《大典尊经》的注释。巴利
6. Mahāgovindasuttavaṇṇanā
293 五髻,是指散开的五缕发辫。四条道路的交会处,是指四条路交汇相通的地方。因为在那种地方建造的殿堂等设施,适合从四方来的人使用。“像这样的”这句话,统摄了清扫树下等处的功德,以及随自己能力施食等功德。经文应读作:“犹如金块般的身体,可爱、可喜、可意。”“千车量”,就是大约一千辆车的载重量。一辆车的载重量是二十筐,一筐是十六斗,一斗应知道是十六升,一罐是十安跋那。有人说是“一千升”。红色金耳饰,是指红色金子制成的耳环。巴利
293.Pañcakuṇḍalikoti vissaṭṭhapañcaveṇiko. Catumaggaṭṭhānesūti catunnaṃ maggānaṃ vinivijjhitvā gataṭṭhānesu. Tattha hi katā sālādayo catūhi disāhi āgatamanussānaṃ upabhogakkhamā honti. ‘‘Evarūpānī’’ti iminā rukkhamūlasodhanādīni ceva yathāsatti annadānādīni ca puññāni saṅgaṇhāti. ‘‘Suvaṇṇakkhandhasadiso attabhāvo iṭṭho kanto manāpo ahosī’’ti pāṭho. Sakaṭasahassamattanti vāhasahassamattaṃ, vāho pana vīsati khārī, khārī soḷasadoṇamattā, doṇaṃ soḷasa nāḷiyo veditabbā. Kumbhaṃ dasambaṇāni. ‘‘Sahassanāḷiyo’’ti keci. Rattasuvaṇṇakaṇṇikanti rattasuvaṇṇamayaṃ vaṭaṃsakaṃ.
因为天神们只有在半夜时分才能得到亲近导师的机会,所以经文说“过了三分之一夜之后”。“超胜的容色”是指极其可爱的容貌;“唯缺少许”则是说略有不足、尚未完全圆满。因为除了世尊近处之外,整座灵鹫山住处都被他的身光照亮了,所以经文说“犹如月天子”等语。巴利
Yasmā majjhimayāme eva devatā satthāraṃ upasaṅkamituṃ avasaraṃ labhanti, tasmā ‘‘ekakoṭṭhāsaṃ atītāyā’’ti vuttaṃ. Atikkantavaṇṇoti ativiya kamanīyarūpo, kevalakappanti vā manaṃ ūnaṃ avasesaṃ, īsakaṃ asamattanti attho bhagavato hi samīpaṭṭhānaṃ muñcitvā sabbo gijjhakūṭavihāro tena obhāsito. Tenāha ‘‘candimā viyā’’tiādi.
天众集会的注释巴利
Devasabhāvaṇṇanā
294 由宝量木顶树的果报而来:这是指用宝石大小的木制尖顶作布施所感得的功德流注,也就是那种功德的果报。由是所生之会堂:指在那建起的侍奉堂中。宝所成:指由红宝石等诸宝所成。楔子:指在柱、梁、榫接等处,用来固定猛兽形等装饰的楔子。巴利
294.Ratanamattakaṇṇikarukkhanissandenāti ratanappamāṇarukkhamayakūṭadānapuññanissandena, tassa vā puññassa nissandaphalabhāvena. Nibbattasabhāyanti samuṭṭhitaupaṭṭhānasālāyaṃ. Maṇimayāti padumarāgādimaṇimayā. Āṇiyoti thambhatulāsaṅghāṭakādīsu vāḷarūpādisaṅghāṭanakaāṇiyo.
乾闼婆王,就是乾闼婆类天神中的王。他把那些住在三十三天附近的四大王天天神放在前面,因此被说成“让两界的天神在前面,然后坐下”。其余三处也是同样的道理。巴利
Gandhabbarājāti gandhabbakāyikānaṃ devatānaṃ rājā. Ye tāvatiṃsānaṃ āsannavāsino cātumahārājikā devā, te purato karonto ‘‘dvīsu devalokesu devatā purato katvā nisinno’’ti vutto. Sesesupi tīsu ṭhānesu eseva nayo.
所谓“龙王”,就是诸龙的主人,但他自己并不是龙族出身。巴利
Nāgarājāti nāgānaṃ adhipati, na pana sayaṃ nāgajātiko.
“坐”(āsati)就是在那里坐下,所以叫座位,也就是坐的地方,因此注释说“坐下用的空间”。其中“在那里”(ettha)这个词只是个小品词,或者也可以理解为“在这段文里”。如果按提取义理的方式来解释,应当就是前面说过的那四种。三十三天以及一部分四大王天众,为了让已经得到的成就保持稳固、为了未来的清净,而守护五戒。他们为了令这些戒清净,便举行自恣集会,因此经中说“在大自恣时”等等。巴利
Āsati nisīdati etthāti āsanaṃ, nisajjaṭṭhānanti āha ‘‘nisīdituṃ okāso’’ti. ‘‘Etthā’’ti padaṃ nipātamattaṃ, etthāti vā etasmiṃ pāṭhe. Atthuddhāranayena vattabbaṃ pubbe vuttaṃ catubbidhameva. Tāvatiṃsā, ekacce ca cātumahārājikā yathāladdhāya sampattiyā thāvarabhāvāya, āyatiṃ sodhanāya ca pañca sīlāni rakkhanti, te tassa visodhanatthaṃ pavāraṇāsaṅgahaṃ karonti. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘mahāpavāraṇāyā’’tiādi.
“千年”是指按人间的时间来算的一千年。巴利
Vassasahassanti manussagaṇanāya vassasahassaṃ.
“叶落”是指叶子已经掉落。“生芽期”是指长出了极小的芽苞。那些极其微细的青色叶芽,就叫做“芽”。“成网状期”是指由那些小芽苞长成了网状,整棵树完全像是一张网一样。不过也有人解释说,“成网状期”就是变得如同一张网。据说波利质多树在抽芽的时候,全树到处都长出嫩叶,这些嫩叶闪耀着明亮的珊瑚色,因此整棵树光辉灿烂。“生蕾期”是指长出了大花蕾。“将开期”是指花蕾尖端已经裂开,正处于即将绽放的状态。“全然盛开”是指完全地绽放盛开了。巴利
Pannapalāsoti patitapatto. Khārakajātoti jātakhuddakamakuḷo. Ye hi nīlapattakā ativiya khuddakā makuḷā, te ‘‘khārakā’’ti vuccanti. Jālakajātoti tehiyeva khuddakamakuḷehi jātajālako sabbaso jālo viya jāto. Keci pana ‘‘jālakajātoti ekajālo viya jāto’’ti atthaṃ vadanti. Pārichattako kira khārakaggahaṇakāle sabbatthakameva pallaviko hoti, te cassa pallavā pabhassarapavāḷavaṇṇasamujjalā honti, tena so sabbaso samujjalanto tiṭṭhati. Kuṭumalakajātoti sañjātamahāmakuḷo. Korakajātoti sañjātasūcibhedo sampati vikasamānāvattho. Sabbapāliphulloti sabbaso phullitavikasito.
切割之风,就是由于天神的福业为缘而切割花朵的风。切割,就是切断。接取之风,就是接取那些被切割下来的一朵朵花的风。跳舞者,就是依照种种供奉的排列方式而跳舞的。某位天神,就是依名字与姓氏而不为人所知的天神。巴利
Kantanakavātoti devānaṃ puññakammapaccayā pupphānaṃ chindanakavāto. Kantatīti chindati. Sampaṭicchanakavātoti chinnānaṃ chinnānaṃ pupphānaṃ sampaṭiggaṇhanakavāto . Naccantoti nānāvidhabhattiṃ sannivesavasena naccanaṃ karonto. Aññataradevatānanti nāmagottavasena appaññātadevatānaṃ.
花粉堆就是花粉聚成的团。碰到椽端,就是撞到了善法堂的尖顶。巴利
Reṇuvaṭṭīti reṇusaṅghāto. Kaṇṇikaṃ āhaccāti sudhammāya kūṭaṃ āhantvā.
