahāsudassane vuttaṃ.
90 ‘以自意’(Samatena):指凭着自己的见解。‘Sudan’只是一个语气词。‘治理’(Pasāsati):即统御、教令。这句话的意思是:抛弃了往昔的国王世系、王族传承与为君之道,仅凭一己之见来治理国境。就这样,他就像摩伽提婆世系中的迦罗罗遮那迦王,又如同坚念世系的断绝者——此世系最后的那一位一样,从而出现了。‘以往’(Pubbenāparanti):意思是说,从前如何,后来也应与之相应。‘地方不繁荣’(Janapadā na pabbanti):即不再增长。‘如从前那样’(Yathā taṃ pubbakānaṃ)的意思是:不能像从前那些国王那样,前后保持一贯而使国土繁荣。正因为不能如彼,所以便不繁荣,有些地方变得杳无人烟,饱受杀戮与劫掠,就连油、蜜、糖浆以及粥饭等食物的营养也都衰退耗尽了。显示巴利原文
90.Samatenāti attano matiyā. Sudanti nipātamattaṃ. Pasāsatīti anusāsati. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – porāṇakaṃ rājavaṃsaṃ rājapaveṇiṃ rājadhammaṃ pahāya attano matimatte ṭhatvā janapadaṃ anusāsatīti. Evamayaṃ maghadevavaṃsassa kaḷārajanako viya daḷhanemivaṃsassa upacchedako antimapuriso hutvā uppanno. Pubbenāparanti pubbakālena sadisā hutvā aparakālaṃ. Janapadā na pabbantīti na vaḍḍhanti. Yathā taṃ pubbakānanti yathā pubbakānaṃ rājūnaṃ pubbe ca pacchā ca sadisāyeva hutvā pabbiṃsu, tathā na pabbanti. Katthaci suññā honti hataviluttā, telamadhuphāṇitādīsu ceva yāgubhattādīsu ca ojāpi parihāyitthāti attho.
‘大臣与廷众’(Amaccā pārisajjā):指大臣们以及在朝堂集会中随侍之人。‘算师与大官’(Gaṇakamahāmattā):指诵读无缺字等经典的算师,以及高级大臣。‘象马等教官’(Anīkaṭṭhā):指调象师等教习。‘守门人’(Dovārikā):即守护城门者。‘依慧而生者’(Mantassājīvino):智慧被称为“mantā”,依止智慧而谋生的人,也就是贤明的大臣们,这是他们的称谓。显示巴利原文
Amaccā pārisajjāti amaccā ceva parisāvacarā ca. Gaṇakamahāmattāti acchiddakādipāṭhagaṇakā ceva mahāamaccā ca. Anīkaṭṭhāti hatthiācariyādayo. Dovārikāti dvārarakkhino. Mantassājīvinoti mantā vuccati paññā, taṃ nissayaṃ katvā ye jīvanti paṇḍitā mahāmattā, tesaṃ etaṃ nāmaṃ.
寿命、容貌等衰退论的注释显示巴利原文
Āyuvaṇṇādiparihānikathāvaṇṇanā
91 “但他没有给予穷人”(Noca kho adhanānaṃ),意思是由于贪欲太重,他没有将财富给予那些穷困的人。“在没有给予时”(Nānuppadiyamāne),即不给予的时候,有的版本即如此读。“贫困之态”(Dāliddiyanti),指那种贫穷的状态。“你也应自活”(Attanā ca jīvāhī),意为你就自己设法活命吧。关于“向上导向的”(Uddhaggikanti)等词:由于能在上界次第结生果报,它有向上的道路,故称“向上导向的”;能为天界带来利益,在那里结生,故称“能生天的”(sovaggikā);在生起之处会有快乐的异熟,故称“有乐异熟的”(sukhavipākā);因为能善巧地生起十种天界容貌等殊胜之最胜,故称“导致生天的”(saggasaṃvattanikā)。他便是如此建立这种布施的。显示巴利原文
91.Noca kho adhanānanti balavalobhattā pana adhanānaṃ daliddamanussānaṃ dhanaṃ nānuppadāsi. Nānuppadiyamāneti ananuppadiyamāne, ayameva vā pāṭho. Dāliddiyanti daliddabhāvo. Attanā ca jīvāhīti sayañca jīvaṃ yāpehīti attho. Uddhaggikantiādīsu uparūparibhūmīsu phaladānavasena uddhamaggamassāti uddhaggikā. Saggassa hitā tatrupapattijananatoti sovaggikā. Nibbattaṭṭhāne sukho vipāko assāti sukhavipākā. Suṭṭhu aggānaṃ dibbavaṇṇādīnaṃ dasannaṃ visesānaṃ nibbattanato saggasaṃvattanikā. Evarūpaṃ dakkhiṇaṃ dānaṃ patiṭṭhapetīti attho.
