《小品典籍史》
Cūḷaganthavaṃsapāḷi
一、三藏的判分
1. Piṭakattayaparicchedo
礼敬正自觉者,无上世系之最胜者;
礼敬佛所生之法,及无垢僧伽。
依止《典籍史》,我今将宣说典籍史;
这三藏之汇集,正是善士们的行路之杖。
《除疑》之作今已开篇,善士们,请听我说;
一切佛语,及有因之解脱。
唯成一种,依藏而分为三种;
而此一切,依尼柯耶分为五种。
依支分则有九种,依法蕴数计之;
合计八万四千,是为法蕴区分。
Namassetvāna sambuddhaṃ, aggavaṃsavaraṃvaraṃ; Natvāna dhammaṃ buddhajaṃ, saṅghañcāpiniraṅgaṇaṃ. Ganthavaṃsampi nissāya, ganthavaṃsaṃ pakathissaṃ; Tipeṭakasamāhāraṃ, sādhunaṃ jaṅghadāsakaṃ. Vimatinodanamārambhaṃ, taṃ me suṇātha sādhavo; Sabbampi buddhavacanaṃ, vimutti ca sahetukaṃ. Hoti ekavidhaṃyeva, tividhaṃ piṭakena ca; Tañca sabbampi kevalaṃ, pañcavidhaṃ nikāyato. Aṅgato ca navavidhaṃ, dhammakkhandhagaṇanato; Caturāsīti sahassa, dhammakkhandhapabhedananti.
那么,依藏而言,藏如何有三种?
Kathaṃ piṭakato piṭakañhi tividhaṃ hoti?
即律藏、论藏与经藏。其中,什么是律藏?即波罗夷品、波逸提品、大品、小品与附随品。这些品合称为律藏。
Vinayapiṭakaṃ, abhidhammapiṭakaṃ suttantapiṭakanti. Tattha katamaṃ vinaya piṭakaṃ? Pārājikakaṇḍaṃ, pācittiyakaṇḍaṃ, mahāvaggakaṇḍaṃ, cullavaggakaṇḍaṃ, parivārakaṇḍanti. Imāni kaṇḍāni vinayapiṭakaṃ nāma.
什么是论藏?即法集论、分别论、界论、人施设论、论事、双论、发趣论。这七部论,称为论藏。什么是经藏?以戒蕴品等为首的其余佛语,是为经藏。
Katamaṃ abhidhammapiṭakaṃ? Dhammasaṅgaṇī-pakaraṇaṃ, vibhaṅga-pakaraṇaṃ, dhātukathā-pakaraṇaṃ, puggalapaññatti-pakaraṇaṃ, kathāvatthu-pakaraṇaṃ, yamaka-pakaraṇaṃ, paṭṭhāna-pakaraṇanti. Imāni satta pakaraṇāni abhidhammapiṭakaṃ nāma. Katamaṃ suttantapiṭakaṃ? Sīlakkhandhavaggādikaṃ, avasesaṃ buddhavacanaṃ suttantapiṭakaṃ nāma.
尼柯耶如何分类?尼柯耶有五种:长部尼柯耶、中部尼柯耶、相应部尼柯耶、增支部尼柯耶、小部尼柯耶。
Kathaṃ nikāyato? Nikāyā pañca vidhā honti. Dīghanikāyo, majjhimanikāyo, saṃyuttanikāyo, aṅguttaranikāyo, khuddakanikāyoti.
其中,什么是长部?戒蕴品、大品、波梨品,这三品即名为长部。在此三品中,有三十四经。[这三十四经,以戒蕴品等为首,故称长部。]
Tattha katamo dīgha-nikāyo? Sīlakkhandhavaggo, mahāvaggo, pāthikavaggoti, ime tayo vaggā dīghanikāyo nāma. Imesu tīsu vaggesu, catutiṃsa vaggāni ca honti. [Catutiṃseva suttantā, sīlakkhandhavaggādikā, yassa bhavanti so yeva dīghanikāya nāma hoti.]
什么是中部?根本五十、中五十、后五十,这三组五十经合称中部。在此三组五十经中,有一百五十二经。[这一百五十二经,以根本五十等为首,故称中部。]
Katamo majjhimanikāyo? Mūlapaṇṇāso, majjhimapaṇṇāso, uparipaṇṇāsoti, ime tayo paṇṇāsā majjhimanikāyo nāma. Imesu tīsu paṇṇāsesu dvepaññāsādhika-sutta-satāni honti [diyaḍḍhasatasuttantā, dvi suttaṃ yassa santiso, majjhimanikāyo nāmo mūlapaṇṇāsamādi hoti.]
