4. 《种德经》的注释显示巴利原文
4. Soṇadaṇḍasuttavaṇṇanā
300 「如是我闻……在鸯伽」,所指即《种德经》。此处是对前述诸语的依次解释。「在鸯伽」:所谓「鸯伽」,是因肢体庄严而得此名,也以此称呼地方王子。他们居住之地,哪怕仅是一个地方,亦依通称名为「鸯伽」,因此「在鸯伽」即指在那个名叫鸯伽的地方。「游行」:此处亦指不匆忙的游行及定期的游行。据传,当时世尊正观照一万世界,种德婆罗门出现在他的智慧网中。世尊心想:「这位婆罗门出现在我的智慧网中,他是否有殊胜的因缘?」观察后,他了知:「我到那里后,他的弟子们会以十二种方式赞叹婆罗门的德行,且不会让他前来见我。但那位婆罗门将破除他们的说法,以二十九种方式赞叹我的德行,然后走近我来提问。解答完问题后,他终将皈依。」观察到这些之后,世尊便领着五百位比丘随众,向那里出发。故说:「在鸯伽游行……来到名为占巴的地方」。显示巴利原文
300. Evaṃ me sutaṃ…pe… aṅgesūti soṇadaṇḍasuttaṃ. Tatrāyaṃ apubbapadavaṇṇanā. Aṅgesūti aṅgā nāma aṅgapāsādikatāya evaṃ laddhavohārā jānapadino rājakumārā, tesaṃ nivāso ekopi janapado rūḷhisaddena aṅgāti vuccati, tasmiṃ aṅgesu janapade. Cārikanti idhāpi aturitacārikā ceva nibaddhacārikā ca adhippetā. Tadā kira bhagavato dasasahassilokadhātuṃ olokentassa soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo ñāṇajālassa anto paññāyittha. Atha bhagavā ayaṃ brāhmaṇo mayhaṃ ñāṇajāle paññāyati. ‘Atthi nu khvassupanissayo’ti vīmaṃsanto addasa. ‘Mayi tattha gate etassa antevāsino dvādasahākārehi brāhmaṇassa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsitvā mama santike āgantuṃ na dassanti. So pana tesaṃ vādaṃ bhinditvā ekūnatiṃsa ākārehi mama vaṇṇaṃ bhāsitvā maṃ upasaṅkamitvā pañhaṃ pucchissati. So pañhavissajjanapariyosāne saraṇaṃ gamissatī’ti, disvā pañcasatabhikkhuparivāro taṃ janapadaṃ paṭipanno. Tena vuttaṃ – aṅgesu cārikaṃ caramāno…pe… yena campā tadavasarīti.
「在加加菈池的岸边」:在那座瞻婆城不远处,有一池塘,因是名叫加加菈的王后正妃令人挖掘,故得名「加加菈池」。池岸边有一大片瞻婆树林,四周装点着青莲等五色鲜花。世尊便住在这花香芬芳的瞻婆树林中。正因如此,才说「在加加菈池的岸边」。「摩揭陀国的斯尼亚·频婆娑罗」:此处,因他为摩揭陀人之主宰,故名「摩揭陀」;因拥有一支大军,故名「斯尼亚」;「频比」意为金钱,因其肤色犹如精炼的金钱,故名「频婆娑罗」。显示巴利原文
Gaggarāya pokkharaṇiyā tīreti tassa campānagarassa avidūre gaggarāya nāma rājaggamahesiyā khaṇitattā gaggarāti laddhavohārā pokkharaṇī atthi. Tassā tīre samantato nīlādipañcavaṇṇakusumapaṭimaṇḍitaṃ mahantaṃ campakavanaṃ. Tasmiṃ bhagavā kusumagandhasugandhe campakavane viharati. Taṃ sandhāya gaggarāya pokkharaṇiyā tīreti vuttaṃ. Māgadhena seniyena bimbisārenāti ettha so rājā magadhānaṃ issarattā māgadho. Mahatiyā senāya samannāgatattā seniyo. Bimbīti suvaṇṇaṃ. Tasmā sārasuvaṇṇasadisavaṇṇatāya bimbisāroti vuccati.
301-302 301-302.“众多”聚集,故为“团体”(saṅghā)。一一方向皆有团体,故为“有团体者”(saṅghī)。先前未计入城内之数,出城后才被计入者,称为“已成团体者”(gaṇībhūtā)。“召唤了大臣”(khattaṃ āmantesi):能解答所问之疑的大臣,称为“khattā”。召唤他,意即“请他们稍待片刻,且莫离去”。显示巴利原文
301-302. Bahū bahū hutvā saṃhatāti saṅghā. Ekekissāya disāya saṅgho etesaṃ atthīti saṅghī. Pubbe nagarassa anto agaṇā bahi nikkhamitvā gaṇataṃ pattāti gaṇībhūtā. Khattaṃ āmantesīti. Khattā vuccati pucchitapañhe byākaraṇasamattho mahāmatto, taṃ āmantesi āgamentūti muhuttaṃ paṭimānentu, mā gacchantūti vuttaṃ hoti.
讲述种德的功德显示巴利原文
Soṇadaṇḍaguṇakathā
303 303.“种种异国者”(nānāverajjakānanti):指在不同国度,即迦尸、憍萨罗等各个国家出生的人;或指以那些国家为居所,或从那些地方前来的人,故称“种种异国者”,即这些来自各国之人。“因某件事情”(kenacideva karaṇīyena):据说,当时在那个城里,婆罗门们会因两件事聚集——或是为了享用祭祀,或是为了读诵咒文。那时,城里并无祭祀。实际上,这些婆罗门是为了在种德面前读诵咒文而聚集。正是针对此事,才说“因某件事情”。他们听闻他要去谒见世尊,心中便想:“这位种德是尊贵的婆罗门,众多婆罗门大多已皈依沙门乔达摩,唯独他尚未前往。若他此次前去,必定会被沙门乔达摩那摄人的幻术所折服,也皈依于他。如此,日后婆罗门众将不复在他家门口聚集。”于是他们商议:“我们为他制造出行障碍吧。”针对此意,才说“那时,那些婆罗门……”等等。显示巴利原文
303.Nānāverajjakānanti nānāvidhesu rajjesu, aññesu aññesu kāsikosalādīsu rajjesu jātā, tāni vā tesaṃ nivāsā, tato vā āgatāti nānāverajjakā, tesaṃ nānāverajjakānaṃ. Kenacideva karaṇīyenāti tasmiṃ kira nagare dvīhi karaṇīyehi brāhmaṇā sannipatanti – yaññānubhavanatthaṃ vā mantasajjhāyanatthaṃ vā. Tadā ca tasmiṃ nagare yamaññā natthi. Soṇadaṇḍassa pana santike mantasajjhāyanatthaṃ ete sannipatitā. Taṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ – ‘‘kenacideva karaṇīyenā’’ti. Te tassa gamanaṃ sutvā cintesuṃ – ‘‘ayaṃ soṇadaṇḍo uggatabrāhmaṇo yebhuyyena ca aññe brāhmaṇā samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gatā, ayameva na gato. Svāyaṃ sace tattha gamissati, addhā samaṇassa gotamassa āvaṭṭaniyā māyāya āvaṭṭito, taṃ saraṇaṃ gamissati. Tato etassāpi gehadvāre brāhmaṇānaṃ sannipāto na bhavissatī’’ti. ‘‘Handassa gamanantarāyaṃ karomā’’ti sammantayitvā tattha agamaṃsu. Taṃ sandhāya – atha kho te brāhmaṇātiādi vuttaṃ.
在此,“以此支分”(imināpaṅgena),意思是“以此理由”。如此阐明理由之后,他们又思量:“世间众生,无人闻说自身功德而不欢喜。我们就通过称赞他的功德来阻止他出行吧。”于是,他们便说了:“尊贵的种德从双方皆得善生……”等理由。显示巴利原文
Tattha imināpaṅgenāti imināpi kāraṇena. Evaṃ etaṃ kāraṇaṃ vatvā puna – ‘‘attano vaṇṇe bhaññamāne atussanakasatto nāma natthi. Handassa vaṇṇaṃ bhaṇanena gamanaṃ nivāressāmā’’ti cintetvā bhavañhi soṇadaṇḍo ubhato sujātotiādīni kāraṇāni āhaṃsu.