92 “将会增长”(Pavaḍḍhissatī),即将会增多、变得广大。“我应善加禁止”(Sunisedhaṃ nisedheyyaṃ),意为我要作极为妥善的禁止。“断根”(Mūlaghaccanti),就是从根摧毁。“以粗暴声”(Kharassarenā),即用粗涩严厉的声音。“以宣告行刑的鼓”(Paṇavenā),即用那宣告行刑之鼓。显示巴利原文
92.Pavaḍḍhissatīti vaḍḍhissati bahuṃ bhavissati. Sunisedhaṃ nisedheyyanti suṭṭhu nisiddhaṃ nisedheyyaṃ. Mūlaghaccanti mūlahataṃ. Kharassarenāti pharusasaddena. Paṇavenāti vajjhabheriyā.
93 “我们将砍掉他们的头”(Sīsāni nesaṃ chindissāmā),意思是:哪怕有人只偷走一把根茎,我们也要照样砍掉他们的头,这样便无人知晓曾有偷盗发生。如今我们的王竟亲自这般出来杀人,这对我们来说算什么呢?——这就是他们的用意。“开始从事”(Upakkamiṃsū),即开始去做。“拦路抢劫”(Panthaduhananti),即于道路杀人劫夺,也就是立于道中行盗贼之业。显示巴利原文
93.Sīsāninesaṃ chindissāmāti yesaṃ antamaso mūlakamuṭṭhimpi harissāma, tesaṃ tatheva sīsāni chindissāma, yathā koci haṭabhāvampi na jānissati, amhākaṃ dāni kimettha rājāpi evaṃ uṭṭhāya paraṃ māretīti ayaṃ nesaṃ adhippāyo. Upakkamiṃsūti ārabhiṃsu. Panthaduhananti panthaghātaṃ, panthe ṭhatvā corakammaṃ.
94 据说他心里这样想:“这位国王口头应允‘是的,大王’,随后就处死人。罢了,我便说句妄语吧。”由于恐惧死亡,他便说:“不是,大王。”显示巴利原文
94.Na hi, devāti so kira cintesi – ‘‘ayaṃ rājā saccaṃ devāti mukhapaṭiññāya dinnāya mārāpeti, handāhaṃ musāvādaṃ karomī’’ti, maraṇabhayā ‘‘na hi devā’’ti avoca.
96 “Ekaṃ idaṃ”中的“idaṃ”(此)仅是一个语助词,实际意义是指“一些众生”。“行”(Cāritta)指邪行。“贪欲与瞋恚”(Abhijjhābyāpādā)即贪欲与瞋恚。“邪见”(Micchādiṭṭhi)指诸如“没有布施这回事”等类,这些是执取极端、与正见相违的见解。显示巴利原文
96.Ekidanti ettha idanti nipātamattaṃ, eke sattāti attho. Cārittanti micchācāraṃ. Abhijjhābyāpādāti abhijjhā ca byāpādo ca. Micchādiṭṭhīti natthi dinnantiādikā antaggāhikā paccanīkadiṭṭhi.
101 “Adhammarāga”(非法贪)是指于不应行欲之处——例如对生母、姨母、姑母、舅母等——所生起的贪欲。“Visamalobha”(不平等贪)是指即便在可以受用的事物上,也生起极度强烈的贪欲。“Micchādhamma”(邪法)是指男人对男人、女人对女人所生的欲贪。显示巴利原文
101.Adhammarāgoti mātā mātucchā pitucchā mātulānītiādike ayuttaṭṭhāne rāgo. Visamalobhoti paribhogayuttesupi ṭhānesu atibalavalobho. Micchādhammoti purisānaṃ purisesu itthīnañca itthīsu chandarāgo.