什么是相应部?有偈品、因缘品、蕴品、六处品、大品,这五品名为相应部。在这五品之中,有七千七百六十二经。凡具此诸经者——以有偈品等为始——智者当知,即名为相应部。
Katamo saṃyuttanikāyo? Sagāthāvaggo, nidānavaggo, khandhakavaggo, saḷāyatanavaggo, mahāvaggoti, ime pañca vaggā saṃyuttanikāyo nāma. Imesu pañcasu vaggesu dvāsaṭṭhisuttasattasatādhikasatta-suttasahassāni honti. [Dvāsaṭṭhi-satta-satāni, sattasahassakāni ca.] Suttāni yassa honti so, sagāthādikavaggako, saṃyuttanikāyo nāmo veditabbo ca viññūnāti.
什么是增支部?一集、二集、三集、四集、五集、六集、七集、八集、九集、十集、十一集,此十一集名为增支部。在这十一集中,有九千五百五十七部经。
Katamo aṅguttaranikāyo? Ekkanipāto, dukkanipāto, tikkanipāto, catukkanipāto, pañcakanipāto, chakkanipāto, sattakanipāto, aṭṭhakanipāto, navakanipāto, dasakanipāto, ekādasanipātoti, ime ekādasa nipātā aṅguttaranikāyo nāma. Imesu ekādasa nipātesu satta-paññāsa-pañca-satādhikanava-sutta-sahassāni honti. [Navasuttasahassāni, pañcasatamattāni ca, sattapaññāsādhikāni, suttāni yassa honti so, aṅguttaranikāyoti, ekkanipātakādikoti.]
什么是小部?小诵、法句、自说、如是语、经集、天宫事、饿鬼事、长老偈、长老尼偈、本生、大义释、无碍解道、譬喻、佛种姓、所行藏、律藏、论藏。在这十七部典籍中,有数千经典。
Katamo khuddakanikāyo? Khuddakapāṭho, dhammapadaṃ, udānaṃ, itivuttakaṃ, suttanipāto, vimānavatthu, petavatthu, therakathā, therīkathā, jātakaṃ, mahāniddeso, paṭisambhidāmaggo, apadānaṃ, buddhavaṃso, cariyāpiṭakaṃ, vinayapiṭakaṃ, abhidhammapiṭakanti. Imesu sattarasasu ganthesu anekāni sutta-sahassāni honti. [Anekāni sutta-sahassāni, niddiṭṭhāni mahesinā, nikāye pañcame ime, khuddake iti visuteti.]
如何依支分而有九种支?即:契经、应颂、记说、偈颂、自说、如是语、本生、未曾有法、方广,有此九种分类。其中,两分别、义释、犍度、附随,以及经集中的《吉祥经》《宝经》《迅速经》,还有其他名为经的如来语,应知为契经。一切含有偈颂者,应知为应颂。与特殊教示相应的整个有偈品、整个论藏、无偈的经,以及其他未包含于八支中的佛语,应知为记说。法句、长老偈、长老尼偈、经集中不名为经的纯粹偈颂,应知为偈颂。与喜俱行、智所成的偈颂相应之八十二经,应知为自说。以“此是世尊所说”等句开示的一百一十经,应知为如是语。无戏论本生等五百五十本生,应知为本生。以“诸比丘,有此四种希有未曾有法于阿难”等句开示的一切与希有未曾有法相应的经,应知为未曾有法。小方广、大方广、正见、帝释问、行分别、大满月经等,一切通过问而获得智与满足的经,应知为方广。八万四千法蕴难以了知,若详细解说八万四千法蕴,将过于冗长。因此,我将以理趣略说。一事即一法蕴,一因缘即一法蕴,一问即一法蕴,一解答即一法蕴。此八万四千法蕴由谁所说?于何处说?何时说?为谁说?为何目的而说?