“双方”(ubhato)是指两条血脉。“从母方和父方”(mātito ca pitito ca)是说:尊者的母亲是婆罗门女,母亲的母亲也是婆罗门女,她母亲的母亲同样是婆罗门女;父亲是婆罗门,父亲的父亲也是婆罗门,他父亲的父亲亦是婆罗门。如此,尊者从母方与父方两边皆是善生。“清净胎藏者”(saṃsuddhagahaṇiko):意思是你的母胎是清净的。“于平等成熟的母胎中”(samavepākiniyā gahaṇiyā):在此,由业所生的火界被称为“母胎”(gahaṇī)。显示巴利原文
Ubhatoti dvīhi pakkhehi. Mātito ca pitito cāti bhoto mātā brāhmaṇī, mātumātā brāhmaṇī, tassāpi mātā brāhmaṇī; pitā brāhmaṇo, pitupitā brāhmaṇo, tassāpi pitā brāhmaṇoti, evaṃ bhavaṃ ubhato sujāto mātito ca pitito ca. Saṃsuddhagahaṇikoti saṃsuddhā te mātugahaṇī kucchīti attho. Samavepākiniyā gahaṇiyāti ettha pana kammajatejodhātu ‘‘gahaṇī’’ti vuccati.
“直至第七代祖先”这句中,“七代祖先”:父亲的父亲是祖父,祖父的那一对就是“祖父辈”。“对”是指寿命。这只是一种称呼方式。从实际意义上来说,祖父本身就代表了七代祖先。由此向上,所有祖先也都包含在“祖父”这个概念里了。像这样,直到第七代的人,就是“清净胎藏者”。或者,这也是在显示:“他从未被有关种姓的话语叱责、讥毁过。”“未被叱责”:就是“把这人带走,要这人有什么用?”这样,并没有被贬斥、被轻视的意思。“未被讥毁”:就是从来没有受过咒骂或指责。原因是什么呢?因为种姓的话语。也就是说,没有人说过“他是低种姓的人”这类的话。显示巴利原文
Yāva sattamā pitāmahayugāti ettha pitupitā pitāmaho, pitāmahassa yugaṃ pitāmahayugaṃ. Yuganti āyuppamāṇaṃ vuccati. Abhilāpamattameva cetaṃ. Atthato pana pitāmahoyeva pitāmahayugaṃ. Tato uddhaṃ sabbepi pubbapurisā pitāmahaggahaṇeneva gahitā. Evaṃ yāva sattamo puriso , tāva saṃsuddhagahaṇiko. Atha vā akkhitto anupakuṭṭho jātivādenāti dassenti. Akkhittoti – ‘‘apanetha etaṃ, kiṃ iminā’’ti evaṃ akkhitto anavakkhitto. Anupakuṭṭhoti na upakuṭṭho, na akkosaṃ vā nindaṃ vā laddhapubbo. Kena kāraṇenāti? Jātivādena. Itipi – ‘‘hīnajātiko eso’’ti evarūpena vacanenāti attho.
「富足」:即主宰者。「大财」:具备大财富。因为那位尊者的家里,财富多得像地上的尘土沙粒一样,而沙门乔达摩却没有财产,只能靠托钵填饱肚子度日,他们想借此显示这一点。「大受用」:依凭五欲而有巨大的享受。他们就这样每提到一种功德,心里都以为是在显示世尊在相反的方面毫无功德,这样说着。显示巴利原文
Aḍḍhoti issaro. Mahaddhanoti mahatā dhanena samannāgato. Bhavato hi gehe pathaviyaṃ paṃsuvālikā viya bahudhanaṃ, samaṇo pana gotamo adhano bhikkhāya udaraṃ pūretvā yāpetīti dassenti. Mahābhogoti pañcakāmaguṇavasena mahāupabhogo. Evaṃ yaṃ yaṃ guṇaṃ vadanti, tassa tassa paṭipakkhavasena bhagavato aguṇaṃyeva dassemāti maññamānā vadanti.
「端严」:指较他人更为端正、殊胜的容貌。「可看」:即使看一整天也不觉满足,因此极其值得观看。仅凭见之,便令心生净信,故称「令人净信」。「肤色之美」:“优异”(Pokkharatā)是指美好的状态,肤色的优异即称为“肤色之美”,由此表示具足那样的肤色成就,这是它的含义。然而,古师们说:“他们将身体称为‘pokkharaṃ’,‘vaṇṇaṃ’则是肤色。”依据他们的见解,肤色与身体合称为“vaṇṇapokkharāni”,此二者之状态即为“肤色之美”。因此,「以最上肤色之美」的意思,便是拥有最殊胜、极为清净的肤色,以及身体形相的成就。「梵色者」:即最胜色者,意指即使在清净的肤色中,也具备了最殊胜的金色。「梵身者」:指具足如同大梵天那样的身体。他们说明:「观看之处不小」的意思是:“尊者您的身体,可观看之处并不狭小,而是非常广大,您所有的肢节全都值得观赏,且那些肢节本身又是如此丰硕。”显示巴利原文
Abhirūpoti aññehi manussehi abhirūpo adhikarūpo. Dassanīyoti divasampi passantānaṃ atittikaraṇato dassanayoggo. Dassaneneva cittapasādajananato pāsādiko. Pokkharatā vuccati sundarabhāvo, vaṇṇassa pokkharatā vaṇṇapokkharatā, tāya vaṇṇasampattiyā yuttoti attho. Porāṇā panāhu – ‘‘pokkharanti sarīraṃ vadanti, vaṇṇaṃ vaṇṇamevā’’ti. Tesaṃ matena vaṇṇañca pokkharañca vaṇṇapokkharāni. Tesaṃ bhāvo vaṇṇapokkharatā. Iti paramāya vaṇṇapokkharatāyāti uttamena parisuddhena vaṇṇena ceva sarīrasaṇṭhānasampattiyā cāti attho. Brahmavaṇṇīti seṭṭhavaṇṇī. Parisuddhavaṇṇesupi seṭṭhena suvaṇṇavaṇṇena samannāgatoti attho. Brahmavacchasīti mahābrahmuno sarīrasadiseneva sarīrena samannāgato. Akhuddāvakāso dassanāyāti ‘‘bhoto sarīre dassanassa okāso na khuddako mahā, sabbāneva te aṅgapaccaṅgāni dassanīyāneva, tāni cāpi mahantānevā’’ti dīpenti.
「具戒者」:因拥有戒而得名。「戒增长者」:他的戒已增长、已增广。「以增长的戒」:即依彼增长、增广之戒。「具备」:指具足。这是对「戒增长者」一词的同义说明。以上所说,皆仅就五戒而言。显示巴利原文
Sīlamassa atthīti sīlavā. Vuddhaṃ vaddhitaṃ sīlamassāti vuddhasīlī. Vuddhasīlenāti vuddhena vaddhitena sīlena. Samannāgatoti yutto. Idaṃ vuddhasīlīpadasseva vevacanaṃ. Sabbametaṃ pañcasīlamattameva sandhāya vadanti.
