迦那瓦沙巴经注疏
5. Janavasabhasuttavaṇṇanā
关于那提咖等授记的注释
Nātikiyādibyākaraṇavaṇṇanā
273-275“周围”(parito)一词,既是表达“四周”之义,也是表达“附近”之义的词语,故注释为“四周”、“附近”等义。而通过重复则凸显了“四周”之义。对于“附近”的那些地方,因经中说了“住在那提咖”,所以那提咖比丘的授记已被了知;对于“周围”的地方,世尊作了授记,在那里,那些仆役们的授记虽未明说而自然成立,或因后文将以举例方式说明,故此处只说“周围、周围的各个地方”。此处的“仆役”指近事男,因此注释中说“佛陀、法、僧伽的仆役们”。“于诸再生中”即“于诸出生中”。“于智趣与福德的诸再生中”:其中,“智趣的再生”指达到各种道智的出生,对此经中说了“由于五下分结的灭尽”等;“福德的再生”则指投生到诸天界。“在一切处”,是指在“跋耆、末罗等”所说的那一切四处地方。“在先前那些”,是指针对经文里说到的那些。“就在那十个地方中”:他为仆役们授记,是因为在那里有许多应被授记的人。“住在那提咖的比丘们……”
273-275.‘‘Parito’’ti padaṃ yathā samantatthavācako, evaṃ samīpatthavācakopi hotīti samantā sāmantāti attho vutto. Āmeḍitena pana samantattho jotito. Yassa pana sāmantā janapadesu ‘‘nātike viharatī’’ti vuttattā nātikassāti viññāto yamattho. Yassa parito janapadesu byākaroti, tattha paricārakārakānaṃ byākaraṇaṃ avuttasiddhaṃ, nidassanavasena vā tassa vakkhamānattā ‘‘parito parito janapadesu’’ icceva vuttaṃ. Paricāraketi upāsake. Tenāha ‘‘buddhadhammasaṅghānaṃ paricārake’’ti. Upapattīsūti nibbattīsu. Ñāṇagatipuññānaṃ upapattīsūti ettha ñāṇagatūpapatti nāma tassa tassa maggañāṇagamanassa nibbatti. Yaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ ‘‘pañcannaṃ orambhāgiyānaṃ parikkhayā’’tiādi. Puññūpapatti nāma taṃtaṃdevanikāyūpapatti. Sabbatthāti ‘‘vajjimallesū’’tiādike sabbattha catūsupi padesu. Purimesūti pāḷiyaṃ vutte sandhāyāha. Dasasuyevāti tesu eva dasasu janapadesu. Paricārake byākaroti byakātabbānaṃ bahūnaṃ tattha labbhanato. Nātike bhavā nātikiyā.
「已到达决定」:指已达到结论、作出决定。
Niṭṭhaṅgatāti niṭṭhaṃ nicchayaṃ upagatā.
阿难陀相关谈话的注释
Ānandaparikathāvaṇṇanā
276所谓“僧伽的善行”因法的善法性而有,而法的善法性又因佛陀的善觉性而有,因此说“奇哉法!奇哉僧伽!”这般对法与僧伽功德的赞颂,实质上也就是对佛陀功德的赞颂。所以,“呈现赞颂世尊的样子”这句话的含义,也是以“奇哉法”等形式表达的。
276. Yasmā saṅghasuppaṭipatti nāma dhammasudhammatāya, dhammasudhammatā ca buddhasubuddhatāya, tasmā ‘‘aho dhammo, aho saṅgho’’ti dhammasaṅghaguṇakittanāpi atthato buddhaguṇakittanā eva hotīti ‘‘bhagavantaṃ kittayamānarūpā’’ti padassa ‘‘aho dhammo’’tiādināpi attho vutto.
278“智趣”(Ñāṇagati)是指如“由于五下分结的灭尽”等语句所说的、以断除所应断而转起的道智之到达。正因依此智趣,诸圣者各有化生等差别,所以针对他们那样的来世,才说“即是指智的来世”。
278.Ñāṇagatīti ‘‘pañcannaṃ orambhāgiyānaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ parikkhayā’’tiādinā āgataṃ pahātabbapahānavasena pavattaṃ maggañāṇagamanaṃ. Yasmā tassā eva ñāṇagatiyā vasena tassa tassa ariyapuggalassa opapātikatādiviseso, tasmā taṃ tādisaṃ tassa abhisamparāyaṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘ñāṇābhisamparāyamevā’’ti.
279“Upasantapatiso”(已寂静恭敬者):因对已寂静者恭敬(sammati)、被看见(ālokīyatī)而得名,意即得见已寂静者、已寂静者充满。“如照耀般”(bhātiriva):其中,ra为词间连接音,iva含“极其”之义,故说“极其照耀”(ativiya bhātī)。
279. Upasantaṃ pati sammati ālokīyatīti upasantapatiso. Upasantadassano upasantaussanno. Bhātirivāti ettha ra-kāro padasandhikaro, iva-saddo bhusatthoti āha ‘‘ativiya bhātī’’ti.
阇尼沙夜叉的解说
Janavasabhayakkhavaṇṇanā
280“阇尼沙”:因为在人众中犹如牛王最为殊胜,所以成为这位天子的名字。
280. Jeṭṭhakabhāvena jane vasabhasadisoti janavasabhoti assa devaputtassa nāmaṃ ahosi.
他从此处天界殁后,七次投生人界成为国王;从人界殁后,又七次投生为天人。“就在此处”是指就在这个四大王天中,在这里他也是多闻天王的同伴。
Ito devalokā cavitvā sattakkhattuṃ manussaloke rājabhūtassa. Manussalokā cavitvā sattakkhattuṃ devabhūtassa. Etthevāti etasmiṃyeva cātumahārājikabhave, etthāpi vessavaṇassa sahabyatāvasena.
281“Āsisana”(渴望)即“āsā”(期望),也就是祈求。这里,“以期望”是指想要造作善法的善欲(kattukamyatākusalacchanda)。因此他说:“为了趣入一来道”等等。“从那天开始”中的“agga”一词是“开始”的同义词,故解释为“以那天为始”。“以前的……不堕落”:这是因为他在那么长的时间里,确实一直从善趣往生善趣,因为他已造作了那样的善业。从弗沙正自觉者的时代起,这位天子就已积集了善法资粮。“不稀有”即“一再地稀有”,所以说“仅仅屡屡稀有罢了”。“自己的会众”即自己的随从。所谓如同见到世尊一般,是指在他转向之后,就如同那些以智慧亲见世尊的二万四千位有情,你们所见的也是如此。他说:“这是我亲从多闻天王面前听来的。”
281. Āsisanaṃ āsā, patthanā. Āsāsīsena cettha kattukamyatākusalacchandaṃ vadati. Tenevāha ‘‘sakadāgāmimaggatthāyā’’tiādi. Yadaggeti ettha agga-saddo ādipariyāyoti āha ‘‘taṃ divasaṃ ādiṃ katvā’’ti. ‘‘Purimaṃ…pe… avinipāto’’ti idaṃ yathā tattakaṃ kālaṃ sugatito sugatūpapattiyeva ahosi, tathā katūpacitakusalakammattā. Phussassa sammāsambuddhassa kālato pabhuti hi sambhatavivaṭṭūpanissayakusalasambhāro esa devaputto. Anacchariyanti anu anu acchariyaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘punappunaṃ acchariyamevā’’ti. Sayaṃparisāyāti sakāya parisāya. Bhagavato diṭṭhasadisamevāti āvajjanasamanantaraṃ yathā te bhagavato catuvīsatisatasahassamattā sattā ñāṇagatito diṭṭhā, evaṃ tumhehi diṭṭhasadisameva. Vessavaṇassa sammukhā sutaṃ mayāti vadati.
天众集会处的解说
Devasabhāvaṇṇanā
282“为雨安居作招待”(Vassūpanāyikasaṅgahattha):即通过安排守护以照顾比丘们,心想:“令入雨安居的比丘能如此安乐地修习沙门法。”而他的自恣招待,则是为了令那些于自恣后前往导师处的比丘,能于途中避开危难。对于为闻法而赴远方者,其理亦同。他自己也为闻法而聚于此。“于这些处”(Etthettha):即此诸圣者所住之各处。
282.Vassūpanāyikasaṅgahatthanti vassūpanāyikāya ārakkhāsaṃvidhānavasena bhikkhūnaṃ saṅgahaṇatthaṃ ‘‘vassūpagatā bhikkhū evaṃ sukhena samaṇadhammaṃ karontī’’ti, pavāraṇasaṅgaho panassa pavāretvā satthu santikaṃ gacchantānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ antarāmagge parissayapariharaṇatthaṃ. Dhammassavanatthaṃ dūraṭṭhānaṃ gacchantesupi eseva nayo. Attanāpi āgantvā dhammassavanatthaṃ sannipatiyeva. Etthetthāti ettha ettha ayyānaṃ vasanaṭṭhāne.