Kathaṃ aṅgato aṅgahi nava vidhaṃ hoti? Suttaṃ, geyyaṃ, veyyākaraṇaṃ, gāthā, udānaṃ, itivuttakaṃ, jātakaṃ, abbhutadhammaṃ, vedallanti, navappabhedaṃ hoti. Tattha ubhato vibhaṅganiddesakhandhakaparivārā, suttanipāte, maṅgalasutta, ratanasutta, tuvaṭṭakasuttāni. Aññampi suttanāmakaṃ tathāgatavacanaṃ, suttanti veditabbaṃ. Sabbaṃ sagāthakaṃ geyyanti veditabbaṃ. Visesanasaṃyuttake sakalopi sagāthakavaggo, sakalaṃ abhidhammapiṭakaṃ nigāthakañca suttayañca aññampi aṭṭhahi aṅgehi asaṅgahitaṃ buddhavacanaṃ taṃ veyyākaraṇanti veditabbaṃ. Dhammapadaṃ, therakathā, therīkathā, suttanipāte, no suttanāmikā suddhikagāthā, gāthāti veditabbā. Somanassa ñāṇamayikagāthā paṭika-saṃyuttā dve asītisuttantā udānanti veditabbā. Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatātiādinayappavattā dasuttarasatasuttantā, itivuttakanti veditabbā. Apaṇṇakajātakādīni paññāsādikāni. Pañcajātakasatāni, jātakanti veditabbaṃ. Cattāro me bhikkhave acchariyā abhūtadhammā, ānandetiādinayappavattā sabbepi acchariya abhūtadhammapaṭisaṃyuttā suttantā abhūtadhammanti veditabbā. Cullavedalla, mahāvedalla, sammādiṭṭhi, sakkapañha, saṅkhārabhājaniya, mahāpuṇṇamasuttantādayo sabbepi vedañca tuṭṭhiñca laddhā [puccha] laddhā pucchitasuttantā, vedallanti veditabbā. Katamāni caturāsīti dhammakkhandhasahassāni dujānāni, caturāsīti dhammakkhandhasahassāni sace vitthārena kathissaṃ atipapañco bhavissati. Tasmā naya vasena kathissāmi. Ekaṃ vatthu, eko dhammakkhandho, ekaṃ nidānaṃ eko dhammakkhandho, ekaṃ pañhā pucchantaṃ eko dhammakkhandho, ekaṃ pañhā visajjanaṃ eko dhammakkhandho, caturāsīti dhammakkhandhasahassāni kena bhāsitāni, kattha bhāsitāni, kadā bhāsitāni, kamārabbha bhāsitāni, kimatthaṃ bhāsitāni, kena dhāritāni, kenābhatāni, kimatthaṃ pariyāpuṇitabbāni. Tatrāyaṃ visajjanā, kena bhāsitānīti? Buddhānu buddhehi bhāsitāni. Kattha bhāsitānīti? Devesu ca mānussesu ca, bhāsitāni. Kadā bhāsitānīti? Bhagavato dharamānakāle ceva pacchimakāle ca bhāsitāni. Katamārabbha bhāsitānīti? Pañcavaggiyādike veneyya bandhave ārabbha bhāsitānīti. Kimatthaṃ bhāsitānīti? Tivajjañca avajjañca ñatvā vajjaṃ pahāya avajje paṭipattitvā nibbānapariyante. Diṭṭha-dhammikasamparāyikatthe sampāpuṇituṃ.
由谁持守这些教法?由觉悟者及其弟子与再传弟子们持守。由谁传承而来?由历代师长相承而传来。为何应当学习?为了了知有过与无过,舍弃有过,于无过中行道,最终证得涅槃,成就现世与来世的利益。这些教法正是为了最终证得涅槃,成就现世与来世的利益而设。因此,对这些教法,应以不放逸而学习、持守、诵读与作诵习。[此即《小品传承·三藏灯》之第一品。]
Kena dhāritānīti? Anubuddhehi ceva sissānusissehi ca dhāritāni. Kenā bhatānīti? Ācariya paraṃparehi ābhatāni. Kimatthaṃ pariyāpuṇitabbānīti? Vajjañca avajjañca ñatvā vajjaṃ pahāya avajje paṭipattitvā nibbānapariyante diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikatthe, saṃpāpuṇituṃ, yadevaṃ tāya nibbānapariyante diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikatthe sādhikāni honti. Teva tattha kehi appamattena pariyāpuṇitabbāni dhāretabbāni dhāretabbāni vācetabbāni sajjhāyaṃ kātabbānīti [iti cullaganthavaṃse piṭakattaya dīpako nāma paṭhamo paricchedo.]