所谓“八日”,是指连同第五日在内、半个月里的四天。在所说的这八天中,听法是固定举行的,因此针对其他时间所办的听法,就说“办了非时听法”。在塔庙中,应当建在伞盖下方的栏杆,叫伞栏杆;把塔庙围起来、并把右绕的地方也包括在内而应当建的栏杆,叫堆栏杆;把塔庙的腹部围起来、只和塔腹相连而应当建的栏杆,叫腹栏杆。以狮子像为座脚的座位,叫狮子座;两边配上狮子像的阶梯,叫狮子阶梯。巴利
Aṭṭha divaseti pañcamiyā saddhiṃ pakkhe cattāro divase sandhāya vuttaṃ. Yathāvuttesu aṭṭhasu divasesu dhammassavanaṃ nibaddhaṃ tadā pavattatīti tato aññadā kāritaṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘akāladhammassavanaṃ kārita’’nti. Cetiye chattassa heṭṭhā kātabbavedikā chattavedikā. Cetiyaṃ parikkhipitvā padakkhiṇakaraṇaṭṭhānaṃ antokatvā kātabbavedikā puṭavedikā. Cetiyassa kucchiṃ parikkhipitvā taṃ sambandhameva katvā kātabbavedikā kucchivedikā. Sīharūpapādakaṃ āsanaṃ sīhāsanaṃ. Ubhosu passesu sīharūpayuttaṃ sopānaṃ sīhasopānaṃ.
他们心生欢喜,是因为不受不悦之物的影响。所以他说“以大福德为先导”等等。应当知道,他们是为了举行自恣而聚集在一起,因为《长部》2.294中说:“在那个伍波萨他日,第十五日,自恣的满月之夜。”巴利
Attamanāhonti aniyāmanakabhāvato. Tenevāha ‘‘mahāpuññe purakkhatvā’’tiādi. Pavāraṇāsaṅgahatthāya sannipatitāti veditabbā ‘‘tadahuposathe pannarase pavāraṇāya puṇṇāya puṇṇamāya rattiyā’’ti (dī. ni. 2.294) vacanato.
295 以九种理由:就是依据《长部》1.157、255等处所说的“这位世尊是应供……”等九种显示佛陀威德的理由,也就是应供等九种。关于“法以及”这里的“以及”一词,有把未说到的内容一并收摄的意思,为了显示所收摄的内容,他说:“僧伽的善行道,也包括正直行道等差别。”巴利
295.Navahi kāraṇehīti ‘‘itipi so bhagavā araha’’ntiādinā (dī. ni. 1.157, 255) vuttehi arahattādīhi navahi buddhānubhāvadīpanehi kāraṇehi. Dhammassa cāti ettha ca-saddo avuttasamuccayatthoti tena sampiṇḍitamatthaṃ dassento ‘‘ujuppaṭipannatādibhedaṃ saṅghassa ca suppaṭipatti’’nti āha.
八种如实及注释巴利
Aṭṭhayathābhuccavaṇṇanā
296 就像“无边”本身就是“空无边处”,“医师”本身就是“药物”,同样,“如实”本身就是“如实者”,经中就是这么说的,所以注释里说“yathābhucca(如实)就是yathābhūta(如实者)”。vaṇṇā是指可以被描述、可以被称扬的素质,也就是功德。“如何行道?”这个问题,是在因位、果位、以及利益众生这三个层面上问的,是出于想讲述世尊为饶益大众而行道的状况。“正是如此”,为了简要展示他从头到尾的历程,就说了“在燃灯佛足下……”等话。其中,abhinīharamāno就是正在发愿、正在作大誓愿。至于这里关于大誓愿和巴拉密应当说的内容,在《梵网经》的注释书(长部疏1.7)中已经说过了,应当依照那里所说的来理解。巴利
296. Yathā anantameva ānañcaṃ, bhisakkameva bhesajjaṃ , evaṃ yathābhūtā eva yathābhuccāti pāḷiyaṃ vuttanti āha ‘‘yathābhucceti yathābhūte’’ti. Vaṇṇetabbato kittetabbato vaṇṇā, guṇā. Kathaṃ paṭipannoti hetuavatthāyaṃ, phalaavatthāyaṃ, sattānaṃ upakārā vatthāyanti tīsupi avatthāsu lokanāthassa bahujanahitāya paṭipattiyā kathetukamyatāpucchā. Tathā hi naṃ ādito paṭṭhāya yāva pariyosānā saṅkhepeneva dassento ‘‘dīpaṅkarapādamūle’’tiādimāha. Tattha abhinīharamānoti abhinīhāraṃ karonto. Yaṃ panettha mahābhinīhāre, pāramīsu ca vattabbaṃ, taṃ brahmajālaṭīkāyaṃ (dī. ni. ṭī. 1.7) vuttaṃ evāti tattha vuttanayeneva veditabbaṃ.
“当忍辱说者苦行时”等(《本生经·忍辱说者本生》),是为了说明在因位阶段那种不共于他人、极其难行、为饶益众多人的修行实践。为了显示:如果没有那样的行为,所希求的利益与安乐就无法成就,而那样的行为也正是为了这个目的,所以才说“即使住在兜率天城,尽其一生的寿命……”等。巴利
‘‘Khantivāditāpasakāle’’tiādi (jā. 1.khantīvādījātaka) hetuavatthāyameva anaññasādhāraṇāya sudukkarāya bahujanahitāya paṭipattiyā vibhāvanaṃ. Yathādhippetaṃ hitasukhaṃ yāya kiriyāya vinā na ijjhati, sāpi tadatthā evāti dassetuṃ ‘‘tusitapure yāvatāyukaṃ tiṭṭhantopī’’tiādi vuttaṃ.
转法轮等(相应部5.1081;大品13;无碍解道3.30),是已经发生而为众多人带来利益的修行。舍弃寿行,也因为是“我将住世这么长的时间”这样的持续,而成为为众多人带来利益的修行。以无余涅槃界入般涅槃的方式,也是为众多人带来利益的修行。因此他说“乃至……”等。“其余的”词,指的是“为众多人的安乐……”等词。“最后的”,是指“为义、为利、为乐”这三个词。“之前的”,是指那之前的三个词。“义”是对“义”的解释。巴利
Dhammacakkappavattanādi (saṃ. ni. 5.1081; mahāva. 13; paṭi. ma. 3.30) pana nibbattitā bahujanahitāya paṭipatti. Āyusaṅkhārossajjanampi ‘‘ettakaṃ kālaṃ tiṭṭhāmī’’ti pavattiyā bahujanahitāya paṭipatti. Anupādisesāya nibbānadhātuyā parinibbānavasena bahujanahitāya paṭipatti. Tenāha ‘‘yāvassā’’tiādi. Sesapadānīti ‘‘bahujanasukhāyā’’tiādīni padāni. Pacchimanti ‘‘atthāya hitāya sukhāyā’’ti padattayaṃ. Purimassāti tato purimassa padattayassa. Atthoti atthaniddeso.
即使过去曾有具足那些支分的导师,他们也都是佛陀。所以从义理上说,我们的导师并非不同于佛陀,因此他说:“过去,我们也不见佛陀之外的任何存在。”过去如此,未来也一样,这个道理可以依理推知,所以说:“未来也不见。”然而帝释天神天王把这件事当成已经成立,只说了“现在则不然”。为了探究“帝释天神在说什么”,就生起这样的思惟:“说‘不见过去分’的帝释天神,到底在说什么?”因为过去有佛、未来也会有佛,这个道理帝释天神天王并没有完全了知;他是把那些佛以佛陀的共通性,与我们的世尊合在一起看待,而现在则完全没有任何其他者,所以才那样说。为了说明这一点,便说了“现在……”等话。“善说等”指“善说”等词。“善等”指“这是善”等词。巴利
Yadipi atītenaṅgena samannāgatā satthāro ahesuṃ, tepi pana buddhā evāti atthato amhākaṃ satthā anaññoti āha ‘‘atītepi buddhato aññaṃ na samanupassāmā’’ti. Yathā ca atīte, evaṃ anāgate cāti ayamattho nayato labbhatīti katvā vuttaṃ ‘‘anāgatepi na samanupassāmā’’ti. Sakko pana devarājā tamatthaṃ atthāpannameva katvā ‘‘na panetarahi’’ iccevāha. Kiṃ sakko kathetīti vicāretvāti ‘‘neva atītaṃse samanupassamā’ti vadanto sakko kiṃ kathetī’’ti vicāraṇaṃ samuṭṭhapetvā. Yasmā atīte buddhā ahesuṃ, anāgate bhavissantīti nāyamattho sakkena devarājena pariññāto, te pana buddhasāmaññena amhākaṃ bhagavatā saddhiṃ gahetvā etarahi aññassa sabbena sabbaṃ abhāvato tathā vuttanti dassetuṃ ‘‘etarahī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Svākkhātādīnīti svākkhātapadādīni. Kusalādīnīti ‘‘idaṃ kusala’’ntiādīni padāni.