在「言辞美妙者」等词语中,「言辞美妙者」:指拥有美好、圆满的言辞与文句。「语声美妙者」:指具有悦耳、甘美的语音。「语声」即是指发出的声音。「优雅者」:因功德圆满而称为“优雅”,或因往昔已有而称为“优雅”。犹如城邑女子般纤细柔和,故而称为“优雅”,即凭借那种优雅的声音。「无滞者」:指无有障碍,远离了哼吟、拖腔等过失。「无垂涎者」:指不会流涎。无论谁在说话时,若唾液下淌、口水流出或唾沫飞溅,那样的话语便称为“垂涎”,此处是指与之相反的状況。「能明了义理者」:指能清晰阐明所说义理的开端、中间与结尾,令义理明了。显示巴利原文
Kalyāṇavācotiādīsu kalyāṇā sundarā parimaṇḍalapadabyañjanā vācā assāti kalyāṇavāco. Kalyāṇaṃ madhuraṃ vākkaraṇaṃ assāti kalyāṇavākkaraṇo. Vākkaraṇanti udāharaṇaghoso. Guṇaparipuṇṇabhāvena pure bhavāti porī. Pure vā bhavattā porī. Poriyā nāgarikitthiyā sukhumālattanena sadisāti porī, tāya poriyā. Vissaṭṭhāyāti apalibuddhāya sandiṭṭhavilambitādidosarahitāya. Anelagalāyāti elagaḷenavirahitāya. Yassa kassaci hi kathentassa elā gaḷanti, lālā vā paggharanti, kheḷaphusitāni vā nikkhamanti, tassa vācā elagaḷaṃ nāma hoti, tabbiparitāyāti attho. Atthassa viññāpaniyāti ādimajjhapariyosānaṃ pākaṭaṃ katvā bhāsitatthassa viññāpanasamatthāya.
「老」:指因为衰老而变得老迈。「年迈」:指肢体的成长已达极限。「高龄」:指具备了年高,也就是表示已经经历了很长久的时间。「久历行途」:指经历了漫长的岁月,意思就是已经度过了两、三位国王更替的时代。「至暮年」:指到达了生命的最后阶段。所谓最后阶段,就是百岁当中那最后的三分之一。显示巴利原文
Jiṇṇoti jarājiṇṇatāya jiṇṇo. Vuddhoti aṅgapaccaṅgānaṃ vuddhibhāvamariyādappatto. Mahallakoti jātimahallakatāya samannāgato. Cirakālappasutoti vuttaṃ hoti. Addhagatoti addhānaṃ gato, dve tayo rājaparivaṭṭe atītoti adhippāyo. Vayoanuppattoti pacchimavayaṃ sampatto, pacchimavayo nāma vassasatassa pacchimo tatiyabhāgo.
或者还可以这样解释——「古老者」:指源远流长,也就是说出身于一个延续了很长时间的家族。「增上者」:指具足了戒行等功德的增长。「巨富者」:指拥有巨大的财富。「行道者」:指已经踏上正道,在婆罗门的誓愿、行持等轨范之中,能够不违越而行的人。「达年龄者」:指虽然从出身来说已经年高,但也确实到达了最后的年纪。显示巴利原文
Api ca jiṇṇoti porāṇo, cirakālappavattakulanvayoti vuttaṃ hoti. Vuddhoti sīlācārādiguṇavuddhiyā yutto. Mahallakoti vibhavamahantāya samannāgato. Addhagatoti maggappaṭipanno brāhmaṇānaṃ vatacariyādimariyādaṃ avītikkamma caraṇasīlo. Vayoanuppattoti jātivuddhabhāvampi antimavayaṃ anuppatto.
佛陀功德谈显示巴利原文
Buddhaguṇakathā
304 「当这么说时」:指当那些婆罗门这样说的时候,须那丹达心想:“这些婆罗门以出身等来称赞我,可我不应该沉湎于对自己的赞美。让我破除他们的论调,令他们明白沙门乔达摩的伟大,再让他们前往那里吧。”这样考虑之后,他便说道:“各位贤者,也请听我说……”其中,「yepi ubhato sujātoti」等语句,是指那些与自己功德相似的功德。他心想:“我算得了什么,沙门乔达摩的出身成就等功德又算得了什么?”他认为这些功德比自己的更殊胜,而其他那些(婆罗门)纯粹是为了彰显世尊的伟大而宣说。显示巴利原文
304.Evaṃ vutteti evaṃ tehi brāhmaṇehi vutte. Soṇadaṇḍo – ‘‘ime brāhmaṇā jātiādīhi mama vaṇṇaṃ vadanti, na kho pana metaṃ yuttaṃ attano vaṇṇe rajjituṃ. Handāhaṃ etesaṃ vādaṃ bhinditvā samaṇassa gotamassa mahantabhāvaṃ ñāpetvā etesaṃ tattha gamanaṃ karomī’’ti cintetvā tena hi – bho mamapi suṇāthātiādimāha. Tattha yepi ubhato sujātoti ādayo attano guṇehi sadisā guṇā tepi ; ‘‘ko cāhaṃ ke ca samaṇassa gotamassa jātisampattiādayo guṇā’’ti attano guṇehi uttaritareyeva maññamāno, itare pana ekanteneva bhagavato mahantabhāvadīpanatthaṃ pakāseti.
“Mayameva arahāma”(正是我们才适合)——如此决断时,此处阐明以下含义:“若确实因功德伟大而应前往亲近,那么就如须弥山旁的芥子、大海边的牛蹄印之水、七大湖水旁的露珠那样,这些皆为微小低劣。同样,与沙门乔达摩的出身成就等功德相比,我们的功德也显得微小、低劣。因此,唯有我们才适合前去拜见那位乔达摩尊者。”显示巴利原文
Mayameva arahāmāti evaṃ niyāmentovettha idaṃ dīpeti – ‘‘yadi guṇamahantatāya upasaṅkamitabbo nāma hoti. Yathā hi sineruṃ upanidhāya sāsapo, mahāsamuddaṃ upanidhāya gopadakaṃ, sattasu mahāsaresu udakaṃ upanidhāya ussāvabindu paritto lāmako. Evameva samaṇassa gotamassa jātisampattiādayopi guṇe upanidhāya amhākaṃ guṇā parittā lāmakā; tasmā mayameva arahāma taṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ dassanāya upasaṅkamitu’’nti.
“Mahantaṃ ñātisaṃghaṃ ohāya”(舍弃庞大的亲族众)是指:母方亲族有八万家,父方亲族有八万家,如此,他舍弃了总计十六万亲族,而后出家。显示巴利原文
Mahantaṃñātisaṃghaṃ ohāyāti mātipakkhe asītikulasahassāni , pitipakkhe asītikulasahassānīti evaṃ saṭṭhikulasatasahassaṃ ohāya pabbajito.
“Bhūmigatañca vehāsaṭṭhañca”(地上的与空中的)之中:在宫廷广场及园林中,以七宝填满白灰池并安置于地,称为“地上的”;装满宫殿穹顶等处而安置于高处,称为“空中的”。这是就家族传统而言。然而,就在如来诞生的那一天,有四个宝库涌出:螺宝、栴檀宝、青莲宝、白莲宝。其中,螺宝长一伽乌塔,栴檀宝长半由旬,青莲宝长三伽乌塔,白莲宝长一由旬。任取多少,皆会自然充满。因此,应知世尊舍弃了极多的金银财宝而出家。显示巴利原文
Bhūmigatañca vehāsaṭṭhañcāti ettha rājaṅgaṇe ceva uyyāne ca sudhāmaṭṭhapokkharaṇiyo sattaratanānaṃ pūretvā bhūmiyaṃ ṭhapitaṃ dhanaṃ bhūmigataṃ nāma. Pāsādaniyūhādayo paripūretvā ṭhapitaṃ vehāsaṭṭhaṃ nāma. Etaṃ tāva kulapariyāyena āgataṃ. Tathāgatassa pana jātadivaseyeva saṅkho, elo, uppalo, puṇḍarīkoti cattāro nidhayo uggatā. Tesu saṅkho gāvutiko, elo aḍḍhayojaniko, uppalo tigāvutiko, puṇḍarīko yojaniko. Tesupi gahitaṃ gahitaṃ pūratiyeva, iti bhagavā pahūtaṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ ohāya pabbajitoti veditabbo.