“时亦”(Tadāpi):即言“尊者,前些时日”之时。这正以雨安居为因缘。故于经中云:“于彼十五布萨日、逢雨安居时”等等。关于座次:于善法堂天众会所,初为三十三天众就座,后四大王乃坐于彼堂之四门,此即他们就座之常法。
Tadāpīti ‘‘purimāni bhante divasānī’’ti vuttakālepi. Eteneva kāraṇenāti vassūpanāyikanimittameva. Tenāha pāḷiyaṃ ‘‘tadahuposathe pannarase vassūpanāyikāyā’’tiādi. Āsanepi nisajjāya sudhammāya devasabhāya paṭhamaṃ devesu tāvatiṃsesu nisinnesu tassā catūsu dvāresu cattāro mahārājāno nisīdanti, idaṃ nesaṃ āsane nisajjāya cārittaṃ hoti.
“以何种目的”(yenatthena),即出于何种事务、何种需要。“为守护故”(ārakkhattha),即指守护本身的意义。“已为宣说者”(vuttavacanā),即指那些曾被叮嘱的大王们。
Yenatthenāti yena kiccena yena payojanena. Ārakkhatthanti ārakkhabhūtamatthaṃ. Vuttaṃ vacanaṃ etesanti vuttavacanā, mahārājāno.
283「超越」(atikkamitvā):即征服、压倒之后。
283.Atikkamitvāti abhibhavitvā.
关于常童子梵天的解说
Sanaṅkumārakathāvaṇṇanā
284「不可及」(anabhisambhavanīyo):指不可达到、不可证得、不可超越。故经文说“不可到达的”等。
「眼界」(cakkhupatha):眼本身就是道,是见色的途径与方便,故称眼界。因此,此处说“在眼净色中”,或由于眼界是眼所行境之处,故说“或在眼前范围”。
「不能胜」(nābhibhavati):即不能超越,不能成为所行境之意。
「一层一层向下」(heṭṭhā heṭṭhā):从三十三天开始,逐层向下,而非从四大王天开始,亦非从梵众天开始。有人说:“四大王天能见到三十三天的色身,同样,下层的梵天也能见到上层的。”此说不当。因为下层梵天并不能见到上层梵天的结生色,唯能见到化现之色,应如此理解。
284. Abhisambhavituṃ adhigantuṃ asakkuṇeyyo anabhisambhavanīyo. Tenāha ‘‘appattabbo’’tiādi. Cakkhuyeva patho rūpadassanassa maggo upāyoti cakkhupatho, tasmiṃ cakkhupathasminti āha ‘‘cakkhupasāde’’ti, cakkhussa gocarayoggo vā cakkhupathoti āha ‘‘āpāthe vā’’ti. Nābhibhavatīti na abhibhavati, gocarabhāvaṃ na gacchatīti attho. Heṭṭhā heṭṭhāti tāvatiṃsato paṭṭhāya heṭṭhā heṭṭhā, na cātumahārājikato paṭṭhāya, nāpi brahmapārisajjato paṭṭhāya. ‘‘Cātumahārājikā hi tāvatiṃsānaṃ yathā jātirūpāni passituṃ sakkonti, tathā brahmāno heṭṭhimā uparimāna’’nti keci, taṃ na yuttaṃ. Na hi heṭṭhimā brahmāno uparimānaṃ mūlapaṭisandhirūpaṃ passituṃ sakkonti, māpitameva passituṃ sakkontīti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
「他听着听着便睡着了」(suṇantovaniddaṃ okkami):当他思虑诸趣时,向外扩散的寻中断,心因而收缩。他说「我的祖父」(mayhaṃ ayyakassa),乃指世尊。
Suṇantovaniddaṃ okkamīti gatiyo upadhārento bahi visaṭavitakkavicchedena saṅkocaṃ āpannacittatāya. Mayhaṃ ayyakassāti bhagavantaṃ sandhāya vadati.
「Pañcasikho(五髻)」:由于他有五束发髻,故称“五髻”;如同五髻乾闼婆一般,所以说“似五髻乾闼婆”。「Mamāyanti」指喜爱、爱着。
Pañca sikhā etassāti pañcasikho, pañcasikho viya pañcasikhoti āha ‘‘pañcasikhagandhabbasadiso’’ti. Mamāyantīti piyāyanti.
285285.「Sumutto(善解脱)」:指从音声的诸种过失中善得解脱。为了显示:因为没有了胆、痰等障碍,声音便不会浑浊不清,所以说「apalibuddho(无障无碍)」。声音能令人了知,故是「viññeyyo(所应了知)」。此“所应了知”一词含有内在原因,是能作之义,故解释为「atthaviññāpano(能令义理明了)」。音声的甘甜即是柔和,因此说「madhuro mudū(甘甜柔软)」。它值得听闻,故是「savanīyo(堪听)」。又因值得听闻且入耳舒适,所以说「kaṇṇasukho(悦耳)」。声音凝聚不散即「Bindu(凝聚)」,犹如被敲打破裂的铜器声,不是分成许多部分,而是浑然一体、没有分割,这就是它的含义,因此说「ekagghano(一体密实)」。正是以此赞叹他的声音不散漫。又因它生起的根源很深,所以说极为甚深,由此说“从脐底……”等。像这样生起的声音,仅是依于舌头等的击触而生。又不甜腻,因为各发声部位都很轻巧。也传不远,因为没有雄浑的气势。
285.Sumuttoti saradosehi suṭṭhu mutto. Yehi pittasemhādīhi palibuddhattā saro avissaṭṭho siyā, tadabhāvato vissaṭṭhoti dassento āha ‘‘apalibuddho’’ti. Viññāpetīti viññeyyo, antogadhahetuattho kattusādhano esa viññeyyasaddoti āha ‘‘atthaviññāpano’’ti. Sarassa madhuratā nāma maddavanti āha ‘‘madhuro mudū’’ti. Savanaṃ arahatīti savanīyo. Savanārahatāya ca āpāthasukhatāyāti āha ‘‘kaṇṇasukho’’ti. Bindūti piṇḍito. Ākoṭitabhinnakaṃsasaddo viya anekāvayavo ahutvā niravayavo, ekabhāvoti attho. Tenāha ‘‘ekagghano’’ti, etenevassa avisāritā saṃvaṇṇitā daṭṭhabbā. Gambhīruppattiṭṭhānatāya cassa gambhīratāti āha ‘‘nābhimūlato’’tiādi. Evaṃ samuṭṭhitoti jīvhādippahāramattasamuṭṭhito. Amadhuro ca hoti uppattiṭṭhānānaṃ parilahubhāvato. Na ca dūraṃ sāveti vīrabhāvābhāvato. Ninnādī suvipulabhāvato savisesaṃ ninnādo, pāsaṃsaninnādo vā. Tenāha ‘‘mahāmegha…pe… yutto’’ti.
「Pacchimaṃ pacchimaṃ(后句对后句)」:指每颂的第二、第四、第六、第八句。「Purimassa purimassa(前句对前句)」:依序指每颂的第一、第三、第五、第七句。「Atthoyeva(唯义)」:指只是阐明了义理。当知:他的声音清晰,故为“可了知性”;柔和,故为“堪听性”;凝聚,故为“不散性”;甚深,故为“深沉回响性”。关于「Yathāparisaṃ(随会众多少)」一词,此处的“yathā”是表示数量的词,并非表示方式等,故说“随顺会众的数量”,这显示了他的声音会随着听众人数的多寡而自然发出,正是他的特性。因此说“仅此数量”等。
Pacchimaṃ pacchimanti dutiyaṃ, catutthaṃ, chaṭṭhaṃ, aṭṭhamañca padaṃ. Purimassa purimassāti yathākkamaṃ paṭhamassa, tatiyassa, pañcamassa, sattamassa ca. Atthoyevāti atthaniddeso eva. Vissaṭṭhatā hissa viññeyyatāya veditabbā, mañjubhāvo savanīyatāya, bindubhāvo avisāritāya, gambhīrabhāvo ninnāditāyāti. Yathāparisanti ettha yathā-saddo parimāṇavācī, na pakārādivācīti āha ‘‘yattakāparisā’’ti, tena parisappamāṇaṃ evassa saro niccharati, ayamassa dhammatāti dasseti. Tenāha ‘‘tattakamevā’’tiādi.