“不孝母”等词中,所谓“孝母”,即利益母亲、于母行正道者;其品德即“孝母性”,是对母亲如法行谊之名。既无此品德,又立于其对立面,即是“不孝母”。“不孝父”等词,亦同此理。“不敬家族长老”,指对家族中长老不修恭敬与谦下之行。显示巴利原文
Amatteyyatātiādīsu mātu hito matteyyo, tassa bhāvo matteyyatā, mātari sammā paṭipattiyā etaṃ nāmaṃ. Tassā abhāvo ceva tappaṭipakkhatā ca amatteyyatā. Apetteyyatādīsupi eseva nayo. Na kule jeṭṭhāpacāyitāti kule jeṭṭhānaṃ apacitiyā nīcavuttiyā akaraṇabhāvo.
关于十岁寿命时的解说显示巴利原文
Dasavassāyukasamayavaṇṇanā
103 “当此之时”谓在此时对于这些人。“堪任为夫”指堪能嫁与丈夫的女子。“此诸味”指世间最上之味。“将极闪耀”谓变得极为璀璨,或即“abyādippissanti”之读法。“善名亦将不存”谓连“善”之名亦不存在,纵然假名亦不可知,此为其义。“将受供养与赞叹”谓将成为应供养者、应赞叹者。据说彼时,有人会对某人如是称颂赞叹:“此人杀母、杀父、夺沙门婆罗门之命,乃至不知有长者在世——真乃之人,竟能如此!”显示巴利原文
103.Yaṃ imesanti yasmiṃ samaye imesaṃ. Alaṃpateyyāti patino dātuṃ yuttā. Imāni rasānīti imāni loke aggarasāni. Atibyādippissantīti ativiya dippissanti, ayameva vā pāṭho. Kusalantipi na bhavissatīti kusalanti nāmampi na bhavissati, paññattimattampi na paññāyissatīti attho. Pujjā ca bhavissanti pāsaṃsā cāti pūjārahā ca bhavissanti pasaṃsārahā ca. Tadā kira manussā ‘‘asukena nāma mātā pahatā, pitā pahato, samaṇabrāhmaṇā jīvitā voropitā, kule jeṭṭhānaṃ atthibhāvampi na jānāti, aho puriso’’ti tameva pūjessanti ceva pasaṃsissanti ca.
“将不会有‘母亲’”谓“此是我母”的尊重心不复生起。她们会如同对待家中一般女子,说种种不正经之语,以不恭敬的方式接近。于姨母等亦同此理。此处,“姨母”指母之姊妹。“舅母”指舅父之妻。“师母”指教授诸般技艺的师长的妻子。“尊长之妻”指叔父等亲长的妻子。“混滥”谓混杂一处,或指界限的毁坏。显示巴利原文
Nabhavissati mātāti vāti ayaṃ mayhaṃ mātāti garucittaṃ na bhavissati. Gehe mātugāmaṃ viya nānāvidhaṃ asabbhikathaṃ kathayamānā agāravupacārena upasaṅkamissanti. Mātucchādīsupi eseva nayo. Ettha ca mātucchāti mātubhaginī. Mātulānīti mātulabhariyā. Ācariyabhariyāti sippāyatanāni sikkhāpakassa ācariyassa bhariyā. Garūnaṃ dārāti cūḷapitumahāpituādīnaṃ bhariyā. Sambhedanti missībhāvaṃ, mariyādabhedaṃ vā.
“猛厉的愤恨将现起”:意为由于强烈的忿怒反复生起,如此愤恨便持续现前。其后二词是其同义词。因为忿怒会激愤内心,所以称为“愤恨”;它能破坏自己及他人的利益安乐,所以称为“瞋”;由于它能污染心,故称为“心的污染”。“猛厉的杀害心”:即使对自己喜爱的人,为杀害对方也会生起杀害心。为显示此心的所依对象,才说了“母亲对于儿子”等语。“捕鹿者”指猎鹿的人。显示巴利原文
Tibbo āghāto paccupaṭṭhito bhavissatīti balavakopo punappunaṃ uppattivasena paccupaṭṭhito bhavissati. Aparāni dve etasseva vevacanāni. Kopo hi cittaṃ āghātetīti āghāto. Attano ca parassa ca hitasukhaṃ byāpādetīti byāpādo. Manopadūsanato manopadosoti vuccati. Tibbaṃ vadhakacittanti piyamānassāpi paraṃ māraṇatthāya vadhakacittaṃ. Tassa vatthuṃ dassetuṃ mātupi puttamhītiādi vuttaṃ. Māgavikassāti migaluddakassa.