“Daharova samāno”意为“年轻”,指在年轻时就出家。“Susukāḷakeso”意为“极黑发者”,指头发极为乌黑,意思就是头发犹如眼药膏之色。“Bhadrenāti”意为“以极妙的”,即以极妙的青春。“Paṭhamena vayasā”意为“以第一年龄”,即三种年龄中的第一年龄段。“Akāmakānanti”意为“不愿者”,指不愿意的人,此处用属格表示不尊敬。“Assūni mukhe etesanti”意为“泪面者”,指泪水挂在脸上的人,即满脸泪水之人。“Rudantānanti”意为“哭泣者”,指正在啼泣的人。“Akhuddāvakāsoti”意为“机会不小”,但应知在此处,世尊说法示现的机会实无有限量。显示巴利原文
Daharova samānoti taruṇova samāno. Susukāḷakesoti suṭṭhu kāḷakeso, añjanavaṇṇasadisakeso hutvā vāti attho. Bhadrenāti bhaddakena. Paṭhamena vayasāti tiṇṇaṃ vayānaṃ paṭhamavayena. Akāmakānanti anicchamānānaṃ. Anādaratthe sāmivacanaṃ. Assūni mukhe etesanti assumukhā, tesaṃ assumukhānaṃ, assūhi kilinnamukhānanti attho. Rudantānanti kanditvā rodamānānaṃ. Akhuddāvakāsoti ettha bhagavato aparimāṇoyeva dassanāya okāsoti veditabbo.
关于此事,有这样一个故事:据说在王舍城,有一个婆罗门听说“无法测量沙门乔达摩的身量”,于是在世尊将入城乞食时,他拿着一根六十肘长的竹子站在城门外。当世尊到来时,他持竹立于一旁,可竹子只到世尊膝部。第二天,他将两根竹子接起来再站在一旁。世尊在两根竹子上方仅露出腰部,便问道:“婆罗门,你在做什么?”“我在测量您的身量。”“婆罗门,即使你将充满轮围世界内部的竹子全部连接起来再去测量,也绝不能测出我的身量。我并非在四不可计数又十万劫中那样修习波罗蜜,以致于他人可以来测量我。婆罗门,如来是无等比的,不可测量的。”说完,便在《法句》中说偈——显示巴利原文
Tatridaṃ vatthu – rājagahe kira aññataro brāhmaṇo samaṇassa gotamassa pamāṇaṃ gahetuṃ na sakkotīti sutvā bhagavato piṇḍāya pavisanakāle saṭṭhihatthaṃ veḷuṃ gahetvā nagaradvārassa bahi ṭhatvā sampatte bhagavati veḷuṃ gahetvā samīpe aṭṭhāsi. Veḷu bhagavato jāṇukamattaṃ pāpuṇi. Puna divase dve veḷū ghaṭetvā samīpe aṭṭhāsi. Bhagavāpi dvinnaṃ veḷūnaṃ upari kaṭimattameva paññāyamāno – ‘‘brāhmaṇa, kiṃ karosī’’ti āha. Tumhākaṃ pamāṇaṃ gaṇhāmīti. ‘‘Brāhmaṇa, sacepi tvaṃ sakalacakkavāḷagabbhaṃ pūretvā ṭhite veḷū ghaṭetvā āgamissasi, neva me pamāṇaṃ gahetuṃ sakkhissasi. Na hi mayā cattāri asaṅkhyeyāni kappasatasahassañca tathā pāramiyo pūritā, yathā me paro pamāṇaṃ gaṇheyya, atulo, brāhmaṇa, tathāgato appameyyo’’ti vatvā dhammapade gāthamāha –
供养那些已般涅槃、无所畏惧者,
其福德不可计量,乃至无人能以这些衡量。——《法句》36
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Te tādise pūjayato, nibbute akutobhaye; Na sakkā puññaṃ saṅkhātuṃ, imettamapi kenacī’’ti. (dha. pa. 36);
偈颂结束之时,有八万四千众生饮下了不死甘露(证得道果)。显示巴利原文
Gāthāpariyosāne caturāsītipāṇasahassāni amataṃ piviṃsu.
另一则事:据说阿修罗王罗睺身高四千八百由旬,双臂伸展之宽一千二百由旬,体厚六百由旬。他的手掌与脚掌各宽三百由旬,指节各长五十由旬,眉间距五十由旬。口长二百由旬、深三百由旬、周长三百由旬;颈长三百由旬;额长三百由旬;头长九百由旬。他心中想:“我如此高大,必定无法弯腰低头瞻仰那位老师。”便未前往。后有一日,他听闻世尊的庄严相好,心想:“无论如何,我应当去见一见他。”于是便来了。显示巴利原文
Aparampi vatthu – rāhu kira asurindo cattāri yojanasahassāni aṭṭha ca yojanasatāni ucco. Bāhantaramassa dvādasayojanasatāni. Bahalantarena cha yojanasatāni. Hatthatalapādatalānaṃ puthulato tīṇi yojanasatāni. Aṅgulipabbāni paṇṇāsayojanāni. Bhamukantaraṃ paṇṇāsayojanaṃ. Mukhaṃ dviyojanasataṃ tiyojanasatagambhīraṃ tiyojanasataparimaṇḍalaṃ. Gīvā tiyojanasataṃ. Nalāṭaṃ tiyojanasataṃ. Sīsaṃ navayojanasataṃ. ‘‘So ahaṃ uccosmi, satthāraṃ onamitvā oloketuṃ na sakkhissāmī’’ti cintetvā nāgacchi. So ekadivasaṃ bhagavato vaṇṇaṃ sutvā – ‘‘yathākathañca olokessāmī’’ti āgato.
那时,世尊知道了他的心思,便思惟道:“我应以四种威仪中的哪一种示现呢?”又想:“站立时,即使是矮小的人也显得高大。我便卧着让他看吧。”于是说:“阿难,在香室外的走廊上为我铺好卧床。”之后便以狮子卧的姿态躺下。罗睺到来后,伸长脖颈仰望躺卧的世尊,犹如仰望空中的满月。有人问:“阿修罗王,这是怎么了?”他回答说:“因为无法弯腰低头去看世尊,所以先前没有来。”世尊说:“阿修罗王,我并非以低下的姿态来圆满波罗蜜的。我向来是以向上仰望的姿态来布施的。”就在那一天,罗睺皈依了。世尊正是这样一位对一切根器都平等示现的导师。显示巴利原文
Atha bhagavā tassajjhāsayaṃ viditvā – ‘‘catūsu iriyāpathesu katarena dassessāmī’’ti cintetvā ‘‘ṭhitako nāma nīcopi ucco viya paññāyati. Nipannovassa attānaṃ dassessāmī’’ti ‘‘ānanda, gandhakuṭipariveṇe mañcakaṃ paññāpehī’’ti vatvā tattha sīhaseyyaṃ kappesi. Rāhu āgantvā nipannaṃ bhagavantaṃ gīvaṃ unnāmetvā nabhamajjhe puṇṇacandaṃ viya ullokesi. Kimidaṃ asurindāti ca vutte – ‘‘bhagavā onamitvā oloketuṃ na sakkhissāmī’’ti nāgacchinti. Na mayā, asurinda, adhomukhena pāramiyo pūritā. Uddhaggameva katvā dānaṃ dinnanti. Taṃ divasaṃ rāhu saraṇaṃ agamāsi. Evaṃ bhagavā akhuddāvakāso dassanāya.
该比丘以具足四遍清净戒而成为“具戒者”,而此戒又是“圣的”“无上的”“清净的”,因此称为“圣戒者”。同时,此戒以无过失的含义来说即是“善的”,因此又称“善戒者”。而“以善戒”一词,正是它的同义词。显示巴利原文
Catupārisuddhisīlena sīlavā, taṃ pana sīlaṃ ariyaṃ uttamaṃ parisuddhaṃ. Tenāha – ‘‘ariyasīlī’’ti. Tadetaṃ anavajjaṭṭhena kusalaṃ. Tenāha – ‘‘kusalasīlī’’ti. Kusalasīlenāti idamassa vevacanaṃ.
“众多人之师与师中之师”:世尊每作一次说法,便有八万四千乃至无量的天与人饮下道果甘露,故为众多人之师;而对于声闻弟子,他更是师中之师,故称轨范师。显示巴利原文
Bahūnaṃ ācariyapācariyoti bhagavato ekekāya dhammadesanāya caturāsītipāṇasahassāni aparimāṇāpi devamanussā maggaphalāmataṃ pivanti, tasmā bahūnaṃ ācariyo. Sāvakaveneyyānaṃ pana pācariyoti.