“凡所有…”等句,是以陈述原因来论证前面“乃至彼世尊…”等所说之义:因其恒常依止于三皈依处,并安立于戒中,故而不生于六欲天中受用福报。因此说“凡所有…说”。“无疑受持皈依”:指通过圣道而入的皈依。因为他们已彻底断除疑惑,于三宝具不动摇的净信,依于凡夫的信解便能深入了知佛陀等功德,应知这是就权巧方便而称他们为“无疑受持皈依者”。“乾闼婆天众”:即乾闼婆天神之群。“乳树”:指一种产乳的树,也指以此树磨成的粉末。“其粉为乳树粉”:将此粉捣碎投入后,它便变得坚实,密无间隙地凝结而立。
‘‘Ye hi kecī’’tiādi ‘‘yāvañca so bhagavā’’tiādinā vuttassa atthassa hetukittanavasena samatthanaṃ saraṇesu nesaṃ niccasevanena, sīlesu ca patiṭṭhāpanena chakāmasaggasampattianuppādanato. Tenāha ‘‘ye hi keci…pe… vadatī’’ti. Nibbematikagahitasaraṇeti maggenāgatasaraṇagamane. Te hi sabbaso samugghātitavicikicchatāya ratanattaye aveccappasādena samannāgatāyeva, pothujjanikasaddhāya vasena buddhādīnaṃ guṇe ogāhetvā jānanti, aparaneyyabuddhino te pariyāyato nibbematikagahitasaraṇā veditabbā. Gandhabbadevagaṇanti gandhabbadevasamūhaṃ. Tukā vuccati khīriṇī yā tukātipi vuccati. Tassā cuṇṇaṃ tukāpiṭṭhaṃ. Taṃ koṭṭetvā pakkhittaṃ ghanaṃ nirantaracitaṃ hutvā tiṭṭhati.
已修习的神足的注释
Bhāvitaiddhipādavaṇṇanā
287287.“善巧开显”:指通过种种方式善加晓示、令人觉悟;或以不混杂而安立之意。而此觉了、不混杂而安立,从义理上说即是说法,故言“善说”。以“成就”之义说:即圆满成就之义,指作为成就之因的性质。以“住持”之义说:即决意、住持之义。以神通为足,故名“神足”,即获得神通的方法。正是因为依此得以层层增进,获得殊胜的、称为“神通”的成就,所以称为“足”。“神通”者:能圆满成就、完成,即是神通。“神通”本身即是足,即“神足”,是神通的一个分类。在此,当知此四种神足的含义:“为神通之成就”,即为有能力成就神通。“为神通自在”,即为于成就神通中胜任自如。因词根多义,前缀“vi-”带有自在之义;或“自在之证得”即名为自在,于其中随心所欲,是为自在。故言“再三再四…”等。“为神通变化”:即为能施展种种变化神通,变现种种形态。
287.Supaññattāti suṭṭhu pakārehi ñāpitā bodhitā, asaṅkarato vā ṭhapitā, taṃ pana bodhanaṃ, asaṅkarato ṭhapanañca atthato desanā evāti āha ‘‘sukathitā’’ti. Ijjhanaṭṭhenāti samijjhanaṭṭhena, nippajjanassa kāraṇabhāvenāti attho. Patiṭṭhānaṭṭhenāti adhiṭṭhānaṭṭhena. Iddhiyā pādoti iddhipādo, iddhiyā adhigamupāyoti attho. Tena hi yasmā uparūpari visesasaṅkhātaṃ iddhiṃ pajjanti pāpuṇanti, tasmā ‘‘pādo’’ti vuccati. Ijjhatīti iddhi, samijjhati nippajjatīti attho. Iddhi eva pādo iddhipādo, iddhikoṭṭhāsoti attho. Evaṃ tāva ‘‘cattāro iddhipādā’’ti ettha attho veditabbo. Iddhipahonakatāyāti iddhiyā nipphādane samatthabhāvāya. Iddhivisavitāyāti iddhiyā nipphādane yogyabhāvāya. Anekatthattā hi dhātūnaṃ yogyattho vi-pubbo su-saddo, visavanaṃ vā pajjanaṃ visavitā, tattha kāmakāritā visavitā. Tenāha ‘‘punappuna’’ntiādi. Iddhivikubbanatāyāti vikubbaniddhiyā vividharūpakaraṇāya. Tenāha ‘‘nānappakārato katvā dassanatthāyā’’ti.
“比丘以欲为增上后,获得定,获得心一境性,这称为欲定”(《分别论》432)。依此经文,省略“增上”一词而作复合词,故知“欲增上之定”即“欲定”;为显示“增上”一词的含义,注疏则说:“以欲为因,或以欲为增上的定,是为欲定”,当如此了知。有人说“勤行体”即是“精进体”。因为提到“勤行”是为遮止“有为行”等义。或者,能造作种种殊胜故名为“行”,而一切精进亦是“行”。其中,为遮止四种作用成就者之外的其他含义,而说“勤行”,故“勤行体”即“最胜体”之义。又因指四种精进,故以复数说明。依各别复合词的解释,前文于“神足”中所说的“足”之方法义、部分义,在此随宜而说。应知,这是就即将说到的种种获得的前分,作为作者神变而说;或者,就《后分小品》中所说,以欲等神足所应成就的神变为作者神变,而欲等则为工具神变而说的。因此,“以成就义为神变”中,是合取作者义与工具义而说。为先示作者义,故说“或以圆成同义语的成就义”,再示另一义,则说“依这些而成就…”等。“已说”:于何处说?于神足分别的经文中(《分别论》434)。“如是住者”:
‘‘Chandañca bhikkhu adhipatiṃ karitvā labhati samādhiṃ, labhati cittassekaggataṃ, ayaṃ vuccati chandasamādhī’’ti (vibha. 432) imāya pāḷiyā chandādhipati samādhi chandasamādhīti adhipatisaddalopaṃ katvā samāso vuttoti viññāyati, adhipatisaddatthadassanavasena pana ‘‘chandahetuko, chandādhiko vā samādhi chandasasamādhī’’ti aṭṭhakathāyaṃvuttanti veditabbaṃ. ‘‘Padhānabhūtāti vīriyabhūtā’’ti keci vadanti. Saṅkhatasaṅkhārādinivattanatthañhi padhānaggahaṇanti. Atha vā taṃ taṃ visesaṃ saṅkharotīti saṅkhāro, sabbampi vīriyaṃ. Tattha catukiccasādhakato aññassa nivattanatthaṃ padhānaggahaṇanti padhānabhūtā seṭṭhabhūtāti attho. Catubbidhassa pana vīriyassa adhippetattā bahuvacananiddeso kato. Visuṃ samāsayojanavasena yo pubbe iddhipādattho pādassa upāyatthataṃ, koṭṭhāsatthatañca gahetvā yathāyogavasena idha vutto, so vakkhamānānaṃ paṭilābhapubbabhāgānaṃ kattukaraṇiddhibhāvaṃ, uttaracūḷabhājanīye vā vuttehi chandādīhi iddhipādehi sādhetabbāya iddhiyā kattiddhibhāvaṃ, chandādīnañca karaṇiddhibhāvaṃ sandhāya vuttoti veditabbo, tasmā ‘‘ijjhanaṭṭhena iddhī’’ti ettha kattuattho, karaṇattho ca ekajjhaṃ gahetvā vuttoti kattuatthaṃ tāva dassetuṃ ‘‘nipphattipariyāyena ijjhanaṭṭhena vā’’ti vatvā itaraṃ dassento ‘‘ijjhantietāyā’’tiādimāha. Vuttanti kattha vuttaṃ? Iddhipādavibhaṅgapāṭhe. (Vibha. 434) tathābhūtassāti tenākārena bhūtassa, te chandādidhamme paṭilabhitvā ṭhitassāti attho. ‘‘Vedanākkhandho’’tiādīhi chandādayo antokatvā cattāropi khandhā kathitā. Sesesūti sesiddhipādesu.