104 “刀兵中劫”指由刀兵所成的中劫。这是在坏劫尚未到来之前,世界于其间便已毁坏。中劫有三种:饥荒中劫、疾疫中劫、刀兵中劫。其中,当众生贪欲增盛时,便有饥荒中劫;当愚痴增盛时,便有疾疫中劫;当瞋恚增盛时,便有刀兵中劫。在这些中劫当中,因饥荒中劫而死的有情,绝大多数投生鬼道。为什么呢?因为对食物的渴爱极强。因疾疫中劫而死的有情,绝大多数生到天界。为什么呢?因为他们对其他有情生起慈心,心想:“愿其他有情不至遭遇此病!”因刀兵中劫而死的有情,绝大多数堕入地狱。为什么呢?因为他们彼此生起了极为强烈的愤恨。显示巴利原文
104.Satthantarakappoti satthena antarakappo. Saṃvaṭṭakappaṃ appatvā antarāva lokavināso. Antarakappo ca nāmesa dubbhikkhantarakappo rogantarakappo satthantarakappoti tividho. Tattha lobhussadāya pajāya dubbhikkhantarakappo hoti. Mohussadāya rogantarakappo. Dosussadāya satthantarakappo. Tattha dubbhikkhantarakappena naṭṭhā yebhuyyena pettivisaye upapajjanti. Kasmā? Āhāranikantiyā balavattā. Rogantarakappena naṭṭhā yebhuyyena sagge nibbattanti kasmā? Tesañhi ‘‘aho vataññesaṃ sattānaṃ evarūpo rogo na bhaveyyā’’ti mettacittaṃ uppajjatīti. Satthantarakappena naṭṭhā yebhuyyena niraye upapajjanti. Kasmā? Aññamaññaṃ balavāghātatāya.
“野兽想”:指“这是野兽,这是野兽”这样的想法。“锋利的刀器将在手中出现”:据说,那时凡是用手碰触的任何东西,哪怕一草一叶,都会变成武器。“我们不令任何人……”:意思是“我们没有夺取任何人的生命,也不让我们自己被任何人夺取生命。”“我们不如……”:他们心想:“世界的毁灭已经现前,两个人同住一处根本无法存活。”于是这样思惟。“林丛”:指由草、灌木、蔓藤等构成的、难以进入的处所,称为林。“树丛”:指由树木形成的难以进入之处。“河难渡处”:指河中岛屿等难以通行的处所。“山险”:指因山势而崎岖不平,或山中的险峻之处。“将作平等语”:他们会彼此这样友好地说。显示巴利原文
Migasaññanti ‘‘ayaṃ migo, ayaṃ migo’’ti saññaṃ. Tiṇhāni satthāni hatthesu pātubhavissantīti tesaṃ kira hatthena phuṭṭhamattaṃ yaṃkiñci antamaso tiṇapaṇṇaṃ upādāya āvudhameva bhavissati. Mā ca mayaṃ kañcīti mayaṃ kañci ekapurisampi jīvitā mā voropayimha. Mā ca amhe kocīti amhepi koci ekapuriso jīvitā mā voropayittha. Yaṃnūna mayanti ayaṃ lokavināso paccupaṭṭhito, na sakkā dvīhi ekaṭṭhāne ṭhitehi jīvitaṃ laddhunti maññamānā evaṃ cintayiṃsu. Vanagahananti vanasaṅkhātehi tiṇagumbalatādīhi gahanaṃ duppavesaṭṭhānaṃ. Rukkhagahananti rukkhehi gahanaṃ duppavesaṭṭhānaṃ. Nadīvidugganti nadīnaṃ antaradīpādīsu duggamanaṭṭhānaṃ. Pabbatavisamanti pabbatehi visamaṃ, pabbatesupi vā visamaṭṭhānaṃ. Sabhāgāyissantīti yathā ahaṃ jīvāmi diṭṭhā bho sattā, tvampi tathā jīvasīti evaṃ sammodanakathāya attanā sabhāge karissanti.