“欲贪已尽”:虽然世尊的一切烦恼确已灭尽,但那位婆罗门并不了解这一事实。世尊只是在自己了知的范围内,宣说自身的功德。“掉举已离”:指已远离《分别论》中所说的那种掉举,即“装饰钵、装饰袈裟、装饰坐卧具,或对这污秽之身……嬉戏、作乐”之类的掉举。显示巴利原文
Khīṇakāmarāgoti ettha kāmaṃ bhagavato sabbepi kilesā khīṇā. Brāhmaṇo pana te na jānāti. Attano jānanaṭṭhāneyeva guṇaṃ katheti. Vigatacāpalloti – ‘‘pattamaṇḍanā cīvaramaṇḍanā senāsanamaṇḍanā imassa vā pūtikāyassa…pe… kelanā paṭikelanā’’ti (vibha. 854) evaṃ vuttacāpallā virahito.
“以无过失为先导”:是将那无过失的九种出世间法置于首位而安住。“梵行众”:指由舍利弗、目犍连、大迦叶等所构成的婆罗门种姓僧众,世尊正是他们的引领者。意思是,这一大众都以沙门乔达摩为导师而修行。再者,“以无过失为先导”也可解释为:不将过失放在首位,不以过失为前导而行事,也就是不求过失。对谁如此呢?对梵行众。此句意在说明:即使对那些见解不同的婆罗门众,世尊也毫无敌意,唯愿他们获得利益与安乐。显示巴利原文
Apāpapurekkhāroti apāpe nava lokuttaradhamme purato katvā vicarati. Brahmaññāya pajāyāti sāriputtamoggallānamahākassapādibhedāya brāhmaṇapajāya, etissāya ca pajāya purekkhāro. Ayañhi pajā samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ purakkhatvā caratīti attho. Api ca apāpapurekkhāroti na pāpaṃ purekkhāro na pāpaṃ purato katvā carati, na pāpaṃ icchatīti attho. Kassa? Brahmaññāya pajāya. Attanā saddhiṃ paṭiviruddhāyapi brāhmaṇapajāya aviruddho hitasukhatthiko yevāti vuttaṃ hoti.
“从其他国”意即从别的王国。“从其他地方”意即从其他的地方。“前来提问”:指那些刹帝利智者等,以及诸天、梵天、龙、乾闼婆等,心想“我要准备好问题来请教”而前来。其中有些人,觉察到自己的提问有瑕疵,或明白自己尚不堪领受解答,便默然坐下,并不提问。有些人则直接发问。对于另一些人,世尊会先激发他们提问的勇气,然后再作解答。就这样,所有这些人内心的疑惑,一到世尊这里便都冰消瓦解,犹如大海的波浪,涌到岸边即破碎消散。显示巴利原文
Tiroraṭṭhāti pararaṭṭhato. Tirojanapadāti parajanapadato. Pañhaṃ pucchituṃ āgacchantīti khattiyapaṇḍitādayo ceva devabrahmanāgagandhabbādayo ca – ‘‘pañhe abhisaṅkharitvā pucchissāmā’’ti āgacchanti. Tattha keci pucchāya vā dosaṃ vissajjanasampaṭicchane vā asamatthataṃ sallakkhetvā apucchitvāva tuṇhī nisīdanti. Keci pucchanti. Kesañci bhagavā pucchāya ussāhaṃ janetvā vissajjeti. Evaṃ sabbesampi tesaṃ vimatiyo tīraṃ patvā mahāsamuddassa ūmiyo viya bhagavantaṃ patvā bhijjanti.
「说来欢迎者」:凡是从天、人当中出家或在家的各类来者,他都会说“来,欢迎你”,因此被称为“说来欢迎者”。「言语柔和者」:是指具足了如前所述“不粗、悦耳”等柔和言语的人,即说话语气温和。「善于款待者」:是指善于接待应酬,对于前来的四众弟子,他首先会以“比丘们,能忍受吗?还维持得下去吗?”之类的方式,仿佛要消除他们一切远行之劳似的,先作令人欢喜的交谈。「无皱眉者」:他不像有些人一到大众中就板起面孔、皱起眉头;当他见到大众时,面容就像莲花遇到暖和的阳光而欣然绽放,又如满月般皎洁明净。「面容开朗者」:不像有些人仿佛低垂着头,面对前来的人什么也不说,极难开口;沙门乔达摩并非如此,他极易交谈。这表明来到他这里的人不会后悔“我们来这儿做什么”,反而在听了法之后充满欢喜。「先说话者」:是指谈话时他首先开口,而且所说的话适时、适度、依据法义,不说无益的空话。显示巴利原文
Ehisvāgatavādīti devamanussapabbajitagahaṭṭhesu taṃ taṃ attano santikaṃ āgataṃ – ‘‘ehi svāgata’’nti evaṃ vadatīti attho. Sakhiloti tattha katamaṃ sākhalyaṃ? ‘‘Yā sā vācā nelā kaṇṇasukhā’’tiādinā nayena vuttasākhalyena samannāgato, muduvacanoti attho. Sammodakoti paṭisanthārakusalo, āgatāgatānaṃ catunnaṃ parisānaṃ – ‘‘kacci, bhikkhave, khamanīyaṃ, kacci yāpanīya’’ntiādinā nayena sabbaṃ addhānadarathaṃ vūpasamento viya paṭhamataraṃ sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ kattāti attho. Abbhākuṭikoti yathā ekacce parisaṃ patvā thaddhamukhā saṅkuṭitamukhā honti, na ediso, parisadassanena panassa bālātapasamphassena viya padumaṃ mukhapadumaṃ vikasati puṇṇacandasassirikaṃ hoti. Uttānamukhoti yathā ekacce nikujjitamukhā viya sampattāya parisāya na kiñci kathenti, atidullabhakathā honti, na evarūpo. Samaṇo pana gotamo sulabhakatho. Na tassa santikaṃ āgatāgatānaṃ – ‘‘kasmā mayaṃ idhāgatā’’ti vippaṭisāro uppajjati dhammaṃ pana sutvā attamanāva hontīti dasseti. Pubbabhāsīti bhāsanto ca paṭhamataraṃ bhāsati, tañca kho kālayuttaṃ pamāṇayuttaṃ atthanissitameva bhāsati, na niratthakakathaṃ.
「在那个村庄」:据说,凡是世尊所居住的地方,有大威力的诸天都会前来守护。因此,人们不会遭受灾祸;会扰害人类的只有尘垢毗舍遮之类的非人,但由于那些天神的威力,它们都远远离开了。而且,凭借世尊的慈力,非人也不会扰害人。显示巴利原文
Natasmiṃ gāme vāti yattha kira bhagavā paṭivasati, tattha mahesakkhā devatā ārakkhaṃ gaṇhanti, taṃ nissāya manussānaṃ upaddavo na hoti, paṃsupisācakādayoyeva hi manusse viheṭhenti, te tāsaṃ ānubhāvena dūraṃ apakkamanti. Api ca bhagavato mettābalenapi na amanussā manusse viheṭhenti.
「有僧团者」等:如果自己有应当教导或由自己建立的僧团,便称为“有僧团者”;他有这样的团体,所以称为“有众者”,或者这只是前一词的同义语。由于教导行仪而成为团体的老师,因此称为“众师”。「众多外道师」:是指许多位渡津者(外道教主)。「以某种方式」:是指凭借某些理由,哪怕只是裸体外道之类低劣的事项。「成就、增长」:是从各个方面完全达到、增长的意思。显示巴利原文
Saṅghītiādīsu anusāsitabbo sayaṃ vā uppādito saṅgho assa atthīti saṅghī. Tādiso cassa gaṇo atthīti gaṇī. Purimapadasseva vā vevacanametaṃ. Ācārasikkhāpanavasena gaṇassa ācariyoti gaṇācariyo. Puthutitthakarānanti bahūnaṃ titthakarānaṃ. Yathāvā tathā vāti yena vā tena vā acelakādimattakenāpi kāraṇena. Samudāgacchatīti samantato upagacchati abhivaḍḍhati.