在精进神足的解说中,“具足精进定勤行”这一句里,精进一词出现了两次。其中,前者是对定的简别,即“以精进为增上的定,名为精进定”;后者则是显示具足支。因为在一切处,具足支唯有两种:定与勤行。欲等只是定的简别,而勤行唯以“勤”字来简别,并非以欲等来简别,所以此处并没有说勤行以精进为增上。精进只是作为定的简别而存在;就具足支而言,由于说“勤行”一词而有所说明,但也并非是以两种精进来解说具足。然而,因为定由欲等而成为殊胜,与此殊胜定相应的勤行及余法也随之殊胜,所以依于定的简别而说四种神足。而欲等的简别性,是依显示各自的所依而成立的,因此在“欲定……神足”中,依“足”字也有所依之义,是以方法义而说欲等为神足。正因如此,阿毗达摩《后分小品》(《分别论》456)中,以“四种神足:欲神足……”等,只说欲等是神足。在《问分》(《分别论》457以下)中,虽以“四种神足:于此,比丘欲定……”等作为总说,也只是分别欲等的善等性。因为显示所依神足,正是为了显示方法神足。否则,便没有四种的差别。应知,此中是依经义而作抉择。如今为依获得的前分而分别显示神足,说“复次……”等,此易于了解。此处神足论仅为略说。
Vīriyiddhipādaniddese ‘‘vīriyasamādhipadhānasaṅkhārasamannāgata’’nti dvikkhattuṃ vīriyaṃ āgataṃ. Tattha purimaṃ samādhivisesanaṃ ‘‘vīriyādhipati samādhi vīriyasamādhī’’ti, dutiyaṃ samannāgamaṅgadassanaṃ. Dveyeva hi sabbattha samannāgamaṅgāni, samādhi, padhānasaṅkhāro ca. Chandādayo hi samādhivisesanāni, padhānasaṅkhāro pana padhānavacaneneva visesito, na chandādīhīti na idha vīriyādhipatitā padhānasaṅkhārassa vuttā hoti. Vīriyañca samādhiṃ visesetvā ṭhitameva, samannāgamaṅgavasena pana padhānasaṅkhāravacanena vuttanti nāpi dvīhi vīriyehi samannāgamo vutto hoti. Yasmā pana chandādīhi visiṭṭho samādhi, tathāvisiṭṭheneva ca tena sampayutto padhānasaṅkhāro, sesadhammā ca, tasmā samādhivisesanānaṃ vasena cattāro iddhipādā vuttā, visesanabhāvo ca chandādīnaṃ taṃtaṃavassayadassanavasena hotīti ‘‘chandasamādhi…pe… iddhipāda’’nti ettha nissayatthepi pāda-sadde upāyatthena chandādīnaṃ iddhipādatā vuttā hoti. Teneva hi abhidhamme uttaracūḷabhājanīye (vibha. 456) ‘‘cattāro iddhipādā chandiddhipādo’’tiādinā chandādīnameva iddhipādatā vuttā. Pañhapucchake (vibha. 457 ādayo) ‘‘cattāro iddhipādā idha bhikkhu chandasamādhī’’tiādinā ca uddesaṃ katvāpi puna chandādīnaṃyeva kusalādibhāvo vibhatto. Upāyiddhipādadassanatthameva hi nissayiddhipādadassanaṃ kataṃ, aññathā catubbidhatā na siyāti. Ayamettha pāḷivasena atthavinicchayo veditabbo. Idāni paṭilābhapubbabhāgānaṃ vasena iddhipāde vibhajitvā dassetuṃ ‘‘apicā’’tiādi vuttaṃ, taṃ suviññeyyameva. Idha iddhipādakathā saṅkhepeneva vuttāti āha ‘‘vitthārena pana…pe… vuttā’’ti.
所谓“有人”,是指无畏山寺的住众。他们当中,有一部分人说:“所谓神通,是不真实的”;另一部分人说:“然而神足道支是不真实的”。所谓“不真实”,是指在究竟义上不成立,也就是不存在。经文中的“引语”,是引自阿毗达摩(《分别论》458),并以不同于前述道理的方式,引入《长部注疏》(《长部注》2.287)而进行开示。“欲”本身就是神足,故称“欲神足”。对其余几项,也应当这样理解。而这里的“这些”,是指本经中所说到的那些神足。赖吒和罗长老心想:“只要有欲求,怎么可能不随许呢?”于是他七日不进食,求得父母允许后出家,完全依靠“欲”而证得了出世间法,所以这样说:“赖吒和罗长老……证得出世间法。”首那长老精进修习,极为勇猛。他身为极为柔软尊贵的王子,即使脚上磨出了水泡,也毫不退缩地坚持精进,因此说:“首那长老以精进为首要。”所生长老认为:“心意坚决的人,何事不能成办?”他便以心为前导而修习,故说:“所生长老以心为首要。”摩伽罗阇长老则依止于思择,世尊便为他说了“观察世间是空”的教导。
Kecīti abhayagirivāsino. Tesu hi ekacce ‘‘iddhi nāma anipphannā’’ti vadanti, ekacce ‘‘iddhipādo pana anipphanno’’ti vadanti, anipphannoti ca paramatthato asiddho, natthīti attho. Ābhatoti abhidhammapāṭhato (vibha. 458) dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathāyaṃ (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 2.287) ānīto purimanayato aññenākārena desanāya pavattattā. Chando eva iddhipādo chandiddhipādo. Eseva nayo sesesupi. Ime panāti imasmiṃ sutte āgatā iddhipādā . Raṭṭhapālatthero (ma. ni. 2.293; a. ni. aṭṭha. 1.1.210; apa. aṭṭha. 2.raṭṭhapālattheraapadānavaṇṇanāya vitthāro) ‘‘chande sati kathaṃ nānujānissantī’’ti sattāhaṃ bhattāni abhuñjitvā mātāpitaro anujānāpetvā pabbajitvā chandameva avassāya lokuttaraṃ dhammaṃ nibbattesīti āha ‘‘raṭṭhapālatthero…pe… nibbattesī’’ti. Soṇatthero (mahāva. 243; a. ni. 6.55; theragā. aṭṭha. terasanipāta; apa. aṭṭha. 2.soṇakoṭivīsattheraapadānavaṇṇanāya vitthāro) bhāvanamanuyutto āraddhavīriyo paramasukhumālo pādesu phoṭesu jātesupi vīriyaṃ nappaṭipassambhesīti āha ‘‘soṇatthero vīriyaṃ dhuraṃ katvā’’ti. Sambhūtatthero (theragā. aṭṭha. 2.sammūtattheragāthāvaṇṇanāya vitthāro) ‘‘cittavato kiṃ nāma na sijjhatī’’ti cittaṃ pubbaṅgamaṃ katvā bhāvanaṃ ārādhesīti āha ‘‘sambhūtatthero cittaṃ dhuraṃ katvā’’ti. Moghatthero vīmaṃsaṃ avassayi, tasmā tassa bhagavā ‘‘suññato lokaṃ avekkhassū’’ti (su. ni. 1125; bu. vaṃ. 54.353; mahā. ni. 186; cūḷani. mogharājamāṇavapucchā 144; mogharājamāṇavapucchāniddese 88; netti. 5; peṭako. 22, 31) suññatākathaṃ kathesi, paññānissitamānaniggahatthaṃ, paññāya pariggahatthañca dvikkhattuṃ pucchito samāno pañhaṃ kathesi. Tenāha ‘‘āyasmā mogharājā vīmaṃsaṃ dhuraṃ katvā’’ti.
因为反复生起欲,就犹如不断的派遣,因此说,这即是欲的现起相似之处。
Punappunaṃ chanduppādanaṃ pesanaṃ viya hotīti chandassa upaṭṭhānasadisatā vuttā.
「以精勤」:即借精勤之名,说其勇悍之相。由于具足力量,应知精进与勇悍的相似性。
Parakkamenāti parakkamasīsena sūrabhāvaṃ vadati. Thāmabhāvato ca vīriyassa sūrabhāvasadisatā daṭṭhabbā.
因为以思惟为精要,所以说心的状态与商议、筹划相似。
Cintanappadhānattā cittassa mantasaṃvidhānasadisatā vuttā.
所谓「出身成就」,是指殊胜的出身。因为提到「于一切法中,慧为最胜」,所以将审察说成与出身成就相似。然而,在《迷惑冰消》(《分别论注》433)中,则是将心如意足说为与出身成就相似,而将审察如意足说为与咒力相似。
Jātisampatti nāma visiṭṭhajātitā. ‘‘Sabbadhammesu ca paññā seṭṭhā’’ti vīmaṃsāya jātisampattisadisatā vuttā. Sammohavinodaniyaṃ (vibha. aṭṭha. 433) pana cittiddhipādassa jātisampattisadisatā, vīmaṃsiddhipādassa mantabalasadisatā ca yojitā.