这是对「增寿、增容等论」的注释。显示巴利原文
Āyuvaṇṇādivaḍḍhanakathāvaṇṇanā
105 「Āyatanti」意为“大的”。「Pāṇātipātā virameyyāmāti」意为“我们应当远离杀生”,「Pāṇātipātaṃ virameyyāmātipi」也被诵出,在此意为“我们应当断除杀生”。关于「Vīsativassāyukā」(寿命二十岁):父母已远离杀生,为何子女寿命仅有二十岁呢?这是“田地清净”的缘故。因为那些子女的父母已成为持戒者。如此,他们在持戒的胎藏中成长,依凭这种田地清净而获得长寿。而那些在那里死去后又投生至此的,则是凭自身具足的戒行而获得长寿。显示巴利原文
105.Āyatanti mahantaṃ. Pāṇātipātā virameyyāmāti pāṇātipātato osakkeyyāma. Pāṇātipātaṃ virameyyāmātipi sajjhāyanti, tattha pāṇātipātaṃ pajaheyyāmāti attho. Vīsativassāyukāti mātāpitaro pāṇātipātā paṭiviratā, puttā kasmā vīsativassāyukā ahesunti khettavisuddhiyā. Tesañhi mātāpitaro sīlavanto jātā. Iti sīlagabbhe vaḍḍhitattā imāya khettavisuddhiyā dīghāyukā ahesuṃ. Ye panettha kālaṃ katvā tattheva nibbattā, te attanova sīlasampattiyā dīghāyukā ahesuṃ.
「Assāmāti」即“bhaveyyāma”(我们应是)。「Cattārīsavassāyukā」(寿命四十岁)等段落,应理解为是就那些远离不与取等恶行之人而说的。显示巴利原文
Assāmāti bhaveyyāma. Cattārīsavassāyukātiādayo koṭṭhāsā adinnādānādīhi paṭiviratānaṃ vasena veditabbā.
这是对「螺王诞生」的注释。显示巴利原文
Saṅkharājauppattivaṇṇanā
106 「Icchāti」指“请给我饭食”——这样生起的渴爱。「Anasananti」并非指“没有座位”,而是指身体懒惰、懈怠不伸展的状态,即进食之后,因饱胀之缘而生起躺卧的欲望,由此导致身体虚弱的状态——这是它的含义。「Jarāti」指显而易见的衰老。「Kukkuṭasampātikāti」:从一村的屋顶飞起,落在另一村的屋顶,这种距离称为“鸡飞的距离”;具有这种距离的,便称为“鸡飞距离的(村庄)”。另有异读作「Kukkuṭasampādikā」,意为鸡以脚从一村行至另一村的距离,称为“鸡行距离”,这些村庄之间也存在这样的间隔。这两种说法都只是表明村落密集相望。「Avīci maññe phuṭo bhavissatīti」意为:想必会像无间大地狱那样,被充满得毫无间隙。显示巴利原文
106.Icchāti mayhaṃ bhattaṃ dethāti evaṃ uppajjanakataṇhā. Anasananti na asanaṃ avipphārikabhāvo kāyālasiyaṃ, bhattaṃ bhuttānaṃ bhattasammadapaccayā nipajjitukāmatājanako kāyadubbalabhāvoti attho. Jarāti pākaṭajarā. Kukkuṭasampātikāti ekagāmassa chadanapiṭṭhato uppatitvā itaragāmassa chadanapiṭṭhe patanasaṅkhāto kukkuṭasampāto. Etāsu atthīti kukkuṭasampātikā. ‘‘Kukkuṭasampādikā’’tipi pāṭho, gāmantarato gāmantaraṃ kukkuṭānaṃ padasā gamanasaṅkhāto kukkuṭasampādo etāsu atthīti attho. Ubhayampetaṃ ghananivāsataṃyeva dīpeti. Avīci maññe phuṭo bhavissatīti avīcimahānirayo viya nirantarapūrito bhavissati.