恒河与耶牟那河在没有汇合的地方,水色是不同的;到了汇合的地方,水色就变得没有差别了。所以经文说“颜色也相融相合”。据说,耶牟那河的水看上去和恒河水一模一样。就像涅槃因为不被任何烦恼染污而清净,同样,趣向涅槃的修行道路也应当被理解为因为不被任何烦恼染污而纯粹清净。因此经文说“并非……”等等。涅槃和趣向涅槃的修行道路都因为清净这一含义而像虚空一样,不被任何东西沾染,没有杂染,所以说“虚空也不附着、清净”。现在为了用比喻把这个道理清楚地显示出来,就说了“日月……”等等。相融就是相合、相应,因为应当修行的道和修行者彼此之间是相称的。巴利
Gaṅgāyamunānaṃ asamāgamaṭṭhāne udakaṃ bhinnavaṇṇaṃ hontampi samāgamaṭṭhāne abhinnavaṇṇaṃ evāti āha ‘‘vaṇṇenapi saṃsandati sametī’’ti. Tattha kira gaṅgodakasadisameva yamunodakaṃ. Yathā nibbānaṃ kenaci kilesena anupakkiliṭṭhatāya parisuddhaṃ, evaṃ nibbānagāminipaṭipadāpi kenaci kilesena anupakkiliṭṭhatāya parisuddhāva icchitabbā. Tenāha ‘‘na hī’’tiādi. Yena parisuddhatthena nibbānassa, nibbānagāminiyā paṭipadāya ca ākāsūpamatā, so kenaci anupalepo, anupakkileso cāti āha ‘‘ākāsampi alaggaṃ parisuddha’’nti. Idāni tamatthaṃ nidassanena vibhūtaṃ katvā dassetuṃ ‘‘candimasūriyāna’’ntiādi vuttaṃ. Saṃsandati yujjati paṭipajjitabbatāpaṭipajjanehi aññamaññānucchavikatāya.
安住于修行道的人,就是指正在实践道、修习道的人。已住梵行的人,就是指已经圆满修完梵行生活的人。已得助伴的人,就是指依靠这些修行道而获得了同伴。在种种场合中,那是弟子们对导师应尽的责任。不过,这里说的“无与伦比”等话,是依据与他者不相似的含义而说的,并不是因为前面所说的那种助伴不存在。除去,就是排除、舍弃。而“除去”这个词含有决定的意思,因为这种排除是必定无疑的,所以说“必定除去”。巴利
Paṭipadāya ṭhitānanti paṭipadaṃ maggapaṭipattiṃ paṭipajjamānānaṃ. Vusitavatanti brahmacariyavāsaṃ vusitavantānaṃ etesaṃ. Laddhasahāyoti etāsaṃ paṭipadānaṃ vasena laddhasahāyo. Tattha tattha sāvakehi satthu kātabbakicce. Idaṃ pana ‘‘adutiyo’’tiādi suttantare āgatavacanaṃ aññehi asadisaṭṭhena vuttaṃ, na yathāvuttasahāyābhāvato. Apanujjāti apanīya vivajjetvā. ‘‘Apanujjā’’ti ca antogadhāvadhāraṇaṃ idaṃ vacanaṃ ekantikattā tassa apanodassāti vuttaṃ ‘‘apanujjevā’’ti.
“得到”就是利养。而这种利养,因为能了知最殊胜的去向,所以格外超胜,这里指的正是极其广大的利养,因此说“大利益出现了”。它是由累积的福德果报所产生,也就是从上述那段时间里积集的极为广大、极为殊胜的福德流中出生。就像生起了一种“这些已经出现,从此以后我再没有机会了”那样的奋发心,它一层一层不断增长地生起。确实,仿佛在所有方向同时升起双倍的大雨云、降下大雨一样,一切巴拉密汇集在一起,像是要说“让我们在一生中就把果报显现出来吧”,于是为世尊生起了这份利养、恭敬和名声。接着,刹帝利、婆罗门等人手捧食物、饮品、衣服、车乘、花鬘、香、涂香等前来,到处寻找世尊,问:“佛陀在哪里?世尊在哪里?天中天在哪里?人牛王在哪里?人中狮子在哪里?”他们用几百辆车运来资具,却找不到靠近的位置,就在周围约一俱卢舍的范围内,车辕挨着车辕停在那里,也跟着世尊走,就像安陀迦频陀的婆罗门等人那样。这一切应当按《犍度》以及各处经典中所述的方式来理解。因此才说“利养恭敬如同大瀑流……”等等。巴利
Labbhatīti lābho, so pana ukkaṃsagativijānanena sātisayo, vipulo eva ca idhādhippetoti āha ‘‘mahālābho uppanno’’ti. Ussannapuññanissandasamuppannoti yathāvuttakālaṃ sambhatasuvipulauḷāratarapuññābhisandato nibbatto.‘‘Ime nibbattā, ito paraṃ mayhaṃ okāso natthī’’ti ussāhajāto viya uparūpari vaḍḍhamāno udapādi. Sabbadisāsu hi yamakamahāmegho uṭṭhahitvā mahāmeghaṃ viya sabbapāramiyo ‘‘ekasmiṃ attabhāve vipākaṃ dassāmā’’ti sampiṇḍitā viya bhagavato idaṃ lābhasakkārasilokaṃ nibbattayiṃsu, tato annapānavatthayānamālāgandhavilepanādihatthā khattiyabrāhmaṇādayo upagantvā ‘‘kahaṃ buddho, kahaṃ bhagavā, kahaṃ devadevo, kahaṃ narāsabho, kahaṃ purisasīho’’ti bhagavantaṃ pariyesanti, sakaṭasatehipi paccaye āharitvā okāsaṃ alabhamānā samantā gāvutappamāṇampi sakaṭadhurena sakaṭadhuraṃ āhacca tiṭṭhanti ceva anubandhanti ca andhakavindabrāhmaṇādayo viya. Sabbaṃ khandhake, tesu tesu ca suttesu āgatanayena veditabbaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘lābhasakkāro mahogho viyā’’tiādi.
轮番食:指许多人各自说着“我们要布施”,把食物一份份送来,此时应当按先后顺序依次供养的食物。巴利
Paṭipāṭibhattanti bahūsu ‘‘dānaṃ dassāmā’’ti āhaṭapaṭipāṭikāya uṭṭhitesu anupaṭipāṭiyā dātabba bhattaṃ.
这份布施达到了顶点,因为没有任何人能同样做到。他讲了一个办法,让城里人用他们本来做不到的方式完成布施。娑罗美树归国王所有,别人不能共用,所以用它的木板搭了帐幕;大象也是王家的财物,城里人得不到,就让他们举着伞盖;又让刹帝利女子来服侍。“五百个座位”是指设在娑罗美树帐幕里的座位,外面还铺了很多座位。研磨四种香,既为了供养以佛陀为首的僧团,也为了涂钵。水是洗钵用的水。这些东西都成了无价之物,因为是用无价宝珠做成的。巴利
Matthakaṃ patto anaññasādhāraṇattā tassa dānassa. Upāyaṃ ācikkhi nāgarānaṃ asakkuṇeyyarūpena dānaṃ dāpetuṃ. Sālakalyāṇirukkhā rājapariggahā aññehi asādhāraṇā, tasmā tesaṃ padarehi maṇḍapo kārito, hatthino ca rājabhaṇḍabhūtā nāgarehi na sakkā laddhunti tehi chattaṃ dhārāpitaṃ, tathā khattiyadhītāhi veyyāvaccaṃ kāritaṃ. ‘‘Pañca āsanasatānī’’ti idaṃ sālakalyāṇimaṇḍape paññatte sandhāya vuttaṃ, tato bahi pana bahūni paññattāni ahesuṃ . Catujjātiyagandhaṃ pisati buddhappamukhassa saṅghassa pūjanatthañceva pattassa ubbaṭanatthañca. Udakanti pattadhovanaudakaṃ. Anagghāni ahesuṃ anaggharatanābhisaṅkhatattā.