“有多种”:即并非单一,而是具有种种类别、部分,故说“种种”。“种类”一词与“部分”同义,正如“以一种方式,智的所依……”等处(《分别论》751)所说。因此,“神变种类”即神变的种类部分。
Anekaṃ vihitaṃ vidhaṃ etassāti anekavihitanti āha ‘‘anekavidha’’nti. Vidha-saddo koṭṭhāsapariyāyo ‘‘ekavidhena ñāṇavatthū’’tiādīsu (vibha. 751) viyāti āha ‘‘iddhividhanti iddhikoṭṭhāsa’’nti.
三种得机会的解释
Tividhaokāsādhigamavaṇṇanā
288“乐”:此词通说三种乐,故释为“禅那乐、道乐、果乐”。然而,未达到安止的近行禅那乐与观乐在此并非重点,故未纳入。在前两种得遇机缘中,这三种乐都能获得;但在第三种得遇机缘中又是如何呢?在那里,虽非三种全得,确实能获得其中两种。这只是依实际获得的情况来说明,就如“砂砾、石堆,或行或立的鱼群……”等例子中的说法。所谓“交杂”,即是与之混合、趋近、具备,因此也说为“相应心”。“圣法”指能成就圣位的法。“为方便”是从方法的角度说,“为道”是从道路的角度说,“为因”是从原因的角度说。正因如此,以这种方式进行的法随法行,便是“依此而达到”的方便;由于它成为证得那圣法的道路,所以称为“道”;由于它能造作、能成为因,所以称为“因”。
288.‘‘Sukhassā’’ti idaṃ tiṇṇampi sukhānaṃ sādhāraṇavacananti āha ‘‘jhānasukhassa maggasukhassa phalasukhassā’’ti. Nānappanāpattatāya pana appadhānattā upacārajjhānasukhassa, vipassanāsukhassa cettha aggahaṇaṃ. Purimesu tāva dvīsu okāsādhigamesu tīṇipi sukhāni labbhanti, tatiye pana kathanti? Tattha kāmaṃ tīṇi na labbhanti, dve pana labbhantiyeva. Yathālābhavasena hetaṃ vuttaṃ. ‘‘Sakkharakathalampi macchagumbampi carantampi tiṭṭhantampī’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 1.249; ma. ni. 1.433; 2.259; a. ni. 1.45, 46) viya. Saṃsaṭṭhoti saṃsaggaṃ upagato samaṅgībhūto, so pana tehi samannāgatacittopi hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘sampayuttacitto’’ti. Ariyadhammanti ariyabhāvakaraṃ dhammaṃ. Upāyatoti vidhito. Pathatoti maggato. Kāraṇatoti hetuto. Yena hi vidhinā dhammānudhammapaṭipatti hoti, so upeti etenāti upāyo, so tadadhigamassa maggabhāvato patho, tassa karaṇato kāraṇanti ca vuccati.
为展开说明“以无常等角度作意”这句概括性所说的含义,而说了“所谓如理作意”等。其中,“方便作意”是作为善法生起之因的作意。“道作意”则是作为那方便作意之道的作意。以无常等:因为诸行有边际、非恒常,所以对于无常的三地诸行,作意为“无常”——如此配合。对其余诸项,也依同样方式理解。不过,这里有一差别:在苦上,因为那些行本身受着生灭的逼迫,是苦的状态,所以作意为苦;在无我上,因为具有不自在的含义,是无我的自性;在不净上,因为具有不净的自性。实际上,一切三地有为法都流淌着烦恼的不净,都完全可以称为“不净”。“或以谛随顺”:这是从随顺通达谛理的方式来说的。“心的转向”等,是指那些成为转向的缘、在它之前生起的意门善速行过程,借由果报的名称这样来称呼它们。依它的力量,它就成为善法生起的亲依止缘。转向,因为是转向有分心,所以叫“心的转向”;一而再、再而三地转向,所以叫“再转向”。去取有分所缘以外的所缘,所以叫“投入”。完全地作意,所以叫“等持”。在随那个所缘一再紧接而生起时,便去作意。
‘‘Aniccantiādivasena manasi karotī’’ti saṅkhepato vuttamatthaṃ vivarituṃ ‘‘yoniso manasikāro nāmā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha upāyamanasikāroti kusaladhammappavattiyā kāraṇabhūto manasikāro. Pathamanasikāroti tassa eva maggabhūto manasikāro. Anicceti ādiantavantatāya, anaccantikatāya ca anicce tebhūmake saṅkhāre ‘‘anicca’’nti manasikāroti yojanā. Eseva nayo sesesupi. Ayaṃ pana viseso tasmiṃyeva udayabbayapaṭipīḷanatāya dukkhanato, dukkhamato ca dukkhe, avasavattanatthena, anattasabhāvatāya ca anattani, asucisabhāvatāya asubhe. Sabbampi hi tebhūmakaṃ saṅkhataṃ kilesāsucipaggharaṇato ‘‘asubha’’ntveva vattuṃ arahati. Saccānulomikena vāti saccābhisamayassa anulomanavasena. ‘‘Cittassa āvaṭṭanā’’tiādinā āvajjanāya paccayabhūtā tato purimuppannā manodvārikā kusalajavanappavatti phalavohāreneva tathā vuttā. Tassā hi vasena sā kusaluppattiyā upanissayo hotīti. Āvajjanā hi bhavaṅgacittaṃ āvaṭṭetīti cittassa āvaṭṭanā, anu anu āvaṭṭetīti anvāvaṭṭanā. Bhavaṅgārammaṇato aññaṃ ābhujatīti ābhogo. Samannāharatīti samannāhāro. Tadevārammaṇaṃ attānaṃ anubandhitvā anubandhitvā uppajjamāne manasi karoti ṭhapetīti manasikāro. Ayaṃ vuccatīti ayaṃ upāyamanasikāralakkhaṇo yonisomanasikāro nāma vuccati, yassa vasena puggalo dukkhādīni saccāni āvajjituṃ sakkoti.
“无交杂”:即不混杂,远离诸欲等,与之分离。由于远离诸欲等杂染而生起的乐,就是依远离而生的喜与乐,故说为“初禅之乐”。初禅之乐本身虽亦是喜,但在经典中,因其也能成为身乐之缘,故特别称为“乐”;此处亦然,将处于禅那状态的喜称为乐,将其他(非禅那的)称为喜。由此而说为“乐”。此处使用从格表示原因,因此说明“由于禅那乐的缘由”。“后后喜悦”:指因证得禅那,随后由观察等方式反复生起的喜悦。
Asaṃsaṭṭhoti na saṃsaṭṭho kāmādīhi vivitto vinābhūto. Kāmādivisaṃsaggahetu uppajjanakasukhaṃ nāma vivekajaṃ pītisukhanti āha ‘‘paṭhamajjhānasukha’’nti. Kāmaṃ paṭhamajjhānasukhampi somanassameva, suttesu pana taṃ kāyikasukhassāpi paccayabhāvato visesato ‘‘sukha’’ntveva vuccatīti idhāpi jhānabhūtaṃ somanassaṃ sukhanti, itaraṃ somanassaṃ. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘sukhā’’ti. Hetumhi nissakkavacananti āha ‘‘jhānasukhapaccayā’’ti. Aparāparaṃ somanassanti jhānādhigamahetu paccavekkhaṇādivasena punappunaṃ uppajjanakasomanassaṃ.