107 “诸比丘,人寿八万岁时,名为弥勒的世尊将出现于世。”这并不是依寿命增长的阶段而说。因为诸佛不在寿命增劫时出世,而在减劫时出世。因此,意思是:当寿命增长至阿僧祇岁,随后衰减,止于八万岁时,弥勒世尊方现于世。“Pariharissati”是指(弟子们)围绕着他而游行。“Yūpo”意为宫殿。“由摩诃波那德王所建造”:以该王为缘,为令他,天帝释派了毗首羯磨天子前去建造。据说往昔有父子两位竹工,为一位独觉佛用竹子和优昙钵树叶搭建了一座叶屋,请他安住,并以四资具供养。他们命终后,往生天界。父亲留居天界;儿子从天界死后,投生于苏卢西王的王后须弥陀腹中,成为名为摩诃波那德的王子。后来,他登上王位,成为摩诃波那德国王。那时,由他的福德之力,天帝释派遣毗首羯磨天子说:“去为国王建造宫殿!”毗首羯磨便为他化现了一座高二十五由旬、七宝所成、有百层的宫殿。此事在本生经中是这样说的:显示巴利原文
107. ‘‘Asītivassasahassāyukesu, bhikkhave, manussesu metteyyo nāma bhagavā loke uppajjissatī’’ti na vaḍḍhamānakavasena vuttaṃ. Na hi buddhā vaḍḍhamāne āyumhi nibbattanti, hāyamāne pana nibbattanti. Tasmā yadā taṃ āyu vaḍḍhitvā asaṅkheyyataṃ patvā puna hāyamānaṃ asītivassasahassakāle ṭhassati, tadā uppajjissatīti attho. Pariharissatīti idaṃ pana parivāretvā vicarantānaṃ vasena vuttaṃ. Yūpoti pāsādo. Raññā mahāpanādena kārāpitoti raññā hetubhūtena tassatthāya sakkena devarājena vissakammadevaputtaṃ pesetvā kārāpito. Pubbe kira dve pitāputtā naḷakārā paccekabuddhassa naḷehi ca udumbarehi ca paṇṇasālaṃ kārāpetvā taṃ tattha vāsāpetvā catūhi paccayehi upaṭṭhahiṃsu. Te kālaṃ katvā devaloke nibbattā. Tesu pitā devalokeyeva aṭṭhāsi. Putto devalokā cavitvā surucissa rañño deviyā sumedhāya kucchismiṃ nibbatto. Mahāpanādo nāma kumāro ahosi. So aparabhāge chattaṃ ussāpetvā mahāpanādo nāma rājā jāto. Athassa puññānubhāvena sakko devarājā vissakammadevaputtaṃ rañño pāsādaṃ karohīti pahiṇi so tassa pāsādaṃ nimmini pañcavīsatiyojanubbedhaṃ sattaratanamayaṃ satabhūmakaṃ. Yaṃ sandhāya jātake vuttaṃ –
那名为波那德的国王,拥有纯金殿柱;
横向幅度是其十六倍,而向上的高度据说有千数。
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Panādo nāma so rājā, yassa yūpo suvaṇṇayo; Tiriyaṃ soḷasubbedho, uddhamāhu sahassadhā. Sahassakaṇḍo satageṇḍu, dhajālu haritāmayo; Anaccuṃ tattha gandhabbā, cha sahassāni sattadhā. Evametaṃ tadā āsi, yathā bhāsasi bhaddaji; Sakko ahaṃ tadā āsiṃ, veyyāvaccakaro tavā’’ti. (jā. 5.3.42);
那位国王在那里住尽寿命,死后转生天界。当他生于那天界时,那座宫殿便沿恒河顺流而下。宫殿前门阶梯的正对面,建起了一座名为“钵罗耶伽住处”的城市;塔形建筑的正对面,建起了一个名为“拘胝村”的村落。后来,在我们的世尊出世时,那位竹工天子从天界身坏命终,投生人间,成为跋达吉长者,于世尊座下出家,证得阿拉汉果。他在乘船渡恒河那天,向比丘僧团展示了那座宫殿——此事详情,应展开解说。为何那座宫殿未曾消失?这是由于另一位的威神力。曾有一同修福而生天的善男子,未来将成为名为“商佉”的国王。为了令他受用,那座宫殿将会出现,因此未曾消失。显示巴利原文