头会裂成七分,是因为不恭敬等原因。“我要观察时机”,意思是我要这样观察时机,避开可能生起的不利之事。巴利
Sattadhā muddhā phalissati anādarakāraṇādinā. Kāḷaṃ olokessāmīti kāḷaṃ evaṃ anupekkhissāmi, tassa uppajjanakaṃ anatthaṃ pariharissāmīti attho.
悭吝者,就是顽固吝啬、不肯修福的人。他们不往生天界,因为没有修福,又因为吝啬而专做恶事。愚者,就是具有邪思惟等愚者特征的人。他们不赞叹布施,连赞叹都不敢。智者,就是具足智慧、有广大智慧的人,即使只是随喜别人所作的布施,也凭这随喜布施而在来世得乐,也就是在来世拥有身体的快乐和心的快乐。巴利
Kadariyāti thaddhamaccharino puññakammavimukhā. Devalokaṃ na vajanti puññassa akatattā, maccharibhāvena ca pāpassa pasutattā. Bālāti duccintitacintanādinā bālalakkhaṇayuttā. Nappasaṃsanti dānaṃ pasaṃsitumpi na visahanti. Dhīroti dhītisampanno uḷārapañño parehi kataṃ dānaṃanumodamānopi, teneva dānānumodaneneva. Sukhī paratthāti paraloke kāyikacetasikasukhasamaṅgī hoti.
那时有一位名叫瓦拉罗阇的刹帝利,就是那位瓦拉罗阇。“无过失”……乃至……“应会结果”,意思是说由于是妄语者之故。他以一千句、还多出三十句、共二百五十偈颂的篇幅,仅仅在赞叹他的容貌,因为对他的色相生起了清净信心。巴利
Vararojo nāma tasmiṃ kāle eko khattiyo, tassa vararojassa. Anavajja…pe… phaleyya abhūtavādibhāvatoti adhippāyo. Atirekapadasahassena tiṃsādhikena aḍḍhateyyagāthāsatena vaṇṇameva kathesi rūpappasannatāya ca.
“直到刹帝利”这里,“直到”是表示界限范围的词,“我思”只是个虚词;意思是说,以刹帝利为界限,把一切天和人全都包括进去。所以接着说“刹帝利、婆罗门”等等。“因骄醉而放逸”是指:被利养、恭敬和名声所带来的骄醉弄得放逸,又随着这种放逸而更加放逸,成了放逸的人。巴利
Yāva maññe khattiyāti ettha yāvāti avadhiparicchedavacanaṃ, aññeti nipātamattaṃ, yāva khattiyā khattiye avadhiṃ katvā sabbe devamanussāti adhippāyo. Tenāha ‘‘khattiyā brāhmaṇā’’tiādi. Madapamattoti lābhasakkārasilokamadena pamatto ceva tadanvayena pamādena pamatto ca hutvā.
随顺彼而转,就是跟随彼而去。语业……等等……相合,是说语业和身业彼此不相违背,正是互相契合。山羊就是鹿,那些就是山羊鹿。巴利
Tadanvayamevāti tadanugatameva. Vācā…pe… sametīti vacīkammakāyakammāni aññamaññaṃ aviruddhāni, aññadatthu saṃsandanti. Ajā eva migāti ajāmigā, te ajāmige.
已度疑者,是指已经完全超越了疑惑的荒野。难道不是所有入流者都已度疑、都已远离疑惑吗?确实如此。但这里说的并不是那种度疑,而是指对一切所知之法,以一切方式觉悟而彻底决断,从而完全断除疑惑。为了说明这个意思,所以说了“正如……”等话。所谓“增胜增胜性”,是从高低差别来说的,这个含义也依靠世尊的种种界智之力而成立。在一切处都远离疑惑,因为已见一切法。由于通过现观诸谛而通达一切究竟法,所以说“依假名”,或者依名称、族姓等而说,这就是其含义。巴利
Tiṇṇavicikiccho sabbaso atikkantavicikicchākantāro . Nanu ca sabbepi sotāpannā tiṇṇavicikicchā, vigatakathaṃkathā ca? Saccametaṃ, idaṃ pana na tādisaṃ tiṇṇavicikicchataṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ, atha kho sabbasmiṃ ñeyyadhamme sabbākārāvabodhasaṅkhātasanniṭṭhānavasena sabbaso nirākataṃ sandhāyāti dassento ‘‘yathā hī’’ti ādimāha. Ussannussannattāti paroparabhāvato, ayañca attho bhagavato anekadhātunānādhātuñāṇabalenapi ijjhati. Sabbattha vigatakathaṃkatho sabbadassāvibhāvato. Sabbesaṃ paramatthadhammānaṃ saccābhisamayavasena paṭividdhattā vuttaṃ ‘‘vohāravasenā’’ti vā nāmagottādivasenāti attho.
“已圆满意图”是指一切心愿都已彻底达成。那么,难道通过圣道而称为“已圆满意图”,是因为十六种作用都已成就、应当做的事都已做完,而不是因为通达了一切所知之法吗?针对这个问难,才说了“于先前未曾听闻”等话。就像声闻的声闻巴拉密智、独觉佛的独觉菩提智一样,正自觉者的一切知智也是以现观四谛为前提的。“于未曾听闻”就是不曾听闻过。“亲自”就是靠自己。这两个词也表明不依赖从他人那里听来的说法。“于此”是依格,表示以……为相,意思是以现观诸谛为相。应当知道,现观诸谛是依最高之道而说的。在诸力中得自在,就是指十种力智能随自己的意愿生起。“由已生故为生”是对正自觉者说的。巴利
Pariyositasaṅkappoti sabbaso niṭṭhitamanoratho. Nanu ca ariyamaggena pariyositasaṅkappatā nāma soḷasakiccasiddhiyā katakaraṇīyabhāvena, na sabbañeyyadhammāvabodhenāti codanaṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘pubbeananussutesū’’tiādi. Sāvakānaṃ sāvakapāramiñāṇaṃ viya, hi paccekabuddhānaṃ paccekabodhiñāṇaṃ viya ca sammāsambuddhānaṃ sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ catusaccābhisambodhapubbakamevāti. Ananussutesūti na anussutesu. Sāmanti sayameva. Padadvayenāpi parato ghosena vināti dasseti. Tatthāti nimittatthe bhummaṃ, saccābhisambodhanimittanti attho. Saccābhisambodho ca aggamaggavasenāti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Balesu ca vasībhāvanti dasannaṃ balañāṇānaṃ yathāruci pavatti. Jātattā jātāti sammāsambuddhe vadati.
297 他到处住在王都等固定的住所,也按合适的时间在三个区域里游方行化。巴利
297. Tattha tattha rājadhāniādike nibaddhavāsaṃ vasanto. Tīsu maṇḍalesu yathākālaṃ cārikaṃ caranto.
298 “assā”说的是果。“taṃ”说的是因。两个果要同时生起,连因都没有,更不用说三个、四个了。“而在这里……”等话,是为了说明前面所说的“一个世界”的范围界限才开始的。巴利
298.Assāti phalassa. Tanti kāraṇaṃ. Dvinnampi ekato uppattiyā kāraṇaṃ natthi, pageva tiṇṇaṃ, catunnaṃ vāti. ‘‘Ettha cā’’tiādi ‘‘ekissā lokadhātuyā’’ti vuttalokadhātuyā pamāṇaparicchedadassanatthaṃ āraddhaṃ.