Pamodana 即喜悦的状态,亦即 pamudo,指还很幼嫩的喜,由此而有 pamudā。在“欢悦,为喜之义”等语境中,幼嫩的喜称作“欢悦”;然而在此,是以“极为柔软、喜悦”之义作为 pamudo 的所指,即以“欢悦”为所要表达的意思。而且,它不可能脱离喜而存在,由于这层不离的关系,故解释为“更强的喜与喜悦”。为表明禅那的直接对立面,所以说“镇伏了五盖”。实际上,禅那镇伏与其同处的一切烦恼、一切不善法,因为它已夺取了自己的空间而安住,不为那些对立法所压倒。“因此”:即因夺取了空间,意思是获得了机会。或者,由于它成为证得道果乐的处所,故称为“机会”,对其证得即名“得机会”。而在前一种解释中,是依此而获得机会、适当时机,所以称为“得机会”。
Pamodanaṃ pamudo, taruṇapīti, tato pamudā. ‘‘Pāmojjaṃ pītatthāyā’’tiādīsu taruṇapīti ‘‘pāmojja’’nti vuccati, idha pana pakaṭṭho mudo pamudo pāmojjanti adhippetaṃ, tañca somanassarahitaṃ natthīti avinābhāvitāya ‘‘balavataraṃ pītisomanassa’’nti vuttaṃ. Jhānassa ujuvipaccanīkataṃ sandhāya ‘‘pañca nīvaraṇāni vikkhambhetvā’’ti vuttaṃ. Jhānaṃ pana tadekaṭṭhe sabbepi kilese, sabbepi akusale dhamme vikkhambhetiyeva, attano okāsaṃ gahetvā tiṭṭhati paṭipakkhadhammehi anabhibhavanīyato. Tasmāti okāsaggahaṇato, laddhokāsatāyāti attho. Maggaphalasukhādhigamāya okāsabhāvato vā okāso, assa adhigamo okāsādhigamo. Purimapakkhe pana okāsaṃ avasaraṃ adhigacchati etenāti okāsādhigamo.
因为色法具有自性、因为教导只针对色法说过患、以及因为具有广遍扩散的特性,在承认出入息寻与伺的粗重性的前提下,说道“身行与语行姑且算是粗的”。然而,出于对立的立场,又承认某些受与想的粗重性,所以问:“心行怎么会是粗的呢?”另一位则回答:“因为未被断除之故”,并且用“身行等……”展开说明其中的含义。“那些”:是指心行。未被断除的行,由于还可以获得行的相,所以值得称为“粗”;已经被断除的,则因为没有那个相了,所以称为“细”。因此说:“依已断除的而言,由于未被断除,所以取得了名为粗的称谓。”在圣典当中,因为提到“身行之止息”,所以说明“乐”就是“第四禅果等至之乐”;而因为提到“心行之止息”,所以又说“从灭尽定出定者”。应当知道,语行的止息,是凭身行的止息而成就的。正因为这样才说:“第二禅……并未另外宣说。”虽然在圣典中,意义上已经成就了,但为了让这个意义显得更加清楚明白,还是从事相上来把握它。因为在圣者的律中,透过义理推论来阐明,并不是阿毗达摩教说的常规方式。就如同镇伏诸盖是证得初禅的方便那样,镇伏苦与乐也是证得第四禅的方便,因此说:“第四禅是镇伏了苦与乐而……”其余的部分,和前面说明的方式一样。
Rūpasabhāvatāya , ekantarūpādhīnavuttitāya, savipphārikatāya ca ānāpānavitakkavicārānaṃ thūlabhāvaṃ anujānanto ‘‘kāyavacīsaṅkhārā tāva oḷārikā hontū’’ti āha. Tabbidhuratāya pana ekaccānaṃ vedanāsaññānaṃ thūlataṃ ananujānanto ‘‘cittasaṅkhārā kathaṃ oḷārikā’’ti āha. Itaro ‘‘appahīnattā’’ti kāraṇaṃ vatvā ‘‘kāyasaṅkhārā hī’’tiādinā tamatthaṃ vivarati. Teti cittasaṅkhārā. Appahīnā saṅkhārā labbhamānasaṅkhāranimittatāya ‘‘oḷārikā’’ti vattuṃ arahanti, pahīnā pana tadabhāvato ‘‘sukhumā’’ti āha ‘‘pahīne upādāyaappahīnattā oḷārikā nāma jātā’’ti. Pāḷiyaṃ ‘‘kāyasaṅkhārānaṃ paṭippassaddhiyā’’ti vuttattā ‘‘sukhanti catutthajjhānikaphalasamāpattisukha’’nti vuttaṃ. ‘‘Cittasaṅkhārānaṃ paṭippassaddhiyā’’ti pana vuttattā ‘‘nirodhā vuṭṭhahantassā’’ti vuttaṃ. Vacīsaṅkhārapaṭippassaddhi kāyasaṅkhārapaṭippassaddhiyāva siddhāti veditabbā. Tenevāha ‘‘dutiya…pe… visuṃ na vuttānī’’ti. Pāḷiyaṃ pana atthato siddhāpi supākaṭabhāvena vibhāvetuṃ sarūpato gaṇhāti. Na hi ariyavinaye atthāpattivibhāvanā abhidhammadesanāya pakatīti. Yathā nīvaraṇavikkhambhanañca paṭhamassa jhānassa adhigamāya upāyo, evaṃ sukhadukkhavikkhambhanaṃ catutthassa jhānassa adhigamāya upāyoti ‘‘catutthajjhānaṃ sukhaṃ dukkhaṃ vikkhambhetvā’’ti vuttaṃ. Sesaṃ heṭṭhā vuttanayameva.
「有过失」:与无明、贪等过失在一起,故为有过失,即不善;由无此过失故,为「无过失」,即善。希望自己获得利益安乐者所应修习的,是「应修习」,即善;与此相反的,是「不应修习」,即不善。因性质低劣而称为「卑劣」,是不善;因性质殊胜而称为「殊胜」,是善。如是,有过失等三组二法,应知皆随顺于这些善与不善业道而得以了知。「一切」:即如上所述,被四种二法所摄的一切法类。随其所应,黑与白彼此对立,有对与无对则无二元性。覆蔽轮回的无明,因如实通达四圣谛而被断除。由此,阿拉汉道之明生起。「乐」:如上,通过业道之门遍察三地诸法,策励起观,依道的次第安住于阿拉汉果的行者,其所有之阿拉汉道乐与阿拉汉果乐,即此处所称的「乐」。这二者实相含摄,因为无有间隔。
Avijjārāgādīhi saha vajjehīti sāvajjaṃ, akusalaṃ, tadabhāvato anavajjaṃ kusalaṃ. Attano hitasukhaṃ ākaṅkhantena sevanīyato sevitabbaṃ, kusalaṃ, tabbipariyāyato na sevitabbaṃ, akusalaṃ. Lāmakabhāvena hīnaṃ, akusalaṃ, seṭṭhabhāvena paṇītaṃ, kusalanti sāvajjadukādayo tayopi dukā yathārahaṃ etesaṃ kusalākusalakammapathānaṃ vaseneva veditabbā. Sabbanti yathāvuttaṃ sabbaṃ catūhi dukehi saṅgahitaṃ dhammajātaṃ. Yathārahaṃ kaṇhañca sukkañca paṭidvandibhāvato, sappaṭibhāgañca appaṭibhāgañca advayabhāvato. Vaṭṭapaṭicchādikā avijjā pahīyati catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ sammadeva paṭivijjhanato. Tato eva arahattamaggavijjā uppajjati. Sukhanti evaṃ kammapathamukhena tebhūmakadhamme sammasitvā vipassanaṃ ussukkāpetvā maggapaṭipāṭiyā arahatte patiṭṭhahantassa yaṃ arahattamaggasukhañceva arahattaphalasukhañca, taṃ idha ‘‘sukha’’nti adhippetaṃ. Antogadhā eva nānantariyabhāvato.