So rājā tattha yāvatāyukaṃ vasitvā kālaṃ katvā devaloke nibbatti. Tasmiṃ devaloke nibbatte so pāsādo mahāgaṅgāya anusotaṃ pati. Tassa dhurasopānasammukhaṭṭhāne payāgapatiṭṭhānaṃ nāma nagaraṃ māpitaṃ. Thupikāsammukhaṭṭhāne koṭigāmo nāma. Aparabhāge amhākaṃ bhagavato kāle so naḷakāradevaputto devalokato cavitvā manussapathe bhaddajiseṭṭhi nāma hutvā satthu santike pabbajitvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. So nāvāya gaṅgātaraṇadivase bhikkhusaṅghassa taṃ pāsādaṃ dassetīti vatthu vitthāretabbaṃ. Kasmā panesa pāsādo na antarahitoti? Itarassa ānubhāvā. Tena saddhiṃ puññaṃ katvā devaloke nibbattakulaputto anāgate saṅkho nāma rājā bhavissati. Tassa paribhogatthāya so pāsādo uṭṭhahissati, tasmā na antarahitoti.
108 “Ussāpetvā”:即建起那座宫殿。“Ajjhāvasitvā”:即住在那里。“Taṃ datvā vissajjitvā”:即以布施的方式将那座宫殿施与,又以彻底舍离的方式毫无执著地放舍。施与谁呢?施与沙门等。因此经中说:“向沙门、婆罗门、贫穷者、旅人、乞丐等施与布施已。”然而,一座宫殿如何能施与众人呢?据说他这样思惟:“愿此宫殿分散开来。”宫殿便碎裂成碎块。他心中毫无执著,以布施心舍出,说:“谁想要多少,便取多少。”因此经中说:“布施已,在弥勒世尊……时期,将安住。”至此,世尊显示了导向流转的善的连结。显示巴利原文
108.Ussāpetvāti taṃ pāsādaṃ uṭṭhāpetvā. Ajjhāvasitvāti tattha vasitvā. Taṃ datvā vissajjitvāti taṃ pāsādaṃ dānavasena datvā nirapekkho pariccāgavasena ca vissajjitvā. Kassa ca evaṃ datvāti? Samaṇādīnaṃ. Tenāha – ‘‘samaṇabrāhmaṇakapaṇaddhikavanibbakayācakānaṃ dānaṃ datvā’’ti. Kathaṃ pana so ekaṃ pāsādaṃ bahūnaṃ dassatīti? Evaṃ kirassa cittaṃ uppajjissati ‘‘ayaṃ pāsādo vippakiriyatū’’ti. So khaṇḍakhaṇḍaso vippakirissati. So taṃ alaggamānova hutvā ‘‘yo yattakaṃ icchati, so tattakaṃ gaṇhatū’’ti dānavasena vissajjissati. Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘dānaṃ datvā metteyyassa bhagavato…pe… viharissatī’’ti. Ettakena bhagavā vaṭṭagāmikusalassa anusandhiṃ dasseti.
109 现在,为了显示导向出离轮回的善的连结,世尊接着说:“诸比丘,你们要以自己为岛屿而安住……”等。显示巴利原文
109. Idāni vivaṭṭagāmikusalassa anusandhiṃ dassento puna attadīpā, bhikkhave, viharathātiādimāha.
关于比丘的寿命、容貌等增长之说的注释显示巴利原文
Bhikkhuno āyuvaṇṇādivaḍḍhanakathāvaṇṇanā
110 “诸比丘,这是比丘的寿命”:诸比丘,我曾说“你们将以寿命而增长”,此处“比丘的寿命”即指获得寿命的因。因此,这是为了显示:若你们希望以寿命而增长,便应修习这四神足。显示巴利原文
110.Idaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno āyusminti bhikkhave yaṃ vo ahaṃ āyunāpi vaḍḍhissathāti avocaṃ, tattha idaṃ bhikkhuno āyusmiṃ idaṃ āyukāraṇanti attho. Tasmā tumhehi āyunā vaḍḍhitukāmehi ime cattāro iddhipādā bhāvetabbāti dasseti.