“yāvatā”是指那么大的范围。“pariharanti”是指环绕须弥山而转。“disā”指在诸方,这里是主格形式用作方位格的意义。“bhanti”是闪耀。“virocanā”是照耀;或者也可说,璀璨的日月在闪耀,正因如此,诸方也被照亮。“tāva sahassadhā”是指那样的一千个世界。巴利
Yāvatāti yattakena ṭhānena. Pariharantīti sineruṃ parikkhipantā parivattanti. Disāti disāsu, bhummatthe etaṃ paccattavacanaṃ. Bhanti dibbanti. Virocanāti obhāsantā, virocanā vā sobhamānā candimasūriyā bhanti, tato eva disā ca bhanti.Tāva sahassadhāti tattako sahassaloko.
ettaka的意思是:以这个轮围世界为中心,连同它一起,共有一万个轮围世界。至于这里应当说明的内容,在《大本经注》里已经讲过了。na paññāyati的意思是:因为三藏中没有出现,所以不显示。巴利
Ettakanti imaṃ cakkavāḷaṃ majjhe katvā imināva saddhiṃ cakkavāḷaṃ dasasahassaṃ. Yaṃ panettha vattabbaṃ, taṃ mahāpadānavaṇṇanāyaṃ vuttameva. Na paññāyatīti tīsu piṭakesu anāgatattā.
常童子梵天神故事的注释巴利
Sanaṅkumārakathāvaṇṇanā
300 “vaṇṇena”是指色身的圆满。因为(色身的圆满)容易理解,所以不取这个意思,只解释“名声”这个词本身的含义。“alaṅkāraparivārena”是指以庄严和随从。“puññasiriyā”是指福德的威力。巴利
300.Vaṇṇenāti rūpasampattiyā. Suviññeyyattā taṃ anāmasitvā yasasaddasseva atthamāha. Alaṅkāraparivārenāti alaṅkārena ca parivārena ca. Puññasiriyāti puññiddhiyā.
301 “Sampasādane”的意思是“能让人生起净信”。带前缀 saṃ 的 khā 这个词根,是“知道”的意思,就像在“saṅkhāyetaṃ paṭisevati”这类句子里那样,所以这里说“jānitvā modāma”,意思是“知道之后,我们欢喜”。巴利
301.Sampasādaneti sampasādajanane. Saṃpubbo khā-saddo jānanattho ‘‘saṅkhāyetaṃ paṭisevatī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.168) viyāti āha ‘‘jānitvā modāmā’’ti.
牛护婆罗门故事的注释巴利
Govindabrāhmaṇavatthuvaṇṇanā
304 “Yāvadīgharattaṃ”(如此长久的时间)是以数量限度来显示时间无法计量,所以说“ettakaṃ(这么多)……乃至 aticirarattaṃ(极长时间)”。那位梵天神为了表明世尊具有大智慧,以征询同意的口吻对诸天神说:“世尊确实具有大智慧。不是吗?你们怎么想?”接着,他自己想要解答这个问题,便说“bhūtapubbaṃ bho(从前,贤者们)”等等,这就是前后的关联。不过,这样解答时,从意义上其实已经说出了这层意思,为了表明这一点,又说“anacchariyametaṃ(这并不稀奇)”等等。三种魔,就是烦恼魔、行作魔和天子魔。已经说过“这并不稀奇”这个意思,为了总结,又再次说“这有什么稀奇呢”。巴利
304.Yāvadīgharattanti yāva parimāṇato, aparimitakālaparidīpanametanti āha ‘‘ettakanti…pe… aticiraratta’’nti. Mahāpaññova so bhagavāti tena brahmunā anumatipucchāvasena devānaṃ vuttanti dassento ‘‘mahāpaññova so bhagavā. Noti kathaṃ tumhe maññathā’’ti āha. Sayamevetaṃ pañhaṃ byākātukāmo ‘‘bhūtapubbaṃ bho’’ti ādiṃ āhāti sambandho. Evaṃ pana byākarontena atthato ayampi attho vutto nāma hotīti dassento ‘‘anacchariyameta’’nti ādimāha. Tiṇṇaṃ mārānanti kilesābhisaṅkhāradevaputtamārānaṃ. ‘‘Anacchariyameta’’nti vuttamevatthaṃ nigamanavasena ‘‘kimettha acchariya’’nti punapi vuttaṃ.
国王称他为“国师”,是因为他始终把国王现世与来世的利益放在首位,凡事都预先替国王安排妥当,所以经文说“一切事务教诫国师”。所谓“以典尊灌顶”,就是通过灌顶仪式让他就任典尊这个职位。据说,那是这个婆罗门家族世代相传的官位。所谓“乔帝达陀”,是因为兵器光亮。所谓“护持能力”,是因为有能力保护国王和无量众生,使他们免于祸害。巴利
Rañño diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikaatthānaṃ puro dhānato pure pure saṃvidhānato purohitoti āha ‘‘sabbakiccānianusāsanapurohito’’ti. Govindiyābhisekenāti govindassa ṭhāne ṭhapanābhisekena. Taṃ kira tassa brāhmaṇassa kulaparamparāgataṃ ṭhānantaraṃ. Jotitattāti āvudhānaṃ jotitattā. Pālanasamatthatāyāti rañño, aparimitassa ca sattakāyassa anatthato paripālanasamatthatāya.
彻底放下,就是以对其恭敬的态度完全舍弃并交托出去。他能看见种种事务的意义,所以叫见义者。巴利
Sammā vossajjitvāti suṭṭhu tassevāgāravabhāvena vissajjitvā niyyātetvā. Taṃ tamatthaṃ kiccaṃ passatīti atthadaso.
305 305. “有”就是增长;或者说,因为依它而存在,所以叫“有”,也就是增长的原因。按照连音规则插入 ma 音,再把 o 音替换成 a 音,所以说成“愿有”。至于“贤者周帝巴拉”这个说法,本来该用属格来表达“贤者的”这层意思,这里却用了业格,所以注释里说“贤者的”。“不要反驳”意思就是“不要拒绝”。而拒绝就是回嘴反驳,所以说“不要回嘴”。“他善于安排”意思是他在处理事务时很有能力,所以说“安排之后”。他通达“有与无有”,又获得了智慧,所以叫“牛护”;因为他是伟大的牛护,所以叫“大典尊”。这里“牛”是智慧的别名,意思是能见义、能觉悟。巴利
305. Bhavanaṃ vaḍḍhanaṃ bhavo, bhavati etenāti vā bhavo, vaḍḍhikāraṇaṃ sandhivasena ma-kārāgamo, o-kārassa ca a-kārādesaṃ katvā ‘‘bhavamatthū’’ti vuttaṃ. Bhavantaṃ jotipālanti pana sāmiatthe upayogavacananti āha ‘‘bhoto’’ti. Mā paccabyāhāsīti mā paṭikkhipīti attho. So pana paṭikkhepo paṭivacanaṃ hotīti āha ‘‘mā paṭibyāhāsī’’ti. Abhisambhosīti kammantānaṃ saṃvidhāne samattho hotīti āha ‘‘saṃvidahitvā’’ti. Bhavābhavaṃ, paññañca vindi paṭilabhīti govindo, mahanto govindo mahāgovindo. ‘‘Go’’ti hi paññāyetaṃ adhivacanaṃ gacchati atthe bujjhatīti.
分封王国的注释巴利
Rajjasaṃvibhajanavaṇṇanā
306 同父异母的弟弟们。这位已被灌顶的人,就是雷奴王子,他在父亲去世后,被灌顶登上王位。为王事效力的人,是指那些帮助王子坐稳王位的人。巴利
306.Ekapitikā vemātukā kaniṭṭhabhātaro. Ayaṃ abhisittoti ayaṃ reṇu rājakumāro pitu accayena rajje abhisitto. Rājakārakāti rājaputtaṃ rajje patiṭṭhāpetāro.
307 “能醉”是指有醉人的性质;为了说明它是动作的发出者,所以接着说“能作醉”。而醉的作用正是导致放逸的特殊原因,因此又说“能作放逸”。巴利
307. Madentīti madanīyāti kattusādhanataṃ dassento ‘‘madakarā’’ti āha. Madakaraṇaṃ pana pamādassa visesakāraṇanti vuttaṃ ‘‘pamādakarā’’ti.
308 在瑞努王的王国附近,这些地方起初只有十俱卢舍宽,后来扩展到三百由旬广,于是把六个王国全都安置成车头形。因为从四方形来看,像帐幕一样。巴利
308. Reṇussa rajjasamīpe dasagāvutamattavitthatāni hutvā aparabhāge tiyojanasataṃ vitthatattā sabbāni cha rajjāni sakaṭamukhāni paṭṭhapesi. Vitānasadisaṃ caturassabhāvato.