“他们是我们的客人”指他们是我们的来访者,是新到的宾客。“我了解”即我了知。“具有无量功德”是说,他的功德以那样的方式,即使是一切知者(佛陀)也无法测度——由此显示“何况像我这样的人”。也正如这样所说:显示巴利原文
Atithi no te hontīti te amhākaṃ āgantukā, navakā pāhunakā hontīti attho. Pariyāpuṇāmīti jānāmi. Aparimāṇavaṇṇoti tathārūpeneva sabbaññunāpi appameyyavaṇṇo – ‘‘pageva mādisenā’’ti dasseti. Vuttampi cettaṃ –
即使一位佛陀称叹另一位佛陀的功德,
纵使历经整整一劫,不断地说余生事,
纵使长劫漫漫,终有耗尽之时;
如来的功德却永不穷尽。”
显示巴利原文 ‘‘Buddhopi buddhassa bhaṇeyya vaṇṇaṃ, Kappampi ce aññamabhāsamāno; Khīyetha kappo ciradīghamantare, Vaṇṇo na khīyetha tathāgatassā’’ti.
305 这些婆罗门听罢导师的功德之论,心中思忖:“正如种德婆罗门赞叹沙门乔达摩的功德,这位尊贵的乔达摩确实具足无量功德。老师明知他有如是功德,却忍耐了这么久未去亲近,看来我们应当顺从老师才是。”于是便随顺了老师。因此经中说:“那些婆罗门……”等。其中,“确实适合”意为这的确是合适的。关于“即使带着路粮”:“路粮”即旅途中所带的干粮,意思是即便带着干粮前去亲近他,那也是值得的。另有一种读法作“肩负路粮袋”,指肩上扛着粮袋的人,即用肩膀担负干粮袋。显示巴利原文
305. Imaṃ pana satthu guṇakathaṃ sutvā te brāhmaṇā cintayiṃsu – yathā soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇo samaṇassa gotamassa vaṇṇe bhaṇati, anomaguṇo so bhavaṃ gotamo; evaṃ tassa guṇe jānamānena kho pana ācariyena aticiraṃ adhivāsitaṃ, handa naṃ anuvattāmāti anuvattiṃsu. Tasmā evaṃ vutte ‘‘te brāhmaṇā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha alamevāti yuttameva. Api puṭosenāti puṭosaṃ vuccati pātheyyaṃ, taṃ gahetvāpi upasaṅkamituṃ yuttamevāti attho. Puṭaṃsenātipi pāṭho, tassattho, puṭo aṃse assāti puṭaṃso, tena puṭaṃsena. Aṃsena hi pātheyyapuṭaṃ vahantenāpīti vuttaṃ hoti.
种德思维活动的注释显示巴利原文
Soṇadaṇḍaparivitakkavaṇṇanā
306-308 「穿过树丛者」:指进入了树丛内部的人,也就是进入了精舍内院的人。「合掌致敬后」:这些人是两边都留有余地的人,他们这样心想:‘如果那些持邪见的人指责说:“你们为什么向沙门乔达摩合掌?”我们就回答:“难道仅仅合个掌也能叫作礼敬吗?”如果那些持正见的人指责说:“你们为什么不礼敬世尊?”我们就回答:“难道只有用头磕地才算礼敬吗?合掌之礼难道不也是礼敬吗?”’关于「姓名和族姓」:当说“乔达摩尊,我是某某之子,名叫达陀,名叫弥陀,来到这里”时,是通报名字。当说“乔达摩尊,我名叫瓦塞陀,姓迦旃延,来到这里”时,是通报族姓。据说,这些人都是贫穷、家道中落的良家子弟,心想:‘靠着在众人面前通报姓名和族姓,我们就能被人认出来了。’于是就这样做了。至于那些默不作声地坐着的人,则是一些狡猾之徒和愚痴之人。其中,狡猾的人心想:‘哪怕是应酬一两句话,也会变得熟络;一旦熟络起来,就不方便只给一两份乞食了。’于是用这种办法脱出身来,便默然坐着。而那些愚痴之人,纯粹因为无知,就像随手扔下的一团泥巴一样,在任何地方都只显示巴利原文
306-308.Tirovanasaṇḍagatassāti antovanasaṇḍe gatassa, vihārabbhantaraṃ paviṭṭhassāti attho. Añjaliṃ paṇāmetvāti ete ubhatopakkhikā, te evaṃ cintayiṃsu – ‘‘sace no micchādiṭṭhikā codessanti – ‘kasmā tumhe samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ vanditthā’ti? Tesaṃ – ‘kiṃ añjalimattakaraṇenāpi vandanaṃ nāma hotī’ti vakkhāma. Sace no sammādiṭṭhikā codessanti – ‘kasmā tumhe bhagavantaṃ na vanditthā’ti. ‘Kiṃ sīsena bhūmiyaṃ paharanteneva vandanaṃ nāma hoti, nanu añjalikammampi vandanaṃ evā’ti vakkhāmā’’ti. Nāmagottanti ‘‘bho, gotama, ahaṃ asukassa putto datto nāma, mitto nāma, idhāgato’’ti vadantā nāmaṃ sāventi nāma. ‘‘Bho, gotama, ahaṃ vāseṭṭho nāma, kaccāno nāma, idhāgato’’ti vadantā gottaṃ sāventi nāma. Ete kira daliddā jiṇṇā kulaputtā ‘‘parisamajjhe nāmagottavasena pākaṭā bhavissāmā’’ti evamakaṃsu. Ye pana tuṇhībhūtā nisīdiṃsu, te kerāṭikā ceva andhabālā ca. Tattha kerāṭikā – ‘‘ekaṃ dve kathāsallāpepi karonto vissāsiko hoti, atha vissāse sati ekaṃ dve bhikkhā adātuṃ na yutta’’nti tato attānaṃ mocetvā tuṇhī nisīdanti. Andhabālā aññāṇatāyeva avakkhittamattikāpiṇḍo viya yattha katthaci tuṇhībhūtā nisīdanti.
婆罗门施设的注释显示巴利原文
Brāhmaṇapaññattivaṇṇanā
309-310 「以心了知心之思虑」:世尊思忖:‘这位婆罗门从进来时就一直低着头,身体僵硬地坐着,他到底在思考着什么呢?他在想什么呢?’如此作意,世尊便以自己的心了知了对方的心。因此经文说:‘以心了知心之思虑后。’「感到困扰」:意思是感到了苦恼。「环视大众后」:在世尊的教法时期,种德通过提出问题,就像被从水里拉出来放到干地上的溺水者一样,身心都获得了全然的轻安。为了凝聚大众的注意力,他像一位通过清楚辨明见解而说‘诸位,请谛听我的话’的人那样,环视了一下大众,然后对世尊说了这番话。显示巴利原文
309-310.Cetasā cetoparivitakkanti bhagavā – ‘‘ayaṃ brāhmaṇo āgatakālato paṭṭhāya adhomukho thaddhagatto kiṃ cintayamāno nisinno, kiṃ nu kho cintetī’’ti āvajjanto attano cetasā tassa cittaṃ aññāsi. Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘cetasā cetoparivitakkamaññāyā’’ti. Vihaññatīti vighātaṃ āpajjati. Anuviloketvā parisanti bhagavato sakasamaye pañhapucchanena udake miyamāno ukkhipitvā thale ṭhapito viya samapassaddhakāyacitto hutvā parisaṃ saṅgaṇhanatthaṃ diṭṭhisañjāneneva ‘‘upadhārentu me bhonto vacana’’nti vadanto viya anuviloketvā parisaṃ bhagavantaṃ etadavoca.