“关于容色”:我曾说“你们也将以容色而增长”,此即那里的容色之因。持戒者由于无悔等,身体的光彩得以增长,由声誉而来的功德光彩亦得以增长。因此,这是为了显示:若你们希望以容色而增长,便应具足戒行。显示巴利原文
Vaṇṇasminti yaṃ vo ahaṃ vaṇṇenapi vaḍḍhissathāti avocaṃ, idaṃ tattha vaṇṇakāraṇaṃ. Sīlavato hi avippaṭisārādīnaṃ vasena sarīravaṇṇopi kittivasena guṇavaṇṇopi vaḍḍhati. Tasmā tumhehi vaṇṇena vaḍḍhitukāmehi sīlasampannehi bhavitabbanti dasseti.
「于乐」:我说“你们将因乐而增长”,此处的乐,即是由远离所生的喜、乐等种种禅那之乐。因此,你们若愿以乐而增长,便应修习这四种禅那。显示巴利原文
Sukhasminti yaṃ vo ahaṃ sukhenapi vaḍḍhissathāti avocaṃ, idaṃ tattha vivekajaṃ pītisukhādinānappakārakaṃ jhānasukhaṃ. Tasmā tumhehi sukhena vaḍḍhitukāmehi imāni cattāri jhānāni bhāvetabbāni.
「于财富」:我说“你们将因财富而增长”,那财富即是指:能令无量众生不违逆,具足安卧等十一种利益,遍满一切方的梵住之财富。因此,你们若愿以财富而增长,便应修习这些梵住。显示巴利原文
Bhogasminti yaṃ vo ahaṃ bhogenapi vaḍḍhissathāti avocaṃ, ayaṃ so appamāṇānaṃ sattānaṃ appaṭikūlatāvaho sukhasayanādi ekādasānisaṃso sabbadisāvipphāritabrahmavihārabhogo. Tasmā tumhehi bhogena vaḍḍhitukāmehi ime brahmavihārā bhāvetabbā.
「于力」:我说“你们将因力而增长”,此力即是漏尽时所生起、名为阿拉汉果的力。因此,你们若愿以力而增长,便应为证阿拉汉果而精勤修行。显示巴利原文
Balasminti yaṃ vo ahaṃ balenapi vaḍḍhissathāti avocaṃ, idaṃ āsavakkhayapariyosāne uppannaṃ arahattaphalasaṅkhātaṃ balaṃ. Tasmā tumhehi balena vaḍḍhitukāmehi arahattappattiyā yogo karaṇīyo.
比丘们,所谓“魔之力”,即指天子魔、死魔、烦恼魔这三种魔的力量,难以制伏,难以超越。同样,我在世间不见有任何单一力量可与之相比。然而,这阿拉汉果却能克服它、制胜它、压倒它。因此,说明应当于此精进努力。显示巴利原文
Yathayidaṃ, bhikkhave, mārabalanti yathā idaṃ devaputtamāramaccumārakilesamārānaṃ balaṃ duppasahaṃ durabhisambhavaṃ, evaṃ aññaṃ loke ekabalampi na samanupassāmi. Tampi balaṃ idameva arahattaphalaṃ pasahati abhibhavati ajjhottharati. Tasmā ettheva yogo karaṇīyoti dasseti.
“如是,此福德”:如此,这种出世间福德也增长,直至漏尽。他以阿拉汉果为顶峰,圆满结束了导向出离的善法关联之开示。经文终了时,两万比丘证得阿拉汉果,八万四千众生畅饮了不死甘露。显示巴利原文
Evamidaṃ puññanti evaṃ idaṃ lokuttarapuññampi yāva āsavakkhayā pavaḍḍhatīti vivaṭṭagāmikusalānusandhiṃ niṭṭhapento arahattanikūṭena desanaṃ niṭṭhapesi. Suttapariyosāne vīsati bhikkhusahassāni arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu. Caturāsīti pāṇasahassāni amatapānaṃ piviṃsūti.