「依照三十八种所缘」:即依巴利圣典中所记载的三十八种业处而说。「应详细解说」:意谓因以初禅等方式出现,故应详细解说。以「如何?」等语,即从理路上显示其详细解说。「在二十四个地方」等句中应说之义,在《大般涅槃经注》中已说。「引导进入灭尽定后」:此句亦包含了无色界禅那,因为没有无色界禅那便不可能证入灭尽定,而且它们也具备第四禅的体性。「十种近行禅那」:除身至念与入出息念外,八种随念与一种想差别,此十种为近行禅那。增上戒是导向定的,因此以增上戒为下端,以初禅为顶点,故说「增上戒学首先得到机会」。增上心以第四禅为顶点,因无色界禅那包含于其中,且果定禅那亦以其为究竟,故说「增上心学其次」。已达顶峰的增上慧学,即最上之道明,故说「增上慧学第三」。为显示
Aṭṭhatiṃsārammaṇavasenāti pāḷiyaṃ āgatānaṃ aṭṭhatiṃsāya kammaṭṭhānānaṃ vasena. Vitthāretvā kathetabbā paṭhamajjhānādivasena āgatattāti adhippāyo. ‘‘Katha’’ntiādinā tameva vitthāretvā kathanaṃ nayato dasseti. ‘‘Catuvīsatiyā ṭhānesū’’tiādīsu yaṃ vattabbaṃ, taṃ mahāparinibbānavaṇṇanāyaṃ (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 2.219) vuttameva. ‘‘Nirodhasamāpattiṃ pāpetvā’’ti iminā arūpajjhānānipi gahitāni honti tehi vinā nirodhasamāpattisamāpajjanassa asambhavato, catutthajjhānasabhāvattā ca tesaṃ. Dasa upacārajjhānānīti ṭhapetvā kāyagatāsatiṃ ānāpānañca aṭṭha anussatiyo, saññāvavatthānañcāti dasa upacārajjhānāni. Adhisīlaṃ nāma samādhisaṃvattaniyanti tassa heṭṭhimantena paṭhamajjhānaṃ pariyosānanti vuttaṃ ‘‘adhisīlasikkhā paṭhamaṃ okāsādhigamaṃ bhajatī’’ti. Adhicittaṃ nāma catutthajjhānaniṭṭhaṃ tadantogadhattā arūpajjhānānaṃ, tappariyosānattā phalajjhānānanti vuttaṃ ‘‘adhicittasikkhā dutiya’’nti. Matthakappattā adhipaññāsikkhā nāma aggamaggavijjāti āha ‘‘adhipaññāsikkhā tatiya’’nti. Sikkhattayavasena tayo okāsādhigame nīharantena yathārahaṃ taṃtaṃsuttavasenapi nīharitabbanti dassento ‘‘sāmaññaphalepī’’tiādimāha.
为显示:从三学按次第帮助三种机会获得时起,由于以这些为重点,三藏亦按次第帮助它们,故说「然而在三种藏中……」等。「分别三藏之后」:意谓依三种机会获得的次第,将三藏分别详细解说后,才能得以讲说。「会合之后」:即将其中所说之义,与此经之义融合归一。「如果说不好」:若以支离破碎之说,或以过分冗长之说而说得不好,则不能称为善说,因为唯有如此方为善说,故说「三部藏……便成为善说」。
Yadaggena ca tisso sikkhā yathākkamaṃ tayo okāsādhigame bhajanti, tadaggena tappadhānattā yathākkamaṃ tīṇi piṭakāni te bhajantīti dassetuṃ ‘‘tīsu panā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tīṇipiṭakāni vibhajitvāti tiṇṇaṃ okāsādhigamānaṃ vasena yathānupubbaṃ tīṇi piṭakāni vitthāretvā kathetuṃ labhissāmāti. Samodhānetvāti samāyojetvā tattha vuttamatthaṃ imassa suttassa atthabhāvena samānetvā. Dukkathitanti asambandhakathanena, atipapañcakathanena vā duṭṭhu kathitanti na sakkā vattuṃ tathākathanasseva sukathanabhāvatoti āha ‘‘tepiṭakaṃ…pe… sukathitaṃ hotī’’ti.
四念处注
Catusatipaṭṭhānavaṇṇanā
289不应仅依阿毗达摩法门理解善的含义,还应依《婆希提迦经》的法门,故说「以及果善」。「安稳」:即于四种轭中无所灾患。「正确地入定」:即依止与观而善入定。「心一境性」:因散乱已被远远驱除,心达至一境、不散乱。「于自身的身」:即依身随观,于自身内身正确入定者,如经云:「入定者如实了知、如实见。」他于此处对自身生起智见后,又于外部的他人之身生起智见,故说「将智导向他人之身」。「正确地明净」:因正确入定之缘,以与智相应的深信,于自身内身确然信解。「在一切处」:即于一切处。以此连结,即说「念」已被宣说。
289. Na kevalaṃ abhidhammapariyāyeneva kusalaṭṭho gahetabbo, atha kho bāhitikapariyāyena pīti āha ‘‘phalakusalassa cā’’ti. Khemaṭṭhenāti catūhipi yogehi anupaddavabhāvena . Sammā samāhitoti samathavasena ceva vipassanāvasena ca suṭṭhu samāhito. Ekaggacittoti vikkhepassa dūrasamussāritattā ekaggataṃ avikkhepaṃ pattacitto. Attano kāyatoti ajjhattaṃ kāye kāyānupassanāvasena sammā samāhitacitto samāno ‘‘samāhito yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti passatī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 3.5; 5.1071, 1072; netti. 40; mi. pa. 1.14) vacanato. Tattha ñāṇadassanaṃ nibbattento tato bahiddhā parassa kāyepi ñāṇadassanaṃ nibbatteti. Tenāha ‘‘parassa kāyābhimukhaṃ ñāṇaṃ pesetī’’ti. Sammā vippasīdatīti sammā samādhānapaccayena abhippasādena ñāṇūpasañhitena ajjhattaṃ kāyaṃ okappeti. Sabbatthāti sabbaṭṭhānesu. Sati kathitāti yojanā. Lokiyalokuttaramissakā kathitā anupassanāñāṇadassanānaṃ tadubhayasādhāraṇabhāvato.
七定资具注
Sattasamādhiparikkhāravaṇṇanā
290「在这里」(etthāti):在这段论述里。对于以禅那为轴、以精进为轮、以圣道为车的修行者,戒被说为它的庄严,因此说「装饰,即名为资具」(alaṅkāro parikkhāro nāmā)。「以七种城的资具」(sattahi nagaraparikkhārehi):即围绕城市而作防护的设施,也就是护城河(parikhā)、壁垒(uddāpo)、城墙(pākāro)、大城门柱(esikā)、横闩门栓(palighā)、城墙上的垛口(pākārapakkhaṇḍila)——这七种城的资具。「果由它而具备」(sambharīyati phalaṃ etenāti),所以称为「资粮」(sambhāro),也就是因。就像药物通过平息疾病,而成为维持生命的因。「以随从资具来说」(parivāraparikkhāravasenāti):就是以称为随从的资具来说。因为资具——即正见等道法——通过对正定作俱生缘等方式,进行协助与建设。「亲近而依止」(Upecca nissīyatīti),这就是「近依」(upanisā)。与近依俱行的,就是「有近依」(saupanisayo),因此说「有近依」(saupanissayo)。这里所讲的「近依」,指的是作为助力因缘而存在的法群。「此人有正确、殊胜、美好的见」(sammā pasatthā sundarā diṭṭhi etassāti),因此称为「正见者」(sammādiṭṭhi),指那个人。而因为他已是安立了正见的人,所以说「安住于正见者」(sammādiṭṭhiyaṃ ṭhitassā)。正思惟能胜任:当道正见完成对苦等的遍知等作用时,正思惟在断除欲贪寻思等之后,为了显示它如何在自己的作用成就上得以胜任,而说「正思惟生起」(sammāsaṅkappo pavattati)。「这个道理适用于所有句子」(esa nayo sabbapadesūti):意思是,在「正思惟者的正语能胜任」等其余句子中,也依此已说的道理类推。
290.Etthāti imissā kathāya. Jhānakkhassa vīriyacakkassa ariyamaggarathassa sīlaṃ vibhūsanabhāvena vuttanti āha ‘‘alaṅkāro parikkhāro nāmā’’ti. Sattahi nagaraparikkhārehīti nagaraṃ parivāretvā rakkhaṇakehi kataparikkhepo, parikhā, uddāpo, pākāro, esikā, palighā, pākārapakkhaṇḍilanti imehi sattahi nagaraparikkhārehi. Sambharīyati phalaṃ etenāti sambhāro, kāraṇaṃ. Bhesajjañhi byādhivūpasamanena jīvitassa kāraṇaṃ. Parivāraparikkhāravasenāti parivārasaṅkhātaparikkhāravasena. Parikkhāro hi sammādiṭṭhiyādayo maggadhammā sammāsamādhissa sahajātādipaccayabhāvena parikaraṇato abhisaṅkharaṇato. Upecca nissīyatīti upanisā, saha upanisāyāti saupanisoti āha ‘‘saupanissayo’’ti, sahakārīkāraṇabhūto dhammasamūho idha ‘‘upanissayo’’ti adhippeto. Sammā pasatthā sundarā diṭṭhi etassāti sammādiṭṭhi, puggalo, tassa sammādiṭṭhissa. So pana yasmā patiṭṭhitasammādiṭṭhiko, tasmā vuttaṃ ‘‘sammādiṭṭhiyaṃ ṭhitassā’’ti. Sammāsaṅkappo pahotīti maggasammādiṭṭhiyā dukkhādīsu parijānanādikiccaṃ sādhentiyā kāmavitakkādike samugghāṭento sammāsaṅkappo yathā attano kiccasādhane pahoti, tathā pavattiṃ panassa dassento āha ‘‘sammāsaṅkappo pavattatī’’ti. Esa nayo sabbapadesūti ‘‘sammāsaṅkappassa sammāvācā pahotī’’tiādīsu sesapadesu yathāvuttamatthaṃ atidisati.