311-313 「持取苏阇」:意思是在那些为筹办祭祀而持取苏阇的婆罗门中,排名第一或第二。古注云:「接受以苏阇布施的大祭祀。」如此,这位婆罗门依据自己教派的学说,正确地解答了问题。然而,世尊为了特别显示最上等婆罗门的内涵,便说:‘那么,对于这些……’等。关于「这样说」:那些婆罗门心想:‘如果一位出身、容貌、咒术具足的婆罗门都不能算作婆罗门,那么在这世间,谁还能成为婆罗门呢?这位种德正在毁掉我们,来吧,咱们去驳倒他的说法。’这样想着,他们就说出了这些话。「诋毁」就是排斥拒绝。「深入趋附」就是进一步地追随归附。他们带着这样的意图说道:‘如果你是因为净信,想去皈依沙门乔达摩,那就自己去;但不要破坏我们婆罗门的教义。’显示巴利原文
311-313.Sujaṃ paggaṇhantānanti yaññayajanatthāya sujaṃ gaṇhantesu brāhmaṇesu paṭhamo vā dutiyo vāti attho. Sujāya diyyamānaṃ mahāyāgaṃ paṭiggaṇhantānanti porāṇā. Iti brāhmaṇo sakasamayavasena sammadeva pañhaṃ vissajjesi. Bhagavā pana visesato uttamabrāhmaṇassa dassanatthaṃ – ‘‘imesaṃ panā’’tiādimāha. Etadavocunti sace jātivaṇṇamantasampanno brāhmaṇo na hoti, atha ko carahi loke brāhmaṇo bhavissati? Nāseti no ayaṃ soṇadaṇḍo, handassa vādaṃ paṭikkhipissāmāti cintetvā etadavocuṃ. Apavadatīti paṭikkhipati. Anupakkhandatīti anupavisati. Idaṃ – ‘‘sace tvaṃ pasādavasena samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gantukāmo, gaccha; mā brāhmaṇassa samayaṃ bhindī’’ti adhippāyena āhaṃsu.
314 “这样说”:当这些婆罗门如此异口同声地喧嚷时,世尊心想:“这样谈下去不会有结果。不如让他们安静下来,我只单独与种德交谈。”如此思惟后,便说出了“如果这对你们……”等这番话。显示巴利原文
314.Etadavocāti imesu brāhmaṇesu evaṃ ekappahāreneva viravantesu ‘‘ayaṃ kathā pariyosānaṃ na gamissati, handa ne nissadde katvā soṇadaṇḍeneva saddhiṃ kathemī’’ti cintetvā – ‘‘etaṃ sace kho tumhāka’’ntiādikaṃ vacanaṃ avoca.
315-316 「依如法」:即具备正当的理由。「同等」:除去某些部分的相似后,以本质的等同而为同等,意为在所有方面都相等。「我知道他的父母」:对姐妹的儿子,他怎会不知道他的父母?他如此说,正是为了明确揭示其家族渊源。关于「也有可能说妄语」:即可能说出损害真舍利益的虚妄之语。「容貌又能起什么作用呢?」:若内在没有戒德,容貌又有何用?意思是,容貌能保住他的婆罗门身份吗?或者,也可以这样理解:‘对于安住于本性之戒的人,戒能成就其婆罗门身份。’因此,唯有戒才能成就,因为若离于戒,婆罗门身份也就不存在了。所以,容貌等外在形貌只是迷乱的错觉罢了。听了这话,那些婆罗门心想:‘老师说的确实是实情,我们毫无缘由地在那里动怒。’于是便默然不语了。显示巴利原文
315-316.Sahadhammenāti sakāraṇena. Samasamoti ṭhapetvā ekadesasamattaṃ samabhāvena samo, sabbākārena samoti attho. Ahamassa mātāpitaro jānāmīti bhaginiyā puttassa mātāpitaro kiṃ na jānissati, kulakoṭiparidīpanaṃ sandhāyeva vadati. Musāvādampi bhaṇeyyāti atthabhañjanakaṃ musāvādaṃ katheyya. Kiṃ vaṇṇo karissatīti abbhantare guṇe asati kiṃ karissati? Kimassa brāhmaṇabhāvaṃ rakkhituṃ sakkhissatīti attho. Athāpi siyā puna – ‘‘pakatisīle ṭhitassa brāhmaṇabhāvaṃ sādhentī’’ti evampi sīlameva sādhessati, tasmiṃ hissa asati brāhmaṇabhāvo nāhosīti sammohamattaṃ vaṇṇādayo. Idaṃ pana sutvā te brāhmaṇā – ‘‘sabhāvaṃ ācariyo āha, akāraṇāva mayaṃ ujjhāyimhā’’ti tuṇhī ahesuṃ.
戒与慧之论的解释显示巴利原文
Sīlapaññākathāvaṇṇanā
317 于是,世尊心想:“婆罗门提出了问题,但关于这点他到底能不能站得住脚?”为了考验他,便说了“然而对于这些,婆罗门……”等语。「以戒洗净」:即藉由戒而得清净。「哪里有戒,那里就有慧」:于具足戒的人,慧即存在;于破戒的人,慧又从何而来?同样,于无慧、愚钝如羊、如哑巴的人,戒又从何而来?「戒与智」:戒与智二者合称为戒智。「智」:即指慧本身。“正是这样,婆罗门!”这是世尊随喜婆罗门的话而说。此处所说的「以戒洗净的慧」,是指由四遍清净戒所洗净的慧。那么,戒如何洗净慧呢?若一位凡夫的戒在六十年或八十年间皆无破损,则他在临终时便能断尽一切烦恼,以戒洗净慧而证得阿拉汉果。这就像康达罗沙罗精舍那位受具足戒六十年的长老一样。据说,这位长老卧于临终之床,因剧痛而呻吟。憍赏弥大王心想:“我去探望长老。”当他来到精舍门口,听到那声音,便问:“这是谁的声音?”答:“是长老的呻吟声。”(国王心想:)“出家六十年,竟然……”显示巴利原文
317. Tato bhagavā ‘kathito brāhmaṇena pañho, kiṃ panettha patiṭṭhātuṃ sakkhissati, na sakkhissatī’ti? Tassa vīmaṃsanatthaṃ – ‘‘imesaṃ pana brāhmaṇā’’tiādimāha. Sīlaparidhotāti sīlaparisuddhā. Yattha sīlaṃ tattha paññāti yasmiṃ puggale sīlaṃ, tattheva paññā, kuto dussīle paññā? Paññārahite vā jaḷe eḷamūge kuto sīlanti? Sīlapaññāṇanti sīlañca paññāṇañca sīlapaññāṇaṃ. Paññāṇanti paññāyeva. Evametaṃ brāhmaṇāti bhagavā brāhmaṇassa vacanaṃ anujānanto āha. Tattha sīlaparidhotā paññāti catupārisuddhisīlena dhotā. Kathaṃ pana sīlena paññaṃ dhovatīti? Yassa puthujjanassa sīlaṃ saṭṭhiasītivassāni akhaṇḍaṃ hoti, so maraṇakālepi sabbakilese ghātetvā sīlena paññaṃ dhovitvā arahattaṃ gaṇhāti. Kandarasālapariveṇe mahāsaṭṭhivassatthero viya. There kira maraṇamañce nipajjitvā balavavedanāya nitthunante , tissamahārājā ‘‘theraṃ passissāmī’’ti gantvā pariveṇadvāre ṭhito taṃ saddaṃ sutvā pucchi – ‘‘kassa saddo aya’’nti? Therassa nitthunanasaddoti. ‘‘Pabbajjāya saṭṭhivassena vedanāpariggahamattampi na kataṃ, na dāni naṃ vandissāmī’’ti nivattitvā mahābodhiṃ vandituṃ gato. Tato upaṭṭhākadaharo theraṃ āha – ‘‘kiṃ no, bhante, lajjāpetha, saddhopi rājā vippaṭisārī hutvā na vandissāmī’’ti gatoti. Kasmā āvusoti? Tumhākaṃ nitthunanasaddaṃ sutvāti. ‘‘Tena hi me okāsaṃ karothā’’ti vatvā vedanaṃ vikkhambhitvā arahattaṃ patvā daharassa saññaṃ adāsi – ‘‘gacchāvuso, idāni rājānaṃ amhe vandāpehī’’ti. Daharo gantvā – ‘‘idāni kira theraṃ, vandathā’’ti āha. Rājā saṃsumārapatitena theraṃ vandanto – ‘‘nāhaṃ ayyassa arahattaṃ vandāmi, puthujjanabhūmiyaṃ pana ṭhatvā rakkhitasīlameva vandāmī’’ti āha, evaṃ sīlena paññaṃ dhovati nāma. Yassa pana abbhantare sīlasaṃvaro natthi, ugghāṭitaññutāya pana catuppadikagāthāpariyosāne paññāya sīlaṃ dhovitvā saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti. Ayaṃ paññāya sīlaṃ dhovati nāma. Seyyathāpi santatimahāmatto.