310 “Sahā(一起)”这个词是为了补满偈颂的句子才说的。为了说明它的含义,所以说了“teneva sahā”(因此一起)。或者,“sahā”是表示不相离之义的不变词,应当这样连接理解:“他们七位负重任者曾一起”。这样就表明:他们虽然住在不同的地方,却以种种方式彼此相伴、不相分离。“负重任者”(bhāradhā),意思是他们肩负、承担、荷负着王国的重担,并把它加之于自身。巴利
310.Sahāti gāthāya padaparipūraṇatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Tassa atthaṃ dassento ‘‘teneva sahā’’ti āha. Sahāti vā avinābhāvatthe nipāto, so saha āsuṃ satta bhāradhāti yojetabbo, tena te desantare vasantā vicittena sahabhāvino avinābhāvinoti dīpeti. Rajjabhāraṃ dhārenti attani āropenti vahantīti bhāradhā.
名声传扬的注释巴利
Kittisaddaabbhuggamanavaṇṇanā
311 把“安置在副国师的位置上”意思是:让他做了副国师之后安置下来,或者就是安置在副国师的位置上。这是针对一天听三次的人说的,所以说“一天三次”。这是针对在两个时段听的人说的,所以说“傍晚和清晨”。从那时起,是指从完成誓愿修行、沐浴的时候开始。巴利
311.Anupurohite ṭhapesīti anupurohite katvā ṭhapesi, anupurohite vā ṭhāne ṭhapesi. Tisavanaṃ karonte sandhāya ‘‘divasassa tikkhattu’’nti vuttaṃ. Dvīsu sandhīsu savanaṃ karonte sandhāya ‘‘sāyaṃ, pāto vā’’ti vuttaṃ. Tato paṭṭhāyāti vatacariyaṃ matthakaṃ pāpetvā nhātakālato pabhuti.
312 “现起”的意思是:生起、出现。“没有先想”的意思是:连“我该怎么和梵天神交谈呢”这样的念头都没有生起。因为根本没有和梵天神见面的机会,所以没有交谈。“看见那”的意思是:用智慧之眼看见,那修习悲梵住就是见到梵天神的途径。巴利
312.Abhiuggacchīti uṭṭhahi udapādi. Acintetvāti ‘‘kathaṃ kho ahaṃ brahmunā saddhiṃ manteyya’’nti acintetvā evaṃ cittampi anuppādetvā. Tena samāgamanasseva abhāvato amantetvā. Taṃ disvāti taṃ karuṇābrahmavihārabhāvanaṃ brahmadassanūpāyaṃ disvā ñāṇacakkhunā.
313 “如是”是指:这样禀告国王之后,(世尊)便进入独处静修。“于一切处”是指:在向六位刹帝利青年、七位婆罗门大富豪、七百位舞者以及四十位妻子一一告辞的时候。巴利
313.Evanti evaṃ rañño ārocetvā paṭisallānaṃ upagate. Sabbatthāti sabbesu channaṃ khattiyānaṃ, sattannaṃ brāhmaṇamahāsālānaṃ , sattannaṃ nāṭakasatānaṃ, cattārīsāya ca bhariyānaṃ āpucchanavāresu.
316 所谓“相似”,是指出身相似,所以说“容貌相同、种姓相同”。巴利
316.Sādisiyoti jātiyā sādisiyoti āha ‘‘samavaṇṇā samajātikā’’ti.
317 集会堂:通过作意禅那,止息了向外散乱的寻,使心得到稳固支撑,这就是“堂舍”,意思是禅那的厅堂。已执取:指大士通过修习,在自心相续中令其生起而执取。没有:因为已被禅那镇伏。尤其是,由于他修习了悲,所以没有不喜乐与不耐烦;由于修习了慈,所以没有怖畏与焦虑。不耐烦,是指急切想见到梵天神;焦虑,是指对见梵天神的渴求。因此解释说“然而梵天神的……”等等。巴利
317.Santhāgāranti jhānamanasikārena bahi visaṭavitakkavūpasamanena cittassa santhambhanaṃ agāraṃ, jhānasālanti attho. Gahitāvāti bhāvanānuyogena mahāsattena attano cittasantāne uppādanavasena gahitā eva. Natthi jhāneneva vikkhambhitattā. Visesato hissa karuṇāya bhāvitattā anabhirati ukkaṇṭhanā natthi, mettāya bhāvitattā bhayaparitassanā natthi. Ukkaṇṭhanāti pana brahmadassane ussukkaṃ, paritassanāti tadabhipatthanāti āha ‘‘brahmuno panā’’tiādi.
与梵天交谈的注释巴利
Brahmunāsākacchāvaṇṇanā
318 心颤栗,指的是心仅仅受到惊吓。如何,是指依据众生的类别、住处、名字、种姓等,以哪种方式。因此他说“什么”等。巴利
318.Cittutrāsoti cittassa utrāsanamattaṃ. Kathanti sattanikāyanivāsaṭṭhānanāmagottādīnaṃ vasena kena pakārena. Tenāha ‘‘ki’’ntiādi.
所谓“so”(他),是指世间那些众所周知的、被认可为梵天神者,即名为 Paṇaka、Nasa、Nantabandha、Sata、Nasanaṅkumāra、Kāla 等;这里要表明的是:在他们当中,有一位名叫常童的我。巴利
Soti ye te panakanasanantabandhasatanasanaṅkumārakālanāmakā loke pākaṭā paññātā brahmāno, tesu sanaṅkumāro nāmāhanti dasseti.
可敬者值得献上的食物。“蜜食”就是甜美的食物;无论什么该给客人的食物,都只是以侍奉的方式这样讲。因此他说“而蜜食……”等。“我们请问”,是以邀请的方式请问。巴利
Agghanti garuṭṭhāniyānaṃ dātabbaṃāhāraṃ. Madhusākanti madhurāhāraṃ, yaṃ kiñci atithino dātabbaṃ āhāraṃ upacāravasena evaṃ vadati. Tenāha ‘‘madhusākaṃ panā’’tiādi. Pucchāmāti nimantanavasena pucchāma.
319 319. 大士虽然已经修习了四种梵住并且安住其中,但对于“这是通往与梵天共住的道路”这一点没有决断力,所以被称为“有疑者”。不过有些人说:“因为苦行导致身体极度衰损,又因为与梵天相会而生起恐惧等,他只得到了表面上的梵住就退失了,因此由于疑惑未被镇伏,所以被称为‘有疑者’。”他人的感受被他人所知,而这些对他来说是明显、清晰的,所以说“在他人明显、他人所知的当中”。在这里说明原因:“因为是他人自己造作的。”所谓“我的”,就是业,即“我所执”;“我所有”,就是说“这是我的……乃至……渴爱”。因为以此执为“我的”,所以叫“我所执”,渴爱就是这样生起的。“在人们中”是表示简别的处格,不是对象格,所以说“在人们中任何一个”。“成为专一”这个词,先显示其状态之义,说了“成为专一”,然后再展开说“独自站着,独自坐着”。所谓“那样的”,就是成为专一而如此生起的人。“已生”就是已出生。禅那中的胜解,是指在那种禅那已经生起时;如果还没生起,胜解从哪里来呢?所以说“意思是生起禅那之后”。所谓腐臭,就是嗔等烦恼的熏染,通过镇伏它们而远离腐臭。在这些法中,就是指在出家、远离住、悲、梵住等法中。巴利
319. Mahāsatto cattāro brahmavihāre bhāvetvā ṭhitopi tesu ‘‘brahmasahabyatāya maggo’’ti anibbematikatāya ‘‘kaṅkhī’’ti avoca. Keci pana ‘‘tapokammena parikkhīṇasarīratāya, brahmasamāgamena bhayādisamuppattiyā ca paṭiladdhamattehi brahmavihārehi parihīno ahosi, tasmā avikkhambhitavicikicchatāya ‘kaṅkhī’ti avocā’’ti vadanti. Parassa vediyā viditā paravediyā, te pana tassa pākaṭā vibhūtāti āha ‘‘parassapākaṭesu paravediyesū’’ti. Tattha kāraṇamāha ‘‘parena sayaṃ abhisaṅkhatattā’’ti. Mamāti kammaṃ mamaṃkāro, mamattanti āha ‘‘idaṃ mama…pe… taṇha’’nti. ‘‘Mama’’nti karoti etenāti hi mamaṃkāro, tathāpavattā taṇhā. Manujesūti niddhāraṇe bhummaṃ, na visayeti āha ‘‘manujesu yo kocī’’ti. ‘‘Ekodibhūto’’ti padassa bhāvatthaṃ tāva dassento ‘‘ekībhūto’’ti vatvā puna taṃ vivaranto ‘‘eko tiṭṭhanto eko nisīdanto’’ti āha. Tādisoti eko hutvā pavattanako. Bhūtoti jāto. Jhāne adhimutti nāma tasmiṃ nibbattite, anibbattite kuto adhimuttīti āha ‘‘jhānaṃ nibbattetvāti attho’’ti. Vissagandho nāma kodhādikilesaparibhāvanāti tesaṃ vikkhambhanena vissagandhavirahito. Etesu dhammesūti pabbajjānaṃ vivekavāsakaruṇābrahmavihārādidhammesu.