在这里,对于为证得涅槃而修行的瑜伽行者,正见有极大的帮助。正如所说:「慧是明灯,慧是武器。」因为他以那慧破除无明黑暗,杀灭烦恼之贼,安稳地到达涅槃,所以在圣道的论述中,正见最先被提及。而在此处,因是依人施设的教导,所以说「于正见者」。又因正见者依出离寻等正确地思惟,而非依邪欲寻等,所以正见者的正思惟能胜任。又因正思惟对正语有帮助,如所说:「居士,先寻思伺察,而后发语。」因此,正思惟者的正语能胜任。又因通常人们先以语言约定「我们将做这做那」,然后那些身业才被正确地实行,所以语对身业有帮助,因此正语者的正业能胜任。又因只有断除了四种语恶行、三种身恶行,并圆满两种善行的人,才能圆满以正命为第八的戒,其他人则不能,所以正语者与正业者的正命能胜任。由于具足清净见等而成就正命者,才有如理精进的生起,因而正命者的正精进能胜任。如理精进者,在身等四个对象上,念能善巧安立,所以正精进者的正念能胜任。又因如此善巧安立的念,在勘察了对定有帮助与无帮助的诸法后,能胜任将心安住于单一所缘。
Ettha ca yasmā nibbānādhigamāya paṭipannassa yogino bahūpakārā sammādiṭṭhi. Tathā hi sā ‘‘paññāpajjoto, paññāsattha’’nti ca vuttā. Tāya hi so avijjandhakāraṃ vidhamitvā kilesacore ghātento khemena nibbānaṃ pāpuṇāti, tasmā ariyamaggakathāyaṃ sammādiṭṭhi ādito gayhati, idha pana puggalādhiṭṭhānadesanāya ‘‘sammādiṭṭhissā’’ti vuttaṃ. Yasmā pana sammādiṭṭhipuggalo nekkhammasaṅkappādivasena sammadeva saṅkappeti, na micchākāmasaṅkappādivasena, tasmā sammādiṭṭhissa sammāsaṅkappo pahoti. Yasmā ca sammāsaṅkappo sammāvācāya upakārako. Yathāha ‘‘pubbe kho gahapati vitakketvā vicāretvā pacchā vācaṃ bhindatī’’ti, (saṃ. ni. 2.348) tasmā sammāsaṅkappassa sammāvācā pahoti. Yasmā pana ‘‘idañcidañca karissāmā’’ti hi paṭhamaṃ vācāya saṃvidahitvā yebhuyyena te te kammantā sammā payojīyanti, tasmā vācā kāyakammassa upakārikāti sammāvācassa sammākammanto pahoti. Yasmā pana catubbidhaṃ vacīduccaritaṃ, tividhañca kāyaduccaritaṃ pahāya ubhayaṃ sucaritaṃ pūrentasseva ājīvaṭṭhamakasīlaṃ pūrati, na itarassa , tasmā sammāvācassa sammākammantassa ca sammāājīvo pahoti. Visuddhidiṭṭhisamudāgatasammāājīvassa yoniso padhānassa sambhavato sammāājīvassa sammāvāyāmo pahoti. Yoniso padahantassa kāyādīsu catūsu vatthūsu sati sūpaṭṭhitā hotīti sammāvāyāmassa sammāsati pahoti. Yasmā evaṃ sūpaṭṭhitā sati samādhissa upakārānupakārānaṃ dhammānaṃ gatiyo samannesitvā pahoti ekattārammaṇe cittaṃ samādhātuṃ, tasmā sammāsatissa sammāsamādhi pahotīti. Ayañca nayo pubbabhāge nānākkhaṇikānaṃ sammādiṭṭhiādīnaṃ vasena vutto, maggakkhaṇe pana sammādiṭṭhiādīnaṃ tassa tassa sahajātādivasena vutto ‘‘sammādiṭṭhissa sammāsaṅkappo pahotī’’tiādīnaṃ padānamattho yutto, ayameva ca idhādhippeto. Tenāha ‘‘ayaṃ panattho’’tiādi.
“道智”(Maggañāṇeti):指安住于道所摄之智、具足此智者的状态。因为道慧以正确照见四圣谛的意义,被称为“道正见”;而正是此慧,由于如实了知、通达四圣谛,在此也被称为“道智”。“道解脱”(Maggavimuttīti):指通过道而从烦恼解脱,即正断断除。“果正见”只是以异名被说为“果正智”,此异名应依前已宣说的道理来理解。而“果解脱”则应视为止息断。
Maggañāṇeti maggapariyāpannañāṇe ṭhitassa taṃsamaṅgino. Maggapaññā hi catunnaṃ saccānaṃ sammādassanaṭṭhena ‘‘maggasammādiṭṭhī’’ti vuttā, sā eva nesaṃ yāthāvato jānanato paṭivijjhanato idha ‘‘maggañāṇa’’ntipi vuttā. Maggavimuttīti maggena kilesānaṃ vimuccanaṃ samucchedappahānameva. Phalasammādiṭṭhi eva ‘‘phalasammāñāṇa’’nti pariyāyena vuttaṃ, pariyāyavacanañca vuttanayānusārena veditabbaṃ. Phalavimutti pana paṭippassaddhippahānaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ.
“不死之门”(Amatassa dvārāti):指圣道。然而,它不握有导师的拳头,无间隔、无隐藏,只要被人们善巧阐明,就是敞开的。“依法调伏者”(Dhammavinītāti):指于圣法中受到调伏的人。而在此处,应依烦恼的彻底断除调伏来理解,故说“依正出离而得出离者”。
Amatassa dvārāti ariyamaggamāha. So pana vinā ca ācariyamuṭṭhinā anantaraṃ abāhiraṃ karitvā yāvadeva manussehi suppakāsitattā vivaṭo. Dhammavinītāti ariyadhamme vinītā. So panettha kilesānaṃ samucchedavinayavasena veditabboti āha ‘‘sammāniyyānena niyyātā’’ti.
“Atthi”是一个表示存在意义的质词,正如在“于此身中,有头发”等(长部2.377;中部1.110;3.154;相应部4.127;增支部6.29;10.60;分别论356;小诵2.1三十二身分;导论47)中的用法,故说“有不还者存在”。由此也说“而且这里确有斯陀含者”。外在的、以结缚为缘、成为再生之因的福分,在她那里尚存在,因此称为“有福分者”。这里应知,“有”在此表示一种特别殊胜的意义。“有惭者”:意为惊恐、害怕。它并非显示“不存在”,而是强调“确实存在”。
Atthīti puthutthavisayaṃ nipātapadaṃ ‘‘atthi imasmiṃ kāye kesā’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 2.377; ma. ni. 1.110; 3.154; saṃ. ni. 4.127; a. ni. 6.29; 10.60; vibha. 356; khu. pā. 2.1.dvattiṃsaākāra; netti. 47) viyāti āha ‘‘anāgāmino ca atthī’’ti. Tenevāha ‘‘atthi cevettha sakadāgāmino’’ti. Bahiddhā saṃyojanapaccayo nibbattihetubhūto puññabhāgo etissā atthīti puññabhāgā, atisayavisiṭṭho cettha atthiattho veditabbo. Ottappamānoti uttasanto bhāyanto. Na pana natthi, atthi evāti dīpeti.
291“assa”指毗沙门天王。然而,因他已证悟真理,故无邪见。文中说“在现观上没有差别”,是为了表明一切佛陀的一切知功德悉皆等同。
291.Assāti vessavaṇassa. Laddhi pana na atthi paṭividdhasaccattā. ‘‘Abhisamaye viseso natthī’’ti etena sabbepi sabbaññuguṇā sabbabuddhānaṃ sadisā evāti dasseti.
292由于理由相同,此处所说的“这些文句”不仅指“这即是梵行”等文句,也包含“阇尼沙夜叉说明此义”等文句。
292. Kāraṇassa ekarūpattā imāni pana padānīti na kevalaṃ ‘‘tayidaṃ brahmacariya’’ntiādīni padāni, atha kho ‘‘imamatthaṃ janavasabho yakkho’’tiādīni padāni pīti.