318 那么,世尊为何又问:「婆罗门,然而,什么是那种戒?什么是那种慧呢?」据说世尊这样思惟:「这些婆罗门在自己的传统中,把五戒安立为『戒』,把通达三吠陀的智慧安立为『慧』。对于更上的殊胜境界,他们一无所知。不如我向这位婆罗门开示更高殊胜的道戒、果戒,以及道慧、果慧,以阿罗汉果为顶点圆满这次说法。」于是,怀着宣说这些的心愿,便问道:「婆罗门,然而,什么是那种戒?什么是那种慧呢?」这时婆罗门心想:「我是根据自己教派的观点来回答那个问题的,可是沙门乔达摩却又反过来问我。现在我若想让他心满意足才回答,能做到还是不能做到呢?如果做不到,那我最初生起的那份羞愧感就会毁坏。不过,对于做不到的事情,说一句『我做不到』,这当中并无任何过错。」这样思惟后,他便重新把责任推给世尊本人,说道:「我们所知的最多就是这样了……」等等。在这里,「我们所知的最多就是这样」意思是:这「戒与慧」的说法就是我们最高的认知了;我们就是具有这种最高认知的凡夫,从此以上,对其所说的含义,我们便不知道了。显示巴利原文
318.Katamaṃ pana taṃ brāhmaṇāti kasmā āha? Bhagavā kira cintesi – ‘‘brāhmaṇā brāhmaṇasamaye pañcasīlāni ‘sīla’nti paññāpenti, vedattayauggahaṇapaññā paññāti. Uparivisesaṃ na jānanti. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ brāhmaṇassa uttarivisesabhūtaṃ maggasīlaṃ, phalasīlaṃ, maggapaññaṃ, phalapaññañca dassetvā arahattanikūṭena desanaṃ niṭṭhapeyya’’nti. Atha naṃ kathetukamyatāya pucchanto – ‘‘katamaṃ pana taṃ, brāhmaṇa, sīlaṃ katamā sā paññā’’ti āha. Atha brāhmaṇo – ‘‘mayā sakasamayavasena pañho vissajjito. Samaṇo pana maṃ gotamo puna nivattitvā pucchati, idānissāhaṃ cittaṃ paritosetvā vissajjituṃ sakkuṇeyyaṃ vā na vā? Sace na sakkhissaṃ paṭhamaṃ uppannāpi me lajjā bhijjissati. Asakkontassa pana na sakkomīti vacane doso natthī’’ti puna nivattitvā bhagavatoyeva bhāraṃ karonto ‘‘ettakaparamāva maya’’ntiādimāha. Tattha ettakaparamāti ettakaṃ sīlapaññāṇanti vacanameva paramaṃ amhākaṃ, te mayaṃ ettakaparamā, ito paraṃ etassa bhāsitassa atthaṃ na jānāmāti attho.
于是,世尊为了向他显示作为戒与慧之根本的如来,从如来出现于世开始所具足的戒与慧,便说道:「婆罗门,在此,如来出现于世……」等等。这段话的含义应依照《沙门果经》中所说的方式来理解。不过,此处稍有不同:在这里,三种戒都被归结为「这就是他存在于戒中」所说的戒;从意义上说,初禅等四种禅那属于慧成就。再者,这里并未直接以慧的名义来归结,而是先显示作为观慧近因的状态,然后再从观慧开始,才正式归结为慧。显示巴利原文
Athassa bhagavā sīlapaññāya mūlabhūtassa tathāgatassa uppādato pabhuti sīlapaññāṇaṃ dassetuṃ – ‘‘idha brāhmaṇa, tathāgato’’tiādimāha. Tassattho sāmaññaphale vuttanayeneva veditabbo, ayaṃ pana viseso, idha tividhampi sīlaṃ – ‘‘idampissa hoti sīlasmi’’nti evaṃ sīlamicceva niyyātitaṃ paṭhamajjhānādīni cattāri jhānāni atthato paññāsampadā. Evaṃ paññāvasena pana aniyyātetvā vipassanāpaññāya padaṭṭhānabhāvamattena dassetvā vipassanāpaññāto paṭṭhāya paññā niyyātitāti.
告知种德已成为近事男身份的论述显示巴利原文
Soṇadaṇḍaupāsakattapaṭivedanākathā
319-322 「为明天」一词的含义,应依「为今天」一处已述的道理来理解。以彼因缘,彼众会轻蔑我:意思是「因为你们从远处一见我便从座起身,彼众会便这样轻蔑我:『这索那丹达已至暮年,年迈老耄,而乔达摩还年轻年少,连当他的孙子辈都不够;他竟向一个连自己孙子辈年纪都不到的人从座起身!』」至于「请尊者乔达摩将此视为我之从座起身」一句,其意为:「我并非因不恭敬而不起身,实在是因畏惧财产损失才不起立。此事你们与我都应知晓。所以请尊者乔达摩将此视为我之从座起身。」据说,像这样的伪诈者实属罕见,然而他对世尊并无不敬,只是因惧失财产而以伪诈之态说出这番话。其余各处也同样如此。在「以法谈」等句中,是指以适时相应的法谈,开示现世与来世的义利后,劝请、令受持善法。那时,先激励他,令他产生精进,再凭借他的精进及现有的诸功德而随喜,降下法宝之雨后,便从座起离去。然而婆罗门由于自身伪诈的缘故,虽世尊降下法雨,也未能生起殊胜的成就。只是他前后的一切言谈,都成为未来趋向涅槃、属于习气部分的因缘。显示巴利原文
319-322.Svātanāyāti padassa attho ajjatanāyāti ettha vuttanayeneva veditabbo. Tena maṃ sā parisā paribhaveyyāti tena tumhe dūratova disvā āsanā vuṭṭhitakāraṇena maṃ sā parisā – ‘‘ayaṃ soṇadaṇḍo pacchimavaye ṭhito mahallako, gotamo pana daharo yuvā nattāpissa nappahoti, so nāma attano nattumattabhāvampi appattassa āsanā vuṭṭhātī’’ti paribhaveyya. Āsanā me taṃ bhavaṃ gotamo paccuṭṭhānanti mama agāravena avuṭṭhānaṃ nāma natthi, bhoganāsanabhayena pana na vuṭṭhahissāmi, taṃ tumhe hi ceva mayā ca ñātuṃ vaṭṭati. Tasmā āsanā me etaṃ bhavaṃ gotamo paccuṭṭhānaṃ dhāretūti, iminā kira sadiso kuhako dullabho, bhagavati panassa agāravaṃ nāma natthi, tasmā bhoganāsanabhayā kuhanavasena evaṃ vadati. Parapadesupi eseva nayo. Dhammiyā kathāyātiādīsu taṅkhaṇānurūpāya dhammiyā kathāya diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikaṃ atthaṃ sandassetvā kusale dhamme samādapetvā gaṇhāpetvā. Tattha naṃ samuttejetvā saussāhaṃ katvā tāya ca saussāhatāya aññehi ca vijjamānaguṇehi sampahaṃsetvā dhammaratanavassaṃ vassitvā uṭṭhāyāsanā pakkāmi. Brāhmaṇo pana attano kuhakatāya evampi bhagavati dhammavassaṃ vassite visesaṃ nibbattetuṃ nāsakkhi. Kevalamassa āyatiṃ nibbānatthāya vāsanābhāgiyāya ca sabbā purimapacchimakathā ahosīti.