320 “无明者”就是没有明了的人。“被遮蔽”是指善法和上人法的生起被挡住、被遮住了。“腐臭”是因为心怀嗔恨等而变得腐坏,由烦恼而散发出恶臭、臭气。由于有生在地狱等恶趣的习性,所以说“堕恶趣者”,也就是“趣向恶趣的人”。就像被盗贼等逼迫、想进城的人,被城墙、城门、壕沟等挡住进不去一样,由于嗔恨等,他的梵天界被遮住、被封住了,因此他被称为“梵天界被遮蔽者”。接着问:“被什么遮蔽了呢?”巴利
320.Avidvāti na viditavā. Āvaritāti kusalānaṃ uttarimanussadhammānaṃ uppattinivāraṇena āvaritā. Pūtikāti byāpannacittatādinā pūtibhūtā. Kilesavasena duggandhaṃ vissagandhaṃ vāyati. Nirayādiapāyesu nibbattanasīlatāya āpāyikāti āha ‘‘apāyūpagā’’ti. Corādīhi upaddutassa pavisitukāmassa pākārakavāṭaparikhādīhi viya nagaraṃ kodhādīhi nivuto pihito brahmaloko assāti nivutabrahmaloko. Pucchati ‘‘kenāvaṭā’’ti vadanto.
妄语本身就是虚妄语,就像医生本身就是药一样。愤恨是伤害。在所见等事情上,以“我没看见”等说法去欺骗他人,就是诳惑他人。拿相似、相像的东西给人看,以此来引诱,就是拿相似的东西给人看而行欺骗。伤害朋友,破坏友情,就是背叛朋友。坚固的悭吝是顽固的悭吝。在自己身上存在下劣,或者超过与自己相等的人,就是慢。不能忍受他人的成就,就是嫉妒。由于隐藏自己的成就,以及不能忍受与他人共享,所以有种种欲求和喜好,这就叫种种贪。因吝啬而成为顽固的悭吝。无论在什么地方,在自己的所有物上、他人的所有物上、低劣的亲戚等上,无论以什么为对象。贪求就是执取对象,极度贪著。以“我胜”等方式而陶醉,就是高举。迷惑就是对对象不了解。在这些法中,也就是在上述的嗔等法中,因为它们污染、伤害、烧灼众生的相续,所以是烦恼恶法。相应、已相应、相伴、不离。巴利
Musāvādova mosavajjaṃ yathā bhisakkameva bhesajjaṃ. Kujjhanaṃ dussanaṃ. Diṭṭhādīsu adiṭṭhādivāditāvasena paresaṃ visaṃvādanaṃ paravisaṃvādanaṃ. Sadisaṃ patirūpaṃ dassetvā palobhanaṃ sadisaṃ dassetvā vañcanaṃ. Mittānaṃ vihiṃsanaṃ mettibhedo mittadubbhanaṃ. Daḷhamaccharitā thaddhamacchariyaṃ. Attani vijjamānaṃ nihīnataṃ, sadisataṃ vā atikkamitvā maññanaṃ. Paresaṃ sampattiyā asahanaṃ khīyanaṃ. Attasampattiyā nigūhanavasena, parehi sādhāraṇabhāvāsahanavasena ca vividhā icchā ruci etassāti vivicchā. Kadariyatāya mudukaṃ macchariyaṃ. Yattha katthacīti sakasantake, parasantake, hīnātike cāti yattha katthaci ārammaṇe. Lubbhanaṃ ārammaṇassa gahaṇaṃ abhigijjhanaṃ. Majjanaṃ seyyādivasena madanaṃ sampaggaho. Muyhanaṃ ārammaṇassa anavabodho. Etesūti etesu yathāvuttesu kodhādīsu sattasantānassa kilissanato vibādhanato, upatāpanato ca kilesasaññitesu pāpadhammesu. Yuttā payuttā sampayuttā avirahitā.
在这里,这位梵天神被大士以“生臭”一词善巧地问到,便用十四个词句分别解说了自己当下现起的恶法。不过,那些法虽然是依着某种生起的差别而说的,有些又被重复说到,而在《生臭经》(《经集》242偈)里说到的某些,在这里则完全没有提到。即便如此,按照“特相理趣”的方法,或者因为它们同属一类的道理,应当知道它们在这里也被含摄了。因此说“然而此经……”等等。其中,“以《生臭经》阐明”的意思是:这里没有以本来面目说出的生臭,也借着已说出的那些,以同一特征等道理,用《生臭经》来显示、解说,因为在那里对这些法的本来面目已经说过了。《生臭经》也应当由这部经来阐明,因为这里说到的某些生臭,在那里并没有说。由于《生臭经》里说到的生臭,在意义上也归入这里的范围,所以,在显示这里所说生臭的防护方式时,因为这里有些法即使按阿毗达摩的理路并非烦恼的自性,但以恼害众生相续的意义,也应当被称为“烦恼”,因此说“于十四种烦恼中”。巴利
Ettha cāyaṃ brahmā mahāsattena āmagandhe supuṭṭho attano yathāupaṭṭhite pāpadhamme cuddasahi padehi vibhajitvā kathesi, te pana tādisaṃ pavattivisesaṃ upādāya vuttāpi keci puna vuttā, āmagandhasutte (su. ni. 242) pana vuttāpi keci idha sabbaso na vuttā, evaṃ santepi lakkhaṇahāranayena, tadekaṭṭhatāya vā tesaṃ pettha saṅgaho daṭṭhabbo. Tenāha ‘‘idaṃ pana sutta’’ntiādi. Tattha āmagandhasuttena dīpetvāti idha sarūpato avutte āmagandhepi vuttehi ekalakkhaṇatādinā āmagandhasuttena pakāsetvā kathetabbaṃ tattha nesaṃ sarūpato kathitattā. Āmagandhasuttampi iminā dīpetabbaṃ idha vuttānampi kesañci āmagandhānaṃ tattha avuttabhāvato. Yasmā āmagandhasutte vuttāpi āmagandhā atthato idha saṅgahaṃ samosaraṇaṃ gacchanti, tasmā idha vutte pariharaṇavasena dassentena yasmā cettha keci abhidhammanayena akilesasabhāvāpi sattasantānassa vibādhanaṭṭhena ‘‘kilesā’’ti vattabbataṃ arahanti, tasmā ‘‘cuddasasu kilesesū’’ti vuttaṃ.
他说“应当被破坏、应当被舍弃”,指的就是破坏、令衰败、丢弃。所谓“佛陀传承”,是指那些将成佛者的传统;即将成佛的人也可以称为“佛陀”,就像说“佛陀来到了王舍城”那样。所谓“为大人作坚固业”,就是让那位大人心中生起的“我要出家”这一念头变得坚定稳固。巴利
Nimmādaṃ milāpanaṃ khepananti āha ‘‘nimmādetabbā pahātabbā’’ti. Buddhatantīti buddhabhāvīnaṃ paveṇī, buddhabhāvinopi ‘‘buddhā’’ti vuccanti yathā ‘‘agamā rājagahaṃ buddho’’ti. Mahāpurisassa daḷhīkammaṃ katvāti mahāpurisassa ‘‘pabbajissāmaha’’nti pavattacittuppādassa daḷhīkammaṃ katvā.
雷奴王呼唤的注释巴利
Reṇurājaāmantanāvaṇṇanā
321 把我的心思夺走,就是让我的心离开,不再随着它转。巴利
321.Mama manaṃ haritvāti mama cittaṃ apanetvā tassa vasena avattitvā.
通过修习身远离而达到独处,并依苦行而安住的人,就是“达到独处而住者”。所谓“以吉祥草叶铺满”,就是用吉祥草从四周铺满祭坛。所谓“不粗糙”,是指没有伤口,也没有像伤口一样的残缺。因此说“不粗糙”。巴利
Ekībhāvaṃ upagantvā vutthassāti kāyavivekaparibrūhanena ekībhāvaṃ upagantvā tapokammavasena vutthassa. Kusapattehi paritthatoti barihisehi vediyā samantato santharito. Akācoti vaṇo vaṇasadisakhaṇḍiccavirahito. Tenāha ‘‘akakkaso’’ti.
为六位刹帝利贵族劝请所作的注释巴利
Chakhattiyaāmantanāvaṇṇanā
322 “应当学”的意思是“应当教导他们学”。这里所说的“教导”,就是让他们具备、成就,所以说“应当劝导他们”。巴利
322.Sikkheyyāmāti sikkhāpeyyāma, sikkhāpanañcettha atthibhāvāpādananti āha ‘‘upalāpeyyāmā’’ti.
323 323. 如果出家者缺少精进的努力和忍耐的力量,他们的沙门法就不圆满、不清净。正是为了促使他们在精进努力和忍耐力上付诸实践,才说了“你们要努力”等话。巴利
323. Yassa vīriyārambhassa, khantibalassa ca abhāvena pabbajitānaṃ samaṇadhammo paripuṇṇo, parisuddho ca na hoti, tesu vīriyārambhakhantibalesu te te niyojetuṃ ‘‘ārambhavho’’tiādi vuttaṃ.
“悲禅那之道”,就是被称为悲禅那的道。“正直之道”,是前往梵天界时正直而行之道。“无上”,因为从梵住的自性来说最为殊胜,所以说“名为无上道”。被一切善士所守护,就像不让它退失那样,通过远离对立面而加以守护、保护。有些本子读作“正法为善士所宣说”,他们的意思是:为了成就自他之利,由佛陀等善士所宣说、开示。巴利
Karuṇājhānamaggoti karuṇājhānasaṅkhāto maggo. Ujumaggoti brahmalokagamane ujubhūto maggo. Anuttaroti seṭṭho brahmavihārasabhāvato. Tenāha ‘‘uttamamaggo nāmā’’ti. Sabbhi rakkhito sādhūhi yathā parihāni na hoti, evaṃ paṭipakkhadūrīkaraṇena rakkhito gopito. ‘‘Saddhammo sabbhi vakkhito’’ti keci paṭhanti, tesaṃ saparahitasādhanena sādhūhi buddhādīhi kathito paveditoti attho.
就在那一刹那毁灭的法:当与相违的法在某一个刹那结合时,就在那个刹那具有坏灭的本性。又或者,那些喜欢奔跑的天子们上下迎面奔跑时,头上和脚上都绑着刀刃,其迅疾甚至超过那些刀刃交会,所以转起的刹那极为短暂,正因如此,所以具有坏灭的本性。这是就生命而言。趣向,意思是终点。以慧,意思是应当被思惟,所以说应当被思惟。或者,这里的以慧是以处格表示具格,应当理解为具格,就像以智的用法一样。于一切障碍,指对善行的一切系缚与阻碍。巴利
Taṅkhaṇaviddhaṃsanadhammanti yasmiṃ khaṇe virodhidhammasamāyogo, tasmiṃyeva khaṇe vinassanasabhāvaṃ, yo vā so gamanassādānaṃ devaputtānaṃ heṭṭhupariyena paṭimukhaṃ dhāvantānaṃ sirasi, pāde ca baddhakhuradhārāsamāgamanatopi sīghataratāya atiittaro pavattikkhaṇo, teneva vinassanasabhāvaṃ. Tassa jīvitassa. Gatinti niṭṭhaṃ. Mantāyanti manteyyanti vuttaṃ hotīti āha ‘‘mantetabba’’nti. Karaṇatthe vā bhummanti ‘‘mantāya’’nti idaṃ bhummaṃ karaṇatthe daṭṭhabbaṃ yathā ‘‘ñātāya’’nti. Sabbapalibodheti sabbepi kusalakiriyāya vibandhe uparodhe.
对婆罗门大富豪等人的呼唤语的注释巴利
Brāhmaṇamahāsālādīnaṃ āmantanāvaṇṇanā
324 “少威德”是指影响力微弱,所以经文说“从出家那时起”等等。巴利
324.Appesakkhāti appānubhāvāti āha ‘‘pabbajitakālato paṭṭhāyā’’tiādi.
就像转轮王一样受到尊敬。巴利
Cakkavatti rājā viya sambhāvito.
大典尊出家的注释巴利
Mahāgovindapabbajjāvaṇṇanā
328 对诸等至的“了知”,意思就是亲自体证、现证,所以说“他们未能使其生起”。巴利
328. Samāpattīnaṃ ājānanaṃ nāma attapaccakkhatā, sacchikiriyāti āha ‘‘na sakkhiṃsu nibbattetu’’nti.
329 这里“以此”是指“我记得”这个词。因为当大梵天王说“我记得”时,世尊认可说“正是如此”,这件事就已经成立了。并非为了让人对轮回生厌,因为并没有开示四谛业处。而如果对轮回没有厌离,离贪就不可能生起,所以说“不是为了离贪”等。这完全是为了让人对轮回生厌,因为这里阐明了具有种种形态、种种构成的轮回的过患。巴利
329.Imināti ‘‘sarāmaha’’nti iminā padena. ‘‘Sarāmaha’’nti hi vadantena bhagavato mahābrahmunā kathitaṃ ‘‘tatheva ta’’nti bhagavatā paṭiññātameva jātanti. Na vaṭṭe nibbindanatthāya catusaccakammaṭṭhānakathāya abhāvato. Asati pana vaṭṭe nibbidāya virāgānaṃ asambhavo evāti āha ‘‘na virāgāyā’’tiādi. Ekantameva vaṭṭe nibbindanatthāya anekākāravokāravaṭṭe ādīnavavibhāvanato.
“由厌离”这个词,说的是观。其余的词也是这样。决择说,就是用各个词分别界定观、道和涅槃而作的解说。这里说的是无余之说,所以接着说“然而以理趣来说”等等。巴利
‘‘Nibbidāyā’’ti iminā padena vipassanā vuttā. Esa nayo sesesupi. Vavatthānakathāti vipassanāmagganibbānānaṃ taṃtaṃpadehi vavatthapetvā kathā. Ayamettha nippariyāyakathāti āha ‘‘pariyāyena panā’’tiādi.
330 “令圆满”:意思是依靠修习的圆满而使之圆满,也就是让它生起。“已行梵行的善男子”:指已经践行了道之梵行的善男子。以这样最殊胜的宣说,世尊以阿拉汉果为顶点,结束了这次教示。巴利
330.Paripūretunti bhāvanāpāripūrivasena paripuṇṇe kātuṃ, nibbattetunti attho. Brahmacariyaciṇṇakulaputtānanti ciṇṇamaggabrahmacariyānaṃ kulaputtānanti ukkaṭṭhaniddesena arahattanikūṭena desanaṃ niṭṭhapesi.
所谓“欢喜”,就是接受,就像“他们欢喜已到者”这类说法里那样。而在这里,从含义上说,指的是内心的愉悦,所以说“以心接受,欢喜之后”。“萨度,萨度”是用言语来称赞、随喜,所以说“用言语称赞,随喜之后”。巴利
Abhinandanaṃ nāma sampaṭicchanaṃ ‘‘abhinandanti āgata’’ntiādīsu viya, tañcettha atthato cittassa attamanatāti āha ‘‘cittena sampaṭicchanto abhinanditvā’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu sādhū’’ti vācāya sampahaṃsanā anumodanāti āha ‘‘vācāya sampahaṃsamāno anumoditvā’’ti.